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'''Hindu [[Jat]]''' (also spelled '''Jaat''')<ref> |
'''Hindu [[Jat]]''' (also spelled '''Jaat''')<ref>http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jat-reservation-sc-dismisses-centres-review-petition/1/453013.html</ref> |
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,<ref name="oneindia.com"> |
,<ref name="oneindia.com">http://www.oneindia.com/india/jats-community-warn-agitation-over-reservation-demand-1787714.html</ref><ref name="oneindia.com"/> a sub-group of [[Jat people]], refers to an ethnic group of north India<ref name=jat>{{cite web|title=Jat (caste)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301575/Jat|publisher=www.britannica.com|accessdate=5 September 2012}}</ref> who are [[Hindu]] by religion. They form the majority of the [[Jat]] population and they are mainly found in [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=DfZBc1Gy9g4C&pg=PA194&dq=hindu+jat+haryana+uttar+pradesh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VvCBU43yAcaIuATS64Jo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=hindu%20jat%20haryana%20uttar%20pradesh&f=false P.K. Mohanty]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=qjwbAAAAIAAJ&q=hindu+jats+of+jammu+and+kashmir&dq=hindu+jats+of+jammu+and+kashmir&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k_GBU5HvA-Lm7AahiYG4Dg&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCQ Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State - Page 152]</ref> Originally, all Jats were Hindu but some then converted to Islam and Sikhism, as also happened in the case of other castes such as [[Rajput]] and [[Gurjar]]. Those who were converted call themselves [[Jat Muslim]]s and [[Jat Sikh]]s, respectively. All Sikh Jats are natives of Punjab, India and all [[Hindu Jat]]s are native of Rajasthan, Haryana, Western UP, Delhi and Madhya Pradesh. All Hindu Jats are native of Hindi and its dialects, Rajasthani, Haryanvi, Braj Bhasha and Malvi. |
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==Culture and society== |
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The anthropologist Susan Bayly says that the Jats were non-elite tillers and herders.{{efn|"Glossary: '''Jat''': title of north India's major non-elite 'peasant' caste."<ref name=sbayly-p385>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA385|accessdate=15 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=385}}</ref>}}{{efn|"... in the middle decades of the (nineteenth) century, there were two contrasting trends in India's agrarian regions. Previously marginal areas took off as zones of newly profitable 'peasant' agriculture, disadvantaging non-elite tilling groups, who were known by such titles as Jat in western [[North-Western Provinces|NWP]] and Gounder in Coimbatore."<ref name=sbayly-p201>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA201|accessdate=15 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=201}}</ref>}}{{efn|"In the later nineteenth century, this thinking led colonial officials to try to protect Sikh Jats and other non-elite 'peasants' whom they now favoured as military recruits by advocating legislation under the so-called land alienation."<ref name=sbayly-p212>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA212|accessdate=15 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=212}}</ref>}} |
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===Varna status=== |
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The Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system is unclear on Jat status within the caste system. Some sources state that Jats are regarded as [[Kshatriya]]s<ref>{{Cite book|title=From hierarchy to stratification: changing patterns of social inequality in ... |last=Miller |first=D.B. |year=1975 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= |page= 64|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=zTWdS7mmDIOUlAS-9fGtCQ&cd=7&id=K98EAAAAMAAJ&dq=jat+kshatriya&q=Jat+kshatriya#search_anchor }}</ref> or "degraded Kshatriyas" who, as they did not observe [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanic]] rites and rituals, had fallen to the status of [[Shudra]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=W_nVHIDgbogC&pg=PA777 |title=M1 Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology |editor-first=Melvin |editor-last=Ember |chapter=Jat |page=777 |first=Sunil K |last=Khanna}}</ref> Uma Chakravarti reports that the varna status of the Jats improved over time, with the Jats starting in the [[untouchability|untouchable]]/[[chandala]] varna during the eighth century, changing to shudra status by the 11th century, and with some Jats striving for zamindar status after the Jat rebellion of the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Krishnaraj|first=Uma Chakravarti ; series editor, Maithreyi|title=Gendering caste through a feminist lens|year=2003|publisher=[[Bhatkal and Sen|Stree]]|location=Calcutta|isbn=978-81-85604-54-1|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nLMDxv_L-U8C&lpg=PA23&dq=jats%20are%20shudra%20caste&pg=PA23|edition=1. repr.}}</ref> |
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The [[Rajput]]s refused to accept Jat claims to kshatriya status during the later years of the British Raj and this disagreement frequently resulted in violent incidents between the two communities.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj |first=Robert W. |last=Stern |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |year=1988 |isbn=9789004082830 |page=287 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NK1MhWq-9VkC&pg=PA287}}</ref> The claim at that time was being made by the Arya Samaj, who saw it as a means to counter the colonial belief that the Jats were of Indo-Scythian origin.<ref name="Jaffrelotp431">{{cite book |title=Religion, Caste & Politics in India |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010 |isbn=9789380607047 |page=431 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA431}}</ref> |
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===Religious beliefs=== |
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{{See also|Hindu Jat|Jat Sikh|Jat Muslim}} |
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According to [[Khushwant Singh]], the Jats' attitude never allowed themselves to be absorbed in the [[Brahmanical Hinduism#Practices|Brahminic fold]]. {{quote|The Jat's spirit of freedom and equality refused to submit to Brahmanical Hinduism and in its turn drew the censure of the privileged Brahmins.... The upper caste Hindu's denigration of the Jat did not in the least lower the Jat in his own eyes nor elevate the Brahmin or the Kshatriya in the Jat's estimation. On the contrary, he assumed a somewhat condescending attitude towards the Brahmin, whom he considered little more than a soothsayer or a beggar, or the Kshatriya, who disdained earning an honest living and was proud of being a mercenary.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838 |edition=2, illustrated |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |authorlink=Khushwant Singh |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |page=15 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ |ISBN=0195673085 |oclc=438966317}}</ref>}} |
