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The '''Torwali people''' are an ethnic group located in the [[Swat District|Swat]] district of [[Pakistan]]. The Torwali people have a culture the values the telling of folktales with musical accompaniment.<ref name="Torwali2016 |
The '''Torwali people''' are an ethnic group located in the [[Swat District|Swat]] district of [[Pakistan]]. The Torwali people have a culture the values the telling of folktales with musical accompaniment.<ref name="Torwali2016"/> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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By the 17th century, in the aftermath of [[Yusufzai|Yusufzai Pashtun invasions]] in the region, most of the Torwalis had converted from [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] to Islam; however, the strand was mostly superficial and elements of traditional culture were still heavily practiced.<ref name="Scerrato1983">{{Cite journal|last=Scerrato|first=Umberto|date=1983|title=Labyrinths in the Wooden Mosques of North Pakistan. A Problematic Presence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756645|journal=East and West|volume=33|issue=1/4|pages=21–29|issn=0012-8376|quote=According to the 13th century Tibetan Buddhist ''O rgyan pa'' forms of magic and Tantra Buddhism and Hindu cults still survived in the Swāt area even though Islam had begun to uproot them (G. Tucci, 1971, p. 375). Islam finally established itself in Swāt only with the invasion of the Yusufzai in the 16th century, (Bellew, 1864, pp. 65-67; Raverty, 1878, p. 206); ... it must nevertheless have been an Islam superficially accepted by the local population, some of the ancient traditions still being very much alive: ... The Torwali of upper Swāt would have been converted to Islam during the course of the 17th century (Biddulph, p. 70).}}</ref><ref name="Bagnera2006">{{Cite journal|last=Bagnera|first=Alessandra|date=2006|title=Preliminary Note on the Islamic Settlement of Udegram, Swat: The Islamic Graveyard (11th-13th century A.D.)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757687|journal=East and West|volume=56|issue=1/3|pages=205–228|issn=0012-8376}}</ref> |
By the 17th century, in the aftermath of [[Yusufzai|Yusufzai Pashtun invasions]] in the region, most of the Torwalis had converted from [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] to Islam; however, the strand was mostly superficial and elements of traditional culture were still heavily practiced.<ref name="Scerrato1983">{{Cite journal|last=Scerrato|first=Umberto|date=1983|title=Labyrinths in the Wooden Mosques of North Pakistan. A Problematic Presence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756645|journal=East and West|volume=33|issue=1/4|pages=21–29|issn=0012-8376|quote=According to the 13th century Tibetan Buddhist ''O rgyan pa'' forms of magic and Tantra Buddhism and Hindu cults still survived in the Swāt area even though Islam had begun to uproot them (G. Tucci, 1971, p. 375). Islam finally established itself in Swāt only with the invasion of the Yusufzai in the 16th century, (Bellew, 1864, pp. 65-67; Raverty, 1878, p. 206); ... it must nevertheless have been an Islam superficially accepted by the local population, some of the ancient traditions still being very much alive: ... The Torwali of upper Swāt would have been converted to Islam during the course of the 17th century (Biddulph, p. 70).}}</ref><ref name="Bagnera2006">{{Cite journal|last=Bagnera|first=Alessandra|date=2006|title=Preliminary Note on the Islamic Settlement of Udegram, Swat: The Islamic Graveyard (11th-13th century A.D.)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757687|journal=East and West|volume=56|issue=1/3|pages=205–228|issn=0012-8376}}</ref> |
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{{Main|Torwali language}} |
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⚫ | The Torwali people speak the [[Torwali language]], an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] (Kohistani) branch |
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It had approximately 102,000 speakers in 2016<ref name=":0" /> and by 2017, eight schools with instruction in the Torwali language had been established for Torwali students.<ref name="Torwali2019">{{Cite book|last=Torwali|first=Zubair|title=Teaching Writing to Children in Indigenous Languages : Instructional Practices from Global Contexts|date=2019-02-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-04967-2|editor-last=Sherris|editor-first=Ari|language=en|chapter=Early Writing in Torwali in Pakistan|doi=10.4324/9781351049672-3|editor-last2=Peyton|editor-first2=Joy Kreeft|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/early-writing-torwali-pakistan-zubair-torwali/10.4324/9781351049672-3}}</ref> Before 2007, the language did not have a written tradition.<ref name="Torwali2019" /> |
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== Culture == |
== Culture == |
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Unique to the Torwali people are traditional games, which were abandoned for more than six decades.<ref name="Torwali2019" /> A festival held in [[Bahrain]] known as ''Simam'' attempted to revive them in 2011.<ref name="Torwali2019" /> The Torwali people have a tradition of telling [[folklore|folktales]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Torwali|first1=Zubair|date=12 February 2016|title=Fading songs from the hills|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/fading-songs-from-the-hills/|access-date=25 December 2020|publisher=[[The Friday Times]]|language=en}}</ref> |
