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Since the end of the "Arab Spring", hopes for for general peace in the [[Middle East]] have collapsed, with vicious civil wars and interventions in civil war by other nations having proliferated. |
Since the end of the "Arab Spring", hopes for for general peace in the [[Middle East]] have collapsed, with vicious civil wars and interventions in civil war by other nations having proliferated. |
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===Libya=== |
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{{Main|Libyan Civil War (2014–present)}} |
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{{Expand section|date=March 2015}} |
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A second Libyan civil war broke out in 2014. |
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==Arenas== |
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===ISIL conflict=== |
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{{further|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Spillover of the Syrian Civil War}} |
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The '''Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant''' ('''ISIL''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|s|ə|l}}; {{lang-ar|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام}}), also known as '''Islamic State of Iraq and Syria''' or '''Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham''' ('''ISIS''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|s|ɪ|s}})<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/> or '''Islamic State''',<ref name="What is IS">{{cite news|title=What is Islamic State?|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144|publisher=BBC News|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> is an [[Islamic extremist]] [[List of active rebel groups#Groups which control territory|rebel group controlling territory]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], with operations in [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], the [[Sinai Peninsula]] of Egypt, and other areas of the [[Middle East]],<ref name="npr.org" /> [[North Africa]], [[West Africa]],<ref name="Boko Haram joins ISIL" /> South Asia,<ref name="Pakistani Taliban pledges allegiance to ISIL">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-pakistan-militants-is-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=18 November 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref> and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Pakistani Taliban pledges allegiance to ISIL"/><ref name="ISIL gains supporters" /> The group is known in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as ''{{transl|ar|ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām}}'', leading to the Arabic acronym '''Da'ish''' or '''DAESH''' ({{lang|ar|داعش}}, Arabic pronunciation: {{IPA|daːʕiʃ}}).<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/> |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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! scope="col"| Country |
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! scope="col"| Date started |
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! scope="col"| Status |
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! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Outcome |
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! scope="col"| Death toll |
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! scope="col"| Situation |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Iraq}} |
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|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|12|18}} |
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|Ongoing |
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|<nowiki></nowiki> |
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*Spillover violence from the [[Syrian Civil War]] leading to an ISIL invasion.<ref>http://www.thenation.com/blog/180197/iraq-syria-civil-war-challenges-both-us-and-iran</ref><ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/iraq-war-on-terror/rise-of-isis/what-a-pledge-of-allegiance-to-isis-means/</ref> |
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*[[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)|captures]] [[Mosul]] and [[Tikrit]] among other cities in June 2014<ref>http://time.com/2857751/iraq-tikrit-baghdad-isis-mosul/</ref> and declares a new caliphate.<ref>http://theweek.com/article/index/269340/how-isis-sells-women-and-children</ref> |
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*Ethnic cleansing and [[Persecution of Assyrians by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|persecution of Assyrians]],[[Persecution of Yazidis by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Yazidis]], and mass executions of [[Shia Muslims]] by ISIL. |
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*[[Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)|ISIS advance]] on [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Kurdish regions]]. |
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|{{ntsh|16027}} 23,138+ |
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! style="color:#fff; background:#950000;"|[[Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)|<span style="color:white;">Ongoing Insurgency</span>]] |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Lebanon}} |
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|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|6|17}} |
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|Ongoing |
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|<nowiki></nowiki> |
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*Spillover violence from the [[Syrian Civil War]] between forces that support the Syrian government and others that oppose it. |
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*Full scale battles around the Bekka Valley and the town of Arsal. |
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*Chaos in the government, including a prolonged presidential interregnum and the cancellation of Parliamentary elections.<ref name="Lebanese parliament delays June election, deepening drift">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/31/us-lebanon-parliament-election-idUSBRE94U19N20130531|title=Lebanese parliament delays June election, deepening drift|publisher=Reuters|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=20 September 2014}}</ref> |