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Jats [[Veneration of the dead|pray to their dead ancestors]], a practice which is called ''Jathera.''<ref>{{cite book |title=The Getes |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wciBAAAAMAAJ |first=Sundeep S. |last=Jhutti |publisher=Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, [[University of Pennsylvania]] |year=2003 |oclc=56397976 |quote=The Jats of the Panjab worship their ancestors in a practice known as Jathera.}}</ref> |
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==Major Hindu Jat Kingdoms and Principalities== |
==Major Hindu Jat Kingdoms and Principalities== |
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The Jats came to prominence in the seventeenth century, when they rebelled against the atrocities carried out by the Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb. In 1661, the Jats of Bharatpur were stirred up when a Muslim officer destroyed a temple to replace it with a mosque. He also apparently harassed the populace on a regular basis. Resentment boiled over and an uprising occurred in 1669, led by a Jat village chieftain by the name of Gokula and backed up by twenty thousand followers. The uprising failed, and Gokula was captured and put to death in 1670. |
The Jats came to prominence in the seventeenth century, when they rebelled against the atrocities carried out by the Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb. In 1661, the Jats of Bharatpur were stirred up when a Muslim officer destroyed a temple to replace it with a mosque. He also apparently harassed the populace on a regular basis. Resentment boiled over and an uprising occurred in 1669, led by a Jat village chieftain by the name of Gokula and backed up by twenty thousand followers. The uprising failed, and Gokula was captured and put to death in 1670. |
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The more successful second rebellion began in 1686, and continued past the death of Aurangzeb. He was the last truly powerful Moghul ruler, so the Jats were able to establish an independent kingdom with Bharatpur as its capital.<ref> |
The more successful second rebellion began in 1686, and continued past the death of Aurangzeb. He was the last truly powerful Moghul ruler, so the Jats were able to establish an independent kingdom with Bharatpur as its capital.<ref>http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaJats.htm</ref> |
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===Jat rulers of Dholpur=== |
===Jat rulers of Dholpur=== |
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At that time Gwalior fell to Sikandar Lodhi. Sikandar Lodhi the sultan of Delhi also recognized their tittle and state. The Ranas with their hardwork made themselves the masters of many more districts around Gohad and in 1761 A.D. Rana Bhim Singh their most famous king conquered Gwalior and held it for more then six years till it fell to the marauding Marathas of Peshwa of Pune. |
At that time Gwalior fell to Sikandar Lodhi. Sikandar Lodhi the sultan of Delhi also recognized their tittle and state. The Ranas with their hardwork made themselves the masters of many more districts around Gohad and in 1761 A.D. Rana Bhim Singh their most famous king conquered Gwalior and held it for more then six years till it fell to the marauding Marathas of Peshwa of Pune. |
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Rana Chattar Singh, successor of Rana Bhim Singh put up great resistant against the Marathas, recovered Gwalior in 1780 A.D., He even got |
Rana Chattar Singh, successor of Rana Bhim Singh put up great resistant against the Marathas, recovered Gwalior in 1780 A.D., He even got tittles and honors from Mughal emperor of Delhi. Scindia the Maratha ruler eventually won back Gwalior in 1783 A.D. The next year saw Rana winning back the fort at Gwalior but the Scindia , a very shrewd ruler invaded Gohad and destroyed it and making the Rana running to Karauli for protection but here he was treacherously arrested and Scindia made him prisoner and had him killed in Gwalior prison by poison in 1788 A.D.. |
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The next 20 years saw a bloody tussle among the Bamrolia Jats for the leadership, eventually in 1803 A.D. clan leaders of Bamrolia Jats came together and chose Kirat Singh a distant cousin of Rana Chattar Singh as their leader and was sojourned as 'Rana' in the fort of Barthara in 1803 A.D. He went into aliance with the British (the new king makers in India) against the Scindia, who after a struggle and showed his resentment over the British decision handing over Gohad to the Rana, came to the table for talks. It was decided that the Scindia will keep Gohad and the Rana will get the area south of Agra, comprising Dholpur, Bari and Rajakhera. |
The next 20 years saw a bloody tussle among the Bamrolia Jats for the leadership, eventually in 1803 A.D. clan leaders of Bamrolia Jats came together and chose Kirat Singh a distant cousin of Rana Chattar Singh as their leader and was sojourned as 'Rana' in the fort of Barthara in 1803 A.D. He went into aliance with the British (the new king makers in India) against the Scindia, who after a struggle and showed his resentment over the British decision handing over Gohad to the Rana, came to the table for talks. It was decided that the Scindia will keep Gohad and the Rana will get the area south of Agra, comprising Dholpur, Bari and Rajakhera. |
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Thus, Rana Kirat Singh of Gohad became the ruler of the ancient town of Dholpur and his descendants ruled there till they merged with India in 1949 A.D.<ref> |
Thus, Rana Kirat Singh of Gohad became the ruler of the ancient town of Dholpur and his descendants ruled there till they merged with India in 1949 A.D.<ref>http://gauravatriphotography.blogspot.in/2010/01/dholpur-rana-short-history.html</ref> |
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===Kuchesar=== |
===Kuchesar=== |
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The ruling family of Kuchesar belonged to the Dalal clan of the Jat caste. When Maharaja Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur made war with the rulers of Delhi, the latter attacked Kuchesar. the Dalal Jats were defeated, their fort of Kuchesar was captured and razed in 1763. Rao Maganiram and Ramdhan Singh were arrested and imprisoned in the fort of Koyal. The two brothers escaped from prison, reached Moradabad and aligned themselves with the Marathas. In 1782, Maganiram and Ramdhan Singh, along with an army, recaptured Kuchesar from the Muslims. Rao Maganiram died soon after this victory. As per Jat custom, his widow married his younger brother. By 1790, Ramdhan Singh had recaptured all of Kuchesar estate, he had also acquired Pooth, Siana, Thana Farida, Datyane and Saidpur on Malguzari lease from the rulers of Delhi. After 1782, the Kuchesar mud-fort remained in unbroken possession of the family, it was granted to them in perpetual lease by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam in 1790, a grant confirmed by the British in 1807. The British formalized their authority over the area in 1803, they recognized the estate of Kuchesar and its estate-holders without alteration to the status quo. Formerly the Kuchesar Estate included the Sahanpur and also the Bhadsana Estates. Rao Umrao Singh and his family owned the tappa, now called Kuchesar consisting of a six annas share, while Khushal Singh owned a five annas share, called Sahanpur. The remaining portion fell to the lot of Partap Singh, also a five annas share. The zamindari consisted of 11 villages in Harpur Pargana and in Puth Pargana with 12 villages in Bulandshahr District, with parts of 5 other villages and 3 Patti villages. <ref> |
