Company type | Société anonyme (Euronext: EDF) |
---|---|
Industry | Energy |
Predecessor | Compagnie d'Électricité de l'Ouest Parisien |
Founded | 1946 |
Founder | Marcel Paul |
Headquarters | , |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people | Henri Proglio (Chairman and CEO) |
Products | Electricity generation, transmission and distribution; energy trading |
Revenue | €65.17 billion (2010)[1] |
€6.240 billion (2010)[1] | |
€1.020 billion (2010)[1] | |
Total assets | €240.56 billion (end 2010)[1] |
Total equity | €36.90 billion (end 2010)[1] |
Number of employees | 158,760 (FTE, average 2010)[1] |
Subsidiaries | EDF Energy |
Website | www.edf.com |
Électricité de France S.A. (EDF; English: Electricity of France) is the second largest French utility company. Headquartered in Paris, France, with €65.2 billion in revenues in 2010, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of 120,000+ megawatts of generation capacity in Europe, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa.
EDF is one of the world's largest producers of electricity. In 2003, it produced 22% of the European Union's electricity, primarily from nuclear power:
- nuclear: 74.5%;
- hydro-electric: 16.2%;
- thermal: 10.2%;
- wind power and other renewable sources: 0.1%.
Its 58 active nuclear reactors (in France) are spread out over 20 sites (nuclear power plants). They comprise 34 reactors of 900 MWe, 20 reactors of 1.3 GWe, and 4 reactors of 1450 MWe, all PWRs.
The EDF Group
Activities
EDF specialises in electricity, from engineering to distribution. The company's operations include: electricity generation and distribution; power plant design, construction and dismantling; energy trading; transport. It is active in such power generation technologies as nuclear power, hydropower, marine energies, wind power, solar energy, biomass, geothermal energy and fossile-fired energy.[2]
Distribution network (RTE and ErDF)
The electricity network is composed of:
- a high and very high voltage distribution system (100,000 km of lines). This part of the system is managed by RTE (transport system of electricity) who acts as an independent administrator of infrastructure, although it stays in the lap of EDF.
- a low and medium voltage distribution system (1,200,000 km of lines), maintained by ErDF (Électricité Réseau Distribution France), formerly known as EDF-Gaz de France Distribution. It was spun off from EDF-Gaz de France Distribution in 2008 as part of the process of total separation of the activities of EDF and GDF Suez.[citation needed]
Organization
Head office
The EDF head office is located along Avenue de Wagram in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. The EDF head office is located between several EDF sites in Greater Paris.[3]
The directorate
- Chairman and CEO: Henri Proglio
Business
Statistics
- 37 million customers in the world in 2010.
- 2009 Turnover: €63.34 billion (23% from France) - €41.82 billion in 2002.
- Profit: €3.96 billion in 2010 - €3.96 billion in 2009.
- Net profit: €1 billion in 2010 - €3.92 million in 2009.
- Net Debt: €34.4 billion in 2010 - €42.5 billion in 2009.
- Revenue: €65.17 billion in 2010 - €59.14 billion in 2009.
- The quantity of produced electrical power is about 630.4 TWh in 2010.
- Employees: 158,842 persons (2010), among whom 110,000 are based in France.[4]
Main partners and affiliates
- In Europe:
- United Kingdom: 100% EDF Energy, formerly British Energy Group PLC, which generates about 20 percent of British electricity, mainly from 8 nuclear plants, 100% EDF Trading.
- Austria: 100% Vero, 20% Groupe Estag
- Belgium: 100% Semobis,
- France: 74.86% Électricité de Strasbourg, 67% Dalkia Investments, 51% TIRU, 50% Cerga, 50% Edenkia, 50% Dalkia International, 50% SIIF Énergies, 34% Dalkia Hdg
- Germany: 100% EDF Ostalbkreis, 100% EDF Weinsberg, 50% RKI.
