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The family received its eponymous domain from [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], [[King of Hungary]] on 18 October 1409.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=227}}{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}} On this day, Sigismund granted [[Hunyad Castle]] (in present-day [[Hunedoara]], Romania) and the lands pertaining to it to his court knight Voyk and to Voyk's four kinsmen.{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=294}}{{sfn|Bolovan|Constantiniu|Michelson|Pop|1997|p=111}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=283}} In addition to Voyk (known as Vajk in Hungarian, and as Voicu in Romanian historiography), the [[royal charter]] of grant lists his two brothers{{mdash}}Magos (or Mogoș) and Radol (or Radul){{mdash}}, their cousin or uncle{{mdash}}also named Radol{{mdash}}, and Voyk's son, [[John Hunyadi|John]], the future [[Regent of Hungary]].{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=294}} The charter says that Voyk's father was one Serbe (or Șerbe), but does not reveal further information on the origins of the family.{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=294}} |
The family received its eponymous domain from [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], [[King of Hungary]] on 18 October 1409.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=227}}{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}} On this day, Sigismund granted [[Hunyad Castle]] (in present-day [[Hunedoara]], Romania) and the lands pertaining to it to his court knight Voyk and to Voyk's four kinsmen.{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=294}}{{sfn|Bolovan|Constantiniu|Michelson|Pop|1997|p=111}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=283}} In addition to Voyk (known as Vajk in Hungarian, and as Voicu in Romanian historiography), the [[royal charter]] of grant lists his two brothers{{mdash}}Magos (or Mogoș) and Radol (or Radul){{mdash}}, their cousin or uncle{{mdash}}also named Radol{{mdash}}, and Voyk's son, [[John Hunyadi|John]], the future [[Regent of Hungary]].{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=294}} The charter says that Voyk's father was one Serbe (or Șerbe), but does not reveal further information on the origins of the family.{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=294}} |
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Voyk's son, John Hunyadi bore the nickname ''Olah'', or [[Vlachs|Vlach]], in his youth, implying that he was of Romanian stock.{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=294}} The court historian of Voyk's grandson, [[Matthias Corvinus]], [[King of Hungary]], [[Antonio Bonfini]] explicitly stated that John had been "born to a Vlach father".<ref name='Bonfini'>{{cite web |last=Bonfini |first=Antonio |title=A magyar történelem tizedei ''[=History of Hungary in Ten Volumes]'' |work= |publisher=Balassi Kiadó |date=1995 |url=http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tkt/magyar-tortenelem/ch25.html |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref>{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=9}} 15th- and 16th-century chroniclers, biased either against or in favor of the family, recorded opposing reports of the family's status before King Sigismund's grant.{{sfn|E. Kovács|1990|p=7}}{{sfn|Teke|1980|p=80}} [[Jan Długosz]] described John Hunyadi as "a man of unknown origin",<ref name=Dlugosz>''The Annals of Jan Długosz'' (A.D. 1440), p. 484.</ref> and he is likewise mentioned as "a Vlach by birth{{mdash}}not highly born"<ref>''Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Europe'' (ch. 1.7.), p. 59.</ref> by [[Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini]].{{sfn|E. Kovács|1990|p=7}}{{sfn|Teke|1980|p=80}} On the other hand, [[Johannes de Thurocz]] said that John Hunyadi "was descended from a noble and renowned race of [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachia]]".{{sfn|E. Kovács|1990|p=7}}<ref name='Thuróczi_42'>''Thuróczy János: Magyar krónika'' (ch. 30), p. 42.</ref> |
