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'''Triglav''' ({{IPA-sl|ˈtɾiːɡlau̯|pron}}; {{lang-de|Terglau}}, {{lang-it|Tricorno}}) is with its elevation of {{convert|2864|m}}<ref name="Banovec1985"/>{{refn|group=notes|According to the measurement performed in 1985 from the [[Trenta (valley)|Trenta Valley]] by the [[Geodetic Institute of Slovenia]], it has an elevation of {{convert|2864.09|±|0.032|m}}.<ref name="Banovec1985">{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-CWSGIWBN/fdd34380-12dc-4a39-877f-422266abd32b/PDF |title=Triglav, 2864 metrov |trans_title=Triglav, 2864 meters |language=Slovenian |journal=Planinski vestnik |first=Tomaž |last=Banovec |date=March 1986 |volume=LXXXVI |issue=3 |page=106}}</ref>}} the highest [[mountain]] in [[Slovenia]] and the highest peak of the [[Julian Alps]]. The mountain is the |
'''Triglav''' ({{IPA-sl|ˈtɾiːɡlau̯|pron}}; {{lang-de|Terglau}}, {{lang-it|Tricorno}}) is, with its elevation of {{convert|2864|m}}<ref name="Banovec1985"/>{{refn|group=notes|According to the measurement performed in 1985 from the [[Trenta (valley)|Trenta Valley]] by the [[Geodetic Institute of Slovenia]], it has an elevation of {{convert|2864.09|±|0.032|m}}.<ref name="Banovec1985">{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-CWSGIWBN/fdd34380-12dc-4a39-877f-422266abd32b/PDF |title=Triglav, 2864 metrov |trans_title=Triglav, 2864 meters |language=Slovenian |journal=Planinski vestnik |first=Tomaž |last=Banovec |date=March 1986 |volume=LXXXVI |issue=3 |page=106}}</ref>}}, the highest [[mountain]] in [[Slovenia]] and the highest peak of the [[Julian Alps]]. The mountain is the pre-eminent symbol of the [[Slovenes|Slovene Nation]]. It is the centerpiece of the [[Triglav National Park]], Slovenia's only national park. |
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==Name== |
==Name== |
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Various names have been used for the mountain through history. An old map from 1567 named it ''Ocra mons'', whereas [[Johann Weikhard von Valvasor]] named it ''Krma'' in the second half of the 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.planinskivestnik.com/files/File/PV_1903_12.pdf |language=Slovenian |title=Kaj pripoveduje Valvasor o Krmi (Triglavu) |trans_title=What Does Valvasor Say about Krma (Triglav) |journal=Planinski vestnik |pages=201–202 |first=Fran |last=Orožen |volume=IX |issue=12 |date=December 1903 |issn=0350-4344}}</ref> According to the German mountaineer and professor [[Adolf Gstirner]], the name ''Triglav'' first appeared in written sources as ''Terglau'' in 1452, but the original source has been lost.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-BDTP8JVH/79b776aa-89e9-40e7-97c9-f15fe16b3940/PDF |language=Slovenian |title=Odkrite zanimivosti |trans_title=Interesting Facts Discovered |first=Ludovik |last=Zorzut |page=330 |journal=Planinski vestnik |volume=XVII |date=July 1961 |issn=0350-4344}}</ref> The next known occurrence of ''Terglau'' is cited by Gstirner and is from a court description of the border in 1573.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/sl/documents/18325/25924/iz+zgod.+pisarn.PDF |language=Slovenian |title=Iz zgodovine pisarniške slovenščine v 1. polovici 18. stoletja |trans_title=From the History of Administrative Slovene in the First Half of the 18th Century |first=Boris |last=Golec |journal=Arhivi |volume=XXIV |year=2001 |issue=1 |page=100}}</ref> Early |
Various names have been used for the mountain through history. An old map from 1567 named it ''Ocra mons'', whereas [[Johann Weikhard von Valvasor]] named it ''Krma'' in the second half of the 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.planinskivestnik.com/files/File/PV_1903_12.pdf |language=Slovenian |title=Kaj pripoveduje Valvasor o Krmi (Triglavu) |trans_title=What Does Valvasor Say about Krma (Triglav) |journal=Planinski vestnik |pages=201–202 |first=Fran |last=Orožen |volume=IX |issue=12 |date=December 1903 |issn=0350-4344}}</ref> According to the German mountaineer and professor [[Adolf Gstirner]], the name ''Triglav'' first appeared in written sources as ''Terglau'' in 1452, but the original source has been lost.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-BDTP8JVH/79b776aa-89e9-40e7-97c9-f15fe16b3940/PDF |language=Slovenian |title=Odkrite zanimivosti |trans_title=Interesting Facts Discovered |first=Ludovik |last=Zorzut |page=330 |journal=Planinski vestnik |volume=XVII |date=July 1961 |issn=0350-4344}}</ref> The next known occurrence of ''Terglau'' is cited by Gstirner and is from a court description of the border in 1573.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/sl/documents/18325/25924/iz+zgod.+pisarn.PDF |language=Slovenian |title=Iz zgodovine pisarniške slovenščine v 1. polovici 18. stoletja |trans_title=From the History of Administrative Slovene in the First Half of the 18th Century |first=Boris |last=Golec |journal=Arhivi |volume=XXIV |year=2001 |issue=1 |page=100}}</ref> Early forms of the name ''Triglav'' also include ''Terglau'' in 1612, ''Terglou'' in 1664 and ''Terklou'' around 1778–89). The name is derived from the compound ''*Tri-golvъ'' (literally 'three-head'—that is, 'three peaks'), which may be understood literally because the mountain has three peaks when viewed from much of [[Upper Carniola]]. It is unlikely that the name has any connection to the Slavic deity [[Triglav (mythology)|Triglav]].