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===Rice=== |
===Rice=== |
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Rice ( |
Rice ({{lang-ms|nasi}}) was and still is the most important staple food in Malaysia. According to Indonesian-born food and cookery writer Sri Owen, there is some evidence for rice cultivation found in the state of [[Sarawak]] in Malaysian [[Borneo]] dated 2300 BC, and about 900 years of history for the state of [[Kelantan]] in West Malaysia. Today [[Malaysia]] produces about seventy percent of the amount of rice it needs to support itself, and the rest is imported.<ref>[http://web6.bernama.com/client/fama/exclusive.php?lang=&id=327101]</ref> This is a matter of policy as the government believes that national resources can be used more profitably instead of attempting to achieve self-sufficiency with rice production; the prevalent attitude is that revenue generated from its industries enables the country to import up to half the rice it needs.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/The-Rice-Book-Definitive-Hundreds/dp/0312303394]</ref> Nevertheless, the government is fully committed and involved in planning, allocating resources and managing subsidies for the rice farming industry. The state of Kedah is considered the "rice bowl" <ref>http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W-BOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0BMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4077,2727286&dq=kedah+rice+bowl&hl=en</ref><ref>[http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/state_news/news.php?id=150803&cat=nt State News]. Bernama.com.my (2005-08-18). Retrieved on 2013-09-27.</ref> ({{lang-ms|Jelapang Padi}}) of the country, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of [[rice]]. |
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[[Steamed rice|Plain steamed white rice]], to be served with side dishes of meat and/or vegetables, is typically prepared with am electric [[rice cooker]] at home. Some households and food establishments prefer to cook rice on a stove top with the absorption method or the rapid-boil method. Compressed rice, called [[lontong|''nasi himpit'']], is one method of preparing and cooking rice: the rice is compressed into the form of a cylinder wrapped in banana leaf and boiled. During the cooking process, the rice would then compress and merge together. Compressed rice is usually eaten cold with some sort of gravy, although it may be served warm in a broth or soup. ''Burasak'' is a variant of compressed rice prepared by the [[Bugis]] community, where rice is precooked with coconut milk before it is wrapped in banana leaves and boiled. |
[[Steamed rice|Plain steamed white rice]], to be served with side dishes of meat and/or vegetables, is typically prepared with am electric [[rice cooker]] at home. Some households and food establishments prefer to cook rice on a stove top with the absorption method or the rapid-boil method. Compressed rice, called [[lontong|''nasi himpit'']], is one method of preparing and cooking rice: the rice is compressed into the form of a cylinder wrapped in banana leaf and boiled. During the cooking process, the rice would then compress and merge together. Compressed rice is usually eaten cold with some sort of gravy, although it may be served warm in a broth or soup. ''Burasak'' is a variant of compressed rice prepared by the [[Bugis]] community, where rice is precooked with coconut milk before it is wrapped in banana leaves and boiled. |
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Besides the ubiquitous white rice, there are different types of locally grown and imported rice available in the market, and each type has a specific cooking method to bring out optimal results.<ref>[http://www.malaysiarice.com/index.php/faq]</ref> Glutinous rice ( |
Besides the ubiquitous white rice, there are different types of locally grown and imported rice available in the market, and each type has a specific cooking method to bring out optimal results.<ref>[http://www.malaysiarice.com/index.php/faq]</ref> Glutinous rice ({{lang-ms|pulut}})) is one example: because of its low amylose and high amylopectin content which results in a sticky texture after cooking, glutinous rice is prepared with different measurements and techniques and is not a suitable substitute for normal rice or vice versa. It is typically used for making snacks and desserts, but glutinous rice is also prepared as a savoury staple by indigenous peoples like the [[Orang Asli]] as well as the [[Dayak people]] of Borneo. '''[[Lemang]]''' is glutinous rice roasted in a hollowed bamboo tube, and is prepared for festive occasions like [[Gawai Dayak|Ari Gawai]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]], and [[Eid al-Adha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]. |
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====Nasi Lemak==== |
====Nasi Lemak==== |
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==Kuih== |
==Kuih== |
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[[File:Seri Muka1.JPG|thumb|Seri Muka]] |
[[File:Seri Muka1.JPG|thumb|Seri Muka]] |
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'''[[Kuih]]''' (plural: ''kuih-muih'') are bite-sized foods associated with the Malay and [[Min Chinese|Min-speaking Chinese]] communities of Malaysia. In the context of the term being cultural as opposed to being physically descriptive, the concept of "kuih" may refer to any selection of cakes, cookies, confections, pastries and sweetmeats |
'''[[Kuih]]''' (plural: ''kuih-muih'') are bite-sized foods associated with the Malay and [[Min Chinese|Min-speaking Chinese]] communities of Malaysia, and an important feature for festive occasions. In the context of the term being cultural as opposed to being physically descriptive, the concept of "kuih" may refer to any selection of cakes, cookies, confections, pastries and sweetmeats. ''Kuih'' items are more often steamed or fried than baked, and many are based on rice or glutinous rice, and are thus very different in texture, flavour and appearance from Western cakes or puff pastries. |
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Most ''kuih'' items are sweet, and may be classified and eaten as [[dessert]]s, but some are also savoury. ''Kuih'' is traditionally made at home, but are now available for purchase from home caterers, street hawker vendors, market stallholders and specialist cafes, shops and restaurants. Kuih |