The ruling family of Kuchesar belonged to the Dalal clan of the Jat caste. When Maharaja Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur made war with the rulers of Delhi, the latter attacked Kuchesar. the Dalal Jats were defeated, their fort of Kuchesar was captured and razed in 1763. Rao Maganiram and Ramdhan Singh were arrested and imprisoned in the fort of Koyal. The two brothers escaped from prison, reached Moradabad and aligned themselves with the Marathas. In 1782, Maganiram and Ramdhan Singh, along with an army, recaptured Kuchesar from the Muslims. Rao Maganiram died soon after this victory. As per Jat custom, his widow married his younger brother. By 1790, Ramdhan Singh had recaptured all of Kuchesar estate, he had also acquired Pooth, Siana, Thana Farida, Datyane and Saidpur on Malguzari lease from the rulers of Delhi. After 1782, the Kuchesar mud-fort remained in unbroken possession of the family, it was granted to them in perpetual lease by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam in 1790, a grant confirmed by the British in 1807. The British formalized their authority over the area in 1803, they recognized the estate of Kuchesar and its estate-holders without alteration to the status quo. Formerly the Kuchesar Estate included the Sahanpur and also the Bhadsana Estates. Rao Umrao Singh and his family owned the tappa, now called Kuchesar consisting of a six annas share, while Khushal Singh owned a five annas share, called Sahanpur. The remaining portion fell to the lot of Partap Singh, also a five annas share. The zamindari consisted of 11 villages in Harpur Pargana and in Puth Pargana with 12 villages in Bulandshahr District, with parts of 5 other villages and 3 Patti villages. <ref>http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kuchesar.html</ref> |
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===Mursan=== |
===Mursan=== |
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Mursan was a small Jat princely fiefdom in Hathras (within modern Uttar Pradesh) which was ruled by the Thenua Jats. Its most famous ruler was Raja Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979) who was a writer, journalist, freedom fighter and social reformer. He was also known as the 'Aryan Peshwa'. He was the third son of Raja Ghanshhyam Singh and was adopted by Raja Harnarayan Singh of Hathras. He married a princess from the Jind princely state.<ref |
Mursan was a small Jat princely fiefdom in Hathras (within modern Uttar Pradesh) which was ruled by the Thenua Jats. Its most famous ruler was Raja Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979) who was a writer, journalist, freedom fighter and social reformer. He was also known as the 'Aryan Peshwa'. He was the third son of Raja Ghanshhyam Singh and was adopted by Raja Harnarayan Singh of Hathras. He married a princess from the Jind princely state.<ref>http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaJatsMinorKings.htm</ref> |
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===Ballabhgarh=== |
===Ballabhgarh=== |
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Ballabhgarh was a princely state in present day Haryana state. Its rulers belonged to the Tewatia Jat clan, which migrated from the village of Janauli in 1705 and settled in Sihi, five kilometres (about three miles) from Ballabhgarh itself.<ref |
Ballabhgarh was a princely state in present day Haryana state. Its rulers belonged to the Tewatia Jat clan, which migrated from the village of Janauli in 1705 and settled in Sihi, five kilometres (about three miles) from Ballabhgarh itself.<ref>http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaJatsMinorKings.htm</ref> |
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===Maulaheri(Muzaffarnagar)=== |
===Maulaheri(Muzaffarnagar)=== |
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The Maulaheri Jats grew in prominence over the years and became the most distinguished and respected family among the Jats in western UP. At one point, the family owned over 36,000 acres of land, in over 20 villages. The family also built two beautiful palaces in Maulaheri (which are in ruins now). |
The Maulaheri Jats grew in prominence over the years and became the most distinguished and respected family among the Jats in western UP. At one point, the family owned over 36,000 acres of land, in over 20 villages. The family also built two beautiful palaces in Maulaheri (which are in ruins now). |
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The family also had close links with the family of Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of India, and fellow aristocrat, whose land holdings lay next to the Maulaheri Jats in the United Provinces of pre-independent India.<ref> |
The family also had close links with the family of Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of India, and fellow aristocrat, whose land holdings lay next to the Maulaheri Jats in the United Provinces of pre-independent India.<ref>http://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/CHAPTER%20III.HTM</ref> |
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District Administration of Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh (India)|work=muzaffarnagar.nic.in}}</ref> |
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===Jaglan Zaildar (90 villages) and Jaglan Lambardar=== |
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Bidhwan is seat of the former [[Jaglan]] [[Zail]] that was headed by the [[Zaildar]] from influential [[Jaglan]] clan who during the [[British Raj]] ruled over 90 revenue villages of [[Princely state]] called [[Loharu State]]. Descendents of whom still live in the village and still hold the position of [[Lambardar]]. |
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===The Jats of Pichor=== |
===The Jats of Pichor=== |
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Raja Balwant Singh in about 1650 AD founded the Jat State of Indargarh. He is reputed to have had an ancestral patrimony around Shivpuri, some 65 miles West of Gwalior. Whether he emigrated under duress from Shivpuri or brighter prospect abroad beckoned him, or was enticed away from his native Shivpuri by promise of a larger patrimony by the Bundela Chiefs of Orchha and Datia, still remains an enigma. What however is unambiguous is that. Raja Balwan Singh's new principality in the Trans-Sind Region initially comprised some 40 villages along the South Bank of the Sind in the intervening tract between Datia and Seondha. As the principality of Datia was relatively weaker than that of Pichor, it is to be inferred that the principality of Indargarh may have been utilized as a convenient buffer by the Bundela chiefs to constrict Pichor's expansion South of the Sind. This stratagem might even have had the tacit acquiescence of the neighboring Kushwaha ruler of Narwar, who was actuated by a similar design towards Pichhor. Whether the tale is true or apocryphal is however difficult to discern. There is on the other hand no tradition of any enduring internecine feud between the neighboring Jat principalities of Pichhor and Indargarh. It is however probable that with the interposition of kindred Jat principality as a buffer, the subsequent expansion of Pichhor was deflected Westwards beyond Bhitarwar in the Narwar territory and southeastwards towards Lahar and Daboh. |