<ref>Snoj, Marko. 2009. ''Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen''. Ljubljana: Modrijan and Založba ZRC, p. 439.</ref> In the local dialect, the name is pronounced ''Tərgwò{{IPA|u̯}}'' (with a second-syllable accent) in contrast to standard Slovene ''Tríglav''.<ref>Bezlaj, France. 2005. ''Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika'', vol. 4. Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, p. 224.</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The first recorded ascent of Triglav was achieved on 26 August 1778 by Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič and Lovrenc Willomitzer, on the initiative of the industrialist and polymath [[Sigmund Zois]]. |
The first recorded ascent of Triglav was achieved on 26 August 1778 by Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič and Lovrenc Willomitzer, on the initiative of the industrialist and polymath [[Sigmund Zois]]. |
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Triglav's height was first measured in 1808 by [[Valentin Stanič]]. The first map its name appeared on was ''[[Zemljovid Slovenske dežele in pokrajin]]'' (Map of Slovene Lands and Provinces) by [[Peter Kosler]]. He drew it in 1848 and published it in Vienna in 1861. |
Triglav's height was first measured in 1808 by [[Valentin Stanič]]. The first map its name appeared on was the ''[[Zemljovid Slovenske dežele in pokrajin]]'' (Map of Slovene Lands and Provinces) by [[Peter Kosler]]. He drew it in 1848 and published it in Vienna in 1861. |
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During [[World War II]], Triglav symbolically captured the primary drive |
During [[World War II]], Triglav symbolically captured the primary drive by the Slovene resistance to the [[Royal Italian Army (1940–1946)|Fascist]] and [[Wehrmacht|Nazi]] armies.<ref name="Debeljak2004">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=X-VrRWU6n8EC&pg=PA57&dq=triglavka+cap#v=onepage&q=triglavka%20cap&f=false |title=Alter Ego: Twenty Confronting Views on the European Experience |chapter=Dreaming of Friends, Living with Foes |last1=Debeljak |first1=Aleš |last2=Snel |first2=Guido |isbn=978-90-5356-688-6 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2004 |page=57}}</ref> The [[Slovene Partisans]] wore the [[triglavka|Triglav cap]] from 1942 until after 1944.<ref name="Luštek1958">{{cite book |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/73908601/1958 |chapter=Nekaj zunanjih znakov partizanstva |language=Slovene, with a summary in French |last=Luštek |first=Miroslav |trans_chapter=Some External Signs of the Partisan Movement |title=Letopis muzeja narodne osvoboditve 1958 |trans_title=The Yearbook of the Museum of the National Liberation 1958 |volume=II |editor=Bevc, Milan. Et al. |accessdate=22 February 2012 |publisher=Museum of the National Liberation of the People's Republic of Slovenia |id={{COBISS|ID=172143}}}}</ref> |
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Triglav was the highest peak of |
Triglav was the highest peak of the now defunct [[Yugoslavia]]; it was both countries highest and most prominent peak and, together with the southern [[Vardar|Vardar River]] (now in [[Republic of Macedonia]]), was the symbol of Yugoslavian "[[brotherhood and unity]]". |
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==Landmarks== |
==Landmarks== |
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[[File:AljazevStolp3039.jpg|thumb|left|Aljaž Tower at the top of the mountain]] |
[[File:AljazevStolp3039.jpg|thumb|left|Aljaž Tower at the top of the mountain]] |
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{{main|Aljaž Tower}} |
{{main|Aljaž Tower}} |
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At the top of the mountain stands a small metal structure, the [[Aljaž Tower]] ({{lang-sl|Aljažev stolp}}). It |
At the top of the mountain stands a small metal structure, the [[Aljaž Tower]] ({{lang-sl|Aljažev stolp}}). It acts as a storm shelter and a [[triangulation point]]. Along with Triglav, it is also a landmark of Slovenia and a symbol of the [[Slovenes]] and Slovenian territorial sovereignty. |
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The tower's namesake was the priest, mountaineer and patriot [[Jakob Aljaž]]. In early 1895, he drew up |