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|{{ntsh|457}} 457–474 |
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! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon|<span style="display:none;">D </span><span style="color:white;">Civil disorder</span>]] |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Syria}} |
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|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|15|}} |
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|Ongoing |
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|<nowiki></nowiki> |
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*Large defections from the Syrian army and clashes between soldiers and defectors<ref name="Syrian army units 'clash over crackdown'">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011428182333234775.html|title=Syrian army units 'clash over crackdown'|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=28 April 2011|accessdate=28 April 2011}}</ref> |
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*Formation of the [[Free Syrian Army]] |
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*The Free Syrian Army takes controls of large swathes of land across Syria. |
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*Battles between the Syrian government's army and the [[Free Syrian Army]] in many governorates. |
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*Formation of the [[Syrian National Council]]<ref name="Syrian dissidents form national council">{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/08/23/2372099/syrian-dissidents-form-national.html|title=Syrian dissidents form national council|first=Ipek|last=Yezdani|work=The Miami Herald|date=23 August 2011|accessdate=24 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> |
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*Syria suspended from the [[Arab League]] |
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*Several countries recognize [[National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|Syrian]] [[government in exile]] |
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*Kurdish fighters enter the war by mid-2013 |
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|{{ntsh|160000}} 191,000+<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2014/0822/UN-reports-Syria-conflict-death-toll-reaches-191-000-video | agency=Christian Science Monitor | title=Syria war death toll tops 191,000 | date=22 August 2014}}</ref> |
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! style="color:#fff; background:#950000;"|[[Syrian Civil War|<span style="color:white;">Ongoing civil war</span>]] |
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|- |
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|} |
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===North Africa=== |
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====Libya==== |
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{{Main|Libyan Civil War (2014–present)}} |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |
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|- |
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! scope="col" style="width:10%;"| Country |
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! scope="col" style="width:10%;"| Date started |
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! scope="col" style="width:16%;"| Status |
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! scope="col" style="width:40%;" class="unsortable"| Outcome |
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! scope="col" style="width:10%;"| Death toll |
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! scope="col" style="width:14%;"| Situation |
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|- |
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|}} |
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===Egypt=== |
===Egypt=== |
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{{Further|2013 Egyptian coup d'etat|Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–14)}} |
{{Further|2013 Egyptian coup d'etat|Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–14)}} |
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{{Expand section|date=March 2015}} |
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There have been more revolutions and rumors of civil war between 2012 and 2014, when authoritarian government returned. |
There have been more revolutions and rumors of civil war between 2012 and 2014, when authoritarian government returned. |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |
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|- |
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===Lebanon=== |
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|{{flag|Egypt}} |
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{{further|Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon|Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War}} |
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|{{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|22}} |
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{{Expand section|date=March 2015}} |
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|Government overthrown in July 2013. Ongoing unrest. |
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Spillover from the Syrian Civil War has claimed hundreds of lives and destablized the country, which had a vacancy in the presidency that lasted over a year and the cancellation of Parliamentary elections. |
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|<nowiki></nowiki> |
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'''Protests over the imposition of an Islamist-backed constitution by the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] and [[Mohamed Morsi]] lead to a [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|coup d'état]].''' |
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*[[Egyptian presidential election, 2012|Democratic election]] held to replace Mubarak as the new president of Egypt; [[Mohamed Morsi]] elected and inaugurated<ref name="Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57464345/mohammed-morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president/ |title=Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president |publisher=CBS News |date=30 June 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-28}}</ref> |