Raja Balwant Singh in about 1650 AD founded the Jat State of Indargarh. He is reputed to have had an ancestral patrimony around Shivpuri, some 65 miles West of Gwalior. Whether he emigrated under duress from Shivpuri or brighter prospect abroad beckoned him, or was enticed away from his native Shivpuri by promise of a larger patrimony by the Bundela Chiefs of Orchha and Datia, still remains an enigma. What however is unambiguous is that. Raja Balwan Singh's new principality in the Trans-Sind Region initially comprised some 40 villages along the South Bank of the Sind in the intervening tract between Datia and Seondha. As the principality of Datia was relatively weaker than that of Pichor, it is to be inferred that the principality of Indargarh may have been utilized as a convenient buffer by the Bundela chiefs to constrict Pichor's expansion South of the Sind. This stratagem might even have had the tacit acquiescence of the neighboring Kushwaha ruler of Narwar, who was actuated by a similar design towards Pichhor. Whether the tale is true or apocryphal is however difficult to discern. There is on the other hand no tradition of any enduring internecine feud between the neighboring Jat principalities of Pichhor and Indargarh. It is however probable that with the interposition of kindred Jat principality as a buffer, the subsequent expansion of Pichhor was deflected Westwards beyond Bhitarwar in the Narwar territory and southeastwards towards Lahar and Daboh. |
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Raja Balwant Singh was succeeded by his son Indar Singh who further enlarged his patrimony and built a stone fort, still extant, which even now perpetuates his name and memory. The principality of Indargarh remained unimpaired during Aurangzeb's and some of the later Mughals' reigns, but had rather a precarious existence during the ascendancy of the Marathas in the 18th century AD. During this period, the ruler of Indargarh was sometimes constrained to side with the Marathas, the allies of the Bundela Chief, but when left uncoerced joined forces with the neighboring Jat Chiefs of Pichhor and Gohad to resist the Southern intruders. After the demise of Pichhor in 1816 AD the Jat principality of Indargarh was also obliterated by the connivance of the Marathas in the beginning of 1817 AD and its ruler like his kinsmen of Pichhor and Gohad forced into exile. After the fall of Indargarh all the Jat forts have remained untenanted in this region; staggered in a line between Bhind and Jhansi, they are now like a row of avenging ghosts rather than abodes of patricians of yesteryears.<ref> |
Raja Balwant Singh was succeeded by his son Indar Singh who further enlarged his patrimony and built a stone fort, still extant, which even now perpetuates his name and memory. The principality of Indargarh remained unimpaired during Aurangzeb's and some of the later Mughals' reigns, but had rather a precarious existence during the ascendancy of the Marathas in the 18th century AD. During this period, the ruler of Indargarh was sometimes constrained to side with the Marathas, the allies of the Bundela Chief, but when left uncoerced joined forces with the neighboring Jat Chiefs of Pichhor and Gohad to resist the Southern intruders. After the demise of Pichhor in 1816 AD the Jat principality of Indargarh was also obliterated by the connivance of the Marathas in the beginning of 1817 AD and its ruler like his kinsmen of Pichhor and Gohad forced into exile. After the fall of Indargarh all the Jat forts have remained untenanted in this region; staggered in a line between Bhind and Jhansi, they are now like a row of avenging ghosts rather than abodes of patricians of yesteryears.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magrora</ref> |
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===Pisawa(Aligarh)=== |
===Pisawa(Aligarh)=== |
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Pisawa was a Tomar Jat principality in Aligarh whose ancestors came from Prithal(Palwal).<ref> |
Pisawa was a Tomar Jat principality in Aligarh whose ancestors came from Prithal(Palwal).<ref>http://www.jatland.com/home/Pisawa</ref> |
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===Ranthambore=== |
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Raja Sajraj Veer Singh Nagil (880 to 935 AD) was the most famous ruler of the this small Jat State who headed a small army of 20000 die hard warriors including a calvary of 10000 soldiers to protect his kingdom from invaders.He was the first ruler of Ranthambore who developed and raised infrastructure to make this area worth talking. He is also considered as the founder of the fort, but nobody knows for certainty about the real founder the famous fort. |
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The Jat chieftains of the area helped Bhaga Bhatta Chauhan against Muslim invaders. Jalal-ud-deen Tunia of the group belonging to the group owing allegience to Razia Begum wanted to capture Ranthambhor. Razia had also come to attack the fort and sought help from the Jats. Thereafter Altunia with the help of Jats attacked Delhi also. |
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Ranthambore Fort |
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The fortress of Ranthambore was founded in 944 by the Chauhans. Ranthambore Fort is a formidable fort and has been a focal point of historical developments of Rajasthan. It is situated near Sawai Madhopur town in Rajasthan. |
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It is surrounded today and lies within the famous Ranthambore National Park which was formerly the hunting grounds for the Maharajahs of Jaipur before Indian independence.<ref>http://www.sawaimadhopuronline.in/city-guide/ranthambore-fort-at-sawai-madhopur</ref> |
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===Jangladesh(Jat states of Rajasthan)=== |
===Jangladesh(Jat states of Rajasthan)=== |
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The region of [[Jangladesh]] in northern Rajasthan included the present-day districts of [[Bikaner]], [[Churu]], [[Ganganagar]], and [[Hanumangarh]]. According to the [[Suraj Mal Memorial Education Society]], Jats failed to find a desirable place in south Rajasthan and north [[Gujarat]] because the regions were already inhabited by tribes such as the [[Rajput]]s, [[Gujjars]], [[Bhils]], [[Yadav]]s, Guhils and [[Mers]].<ref> |
The region of [[Jangladesh]] in northern Rajasthan included the present-day districts of [[Bikaner]], [[Churu]], [[Ganganagar]], and [[Hanumangarh]]. According to the [[Suraj Mal Memorial Education Society]], Jats failed to find a desirable place in south Rajasthan and north [[Gujarat]] because the regions were already inhabited by tribes such as the [[Rajput]]s, [[Gujjars]], [[Bhils]], [[Yadav]]s, Guhils and [[Mers]].<ref>http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rajasthan-their-own-as-cm-jats-dream-on-1171229.html</ref> During this period [[Abhiras]] pushed them in Rajasthan.<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=Bi2UTZ_JIc_rrQeUrLDjCw&ct=result&id=FGgMAQAAMAAJ&dq=abhira+afghanistan&q=abhiras</ref><ref>The Jats: their role & contribution to the socio-economic life and polity of north & north-west India, Volume 3-page-16</ref> |