Voyk's son, John Hunyadi bore the nickname ''Olah'', or [[Vlachs|Vlach]], in his youth, implying that he was of Romanian stock.{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=294}} The court historian of Voyk's grandson, [[Matthias Corvinus]], [[King of Hungary]], [[Antonio Bonfini]] explicitly stated that John had been "born to a Vlach father".<ref name='Bonfini'>{{cite web |last=Bonfini |first=Antonio |title=A magyar történelem tizedei ''[=History of Hungary in Ten Volumes]'' |work= |publisher=Balassi Kiadó |date=1995 |url=http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tkt/magyar-tortenelem/ch25.html |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref>{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=9}} [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]] affirmed that King Matthias was born to a Vlach father(''natus a Valacho Patre'').<ref>{{sfn|Armbruster|1972|p=58}}</ref> 15th- and 16th-century chroniclers, biased either against or in favor of the family, recorded opposing reports of the family's status before King Sigismund's grant.{{sfn|E. Kovács|1990|p=7}}{{sfn|Teke|1980|p=80}} [[Jan Długosz]] described John Hunyadi as "a man of unknown origin",<ref name=Dlugosz>''The Annals of Jan Długosz'' (A.D. 1440), p. 484.</ref> and he is likewise mentioned as "a Vlach by birth{{mdash}}not highly born"<ref>''Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Europe'' (ch. 1.7.), p. 59.</ref> by [[Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini]].{{sfn|E. Kovács|1990|p=7}}{{sfn|Teke|1980|p=80}} On the other hand, [[Johannes de Thurocz]] said that John Hunyadi "was descended from a noble and renowned race of [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachia]]".{{sfn|E. Kovács|1990|p=7}}<ref name='Thuróczi_42'>''Thuróczy János: Magyar krónika'' (ch. 30), p. 42.</ref> |
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Johannes de Thurocz also writes that King Sigismund, fascinated by Voyk's fame, "took him away from [[Wallachia]] to his own realm and settled him there",<ref name='Thuróczi_42'/> suggesting that Voyk moved from his Wallachian homeland to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=9}} The late 15th-century chronicler [[Philippe de Commines]]<ref name=Commynes>{{cite book|last=Scoble|first=Andrew Richard|title=The Memoirs of Philippe De Commynes, Lord of Argenton (Volume 2); Containing the Histories of Louis Xi and Charles Viii, Kings of France|page=87|isbn=978-1-150-90258-1}}</ref> refers |
Johannes de Thurocz also writes that King Sigismund, fascinated by Voyk's fame, "took him away from [[Wallachia]] to his own realm and settled him there",<ref name='Thuróczi_42'/> suggesting that Voyk moved from his Wallachian homeland to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Kubinyi|2008|p=9}} The late 15th-century chronicler [[Philippe de Commines]]<ref name=Commynes>{{cite book|last=Scoble|first=Andrew Richard|title=The Memoirs of Philippe De Commynes, Lord of Argenton (Volume 2); Containing the Histories of Louis Xi and Charles Viii, Kings of France|page=87|isbn=978-1-150-90258-1}}</ref> refers |
Revision as of 06:32, 16 May 2014
House of Hunyadi | |
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John Hunyadi's extended coat-of-arms (granted to him in 1453 by King Ladislaus V of Hungary) | |
Country | Kingdom of Hungary Certain Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Moravia, Lower Lusatia, Upper Lusatia, Silesia) Duchy of Austria Duchy of Styria |
Founded | 1409 |
Founder | Voyk |
Final ruler | Christopher Corvinus |
Titles | |
Dissolution | 1505 |
The Hunyadi family was one of the most powerful aristocratic families in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 15th century. A member of the family, Matthias Corvinus was King of Hungary between 1458 and 1490, King of Bohemia (ruling in Lusatia, Moravia and Silesia) from 1469 to 1490, and Duke of Austria between 1487 and 1490. His illegitimate son, John Corvinus ruled the Duchy of Troppau (Opava, Czech Republic) between 1485 and 1501, and five further Silesian duchies—Beuthen (Bytom, Poland), Leobschütz (Głubczyce, Poland), Loslau (Wodzisław Śląski, Poland), Ratibor (Racibórz, Poland), and Tost (Toszek, Poland)—from 1485 to 1490. The Hunyadis' coat-of-arms depicted a raven with a golden ring in its bill.
The founder of the family, Voyk received the epynomous Hunyad Castle (in present-day Hunedoara, Romania) from Sigismund, King of Hungary in 1409. His ethnicity is subject to scholarly debate. Modern historians describe him as a Vlach (or Romanian) knez or boyar either from Wallachia or from Transylvania, or as a Cuman or Slav nobleman. According to nearly contemporaneous chronicles, Voyk moved from Wallachia to Transylvania. Voyk's oldest son, John Hunyadi was often mentioned as "Vlach" by his contemporaries.
John Hunyadi, a talented military commander, became the first member of the family to have acquired the status of "true barons of the realm". He was appointed Ban of Severin/Szörény (Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania) in 1439 and Voivode of Transylvania in 1441. He was granted the title Perpetual Count of Beszterce (Bistrița, Romania), thus receiving the first hereditary title in the Kingdom of Hungary, in 1452. At his death, John Hunyadi held extensive domains throughout the kingdom.