The tower's namesake was the priest, mountaineer and patriot [[Jakob Aljaž]]. In early 1895, he drew up, with a piece of chalk on the floor of his room in the parish of [[Dovje]], plans for a cylindrical tower with a flag on its top.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planinskimuzej.si/?mod=aktualno&action=viewOne&ID=49 |title=Ali ste vedeli ... |trans_title=Did You Know... |publisher=Slovene Mountaineering Museum |accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref> In April that year he purchased the summit of Triglav for the sum of one [[Austro-Hungarian gulden]]. Having done so, he secured himself the right to erect a building on the mountain top.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://sistory.si/publikacije/prenos/?target=pdf&urn=SISTORY:ID:20487 |first=Peter |last=Mikša |title=Narodnostni boji v planinstvu na Slovenskem do 1. svetovne vojne |language=Slovenian |trans_title=National Battles in Mountaineering in the Slovene Lands Until World War I |issn=1318-2498 |pp=65–68}}</ref> The tower was constructed from iron and [[zinc]] coated [[sheet steel]] by Anton Belec from [[Šentvid, Ljubljana|Šentvid near Ljubljana]]. He and four workers brought the parts of the tower to the summit of Triglav and put the tower together in only five hours on 7 August 1895. The opening took place that same day. Aljaž donated the shelter to the [[Slovene Mountaineering Society]].<ref name="Matica">{{cite web|url=http://www.planinskodrustvo-ljmatica.si/zgodovina_aljazev_stolp.html|title=Aljažev stolp vrh Triglava|publisher=Mountaneering club Ljubljana-Matica|accessdate=2007-11-13|language=Slovenian |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071227194809/http://www.planinskodrustvo-ljmatica.si/zgodovina_aljazev_stolp.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-12-27}}</ref> |
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In the beginning, there were three four-legged chairs, a summit register, a [[spirit stove]], and the image ''Triglav Panorama'' by [[Marko Pernhart]] in the tower.<ref name="Cvirn2000">{{cite book |title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev |year=2000 |first=Janez |last=Cvirn |editor-first=Marko |editor-last=Vidic |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |isbn=86-11-15664-1 |page=271}}</ref> It was later repainted and renovated several times by [[Alojz Knafelc]] and others. In the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Communist era]], as the highest point of the former Yugoslavia, it was painted red and decorated with a red star.<ref name=RTV2013-12>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/news-in-english/slovenia-revealed/jakob-aljaz-built-a-tower-that-has-become-a-slovenian-symbol/325136 |title=Jakob Aljaž built a tower that has become a Slovenian symbol |first=Jaka |last=Bartolj |work=MMC RTV Slovenija |publisher=RTV Slovenija |date=17 December 2013}}</ref> However, it has more or less |
In the beginning, there were three four-legged chairs, a summit register, a [[spirit stove]], and the image ''Triglav Panorama'' by [[Marko Pernhart]] in the tower.<ref name="Cvirn2000">{{cite book |title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev |year=2000 |first=Janez |last=Cvirn |editor-first=Marko |editor-last=Vidic |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |isbn=86-11-15664-1 |page=271}}</ref> It was later repainted and renovated several times by [[Alojz Knafelc]] and others. In the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Communist era]], as the highest point of the former Yugoslavia, it was painted red and decorated with a red star.<ref name=RTV2013-12>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/news-in-english/slovenia-revealed/jakob-aljaz-built-a-tower-that-has-become-a-slovenian-symbol/325136 |title=Jakob Aljaž built a tower that has become a Slovenian symbol |first=Jaka |last=Bartolj |work=MMC RTV Slovenija |publisher=RTV Slovenija |date=17 December 2013}}</ref> However, it has now more or less been restored to its original appearance.<ref name="Gore-ljudje">{{cite web |url=http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/3900/ |title=Stolp ima 110 let |publisher=Gore-ljudje.net |first=Maja |date=2007-07-25 |last=Belimezov |accessdate=2008-09-12 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> The star was removed shortly before the dissolution of Yugoslavia.<ref name=RTV2013-12 /> On the proclamation of Slovene independence in June 1991, the [[flag of Slovenia]] was raised on top of the tower.<ref name="Gore-ljudje"/> |
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===Stanič Shelter=== |
===Stanič Shelter=== |
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in 1895, due to lack of space, Aljaž also commissioned the building of [[Stanič Shelter]]. It is located {{convert|55|m}} under the top of Triglav and is named after the poet and mountaineer Valentin Stanič. The shelter |
in 1895, due to lack of space, Aljaž also commissioned the building of [[Stanič Shelter]]. It is located {{convert|55|m}} under the top of Triglav and is named after the poet and mountaineer [[Valentin Stanič]]. The shelter has the dimensions of {{convert|2.4|*|2.2|*|2|m|abbr=on}} and has room for 8 people sitting or 16 standing. Originally it also had a wooden door, banks, a table and a chair. Its significance diminished after the [[Kredarica Hut]] was erected in 1896. |
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===Triglav Glacier=== |
===Triglav Glacier=== |
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[[File:Burger Slika TriglavskiLedenik Sep 2002.jpg|thumb|Remains of the Triglav Glacier in 2002]] |
[[File:Burger Slika TriglavskiLedenik Sep 2002.jpg|thumb|Remains of the Triglav Glacier in 2002]] |