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Jangladesh in ancient times was inhabited by Jat clans ruled by their own chiefs and largely governed by their own customary law.<ref>Dashrath Sharma, Rajasthan through the ages, Jodhpur, 1966, Vol.I, p. 287-288</ref> Whole of the region was possessed by six or seven cantons namely [[Punia (Hinduism)|Punia]], [[Godara (clan)|Godara]], [[Saharan (gotra)|Saran]], [[Sihag]], [[Beniwal]], [[Johiya]] and [[Kaswan]]. Besides these cantons there were several clan of Jat people, simultaneously wrested from Rajput proprietors for instance Bagor, Kharipatta, Mohila or Mehila, [[Bhukar]], [[Bhadu]], [[Chahar (clan)|Chahar]]. |
Jangladesh in ancient times was inhabited by Jat clans ruled by their own chiefs and largely governed by their own customary law.<ref>Dashrath Sharma, Rajasthan through the ages, Jodhpur, 1966, Vol.I, p. 287-288</ref> Whole of the region was possessed by six or seven cantons namely [[Punia (Hinduism)|Punia]], [[Godara (clan)|Godara]], [[Saharan (gotra)|Saran]], [[Sihag]], [[Beniwal]], [[Johiya]] and [[Kaswan]]. Besides these cantons there were several clan of Jat people, simultaneously wrested from Rajput proprietors for instance Bagor, Kharipatta, Mohila or Mehila, [[Bhukar]], [[Bhadu]], [[Chahar (clan)|Chahar]]. |
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A large number of Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. |
A large number of Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. |
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The Jat people were designated by officials of the British Raj as a "martial race", which meant that they were one of the groups whom the British favoured for recruitment to the British Indian Army.[63][64] The Jats participated in both, World War I as well as World War II, as a part of the British Indian Army. |
The Jat people were designated by officials of the British Raj as a "martial race", which meant that they were one of the groups whom the British favoured for recruitment to the British Indian Army.[63][64] The Jats participated in both, World War I as well as World War II, as a part of the British Indian Army. |
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Hindu Jats also receive the honour of guarding the President and is also the one of three casts to do so,others being Jat Sikhs and Rajputs.<ref> |
Hindu Jats also receive the honour of guarding the President and is also the one of three casts to do so,others being Jat Sikhs and Rajputs.<ref>http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/prez-bodyguards-only-for-rajput-jats-and-sikhs-army/812301</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Jat Muslim]]s |
*[[Jat Muslim]]s |
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*[[List of Jats]] |
*[[List of Jats]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 20:27, 23 August 2015
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Hindu Jat (also spelled Jaat)[1] ,[2][2] a sub-group of Jat people, refers to an ethnic group of north India[3] who are Hindu by religion. They form the majority of the Jat population and they are mainly found in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.[4][5] Originally, all Jats were Hindu but some then converted to Islam and Sikhism, as also happened in the case of other castes such as Rajput and Gurjar. Those who were converted call themselves Jat Muslims and Jat Sikhs, respectively. All Sikh Jats are natives of Punjab, India and all Hindu Jats are native of Rajasthan, Haryana, Western UP, Delhi and Madhya Pradesh. All Hindu Jats are native of Hindi and its dialects, Rajasthani, Haryanvi, Braj Bhasha and Malvi.
Culture and society
The anthropologist Susan Bayly says that the Jats were non-elite tillers and herders.[a][b][c]
Varna status
The Hindu varna system is unclear on Jat status within the caste system. Some sources state that Jats are regarded as Kshatriyas[9] or "degraded Kshatriyas" who, as they did not observe Brahmanic rites and rituals, had fallen to the status of Shudra.[10] Uma Chakravarti reports that the varna status of the Jats improved over time, with the Jats starting in the untouchable/chandala varna during the eighth century, changing to shudra status by the 11th century, and with some Jats striving for zamindar status after the Jat rebellion of the 17th century.[11]
The Rajputs refused to accept Jat claims to kshatriya status during the later years of the British Raj and this disagreement frequently resulted in violent incidents between the two communities.[12] The claim at that time was being made by the Arya Samaj, who saw it as a means to counter the colonial belief that the Jats were of Indo-Scythian origin.[13]
Religious beliefs
According to Khushwant Singh, the Jats' attitude never allowed themselves to be absorbed in the Brahminic fold.
The Jat's spirit of freedom and equality refused to submit to Brahmanical Hinduism and in its turn drew the censure of the privileged Brahmins.... The upper caste Hindu's denigration of the Jat did not in the least lower the Jat in his own eyes nor elevate the Brahmin or the Kshatriya in the Jat's estimation. On the contrary, he assumed a somewhat condescending attitude towards the Brahmin, whom he considered little more than a soothsayer or a beggar, or the Kshatriya, who disdained earning an honest living and was proud of being a mercenary.[14]
Jats pray to their dead ancestors, a practice which is called Jathera.[15]
Major Hindu Jat Kingdoms and Principalities
Jat rulers of Bharatpur
The Jats came to prominence in the seventeenth century, when they rebelled against the atrocities carried out by the Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb. In 1661, the Jats of Bharatpur were stirred up when a Muslim officer destroyed a temple to replace it with a mosque. He also apparently harassed the populace on a regular basis. Resentment boiled over and an uprising occurred in 1669, led by a Jat village chieftain by the name of Gokula and backed up by twenty thousand followers. The uprising failed, and Gokula was captured and put to death in 1670.
The more successful second rebellion began in 1686, and continued past the death of Aurangzeb. He was the last truly powerful Moghul ruler, so the Jats were able to establish an independent kingdom with Bharatpur as its capital.[16]
Jat rulers of Dholpur
In 1367 A.D. a clan of Jats known as Jats of Bamroli crossed the river Chambal and settled in Gwalior and their leaders joined the services of Tomar Kings of Gwalior.
These Bamroli Jats were originally from Rajasthan and belong to the Deswali sect or gotra of Jats, and in 11th century moved to a village near Agra, known as Bamroli, since then their clan is also known as Bamrolia. During the period, when Feroz Tughlaq was the Sultan of Delhi, the Governor of Agra, Muneer Muhommed ruled them out of the area, so they moved to and settled in Barthara near Gohad and their Leader Rana Ratan Pal and his son supported The Tomar rulers of Gwalior in their struggle against the Muslim rulers of Delhi and Malwa, together they won in their struggle. Later the famous King of Gwalior Raja Man Singh gave Rana Sujan Deo, Gohad as a state and conferred on him the tittle of 'Rana' in 1505 A.D.