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*Morsi removed by military in a [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|coup d'état]] following a [[Egyptian Revolution of 2013|second revolution]] that came after months of [[2012–13 Egyptian protests|protests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/mohamed-morsi-egypt-second-revolution|title=Mohamed Morsi ousted in Egypt's second revolution in two years|date=4 July 2013|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> |
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*Crackdown on the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and other Islamists: |
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**Senior Islamist figures have been arrested and face trial.{{#tag:ref|See <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/76158/Egypt/Politics-/Prosecution-orders-arrest-of-leading-Brotherhood-m.aspx|title=Prosecution orders arrest of leading Brotherhood members|date=10 July 2013|publisher=Ahram Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75721/Egypt/Politics-/Former-Brotherhood-supreme-guide-Akef-arrested-.aspx|title=Former Brotherhood supreme guide Akef arrested|date=4 July 2013|publisher=Ahram Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75815/Egypt/Politics-/Muslim-Brotherhoods-secondman-ElShater-arrested-Se.aspx|title=Muslim Brotherhood's second-man El-Shater arrested: Security official|date=6 July 2013|publisher=Ahram Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/21/egypt-arrests-2-more-islamist-figures-hard-line-cleric-spokesman-for-muslim/|title=Egypt arrests 2 more Islamist figures: hard-line cleric, a spokesman for Muslim Brotherhood|date=21 August 2013|publisher=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/egypt-police-arrest-muslim-brotherhood-chiefs-mohammed-elbeltagy-and-khaled-alazhari-8790828.html|title=Egypt: Police arrest Muslim Brotherhood chiefs Mohammed el-Beltagy and Khaled Al-Azhari|date=30 August 2013|publisher=The Independent|location=London}}</ref>}} |
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**[[August 2013 Rabaa Massacre|Violent dispersal]] of pro-Morsi sit-ins on August 14, 2013. |
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**A court bans all Muslim Brotherhood activities nationwide and its assets are confiscated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/23/us-egypt-brotherhood-idUSBRE98M0QR20130923|title=Egyptian court bans Muslim Brotherhood|date=23 September 2013|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> The government eventually designates the group as a [[terrorist organization]] on December 25, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/90037.aspx|title=Egypt government declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group'|date=26 December 2013|publisher=Al-Ahram}}</ref> |
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**Sentencing to death of hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood supporters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26712124|title=Egypt court sentences 528 Morsi supporters to death|date=March 24, 2014|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/28/world/africa/egypt-politics/|title=Egypt court sentences hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood supporters to death|date=April 29, 2014|publisher=CNN}}</ref> |
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**[[Islamist unrest in Egypt (2013–present)|Ongoing Islamist unrest]] in response to the coup. |
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*[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] becomes president following a [[Egyptian presidential election, 2014|second election]]. |
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;[[Sinai insurgency]]: |
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*[[Egyptian Armed Forces]] launch anti-terror military operations in the Sinai due to increased attacks by insurgents since the ousting of Morsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75792/Egypt/Politics-/Clashes-in-Sinai-over-Morsi-removal.aspx|title=Clashes in Sinai over Morsi removal|publisher=Ahram Online|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref> |
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|{{ntsh|3500}} 3,500+{{#tag:ref|See <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/02/anhri-releases-names-of-dead/|title=ANHRI releases names of dead|date=June 2, 2013|publisher=Daily News Egypt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-21289729|title=Egypt protesters clash with police at presidential palace|date=February 1, 2013|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jul/08/egypt-dead-injured-toll-so-far|title=Egypt's dead and injured: the toll so far|date=July 8, 2013|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/03/24/egypt-s-unprecedented-instability-by-numbers/h5j3|title=Egypt’s Unprecedented Instability by the Numbers|date=March 24, 2014|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref>}} |
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! style="color:#fff; background:#00112b;"|[[Egyptian Crisis (2011–present)|<span style="display:none;">E</span><span style="color:white;">Government overthrown</span>]] |
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|- |
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||{{flag|Libya}} |
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|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|8|23}} |
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|Ongoing violence |
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|<nowiki></nowiki> |
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*[[Post-civil war violence in Libya|Sporadic low-level fighting and clashes]]<ref name="Fighters clash again near Tripoli, several dead">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/12/us-libya-clashes-idUSTRE7AB0HU20111112|title=Fighters clash again near Tripoli, several dead|agency=Reuters|date=12 November 2011}}</ref> |
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*[[Libyan General National Congress election, 2012|Elections]] to a [[General National Congress]] on 7 July 2012. |
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*In May 2014, General [[Khalifa Haftar|Khalifa Belqasim Haftar]] launched [[2014 Libyan conflict|a large scale air and ground offensive]] codenamed ''Operation Dignity'' on Islamist militia groups. |