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The [[Triglav Glacier]] ({{lang|sl|''Triglavski ledenik''}}) is located below the summit on the [[karst]]ified [[Triglav Plateaux]] ({{lang|sl|''Triglavski podi''}}), part of the northeastern side of the mountain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/449-triglavski-ledenik |title=Triglavski ledenik |trans_title=The Triglav Glacier |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI |first1=Miha |last1=Pavšek |editors=Šmid Hribar, Mateja. Torkar, Gregor. Golež, Mateja. Podjed, Dan. Drago Kladnik, Drago. Erhartič, Bojan. Pavlin, Primož. Jerele, Ines. |accessdate=3 May 2012 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> Covering over {{convert|40|ha}} at the end of the 19th century, the glacier shrunk to {{convert|15|ha}} |
The [[Triglav Glacier]] ({{lang|sl|''Triglavski ledenik''}}) is located below the summit on the [[karst]]ified [[Triglav Plateaux]] ({{lang|sl|''Triglavski podi''}}), part of the northeastern side of the mountain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/449-triglavski-ledenik |title=Triglavski ledenik |trans_title=The Triglav Glacier |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI |first1=Miha |last1=Pavšek |editors=Šmid Hribar, Mateja. Torkar, Gregor. Golež, Mateja. Podjed, Dan. Drago Kladnik, Drago. Erhartič, Bojan. Pavlin, Primož. Jerele, Ines. |accessdate=3 May 2012 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> Covering over {{convert|40|ha}} at the end of the 19th century, the glacier had shrunk to {{convert|15|ha}} by 1946,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gore-ljudje.net/objave/BORKUM/0810Dnevnik/Triglav_Glacier_1946_2008_MM_MTC_MG_1.jpg |title=Regular Measurements on the Triglav Glacier 1946–2008: A Poster |first1=Miha |last1=Pavšek |first2=Matej |last2=Gabrovec |first3=Mihaela |last3=Triglav Čekada |year=2008 |publisher=Geographical Institute of Anton Melik, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts}}</ref> and after further shrinkage had fallen into two parts by 1992.<ref name="ARSO2011-11">{{cite web |url=http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=413 |first1=Matej |last1=Gabrovec |first2=Matej |last2=Pavšek |title=Spreminjanje obsega ledenika |language=Slovenian |trans_title=Changes of the Extent of the Glacier |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment |date=2 November 2011}}</ref> It now covers an area of only 1–3 hectares, depending on the season.<ref name="ARSO2011-11" /> |
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===Folk literature=== |
===Folk literature=== |
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The Triglav area is the setting of an old Slovene |
The Triglav area is the setting of an old Slovene folk tale concerning a hunter seeking a treasure guarded by an enchanted [[chamois]] buck named ''[[Zlatorog]]'' (''Goldhorn'', after its golden horns). |
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===Arts=== |
===Arts=== |
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[[File:Markus Pernhart - Triglav III.jpg|thumb|left|[[Romantic art|Romantic]] veduta of Triglav by the [[Carinthian Slovene]] painter [[Marko Pernhart]]]] |
[[File:Markus Pernhart - Triglav III.jpg|thumb|left|[[Romantic art|Romantic]] veduta of Triglav by the [[Carinthian Slovene]] painter [[Marko Pernhart]]]] |
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The earliest known depiction of Triglav is on the front page of the work ''[[Oryctographia Carniolica]]'', written by [[Belsazar Hacquet]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/351-geologija-alpskega-sveta-slovenije |title=Geologija alpskega sveta Slovenije |trans_title=Geology of Alpine Landscapes of Slovenia |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI |first1=Ines |last1=Jerele |editors=Šmid Hribar, Mateja. Torkar, Gregor. Golež, Mateja. Podjed, Dan. Drago Kladnik, Drago. Erhartič, Bojan. Pavlin, Primož. Jerele, Ines. |accessdate=3 May 2012 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> It was a copper engraving made in 1778 by C. Conti after a drawing by Franz Xaver Baraga.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/44870/ |title=Zgodovina slovenskega planinstva |newspaper=Gore-ljudje |date=2 April 2009 |first=Franci |last=Savenc}}</ref> Among later visual artists who depicted Triglav, the most known are [[Anton Karinger]] (1829–1870) from Ljubljana, [[Marko Pernhart]] (1824–1871) from [[Klagenfurt]], [[Valentin Hodnik]] (1896–1935) from [[Stara Fužina]], [[Edo Deržaj]] (1904–1980) from Ljubljana, and recently [[Marjan Zaletel]] (born 1945), living in Ljubljana.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-YOX6ZLOQ/5a19bfe3-da09-4269-8ece-b2a46b5cc7d5/PDF |title=Bog Pan pride na Bivak za Akom |language=Slovenian |trans_title=Pan the God Comes to the Shelter Behind Ak |date=June 2006 |volume=111 |issue=6 |journal=Planinski vestnik |first=France |last=Zupan |issn=0350-4344 |publisher=Mountaineering Association of Slovenia |pages=6–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-YOX6ZLOQ/5a19bfe3-da09-4269-8ece-b2a46b5cc7d5/PDF |title=Goram dajejo novo razsežnost |language=Slovenian |trans_title=They Give Mountains a New Dimension |date=June 2006 |volume=111 |issue=6 |journal=Planinski vestnik |first=Marjan |last=Bradeško |issn=0350-4344 |publisher=Mountaineering Association of Slovenia |pages=14–21}}</ref> |