At that time Gwalior fell to Sikandar Lodhi. Sikandar Lodhi the sultan of Delhi also recognized their tittle and state. The Ranas with their hardwork made themselves the masters of many more districts around Gohad and in 1761 A.D. Rana Bhim Singh their most famous king conquered Gwalior and held it for more then six years till it fell to the marauding Marathas of Peshwa of Pune.
Rana Chattar Singh, successor of Rana Bhim Singh put up great resistant against the Marathas, recovered Gwalior in 1780 A.D., He even got tittles and honors from Mughal emperor of Delhi. Scindia the Maratha ruler eventually won back Gwalior in 1783 A.D. The next year saw Rana winning back the fort at Gwalior but the Scindia , a very shrewd ruler invaded Gohad and destroyed it and making the Rana running to Karauli for protection but here he was treacherously arrested and Scindia made him prisoner and had him killed in Gwalior prison by poison in 1788 A.D..
The next 20 years saw a bloody tussle among the Bamrolia Jats for the leadership, eventually in 1803 A.D. clan leaders of Bamrolia Jats came together and chose Kirat Singh a distant cousin of Rana Chattar Singh as their leader and was sojourned as 'Rana' in the fort of Barthara in 1803 A.D. He went into aliance with the British (the new king makers in India) against the Scindia, who after a struggle and showed his resentment over the British decision handing over Gohad to the Rana, came to the table for talks. It was decided that the Scindia will keep Gohad and the Rana will get the area south of Agra, comprising Dholpur, Bari and Rajakhera.
Thus, Rana Kirat Singh of Gohad became the ruler of the ancient town of Dholpur and his descendants ruled there till they merged with India in 1949 A.D.[17]
Kuchesar
The ruling family of Kuchesar belonged to the Dalal clan of the Jat caste. When Maharaja Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur made war with the rulers of Delhi, the latter attacked Kuchesar. the Dalal Jats were defeated, their fort of Kuchesar was captured and razed in 1763. Rao Maganiram and Ramdhan Singh were arrested and imprisoned in the fort of Koyal. The two brothers escaped from prison, reached Moradabad and aligned themselves with the Marathas. In 1782, Maganiram and Ramdhan Singh, along with an army, recaptured Kuchesar from the Muslims. Rao Maganiram died soon after this victory. As per Jat custom, his widow married his younger brother. By 1790, Ramdhan Singh had recaptured all of Kuchesar estate, he had also acquired Pooth, Siana, Thana Farida, Datyane and Saidpur on Malguzari lease from the rulers of Delhi. After 1782, the Kuchesar mud-fort remained in unbroken possession of the family, it was granted to them in perpetual lease by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam in 1790, a grant confirmed by the British in 1807. The British formalized their authority over the area in 1803, they recognized the estate of Kuchesar and its estate-holders without alteration to the status quo. Formerly the Kuchesar Estate included the Sahanpur and also the Bhadsana Estates. Rao Umrao Singh and his family owned the tappa, now called Kuchesar consisting of a six annas share, while Khushal Singh owned a five annas share, called Sahanpur. The remaining portion fell to the lot of Partap Singh, also a five annas share. The zamindari consisted of 11 villages in Harpur Pargana and in Puth Pargana with 12 villages in Bulandshahr District, with parts of 5 other villages and 3 Patti villages. [18]
Mursan
Mursan was a small Jat princely fiefdom in Hathras (within modern Uttar Pradesh) which was ruled by the Thenua Jats. Its most famous ruler was Raja Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979) who was a writer, journalist, freedom fighter and social reformer. He was also known as the 'Aryan Peshwa'. He was the third son of Raja Ghanshhyam Singh and was adopted by Raja Harnarayan Singh of Hathras. He married a princess from the Jind princely state.[19]
Ballabhgarh
Ballabhgarh was a princely state in present day Haryana state. Its rulers belonged to the Tewatia Jat clan, which migrated from the village of Janauli in 1705 and settled in Sihi, five kilometres (about three miles) from Ballabhgarh itself.[20]
Maulaheri(Muzaffarnagar)
The Maulaheri Jats came into prominence during the Third battle of Panipat. One of the ancestors of the Maulaheri Jats had risen to become a General in the Maratha Army and was in charge of the outpost of the Marathas at Shukartal, on the river Ganges. When the Marathas lost the Third battle of Panipat, Ahmed Shah Abdali rewarded all his allies including Najib-ul-Daula with gold and precious stones, among other things. Najib-ul-Daula was returning victorious from Panipat when he was ambushed at Shukartal by the Maratha outpost and relieved of all his precious belongings by the Maulaheri General. As a consequence, Najib-ul-Daula also had to surrender the Doab. The Jat General from Maulaheri became famous for this act, and was given a jagir in Maulaheri, giving rise to the name.
The Maulaheri Jats grew in prominence over the years and became the most distinguished and respected family among the Jats in western UP. At one point, the family owned over 36,000 acres of land, in over 20 villages. The family also built two beautiful palaces in Maulaheri (which are in ruins now).
The family also had close links with the family of Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of India, and fellow aristocrat, whose land holdings lay next to the Maulaheri Jats in the United Provinces of pre-independent India.[21]
The Jats of Pichor
Like their Bamrolia Kinsmen in Gohad the Doderiyan Jats of Pichor were also reluctant emigrants from the Punjab. About the year 1340 AD Raja Bhagirath founded a settlement around the village of Keo some 35 miles South East of Gwalior, which subsequently became famous as Pichor. Raja Bhargirath had four sons. namely Chandermani, Sinhmani, Akshamani and Mado Singh.
Chandermani the eldest succeeded his father. On Chandermani's death, his only on Dhruve Angad became the ruler of Pichor. He started the building of Pichor fort in 1448 which was completed by his son Raja Hamir Deo the First, whose reign partly coincided and probably overlapped the reign of the famous Tomar chief Raja Man Singh. Hamir Deo the First saw hard days in his conflicts with the chiefs of Narwar and Orcha. But by the very able stratagem of his wife Ganga Kumari he was able to over come his problems and continued to rule Pichor for many years and was probably still alive when Babar appeared on the Indian scene. After that there is a hiatus in the Doderiyan tradition.