Unique to the Torwali people are traditional games, which were abandoned for more than six decades.<ref name="Torwali2019" /> A festival held in [[Bahrain]] known as ''Simam'' attempted to revive them in 2011.<ref name="Torwali2019" /> The Torwali people have a tradition of telling [[folklore|folktales]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Torwali|first1=Zubair|date=12 February 2016|title=Fading songs from the hills|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/fading-songs-from-the-hills/|access-date=25 December 2020|publisher=[[The Friday Times]]|language=en}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The Torwali people speak the [[Torwali language]], an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] (Kohistani) branch.<ref name="Shah2013">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Danial |title=Torwali is a language |url=https://www.himalmag.com/torwali-is-a-language/ |publisher=[[Himal Southasian]] |access-date=3 December 2020 |language=en |date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|year=2020|editor-last=Eberhard|editor-first=David M.|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary F.|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles D.|title=Torwali|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/trw|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|language=en|publication-place=Dallas, Texas|edition=23}}</ref> |
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=== Music === |
=== Music === |
Revision as of 01:30, 29 December 2020
Regions with significant populations | |
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Swat | |
Languages | |
Torwali | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Islam | |
Related ethnic groups | |
other Dardic peoples |
The Torwali people are an ethnic group located in the Swat district of Pakistan. The Torwali people have a culture the values the telling of folktales with musical accompaniment.[1]
Description
The Torwalis inhabit the Swat River valley between Laikot (a little south of Kalam) down to and including the village of Bahrein (60 km north of Mingora). The Torwalis live in compact villages of up to 600 houses, mainly on the west bank of the Swat River. Fredrik Barth estimated that they constituted about 2000 households in all in 1956. All the Torwalis he met were bilinguial, speaking Pashto and Torwali.[2]
History
The Torwali people are believed to be among the earliest migrants to the region of Swat.[3] However, doubts exist.[4]
By the 17th century, in the aftermath of Yusufzai Pashtun invasions in the region, most of the Torwalis had converted from Hinduism and Buddhism to Islam; however, the strand was mostly superficial and elements of traditional culture were still heavily practiced.[5][6]
Culture
Unique to the Torwali people are traditional games, which were abandoned for more than six decades.[7] A festival held in Bahrain known as Simam attempted to revive them in 2011.[7] The Torwali people have a tradition of telling folktales.[8]
Language
The Torwali people speak the Torwali language, an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic (Kohistani) branch.[3][9]
Music
The Torwali people play music using the traditional South Asian instrument known as the sitar.[1] Modern Torwali songs influenced by Urdu or Pashtu music are known as phal.[1]
References
- ^ a b c Torwali, Zubair (12 February 2016). "Fading songs from the hills". The Friday Times. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ Barth 1956, p. 69.
- ^ a b Shah, Danial (30 September 2013). "Torwali is a language". Himal Southasian. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ ur-Rahim, Inam; Viaro, Alain M. (2002). Swat: An Afghan society in Pakistan: Urbanisation and Change in a Tribal Environment (PDF). Graduate Institute of Development Studies. p. 34, 36, 60-61.
- ^ Scerrato, Umberto (1983). "Labyrinths in the Wooden Mosques of North Pakistan. A Problematic Presence". East and West. 33 (1/4): 21–29. ISSN 0012-8376.
According to the 13th century Tibetan Buddhist O rgyan pa forms of magic and Tantra Buddhism and Hindu cults still survived in the Swāt area even though Islam had begun to uproot them (G. Tucci, 1971, p. 375). Islam finally established itself in Swāt only with the invasion of the Yusufzai in the 16th century, (Bellew, 1864, pp. 65-67; Raverty, 1878, p. 206); ... it must nevertheless have been an Islam superficially accepted by the local population, some of the ancient traditions still being very much alive: ... The Torwali of upper Swāt would have been converted to Islam during the course of the 17th century (Biddulph, p. 70).
- ^ Bagnera, Alessandra (2006). "Preliminary Note on the Islamic Settlement of Udegram, Swat: The Islamic Graveyard (11th-13th century A.D.)". East and West. 56 (1/3): 205–228. ISSN 0012-8376.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Torwali2019
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Torwali, Zubair (12 February 2016). "Fading songs from the hills". The Friday Times. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2020). "Torwali". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (23 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Further reading
- Rehman, Abdur (1976), The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis (PDF), Australian National University
- Barth, Fredrik (1956), "Torwali", Indus and Swat Kohistan: An ethnographic survey, Oslo: Forenede Trykkerier – via archive.org
- Stein, Aurel (1930), An Archaeological Tour in Upper Swat and Adjacent Hill Tracts, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India, Central Publication Branch