The earliest known depiction of Triglav is on the front page of the work ''[[Oryctographia Carniolica]]'', written by [[Belsazar Hacquet]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/351-geologija-alpskega-sveta-slovenije |title=Geologija alpskega sveta Slovenije |trans_title=Geology of Alpine Landscapes of Slovenia |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI |first1=Ines |last1=Jerele |editors=Šmid Hribar, Mateja. Torkar, Gregor. Golež, Mateja. Podjed, Dan. Drago Kladnik, Drago. Erhartič, Bojan. Pavlin, Primož. Jerele, Ines. |accessdate=3 May 2012 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> It was a copper engraving made in 1778 by C. Conti after a drawing by Franz Xaver Baraga.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/44870/ |title=Zgodovina slovenskega planinstva |newspaper=Gore-ljudje |date=2 April 2009 |first=Franci |last=Savenc}}</ref> Among later visual artists who depicted Triglav, the most well known are [[Anton Karinger]] (1829–1870) from Ljubljana, [[Marko Pernhart]] (1824–1871) from [[Klagenfurt]], [[Valentin Hodnik]] (1896–1935) from [[Stara Fužina]], [[Edo Deržaj]] (1904–1980) from Ljubljana, and more recently [[Marjan Zaletel]] (born 1945), living in Ljubljana.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-YOX6ZLOQ/5a19bfe3-da09-4269-8ece-b2a46b5cc7d5/PDF |title=Bog Pan pride na Bivak za Akom |language=Slovenian |trans_title=Pan the God Comes to the Shelter Behind Ak |date=June 2006 |volume=111 |issue=6 |journal=Planinski vestnik |first=France |last=Zupan |issn=0350-4344 |publisher=Mountaineering Association of Slovenia |pages=6–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-YOX6ZLOQ/5a19bfe3-da09-4269-8ece-b2a46b5cc7d5/PDF |title=Goram dajejo novo razsežnost |language=Slovenian |trans_title=They Give Mountains a New Dimension |date=June 2006 |volume=111 |issue=6 |journal=Planinski vestnik |first=Marjan |last=Bradeško |issn=0350-4344 |publisher=Mountaineering Association of Slovenia |pages=14–21}}</ref> |
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Among the musical works related to Triglav, a special place is held |
Among the musical works related to Triglav, a special place is held for the poem ''[[Oh, Triglav, My Home]]'' ({{lang|sl|''Oj, Triglav, moj dom''}}). It was written in 1894 by the priest and poet [[Matija Zemljič]] and quickly became very popular among Slovene mountaineers. In 2007, its first stanza, accompanied by a melody of Jakob Aljaž, became the official anthem of the [[Mountaineering Association of Slovenia]]. An instrumental version of the poem, written by [[Bojan Adamič]], is part of the start and end credits of the annual [[ski jumping]] broadcasts from [[Planica]]. |
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The first Slovene-language full-length film, recorded in 1931 by [[Janko Ravnik]], was titled ''[[In the Kingdom of the Goldhorn]]'' ({{lang|sl|''V kraljestvu Zlatoroga''}}) and features ascent by a group of students to the top of Triglav. The second Slovene full-length film, recorded |
The first Slovene-language full-length film, recorded in 1931 by [[Janko Ravnik]], was titled ''[[In the Kingdom of the Goldhorn]]'' ({{lang|sl|''V kraljestvu Zlatoroga''}}) and features an ascent by a group of students to the top of Triglav. The second Slovene full-length film, recorded the following year, was titled ''[[The Slopes of Mount Triglav]]'' ({{lang|sl|''Triglavske strmine''}}). It was directed by [[Ferdo Delak]] and was a romantic story featuring a wedding on the top of Triglav. |
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Since 1968, Triglav has become a theme of avant-garde artists. The first instance was a manifestation by the art group [[OHO (art group)|OHO]], called ''Mount Triglav'', which took place in December 1968 at Ljubljana's [[Congress Square]]. In 2004, the group [[IRWIN]] produced a series of paintings named ''Like to Like/ Mount Triglav''. In 2007, an artistic performance was held atop Mount Triglav by the artists [[Janez Janša (director)]], [[Janez Janša (visual artist)]] and [[Janez Janša (performance artist)]] |
Since 1968, Triglav has become a theme of avant-garde artists. The first instance was a manifestation by the art group [[OHO (art group)|OHO]], called ''Mount Triglav'', which took place in December 1968 at Ljubljana's [[Congress Square]]. In 2004, the group [[IRWIN]] produced a series of paintings named ''Like to Like/ Mount Triglav''. In 2007, an artistic performance was held atop Mount Triglav by the artists [[Janez Janša (director)]], [[Janez Janša (visual artist)]] and [[Janez Janša (performance artist)]] called ''Mount Triglav on Mount Triglav''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aksioma.org/sec/texts/eng_suvakovic.pdf |title=3x Triglav: kontroverznosti in problemi okrog Triglava |trans_title=3x Triglav: Controversies and Problems Regarding Mount Triglav |first=Miško |last=Šuvaković |year=2007 |publisher=Axioma}}</ref> |