John Hunyadi's fame and fortune promoted the election of his younger son, Matthias Corvinus king in 1458. Matthias Corvinus occupied Moravia, Silesia, Austria and other neighboring provinces. He attempted to secure the succession to his illegitimate son, John Corvinus, but the latter could only retain the Duchy of Glogau and the family domains in Hungary after Matthias Corvinus died in 1490. The last male member of the family, Christopher Corvinus—John Corvinus's only son—died at the age of six in 1505. His sister, Elisabeth neither survived childhood.
Origins
The family received its eponymous domain from Sigismund, King of Hungary on 18 October 1409.[1][2] On this day, Sigismund granted Hunyad Castle (in present-day Hunedoara, Romania) and the lands pertaining to it to his court knight Voyk and to Voyk's four kinsmen.[2][3][4][5] In addition to Voyk (known as Vajk in Hungarian, and as Voicu in Romanian historiography), the royal charter of grant lists his two brothers—Magos (or Mogoș) and Radol (or Radul)—, their cousin or uncle—also named Radol—, and Voyk's son, John, the future Regent of Hungary.[2][3] The charter says that Voyk's father was one Serbe (or Șerbe), but does not reveal further information on the origins of the family.[2][3]
Voyk's son, John Hunyadi bore the nickname Olah, or Vlach, in his youth, implying that he was of Romanian stock.[2][3] The court historian of Voyk's grandson, Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, Antonio Bonfini explicitly stated that John had been "born to a Vlach father".[6][7] Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor affirmed that King Matthias was born to a Vlach father(natus a Valacho Patre).[8] 15th- and 16th-century chroniclers, biased either against or in favor of the family, recorded opposing reports of the family's status before King Sigismund's grant.[9][10] Jan Długosz described John Hunyadi as "a man of unknown origin",[11] and he is likewise mentioned as "a Vlach by birth—not highly born"[12] by Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini.[9][10] On the other hand, Johannes de Thurocz said that John Hunyadi "was descended from a noble and renowned race of Wallachia".[9][13]
Johannes de Thurocz also writes that King Sigismund, fascinated by Voyk's fame, "took him away from Wallachia to his own realm and settled him there",[13] suggesting that Voyk moved from his Wallachian homeland to the Kingdom of Hungary.[7] The late 15th-century chronicler Philippe de Commines[14] refers to Voyk's son, John as the "White Knight of Wallachia".[2] In accordance with these sources, Pál Engel, András Kubinyi, and other historians say that the Hunyadi family descended from Romanian boyars, or noblemen, from Wallachia.[5][7][1][15][16]
According to a second view of the family's origin, which is represented by historians Camil Mureşanu and Ion-Aurel Pop, Voyk did not migrate from Wallachia, but was born in a family of Romanian noble knezes from the region of Hátszeg (Hațeg, Romania) or Hunyad.[3][17] They say that Serbe's father (Voyk's grandfather) could have been one Costea, mentioned in a royal charter of 1360, who fathered a son named Serbe (or Șerb); according to the charter, Costea and Serbe together set up two villages in the Hátszeg region.[3][18] Historian Dezső Dümmerth represents a third view of the Hunyadis' ancestry. He writes that Voyk was of Cuman stock, because the Romanianization of the Wallachian boyars, to whom he attributes Cuman or Tatar origins, was not terminated by the end of the 14th century.[19] Although historian Miklós Molnár accepts the Wallachian origin of the family, he represents a fourth view, saying that the family may well have been of Slav descent.[20] Paul Lendvai and András Boros-Kazai neither exclude the Slav or South Slav origin of the Hunyadis.[16][21]
John Hunyadi's rapid advance, which astonished his contemporaries, gave rise to legends about his origins.[22][19] According to one of these stories, recorded in details by the 16th-century chronicler Gáspár Heltai, John Hunyadi was the illegitimate son of King Sigismund by one Elizabeth, who was the daughter of a "rich boyar"[23] from Morzsina (Margina, Romania) in Hunyad County.[22][19] On the other hand, Antonio Bonfini writes that John Hunyadi's mother was a Greek lady (whom the chronicler does not name) who was related to the Byzantine Emperors.[22]
Further legendary stories emerged from the Romanian origin of the family.[7] Antonio Bonfini writes that John Hunyadi "traced his kin to the Roman family of the Corvini".[6][7][24] This legend is obviously connected to the Hunyadis' coat-of-arms, depicting a raven, corvus in Latin, with a golden ring in its bill.[7] Coins minted for Prince Vladislav I of Wallachia in 1365 depict a raven-like bird.[25][26] Primarily based on this similarity, Zsuzsa Teke and other historians do not exclude that the Hunyadis were related to the Basarabs, the ruling dynasty of Wallachia.[7][27] Scholar Péter E. Kovács writes that this theory needs further verification.[25]
Notable members
Voyk Hunyadi
The founder of the family's fortune, Voyk was born in Wallachia, according to the chroniclers Johannes de Thurocz and Gáspár Heltai.[7] Voyk served as a "court knight" in the royal court when he received the domain of Hunyad from King Sigismund, suggesting that he was descended from a prominent Wallachian family.[7] Historian Kubinyi writes that Voyk most probably joined Sigismund in 1395.[7] In this year, Sigismund invaded Wallachia and restored his vassal, Mircea the Old to the princely throne.[28]
He was last mentioned in a charter of 1414.[29] Voyk died before 12 February 1419.[22][30] On this day a charter was issued for Voyk's brother, Radol, and for Voyk's three sons (John the elder, John the younger and Voyk).[22]
John Hunyadi, Sr.