- Hungary: 95,56% BE Zrt, 100% Démász
- Italy: Edison S.p.A. (19,36% + 50% Transalpina di Energia (holding company which control 61,28% of Edison S.p.A.), 100% EDF Energia Italia which sells directly 2.2 TWh to Italy, 100% Fenice, 40% Finei, 30% ISE
- The Netherlands: 100% Finelex, 50% Cinergy Holding
- Poland: 76.63% Rybnik, 66.08% ECK, 49.19% ECW, 35.42% Kogeneracja, 24.61% Zielona Gora
- Slovakia: 49% SSE
- Spain: 100% EDF Iberica (EDF Península Ibérica, S.A)[5]
- Sweden: 100% Skandrenkraft, 36.32% Groupe Graninge
- Switzerland: 50% Chatelot, 50% Emosson, 14.25% Groupe ATEL, 26.26% Motor Columbus
- In America:
- United States: 100% EDF Inc., which controls fully or partially Unistar Nuclear Energy (100%), EnXco (100%), EDF Trading North America (100%) and Constellation Energy Nuclear Group (50% through a joint venture with Constellation Energy
- Argentina: 25% Edenor, 45% Sodemsa, 22.95% Edemsa
- Brazil: 100% Lidil, 10% Light Energy (Light Overseas Investment - 35.29% in 2001), 90% Norte Fluminense
- In Asia:
- China: 85% Synergie, 60% Figlec], 19.6% Shandong Zhonghua Power Cy
- Vietnam: 56.25% Mecco
- In Africa:
- Côte d'Ivoire: 50% Azito O&M, 32.85% Azito Energie [6]
History
Status of EDF
EDF was founded on April 8, 1946, as a result of the nationalisation of around 1,700 smaller energy producers, transporters and distributors by the Minister of Industrial Production Marcel Paul. A state-owned EPIC, it became the main electricity generation and distribution company in France, enjoying a monopoly in electricity generation, although some small local distributors were retained by the nationalisation.[6] This monopoly ended in 1999, when EDF was forced by a European Directive to open up 20% of its business to competitors.[7]
Until November 19, 2004, EDF was a state-owned corporation, but it is now a limited-liability corporation under private law (société anonyme), after its status was changed by statute. The French government partially floated shares of the company on the Paris Stock Exchange in November 2005,[8] although it retained almost 85% ownership as of the end of 2008.[9]
Finances
Between 2001 and 2003, EDF was forced to reduce its equity capital by €6.4 billion total because of the performance of subsidiaries in South America and Europe. In 2001, it also acquired a number of British energy companies, becoming the UK's biggest electricity supplier.[10]
The company remains heavily in debt. Its profitability suffered during the recession which began in 2008. It made €3.9 billion in 2009, which fell to €1.02 billion in 2010, with provisions set aside amounting to €2.9 billion.[11]
Energy policy
France is the main country to use electricity of nuclear origin as the dominant method of production (78% of French production in 2007).
In May, 2004, the French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy reasserted, in front of the French Parliament, the primacy of a nuclear power, much to the relief of labour unions of EDF. In this speech the minister re-phrased the famous slogan, "We do not have oil, but we have ideas", by declaring: "We do not have oil, we do not have gas, we do not have coal, but we had ideas". Depleted uranium from reprocessing the spent fuel of the 58 French nuclear power plants was exported from Le Havre to Russia in the last years and stored in Seversk where it was enriched, and the new fuel was exported back to France.[12]
Renewable energies
Plug-in hybrids and V2G
EDF is has developed recharging points for the Toyota Plug-in HV in France [13]
The French government has contributed $550 million to a partnership by Electricite de France with Renault-Nissan and with PSA Peugeot Citroen.[14]
Carbon Intensity
year | Production (TWh) | Emission (Gt CO2) | kg CO2/MWh |
---|---|---|---|
2002 | 650 | 91.35 | 141 |
2003 | 669 | 96.34 | 144 |
2004 | 647 | 95.74 | 148 |
2005 | 647 | 93.52 | 145 |
2006 | 655 | 93.35 | 142 |
2007 | 706 | 101.91 | 144 |
2008 | 704 | 103.79 | 147 |
2009 | 652 | 88.09 | 135 |
Competitors
Main competitors
Apart from the producers and foreign distributors, in France, there are some important companies, which, although their market share is weak with regard to that of EDF, are a significant competition. These are:
- GDF Suez: the company formed after the merger of Gaz de France and Suez clearly intends to produce its own electricity, has bought stake in the future EPR nuclear reactors and is poised to become the most credible competitor of EDF in the newly liberalised French electricity market.