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===National symbol=== |
===National symbol=== |
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[[File:Coat of Arms of Slovenia.svg|thumb|upright|left|Coat of arms of Slovenia, with a stylized depiction of Triglav]] |
[[File:Coat of Arms of Slovenia.svg|thumb|upright|left|Coat of arms of Slovenia, with a stylized depiction of Triglav]] |
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[[File:Triglavka.jpg|thumb|A Slovene Partisan [[triglavka]]]] |
[[File:Triglavka.jpg|thumb|A Slovene Partisan [[triglavka]]]] |
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A stylized depiction of Triglav's distinctive shape is the central element of the [[Coat of arms of Slovenia|Slovene coat of arms]], and is in turn featured on the [[flag of Slovenia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=199467&stevilka=2392 |title=Zakon o grbu, zastavi in himni Republike Slovenije ter o slovenski narodni zastavi |language=Slovenian |trans_title=The Law on the Coat of Arms, the Flag and the Anthem of the Republic of Slovenia and on the Slovene National Flag |date=21 October 1994 |newspaper=Uradni list [Official Gazette]}}</ref> Formerly, it was featured on the coat of arms of the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]] |
A stylized depiction of Triglav's distinctive shape is the central element of the [[Coat of arms of Slovenia|Slovene coat of arms]], and is in turn featured on the [[flag of Slovenia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=199467&stevilka=2392 |title=Zakon o grbu, zastavi in himni Republike Slovenije ter o slovenski narodni zastavi |language=Slovenian |trans_title=The Law on the Coat of Arms, the Flag and the Anthem of the Republic of Slovenia and on the Slovene National Flag |date=21 October 1994 |newspaper=Uradni list [Official Gazette]}}</ref> Formerly, it was featured on the coat of arms of the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]]. |
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The distinctive three-pronged caps worn by [[Slovene Partisans]] during [[World War II in the Slovene Lands|World War II]] were known as ''[[triglavka]]s''. A |
The distinctive three-pronged caps worn by [[Slovene Partisans]] during [[World War II in the Slovene Lands|World War II]] were known as ''[[triglavka]]s''. A relief map of the mountain is the design on the national side of the Slovene [[Slovenian euro coins|50 eurocent coin]]. |
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The former Slovene president [[Milan Kučan]] proclaimed that it is a duty of every |
The former Slovene president [[Milan Kučan]] once proclaimed that it is a duty of every Slovenian person to climb Triglav at least once in their lifetime |
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Revision as of 21:23, 5 February 2015
Triglav | |
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![]() Triglav viewed from the east | |
Highest point | |
Elevation | 2,864 m (9,396 ft) |
Prominence | 2,052 m (6,732 ft) |
Listing | Country high point Ultra |
Naming | |
English translation | three peaks |
Geography | |
Location | Upper Carniola, Slovenia |
Parent range | Julian Alps |
Climbing | |
First ascent | 1778 |
Easiest route | scramble / via ferrata |
Triglav (pronounced [ˈtɾiːɡlau̯]; German: Terglau, Italian: Tricorno) is, with its elevation of 2,864 metres (9,396 ft)[1][notes 1], the highest mountain in Slovenia and the highest peak of the Julian Alps. The mountain is the pre-eminent symbol of the Slovene Nation. It is the centerpiece of the Triglav National Park, Slovenia's only national park.
Name
Various names have been used for the mountain through history. An old map from 1567 named it Ocra mons, whereas Johann Weikhard von Valvasor named it Krma in the second half of the 17th century.[2] According to the German mountaineer and professor Adolf Gstirner, the name Triglav first appeared in written sources as Terglau in 1452, but the original source has been lost.[3] The next known occurrence of Terglau is cited by Gstirner and is from a court description of the border in 1573.[4] Early forms of the name Triglav also include Terglau in 1612, Terglou in 1664 and Terklou around 1778–89). The name is derived from the compound *Tri-golvъ (literally 'three-head'—that is, 'three peaks'), which may be understood literally because the mountain has three peaks when viewed from much of Upper Carniola. It is unlikely that the name has any connection to the Slavic deity Triglav.[5] In the local dialect, the name is pronounced Tərgwòu̯ (with a second-syllable accent) in contrast to standard Slovene Tríglav.[6]
History
The first recorded ascent of Triglav was achieved on 26 August 1778 by Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič and Lovrenc Willomitzer, on the initiative of the industrialist and polymath Sigmund Zois.
Triglav's height was first measured in 1808 by Valentin Stanič. The first map its name appeared on was the Zemljovid Slovenske dežele in pokrajin (Map of Slovene Lands and Provinces) by Peter Kosler. He drew it in 1848 and published it in Vienna in 1861.