Voyk's oldest son, John Hunyadi was born between about 1405 and 1407.[5][31][32] In his youth, he served in the court of George Csáky, Filippo Scolari, and King Sigismund's other warlike barons.[5][31][33] He married Elizabeth Szilágyi around 1429.[34] Her father owned properties in Bodrog County.[34]
John Hunyadi developed his military skills during his journeys in Italy and Bohemia in Sigismund's entourage in the early 1430s.[21][33] He and his younger brother (who was his namesake) were jointly appointed Ban of Szörény (Dobreta-Turnu Severin, Romania) in 1439 by Sigismund's successor, King Albert.[33] With this appointment, they acquired the status of "true baron".[35]
The senior John Hunyadi became Voivode of Transylvania and Count of the Székelys in 1441, with responsibility for the defense of the southern borders of Hungary against Ottoman raids.[5][36] He defeated the Ottomans in several battles during his "long campaign" in the Balkan Peninsula in 1443.[36][1] The Estates of the realm elected him governor for the period of King Ladislaus V of Hungary's minority in 1446.[37][38] King Ladislaus bestowed the title of Perpetual Count of Beszterce (Bistrița, Romania) upon John Hunyadi after he resigned of the governorship in 1452.[34][39] This was the first example of a grant of a hereditary title in the Kingdom of Hungary.[34][39] John Hunyadi had by that time became the richest landowner in the Kingdom of Hungary, who held about 25 fortresses, 30 towns and more than 1,000 villages.[40] He died on 11 August 1456, shortly after his greatest victory over the Ottomans at the siege of Belgrade.[41]
John Hunyadi, Jr.
The younger of Voyk's two sons who shared the name John was first mentioned in the charter issued for four members of his family on 12 February 1419.[22] King Albert of Hungary appointed him Ban of Szörény together with his brother, John the elder, in 1439.[42] He died fighting against the Ottomans in 1441.[42] His brother wrote of him as "the valiant of the valiant", showing that John the younger was regarded a brave soldier.[42]
Ladislaus Hunyadi
Ladislaus Hunyadi was the older of the two sons of John Hunyadi the elder by Elizabeth Szilágyi.[3] He was born around 1432.[3][2] At the age of 20, he was appointed ispán, or count, of Pozsony County, which made him a "true baron".[43] He became Ban of Croatia in 1453 and Master of the horse in 1456.[43]
With his father's death, Ladislaus inherited his enormous domains in 1456.[43] The ambitious Ladislaus had his father's main opponent, Ulrich II, Count of Celje—who was King Ladislaus V of Hungary's relative and former guardian—captured and murdered on 9 November.[44][45] The King, who promised amnesty to Ladislaus under duress, only had him arrested in next year.[46] Ladislaus was sentenced to death for high treason.[47] He was executed on 16 March 1457.[46]
Matthias Corvinus
Matthias, the younger son of John Hunyadi the elder and Elizabeth Szilágyi, was born on 23 February 1443.[48] He was arrested together with his elder brother, Ladislaus upon the orders of King Ladislaus V of Hungary on 14 March 1457.[47] Matthias's brother was executed in two days.[47] Fearing of a revolt, the King fled to Prague and took Matthias with him.[47][46]
The childless Ladislaus V died on 23 November 1457.[47] A Diet was convoked to elect the new monarch.[49] Matthias' maternal uncle, Michael Szilágyi arrived at the head of more than 10,000 armed noblemen and the Diet acclaimed Matthias king on 24 January 1458.[49][50] Matthias returned from Prague, but was only crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary on 29 March 1464, because he had spent the previous years with fighting against his opponents.[51][52]
Urged by Pope Paul II, Matthias led a crusade against the Czech Hussites and occupied great parts of Moravia and Silesia in 1468.[53][54] The Catholic Estates of Moravia proclaimed him King of Bohemia on 3 May 1469.[55] [54] Matthias' reign was also recognized in Lusatia and Silesia, but Bohemia proper remained under the rule of his opponents, Kings George of Poděbrady (till 1471) and Vladislaus II Jagiellon.[54] Through a series of wars, Matthias occupied Lower Austria and Styria between 1480 and 1487.[56] He officially adopted the title of Duke of Austria in 1487.[57]