During the rule of Hamir Deo the second, a contemporary of Shah Jahan I (1628-58 AD), the Pichor principality grew into a modest size. His just rule and martial exploits are to this day extolled by the itinerant bards of Northern Bundhel Khand. Hamir's sense of Justice is reputed to have led him to sentence his own beloved son to death for an unintentional misdemeanor in a hunting field.
Hamir Deo was succeeded by Raja Padam Singh, who ruled Pichor during The greater part of Aurangzeb's reign. Padam Singh had two sons. Hindupati and Prithvipati. Hindupati was a reputed scholar and poet. He wrote a religions tract called Tattva-Bodha which is still extant. Hindupati was succeeded by his son Pahar Singh. During 1767, Pahar Singh had joined forces with Jawahar Singh or expelling the Maratha troops from the Bhind area and in the latter's expedition to Ajmer and Pushkar. However, about the year 1783-84 Pahar Singh had accepted a feudatory status under Mahadji Sindhia. Chhattar Singh the successor of Pahar Singh was treacherously deprived of Pichor by Daulat Rao Sindhia. His wife's blood stained palm impression in the citadel at Pichor still commemorates her exile from that ancient fortress.
The Jats of Indargarh
Raja Balwant Singh in about 1650 AD founded the Jat State of Indargarh. He is reputed to have had an ancestral patrimony around Shivpuri, some 65 miles West of Gwalior. Whether he emigrated under duress from Shivpuri or brighter prospect abroad beckoned him, or was enticed away from his native Shivpuri by promise of a larger patrimony by the Bundela Chiefs of Orchha and Datia, still remains an enigma. What however is unambiguous is that. Raja Balwan Singh's new principality in the Trans-Sind Region initially comprised some 40 villages along the South Bank of the Sind in the intervening tract between Datia and Seondha. As the principality of Datia was relatively weaker than that of Pichor, it is to be inferred that the principality of Indargarh may have been utilized as a convenient buffer by the Bundela chiefs to constrict Pichor's expansion South of the Sind. This stratagem might even have had the tacit acquiescence of the neighboring Kushwaha ruler of Narwar, who was actuated by a similar design towards Pichhor. Whether the tale is true or apocryphal is however difficult to discern. There is on the other hand no tradition of any enduring internecine feud between the neighboring Jat principalities of Pichhor and Indargarh. It is however probable that with the interposition of kindred Jat principality as a buffer, the subsequent expansion of Pichhor was deflected Westwards beyond Bhitarwar in the Narwar territory and southeastwards towards Lahar and Daboh.
Raja Balwant Singh was succeeded by his son Indar Singh who further enlarged his patrimony and built a stone fort, still extant, which even now perpetuates his name and memory. The principality of Indargarh remained unimpaired during Aurangzeb's and some of the later Mughals' reigns, but had rather a precarious existence during the ascendancy of the Marathas in the 18th century AD. During this period, the ruler of Indargarh was sometimes constrained to side with the Marathas, the allies of the Bundela Chief, but when left uncoerced joined forces with the neighboring Jat Chiefs of Pichhor and Gohad to resist the Southern intruders. After the demise of Pichhor in 1816 AD the Jat principality of Indargarh was also obliterated by the connivance of the Marathas in the beginning of 1817 AD and its ruler like his kinsmen of Pichhor and Gohad forced into exile. After the fall of Indargarh all the Jat forts have remained untenanted in this region; staggered in a line between Bhind and Jhansi, they are now like a row of avenging ghosts rather than abodes of patricians of yesteryears.[22]
Pisawa(Aligarh)
Pisawa was a Tomar Jat principality in Aligarh whose ancestors came from Prithal(Palwal).[23]
Jangladesh(Jat states of Rajasthan)
The region of Jangladesh in northern Rajasthan included the present-day districts of Bikaner, Churu, Ganganagar, and Hanumangarh. According to the Suraj Mal Memorial Education Society, Jats failed to find a desirable place in south Rajasthan and north Gujarat because the regions were already inhabited by tribes such as the Rajputs, Gujjars, Bhils, Yadavs, Guhils and Mers.[24] During this period Abhiras pushed them in Rajasthan.[25][26]
Jangladesh in ancient times was inhabited by Jat clans ruled by their own chiefs and largely governed by their own customary law.[27] Whole of the region was possessed by six or seven cantons namely Punia, Godara, Saran, Sihag, Beniwal, Johiya and Kaswan. Besides these cantons there were several clan of Jat people, simultaneously wrested from Rajput proprietors for instance Bagor, Kharipatta, Mohila or Mehila, Bhukar, Bhadu, Chahar.
Name of janapada | Name of King | No. of villages | Capital | Names of districts |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sihag | Chokha Singh | 150 | Suin | Rawatsar, Baramsar, Purabsar Dandusar, Gandaisi |
Beniwal | Raisal Singh | 150 | Rasalana | Bhukarka, Sanduri, Manoharpur, Kooi, Bae |
Johiya | Sher Singh | 600 | Bhurupal | Jaitpur, Kumanu, Mahajan, Peepasar, Udasar |
Punia | Kanha Singh | 300 | Luddi | Bhadra, Ajitpura, Sidhmukh, Rajgarh, Dadrewa, Sankhoo |
Saharan | Pula Singh | 300 | Bhadang | Khejra, Phoglo, Buchawas, Sui, Badnu, Sirsila |
Godara | Pandu Singh | 700 | Shekhsar | Shekhsar, Pundrasar, Gusainsar (Bada), Gharsisar, Garibdesar, Rungaysar, Kalu |
Kaswan | Kanwarpal Singh | 100 | Sidhmukh | [ Makrana( jusari )] Suja kaswan |
Other republics in Jangladesh
- Latiyal -Latiyal jat were live in nagaur
- Bhadu - Bhadus were rulers in Jangladesh where they established an important city Bhadra. Samantraj was a popular ruler of Bhadus. Bhadus had a war with 'Bhagore' people and after capturing it they moved to Marwar area. Bhadus also occupied many villages in Ajmer-Merwara.
- Bhati - Jat Bhatis ruled Bhatner, presently Hanumangarh, and Bhatinda. Bhatner was historically important because it was situated on route of invaders from Central Asia to India.