During World War II, Triglav symbolically captured the primary drive by the Slovene resistance to the Fascist and Nazi armies.[7] The Slovene Partisans wore the Triglav cap from 1942 until after 1944.[8]
Triglav was the highest peak of the now defunct Yugoslavia; it was both countries highest and most prominent peak and, together with the southern Vardar River (now in Republic of Macedonia), was the symbol of Yugoslavian "brotherhood and unity".
Landmarks
Aljaž Tower
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/AljazevStolp3039.jpg/220px-AljazevStolp3039.jpg)
At the top of the mountain stands a small metal structure, the Aljaž Tower (Slovene: Aljažev stolp). It acts as a storm shelter and a triangulation point. Along with Triglav, it is also a landmark of Slovenia and a symbol of the Slovenes and Slovenian territorial sovereignty.
The tower's namesake was the priest, mountaineer and patriot Jakob Aljaž. In early 1895, he drew up, with a piece of chalk on the floor of his room in the parish of Dovje, plans for a cylindrical tower with a flag on its top.[9] In April that year he purchased the summit of Triglav for the sum of one Austro-Hungarian gulden. Having done so, he secured himself the right to erect a building on the mountain top.[10] The tower was constructed from iron and zinc coated sheet steel by Anton Belec from Šentvid near Ljubljana. He and four workers brought the parts of the tower to the summit of Triglav and put the tower together in only five hours on 7 August 1895. The opening took place that same day. Aljaž donated the shelter to the Slovene Mountaineering Society.[11]
In the beginning, there were three four-legged chairs, a summit register, a spirit stove, and the image Triglav Panorama by Marko Pernhart in the tower.[12] It was later repainted and renovated several times by Alojz Knafelc and others. In the Communist era, as the highest point of the former Yugoslavia, it was painted red and decorated with a red star.[13] However, it has now more or less been restored to its original appearance.[14] The star was removed shortly before the dissolution of Yugoslavia.[13] On the proclamation of Slovene independence in June 1991, the flag of Slovenia was raised on top of the tower.[14]
Stanič Shelter
in 1895, due to lack of space, Aljaž also commissioned the building of Stanič Shelter. It is located 55 metres (180 ft) under the top of Triglav and is named after the poet and mountaineer Valentin Stanič. The shelter has the dimensions of 2.4×2.2×2 m (7 ft 10 in×7 ft 3 in×6 ft 7 in) and has room for 8 people sitting or 16 standing. Originally it also had a wooden door, banks, a table and a chair. Its significance diminished after the Kredarica Hut was erected in 1896.
Triglav Glacier
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Burger_Slika_TriglavskiLedenik_Sep_2002.jpg/220px-Burger_Slika_TriglavskiLedenik_Sep_2002.jpg)
The Triglav Glacier ([Triglavski ledenik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is located below the summit on the karstified Triglav Plateaux ([Triglavski podi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), part of the northeastern side of the mountain.[15] Covering over 40 hectares (99 acres) at the end of the 19th century, the glacier had shrunk to 15 hectares (37 acres) by 1946,[16] and after further shrinkage had fallen into two parts by 1992.[17] It now covers an area of only 1–3 hectares, depending on the season.[17]
Cultural significance
Folk literature
The Triglav area is the setting of an old Slovene folk tale concerning a hunter seeking a treasure guarded by an enchanted chamois buck named Zlatorog (Goldhorn, after its golden horns).
Arts
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg/220px-Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg)
The earliest known depiction of Triglav is on the front page of the work Oryctographia Carniolica, written by Belsazar Hacquet.[18] It was a copper engraving made in 1778 by C. Conti after a drawing by Franz Xaver Baraga.[19] Among later visual artists who depicted Triglav, the most well known are Anton Karinger (1829–1870) from Ljubljana, Marko Pernhart (1824–1871) from Klagenfurt, Valentin Hodnik (1896–1935) from Stara Fužina, Edo Deržaj (1904–1980) from Ljubljana, and more recently Marjan Zaletel (born 1945), living in Ljubljana.[20][21]
Among the musical works related to Triglav, a special place is held for the poem Oh, Triglav, My Home ([Oj, Triglav, moj dom] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). It was written in 1894 by the priest and poet Matija Zemljič and quickly became very popular among Slovene mountaineers. In 2007, its first stanza, accompanied by a melody of Jakob Aljaž, became the official anthem of the Mountaineering Association of Slovenia. An instrumental version of the poem, written by Bojan Adamič, is part of the start and end credits of the annual ski jumping broadcasts from Planica.
The first Slovene-language full-length film, recorded in 1931 by Janko Ravnik, was titled In the Kingdom of the Goldhorn ([V kraljestvu Zlatoroga] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and features an ascent by a group of students to the top of Triglav. The second Slovene full-length film, recorded the following year, was titled The Slopes of Mount Triglav ([Triglavske strmine] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). It was directed by Ferdo Delak and was a romantic story featuring a wedding on the top of Triglav.