- SNET (Société nationale d'électricité et de thermique): This company is the successor of depleting coal companies and primarily produce thermal electricity (2,5 TWh). Its capital (81%) belonged predominantly to Collieries of France and with EDF. A portion of the capital (30%) was sold to Endesa, the main Spanish electricity producer, another portion of 35% was sold in 2004. As of 2008 Endesa holds 65% of the equity of the generating company Snet. [15]
- CNR (Compagnie nationale du Rhône): the capital of which is predominantly public, the company exploits 19 hydroelectric plants installed on the banks of the Rhône. Its production of 19 TWh makes it the second largest French producer with 4% of the market. CNR signed a partnership agreement with Electrabel (a Belgian subsidiary of Suez).
- SHEM (Société hydro-électrique du Midi): a subsidiary of SNCF, of which it produces about 1/3 of the electricity used by SNCF. This company will probably be sold as part of a policy of refocusing of SNCF in due time. A partnership agreement was signed with Electrabel.
Locally controlled or between local councils
Among the other rivals of EDF, one can count a number of municipally governed companies, known under the generic term 'entreprises locales de distribution' ('local businesses of distribution'), who are electricity producers exploiting EDF's network.
The nationalisation of electricity and gas on April 8, 1946, which profoundly changed the French electrical and gas organization, had however acknowledged the right of villages to keep their role in the public distribution of electricity and gas.
In 1946, certain firms, villages or groups of villages, did not accept the proposal of nationalisation and created autonomous state controls (who held the monopoly of distribution, until 2004, in their area). To note, contrary to the initial idea, local controllers of electricity, have had, since 1946, the choice to continue to produce electricity. In fact, their production was rather marginal, except in Rhône-Alpes; having often preferred buying the majority of the electrical power from EDF. With the recent opening of the electricity market, local controllers are considering developing, augmenting and diversifying their own production, (e.g. Ouest Énergie, the subsidiary company of SIEDS) and/or to diversify their sources of supply.
To date, the number of local businesses of distribution is approximately 170 and holds 5% of the distribution of French electrical power in 2,500 villages. Created by local authorities, they serve about 3 million people and represent 7,000 jobs. Around thirty of them - 9 during creation in 1962 - are federated in a national entity known as ANROC.[16]
Several departments are not therefore served entirely or partly by EDF, for instance:
- Deux-Sèvres, supplied by SIEDS: Labour union between local councils of Electricity of Deux-Sèvres;
- Vienne, supplied by SIEEDV: Labour union between local councils of Electricity and Works of the Department of Vienne;
- Charente-Maritime, supplied by SDEER: Labour union of Electricity and Rural Works of the Department of Charente-Maritime;
- Gironde, supplied by Gironde Electricity. However, the company was sold to EDF at the beginning of 2000 because it could not financially maintain the damage of the severe weather of December 1999, on its network;
- Alsace;
- Rhône-Alpes.
See also
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References
- ^ a b c d e f "Annual Results 2010" (PDF). Électricité de France. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ "Activités". EDF website. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ "EDF : Pierre Gadonneix a son bureau avenue de Wagram." Le Journal du Net. Retrieved on 25 November 2010. "Cependant, le siège social se situe intra-muros, avenue de Wagram, dans le 8e arrondissement."
- ^ EDF Group, Key Figures
- ^ EDF en Espagne
- ^ a b Document de Référence (PDF). Paris: EDF. 2009. pp. 33–34.
- ^ Tiersky, Ronald (2004). Europe today: National politics, European integration, and European security. London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 280.
- ^ Bennhold, Katrin (November 21, 2005). "EDF shares fail to light up market". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
- ^ "Shareholding policy". Électricité de France. December 31, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
- ^ "French become UK's biggest power distributor". The Independent. November 20, 2001.
- ^ "Electricite de France profits fall 74% on downturn". February 15, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Frankfurter Rundschau, 13. 10. 2009
- ^ EDF et Toyota annoncent un partenariat technologique en Europe relatif aux véhicules hybrides rechargeables
- ^ http://www.environmentalleader.com/2008/10/13/french-president-gives-evs-hybrids-green-light/
- ^ source
- ^ [1]
External links