Matthias married his first wife, Catherine of Poděbrady in 1461.[58] She died in childbirth in 1464.[59][60] His second wife, Beatrice of Naples, whom he married in 1476, proved to be barren.[61][62] In the last decade of his life, Matthias was planning to ensure the succession for his illegitimate son, John Corvinus.[63] Matthias died on 6 April 1460.[64]
John Corvinus
John Corvinus was the illegitimate son of King Matthias and his mistress, Barbara Edelpöck.[65] John Corvinus was born on 2 April 1473.[65] Matthias recognized in public that John is his son and granted him the title of Duke of Liptó (Liptov, Slovakia) in 1481.[66][67] John Corvinus received a number of land grants from his father in the subsequent years.[66][68] King Matthias granted him the Duchy of Troppau and five further Silesian duchies—Beuthen, Leobschütz, Loslau, Ratibor, and Tost—in 1485.[69][70]
King Matthias' all attempts to secure his son's succession to the throne proved to be useless shortly after his death.[71] The prelates and the barons elected Vladislaus II Jagiellon king on 15 July 1490.[72][73] He retained his domains and the Duchy of Troppau. The new monarch bestowed the title of Duke of Slavonia upon him, but he renounced of it in 1495.[74] He also renounced of the Duchy of Troppau in 1501.[75]
John Corvinus married Beatrice de Frangepan in 1496.[76] She gave birth to two children, Elizabeth and Christopher.[76] John Corvinus died on 12 October 1504.[76] His son died at the age of six, his daughter at the age of twelve.[76]
Family tree
The following family tree depicts the known members of the Hunyadi family:[3][76][77][78]
(* = born; † = died; ∞ = wife or husband; b. = before; c. = in about; m. = mentioned)
Costea (?)[note 1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Serbe † b. 1409 | Radol (?)[note 2] (m. in 1409) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Voyk (m. 1409–1414) † b. 1419 ∞(Elizabeth) Morzsinai (?)[note 3] | Magos (m. in 1409) | Radol (m. 1409–1419) † b. 1429 ∞Ankó Branicskai | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John Hunyadi, Sr. (?)[note 4] * c. 1405 † 1456 ∞Elizabeth Szilágyi | John Hunyadi, Jr. (m. 1419–1441) † 1441 | Voyk (m. in 1419) | Daughter ∞John Székely of Szentgyörgy | Clara (?)[note 5] (m. 1450–1467) ∞George Pongrác of Dengeleg | Marina (?)[note 6] ∞Manzilla of Argeș | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ladislaus Hunyadi * c. 1432 † 1457 | Matthias Corvinus * 1443 † 1490 1∞Catherine of Poděbrady 2∞Beatrice of Naples | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John Corvinus (illegitimate son) * 1473 † 1504 ∞Beatrice de Frangepan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elisabeth Corvinus * 1496 † 1508 | Christopher Corvinus * 1499 † 1505 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes
- ^ Costea was Serbe's father, according to historian Ion-Aurel Pop.
- ^ Radol was either the brother or the nephew of Serbe.
- ^ The chronicler Gáspár Heltai writes that John Hunyadi's mother was the unnamed daughter of a boyar of Morzsina. On the other hand, the chronicler Antonio Bonfini says that John Hunyadi was born to a distinguished Greek woman.
- ^ According to a popular legend, John Hunyadi the elder was King Sigismund of Hungary's illegitimate son.
- ^ A charter from April 1456 (source: Teleki József. Hunyadiak kora Magyarországon p.495) mentions Clara as John Hunyadi's maternal sister. However, taking into account the uncertainity of medieval terminology, she may well have been his full sister, according to historian András Kubinyi. Her second son, Andrew Pongrác of Dengeleg was King Matthias Corvinus's Master of the cupbearers, and his younger brother, John Pongrác of Dengeleg served the King as Voivode of Transylvania for eight years.