- Bhukar - Bhukars were initially settled at Sambhar in Rajasthan. They were the rulers in this area and their ruling method was that of 'Bhomia-chor'. Gothra Bhukaran was their capital.
- Chahar - In the thirteenth century, a Chahar Jat, Raja Maldeo ruled at Sidhmukh in Jangladesh.
- Jakhar - The king of the Jakhar clan, Jakhbhadra, settled in Jangladesh and made his capital at Reni (modern-day Taranagar). At a later date, the Jakhars established a kingdom, the ruins of which are found at Madhauli, which was in the princely state of Jaipur.
- Sangwan - The Sangwan jats ruled at Sarsu in Jangladesh region of Rajasthan in 8th to 10th century.
- Sahu - They have been the rulers of a small republic in Jangladesh. Their capital was at village Dhansia, situated at a distance of 65 km in northwest of Churu town.[28] There were 84 villages in their territory.,[29]
Jat republics in Marwar
Jat republics in Matsya region
- Vijayrania - Mentioned as Varetatae people of Greek language by Megasthenes were rulers in Khandelawati. Vijayranias founded a village called 'Vijarna' in 1078 and constructed a fort at 'Ladhana' in 1178. One chieftain Jagsingh of this clan founded his rule in Palsana of Shekhawati region in year 1255.
Jat republics in southern Rajasthan
- Jatrana - This is an ancient gotra. According to Kautilya they fought against Alexander the Great. According to Alberuni this hilly place called Chittor ( Jattaur) was the capital of the Jatrana clan. They call themselves descendants of Tur.
- Gora - In ancient times ruled in Ajmer-Merwara, Mewar, and Bundi-Sirohi areas in Rajasthan. They are descendants of Pingala Nagavanshi.[30]
- Nagil-This is a ruling clan of nagavanshi jat.Ranthambore was founded by chaudhary Ranpal singh nagil around 830AD.Nagill jat ruled this area for more than 150years and their capital was Ranthambore Jatvas.Nagill constructed a first small fort on a hill as narrated by his clan members.Their kingdom was spread over 150 villages adjoining Ranthambore Jatvas.Raja sajraj veer singh nagil was the most famous and skilful ruler of this clan without any illadvised ambition.
- Ranthambore - It was founded by Ran Mal Jat, by putting a stambh (pillar) at the location of present Ranthambore. He challenged the neighbouring rulers for battle. The area around Ranthambore was ruled by Gora and Nagil jats till two centuries prior to the rule of Prithvi Raj Chauhan.
- Chandlai - A small republic founded by Jat chieftain 'Chandla'. He got constructed a pucca pond near the village in the name of her daughter ‘Bhala’ and put an inscription on it on baisakh sudi 15 samvat 1027 (970 AD). Chandla was ruler of Tonk at that time.,[31]
Post-independence estimates
Hindu Jats are found mainly in the states of Punjab,Haryana,Delhi,Uttar Pradesh,Rajasthan,Madhya Pradesh,Himachal Pradesh,Uttarakhand and Jammu Kashmir.Jats receive no reservation benefits from the government however Jats of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are classified as Other Backward Classes in their respective states. In the 20th century and more recently, Jats have dominated as the political class in Haryana[55] and Punjab.[56] Some Jat people have become notable political leaders, including the sixth Prime Minister of India, Charan Singh. Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of North India. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst the Jat people.
Military
A large number of Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. The Jat people were designated by officials of the British Raj as a "martial race", which meant that they were one of the groups whom the British favoured for recruitment to the British Indian Army.[63][64] The Jats participated in both, World War I as well as World War II, as a part of the British Indian Army. Hindu Jats also receive the honour of guarding the President and is also the one of three casts to do so,others being Jat Sikhs and Rajputs.[32]
See also
References
- ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jat-reservation-sc-dismisses-centres-review-petition/1/453013.html
- ^ a b http://www.oneindia.com/india/jats-community-warn-agitation-over-reservation-demand-1787714.html
- ^ "Jat (caste)". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- ^ P.K. Mohanty
- ^ Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State - Page 152
- ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Miller, D.B. (1975). From hierarchy to stratification: changing patterns of social inequality in ... Oxford University Press. p. 64.
- ^ Khanna, Sunil K. "Jat". In Ember, Melvin (ed.). M1 Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology. p. 777.
- ^ Krishnaraj, Uma Chakravarti ; series editor, Maithreyi (2003). Gendering caste through a feminist lens (1. repr. ed.). Calcutta: Stree. ISBN 978-81-85604-54-1.
{{cite book}}
:|first=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Stern, Robert W. (1988). The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj. Leiden: BRILL. p. 287. ISBN 9789004082830.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2010). Religion, Caste & Politics in India. Primus Books. p. 431. ISBN 9789380607047.
- ^ Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838 (2, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0195673085. OCLC 438966317.
- ^ Jhutti, Sundeep S. (2003). The Getes. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 56397976.
The Jats of the Panjab worship their ancestors in a practice known as Jathera.
- ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaJats.htm
- ^ http://gauravatriphotography.blogspot.in/2010/01/dholpur-rana-short-history.html
- ^ http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kuchesar.html
- ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaJatsMinorKings.htm
- ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaJatsMinorKings.htm
- ^ http://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/CHAPTER%20III.HTM
- ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magrora
- ^ http://www.jatland.com/home/Pisawa
- ^ http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rajasthan-their-own-as-cm-jats-dream-on-1171229.html
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=Bi2UTZ_JIc_rrQeUrLDjCw&ct=result&id=FGgMAQAAMAAJ&dq=abhira+afghanistan&q=abhiras
- ^ The Jats: their role & contribution to the socio-economic life and polity of north & north-west India, Volume 3-page-16
- ^ Dashrath Sharma, Rajasthan through the ages, Jodhpur, 1966, Vol.I, p. 287-288
- ^ Dr.Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudee, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar (1998). Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats). Agra: Jaypal Agencies. p. 282.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jibraeil: "Position of Jats in Churu Region", The Jats - Vol. II, Ed Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2006, p. 222
- ^ Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998, Page 237
- ^ Rajasthan Sandesh, Year 1, Vol 2
- ^ http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/prez-bodyguards-only-for-rajput-jats-and-sikhs-army/812301
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