Since 1968, Triglav has become a theme of avant-garde artists. The first instance was a manifestation by the art group OHO, called Mount Triglav, which took place in December 1968 at Ljubljana's Congress Square. In 2004, the group IRWIN produced a series of paintings named Like to Like/ Mount Triglav. In 2007, an artistic performance was held atop Mount Triglav by the artists Janez Janša (director), Janez Janša (visual artist) and Janez Janša (performance artist) called Mount Triglav on Mount Triglav.[22]
National symbol
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Triglavka.jpg/220px-Triglavka.jpg)
A stylized depiction of Triglav's distinctive shape is the central element of the Slovene coat of arms, and is in turn featured on the flag of Slovenia.[23] Formerly, it was featured on the coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia.
The distinctive three-pronged caps worn by Slovene Partisans during World War II were known as triglavkas. A relief map of the mountain is the design on the national side of the Slovene 50 eurocent coin.
The former Slovene president Milan Kučan once proclaimed that it is a duty of every Slovenian person to climb Triglav at least once in their lifetime
See also
Notes
- ^ According to the measurement performed in 1985 from the Trenta Valley by the Geodetic Institute of Slovenia, it has an elevation of 2,864.09 ± 0.032 metres (9,396.62 ± 0.10 ft).[1]
References
- ^ a b Banovec, Tomaž (March 1986). "Triglav, 2864 metrov". Planinski vestnik (in Slovenian). LXXXVI (3): 106.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Orožen, Fran (December 1903). "Kaj pripoveduje Valvasor o Krmi (Triglavu)" (PDF). Planinski vestnik (in Slovenian). IX (12): 201–202. ISSN 0350-4344.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Zorzut, Ludovik (July 1961). "Odkrite zanimivosti". Planinski vestnik (in Slovenian). Vol. XVII. p. 330. ISSN 0350-4344.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Golec, Boris (2001). "Iz zgodovine pisarniške slovenščine v 1. polovici 18. stoletja" (PDF). Arhivi (in Slovenian). XXIV (1): 100.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan and Založba ZRC, p. 439.
- ^ Bezlaj, France. 2005. Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, vol. 4. Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, p. 224.
- ^ Debeljak, Aleš; Snel, Guido (2004). "Dreaming of Friends, Living with Foes". Alter Ego: Twenty Confronting Views on the European Experience. Amsterdam University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-5356-688-6.
- ^ Luštek, Miroslav. "Nekaj zunanjih znakov partizanstva". In Bevc, Milan.; et al. (eds.). Letopis muzeja narodne osvoboditve 1958 (in Slovene and with a summary in French). Vol. II. Museum of the National Liberation of the People's Republic of Slovenia. COBISS 172143. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
{{cite book}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|trans_chapter=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Ali ste vedeli ..." Slovene Mountaineering Museum. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mikša, Peter. "Narodnostni boji v planinstvu na Slovenskem do 1. svetovne vojne" (in Slovenian): 65–68. ISSN 1318-2498.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Aljažev stolp vrh Triglava" (in Slovenian). Mountaneering club Ljubljana-Matica. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
- ^ Cvirn, Janez (2000). Vidic, Marko (ed.). Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev. Mladinska knjiga. p. 271. ISBN 86-11-15664-1.
- ^ a b Bartolj, Jaka (17 December 2013). "Jakob Aljaž built a tower that has become a Slovenian symbol". MMC RTV Slovenija. RTV Slovenija.
- ^ a b Belimezov, Maja (25 July 2007). "Stolp ima 110 let" (in Slovenian). Gore-ljudje.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
- ^ Pavšek, Miha. "Triglavski ledenik". Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI (in Slovenian). Retrieved 3 May 2012.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Unknown parameter|editors=
ignored (|editor=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Pavšek, Miha; Gabrovec, Matej; Triglav Čekada, Mihaela (2008). "Regular Measurements on the Triglav Glacier 1946–2008: A Poster". Geographical Institute of Anton Melik, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts.
- ^ a b Gabrovec, Matej; Pavšek, Matej (2 November 2011). "Spreminjanje obsega ledenika" (in Slovenian). Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Jerele, Ines. "Geologija alpskega sveta Slovenije". Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI (in Slovenian). Retrieved 3 May 2012.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Unknown parameter|editors=
ignored (|editor=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Savenc, Franci (2 April 2009). "Zgodovina slovenskega planinstva". Gore-ljudje.
- ^ Zupan, France (June 2006). "Bog Pan pride na Bivak za Akom". Planinski vestnik (in Slovenian). 111 (6). Mountaineering Association of Slovenia: 6–13. ISSN 0350-4344.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Bradeško, Marjan (June 2006). "Goram dajejo novo razsežnost". Planinski vestnik (in Slovenian). 111 (6). Mountaineering Association of Slovenia: 14–21. ISSN 0350-4344.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Šuvaković, Miško (2007). "3x Triglav: kontroverznosti in problemi okrog Triglava" (PDF). Axioma.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Zakon o grbu, zastavi in himni Republike Slovenije ter o slovenski narodni zastavi". Uradni list [Official Gazette] (in Slovenian). 21 October 1994.
{{cite news}}
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External links
- Julian Alps: Triglav Hribi.net. Detailed information and images.
- Julian Alps: Triglav. SummitPost.org. Detailed information, maps and images.