- ^ Nicolaus Olahus writes, in his Hungaria, that his grandmother, Marina was John Hunyadi's sister who married a member of the Basarab dynasty. According to Kubinyi and Mureşanu, she must have rather been a distant relative (paternal aunt or niece) of Hunyadi.
References
- ^ a b c Makkai 1994, p. 227.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kubinyi 2008, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Pop 2005, p. 294.
- ^ Bolovan et al. 1997, p. 111.
- ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 283.
- ^ a b Bonfini, Antonio (1995). "A magyar történelem tizedei [=History of Hungary in Ten Volumes]". Balassi Kiadó. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kubinyi 2008, p. 9.
- ^
- ^ a b c E. Kovács 1990, p. 7.
- ^ a b Teke 1980, p. 80.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1440), p. 484.
- ^ Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Europe (ch. 1.7.), p. 59.
- ^ a b Thuróczy János: Magyar krónika (ch. 30), p. 42.
- ^ Scoble, Andrew Richard. The Memoirs of Philippe De Commynes, Lord of Argenton (Volume 2); Containing the Histories of Louis Xi and Charles Viii, Kings of France. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-150-90258-1.
- ^ Bak 1994, pp. 63–64.
- ^ a b Lendvai 2003, p. 75.
- ^ Mureşanu 2001, p. 42.
- ^ Mureşanu 2001, p. 43.
- ^ a b c Dümmerth 1985, p. 52.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 61.
- ^ a b Boros-Kazai 2005, p. 339.
- ^ a b c d e f Kubinyi 2008, p. 8.
- ^ Heltai, Gáspár (2000). "Krónika a magyarok dolgairól [=Chronicle of the Deeds of the Hungarians]". Régi magyar irodalmi szöveggyűjtemény II (szerkesztette Jankovics József, Kőszeghy Péter és Szentmártoni Szabó Géza [Collection of Ancient Hungarian Literary Texts (Edited by József Jankovics, Péter Kőszeghy and Géza Szentmártoni Szabó)]. Balassi Kiadó. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|work=
(help) - ^ Lendvai 2003, p. 80.
- ^ a b E. Kovács 1990, p. 8.
- ^ Teke 1980, p. 82.
- ^ Teke 1980, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 203.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 8, 203.
- ^ Pop 2005, p. 295.
- ^ a b Dümmerth 1985, p. 51.
- ^ Teke 1980, p. 84.
- ^ a b c Cartledge 2011, p. 54.
- ^ a b c d Kubinyi 2008, p. 15.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 13.
- ^ a b Boros-Kazai 2005, p. 340.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 288.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 551.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 293.
- ^ Bak 1994, p. 64.
- ^ Pop 2005, p. 296.
- ^ a b c Kubinyi 2008, p. 11.
- ^ a b c Kubinyi 2008, p. 25.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 292, 296–297.
- ^ Molnár 2001, pp. 66–67.
- ^ a b c Bak 1994, p. 70.
- ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 297.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 23.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 298.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 553.
- ^ Bak 1994, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 303–304.
- ^ a b c Agnew 2004, p. 52.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 304.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 306.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 103.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 303.
- ^ Cartledge 2011, p. 520.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 67.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 136, 140.
- ^ Molnár 2001, pp. 73, 80.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 140.
- ^ Bak 1994, p. 73.
- ^ a b Kubinyi 2008, p. 134.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 317.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 141.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 143.
- ^ Schönherr, Gyula (1894). "Hunyadi Corvin János, 1473-1504 [=John Corvinus of Hunyadi, 1473-1504]". Magyar Történelmi Társulat. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
- ^ Bak 1994, p. 76.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 155.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 345.
- ^ Markó 2000, pp. 304–305.
- ^ Markó 2000, p. 305.
- ^ a b c d e Markó 2000, p. 304.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 8–9, 10–12, 203.
- ^ Mureşanu 2001, p. 44.
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(help) - Template:Hu icon Markó, László (2000). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi lexikon [Great Officers of the State of Hungary from St Stephen to Present Days: Biographical Enncyclopedia]. Magyar Könyvklub. ISBN 963-547-085-1.
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(help) - Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Transylvania in the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century (1300-1456)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.). The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541). Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 247–298. ISBN 973-7784-00-6.
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