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*Conflict intensifies in July 2014 and is driven out of Benghazi by [[Ansar al-Sharia (Benghazi)|Ansar al-Sharia]] militants who declare the region an "Islamic emirate".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/world/middleeast/libya-benghazi-march-protests-militias.html?_r=1 | title=Libya: Benghazi March Protests Militias | publisher=The New York Times | date=30 July 2014 | accessdate=16 August 2014 | author=Fahim, Kareem}}</ref> |
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| |
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! style="color:#fff; background:#950000;"|[[2014 Libyan Civil War|<span style="display:none;">E </span><span style="color:white;">Ongoing civil war</span>]] |
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|- |
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===Yemen=== |
===Yemen=== |
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{{Main|Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)}} |
{{Main|Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)}} |
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{{Empty section|date=March 2015}} |
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===Iranian troops and proxies=== |
===Iranian troops and proxies=== |
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====Syria==== |
====Syria==== |
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{{Main|Syrian Civil War}} |
{{Main|Syrian Civil War}} |
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{{Expand section|date=March 2015}} |
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The Syrian civil war is, as of the middle of the decade the worst humanitarian disaster of the 2010s. |
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====Iraq==== |
====Iraq==== |
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{{Main|Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)}} |
{{Main|Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)}} |
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{{Empty section|date=March 2015}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Arab Revolt]] |
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*[[List of modern conflicts in North Africa]] |
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*[[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East]] |
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*[[List of ongoing armed conflicts]] |
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{{Portal bar|Middle East|Africa|Politics|Social movements|2010s|Syrian Civil War}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 20:24, 29 March 2015
The Arab Winter[1][2][3][4][5] is a term for the wide-scale violence and instability evolving in the aftermath of the Arab Spring protests in Arab League countries. The Arab Winter is referring to the events across the Arab World, including the Syrian Civil War,[6][7] the Iraqi insurgency,[8] the Egyptian Crisis,[9] and revolution in Yemen.[10] Political developments, particularly the restoration of authoritarianism and suppression of civil liberties, in Egypt since 3 July 2013 have been described as constituting a "military winter" functioning in opposition to the goals of the Arab Spring.[11][12] The arenas of Lebanon, Libya and Bahrain were also described as minor arenas of the Arab Winter.[13] Libya was put as a scene of the Arab Winter, together with Syria, by Prof. Sean Yom.[14]
The Arab Winter is characterized by the emergence of multiple regional civil wars, mounting regional instability,[15] economic and demographic decline of Arab countries,[13] and ethno-religious sectarian strife.[16] According to a study by the American University of Beirut, as of summer 2014 the Arab Winter produced about a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees.[17]
According to the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, as of January 2014, the cost of Arab Winter upheaval across the Arab World is some 800 billion USD.[13] Some 16 million people in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey are expected to require humanitarian assistance in 2014.[13]
The Syrian conflict began with protests against president Bashar al-Assad. After armed conflict broke out, support for Islamist groups like the al-Nusra front grew as other groups like the Free Syrian Army were accused of corruption and criminality.[18][19] This war has also created spillovers in Lebanon[20] and Iraq.[21]
Events have taken place in Egypt that led to the removal of Mohamed Morsi and institution of military rule from al-Sisi in an anti-Muslim brotherhood campaign.[22] Various militias and tribes have started fighting in Libya after a breakdown in negotiations.[14] Changes have also occurred in Tunisia involving a change in government.[22]
Wars and insurgencies
Since the end of the "Arab Spring", hopes for for general peace in the Middle East have collapsed, with vicious civil wars and interventions in civil war by other nations having proliferated.
Arenas
ISIL conflict
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL /ˈaɪsəl/; Arabic: الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام), also known as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS /ˈaɪsɪs/)[23] or Islamic State,[24] is an Islamic extremist rebel group controlling territory in Iraq and Syria, with operations in Lebanon, Libya, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, and other areas of the Middle East,[25] North Africa, West Africa,[26] South Asia,[27] and Southeast Asia.[27][28] The group is known in Arabic as ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām, leading to the Arabic acronym Da'ish or DAESH (داعش, Arabic pronunciation: daːʕiʃ).[23]
Country | Date started | Status | Outcome | Death toll | Situation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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18 December 2011 | Ongoing |
|
23,138+ | Ongoing Insurgency |
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17 June 2011 | Ongoing |
|
457–474 | Civil disorder |
![]() |
15 March 2011 | Ongoing |
|
191,000+[36] | Ongoing civil war |
North Africa
Libya
Country | Date started | Status | Outcome | Death toll | Situation |
---|
}
Egypt
There have been more revolutions and rumors of civil war between 2012 and 2014, when authoritarian government returned.
![]() |
22 November 2012 | Government overthrown in July 2013. Ongoing unrest. |
Protests over the imposition of an Islamist-backed constitution by the Muslim Brotherhood and Mohamed Morsi lead to a coup d'état.
|
3,500+[54] | Government overthrown |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
23 August 2011 | Ongoing violence |
|
Ongoing civil war |
Yemen
Iranian troops and proxies
Iranian troops and proxies have been fighting in the following conflicts:
Syria
Iraq
See also
- Arab Revolt
- List of modern conflicts in North Africa
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
- List of ongoing armed conflicts
References
- ^ "Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
- ^ "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad". The Telegraph. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^ "Expert Warns of America's Coming 'Arab Winter'". CBN. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^ "The Arab Winter". The New Yorker. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^ "Arab Spring or Arab Winter?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^ Fear and Faith in Paradise. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "Arab Winter". America Staging. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "Egypt and Tunisia's new 'Arab winter'". Euro news. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "Yemen's Arab winter". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "The Coup in Egypt: An Arab Winter?". The Nation. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- ^ "In Egypt, Arab Spring Gives Way To Military Winter". The World Post. The Huffington Post. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d Rivlin, P (Jan 2014), Iqtisadi (PDF), Dayan Research Center.
- ^ a b "Lecture Explores Past and Future Arab Spring". The Daily Gazette. Oct 10, 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
- ^ "From Egypt to Syria, this could be the start of the Arab Winter". The Conversation. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ Malmvig, Lassen (2013), Arab uprisings: regional implication (PDF), IEMED.
- ^ "Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa – between the Arab Winter and the Arab Spring" (PDF), International Affairs, LB: AUB, Aug 28, 2013.
- ^ "Jabhat Al Nusra", The Economis, Dec 2012.
- ^ Syrian opposition groups compete for influence, Stratfor.
- ^ "Lebanon under fire", The Daily Star, LB
- ^ "Iraq, Syria civil war challenges both us & Iran", The Nation.
- ^ a b "Egypt & Tunisia's new Arab winter", Euro news, Feb 8, 2013.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
ISIS or ISIL? The debate
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "What is Islamic State?". BBC News. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
npr.org
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Boko Haram joins ISIL
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ISIL gains supporters
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ http://www.thenation.com/blog/180197/iraq-syria-civil-war-challenges-both-us-and-iran
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/iraq-war-on-terror/rise-of-isis/what-a-pledge-of-allegiance-to-isis-means/
- ^ http://time.com/2857751/iraq-tikrit-baghdad-isis-mosul/
- ^ http://theweek.com/article/index/269340/how-isis-sells-women-and-children
- ^ "Lebanese parliament delays June election, deepening drift". Reuters. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ "Syrian army units 'clash over crackdown'". Al Jazeera. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
- ^ Yezdani, Ipek (23 August 2011). "Syrian dissidents form national council". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 24 August 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "Syria war death toll tops 191,000". Christian Science Monitor. 22 August 2014.
- ^ "Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president". CBS News. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
- ^ "Mohamed Morsi ousted in Egypt's second revolution in two years". The Guardian. 4 July 2013.
- ^ "Prosecution orders arrest of leading Brotherhood members". Ahram Online. 10 July 2013.
- ^ "Former Brotherhood supreme guide Akef arrested". Ahram Online. 4 July 2013.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood's second-man El-Shater arrested: Security official". Ahram Online. 6 July 2013.
- ^ "Egypt arrests 2 more Islamist figures: hard-line cleric, a spokesman for Muslim Brotherhood". Fox News. 21 August 2013.
- ^ "Egypt: Police arrest Muslim Brotherhood chiefs Mohammed el-Beltagy and Khaled Al-Azhari". London: The Independent. 30 August 2013.
- ^ See [39][40][41][42][43]
- ^ "Egyptian court bans Muslim Brotherhood". Reuters. 23 September 2013.
- ^ "Egypt government declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group'". Al-Ahram. 26 December 2013.
- ^ "Egypt court sentences 528 Morsi supporters to death". BBC. March 24, 2014.
- ^ "Egypt court sentences hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood supporters to death". CNN. April 29, 2014.
- ^ "Clashes in Sinai over Morsi removal". Ahram Online. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ "ANHRI releases names of dead". Daily News Egypt. June 2, 2013.
- ^ "Egypt protesters clash with police at presidential palace". BBC. February 1, 2013.
- ^ "Egypt's dead and injured: the toll so far". The Guardian. July 8, 2013.
- ^ "Egypt's Unprecedented Instability by the Numbers". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. March 24, 2014.
- ^ See [50][51][52][53]
- ^ "Fighters clash again near Tripoli, several dead". Reuters. 12 November 2011.
- ^ Fahim, Kareem (30 July 2014). "Libya: Benghazi March Protests Militias". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
See also
- Arab Spring
- Arab Revolt
- List of modern conflicts in North Africa
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
- List of ongoing armed conflicts