Most ''kuih'' items are sweet, and may be classified and eaten as [[dessert]]s, but some are also savoury. ''Kuih'' is traditionally made at home, but are now available for purchase from home caterers, street hawker vendors, market stallholders and specialist cafes, shops and restaurants. ''Kuih'' items are confined to a certain meal but can be eaten throughout the day, for light breakfast, afternoon tea (a tradition adopted from the British), as a snack and at times as an after meal course. It is difficult to distinguish between kuih of Malay or Peranakan (also known as "Straits Chinese") origin due to the fact that the histories of these recipes have not been well-documented, and cross-cultural influencing over the centuries were commonplace. Even the word ''kuih'' is derived from the Hokkien/Teochew word 粿 (pronounced ''kueh'' or ''kway''). |
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Notable kuih-muih include: |
Notable kuih-muih include: |
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* '''[[Seri Muka|Kuih serimuka]]''' - a two-layered kuih with steamed glutinous rice forming the bottom half and a green custard layer made with pandan juice. |
* '''[[Seri Muka|Kuih serimuka]]''' - a two-layered kuih with steamed glutinous rice forming the bottom half and a green custard layer made with pandan juice. |
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* '''Kuih talam''' — this kuih has two layers. The top consists of a white layer made from coconut milk and rice flour, whereas the bottom layer is green and is made from green pea flour flavoured with pandan. |
* '''Kuih talam''' — this kuih has two layers. The top consists of a white layer made from coconut milk and rice flour, whereas the bottom layer is green and is made from green pea flour flavoured with pandan. |
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* '''[[Kuih wajid]]''' or ''' |
* '''[[Kuih wajid]]''' or '''wajik''' - a compressed Malay confection made of glutinous rice cooked with coconut milk and gula melaka. |
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* '''[[Niangao]]''' (Chinese : 年糕) or '''kuih bakul''' - a customary treat associated with Chinese New Year festivities. It is also available year round as a popular street food treat, made with pieces of ''niangao'' sandwiched between slices of taro and sweet potato, dipped in batter and deep-fried. |
* '''[[Niangao]]''' (Chinese : 年糕) or '''kuih bakul''' - a customary treat associated with Chinese New Year festivities. It is also available year round as a popular street food treat, made with pieces of ''niangao'' sandwiched between slices of taro and sweet potato, dipped in batter and deep-fried. |
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* '''[[Klepon|Onde onde]]''' - small round balls made from glutinous rice flour coloured and flavoured with pandan, filled with palm sugar syrup and rolled in freshly grated coconut. |
* '''[[Klepon|Onde onde]]''' - small round balls made from glutinous rice flour coloured and flavoured with pandan, filled with palm sugar syrup and rolled in freshly grated coconut. |
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* '''[[Pisang goreng]]''' - battered fried bananas are a common item sold by street vendors, cafes and even restaurants. |
* '''[[Pisang goreng]]''' - battered fried bananas are a common item sold by street vendors, cafes and even restaurants. |
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* '''Pulut inti''' - wrapped in banana leaf in the shape of a pyramid, this kuih consists of glutinous rice with a covering of caramelised coconut flesh. |
* '''Pulut inti''' - wrapped in banana leaf in the shape of a pyramid, this kuih consists of glutinous rice with a covering of caramelised coconut flesh. |
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* '''Pulut panggang''' - |
* '''Pulut panggang''' - glutinous rice parcels stuffed with a spiced filling, then wrapped in banana leaves and char grilled. Depending on regional tradition, the spiced filling may include pulverized dried prawns, caramelized coconut paste or beef floss. In the state of Sarawak, the local pulut panggang contains no fillings and are wrapped in pandan leaves instead. |
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* '''Putu piring''' - a steamed |
* '''Putu piring''' - a round steamed cake made of rice flour dough, with a palm sugar sweetened filling. Putu piring has the same ingredients as putu mayam (Southern Indian string hoppers) and is served with the same toppings. <ref>[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1750_2011-01-05.html]</ref> |
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* '''Sweet potato balls''' (Chinese : 蕃薯旦) - deep fried sweet potato balls are popularly eaten for breakfast or afternoon tea. |
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⚫ | * '''[[Tapai]]''' - |
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==Cuisines of Malaysia== |
==Cuisines of Malaysia== |
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* '''Ayam masak merah''' - this dish literally means red-cooked chicken in English. Pieces of chicken are first fried to a golden brown then slowly braised in a spicy tomato sauce. Peas are sometimes added to the dish, and it is garnished with shredded kaffir lime leaves as well as coriander. |
* '''Ayam masak merah''' - this dish literally means red-cooked chicken in English. Pieces of chicken are first fried to a golden brown then slowly braised in a spicy tomato sauce. Peas are sometimes added to the dish, and it is garnished with shredded kaffir lime leaves as well as coriander. |
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* '''Ayam percik''' - also known as ayam golek in some states, ayam percik is grilled marinated chicken basted with spiced coconut milk gravy. |
* '''Ayam percik''' - also known as ayam golek in some states, ayam percik is grilled marinated chicken basted with spiced coconut milk gravy. |
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* '''Bihun sup utara''' - rice vermicelli noodles (dyed yellow with turmeric) served in meat broth (usually beef) which is cooked in the style of the northern states of Kedah and Perlis. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-133386540.html|title=Tasty dish from up north|author=Ridzwan A. Rahim|publisher=New Straits Times|date=13 January 2007|accessdate=06 April 2014}}</ref> |
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* '''Bubur lambuk''' - a savoury rice porridge consumed during the fasting month of Ramadhan, made with a mixture of lemongrass, spices, vegetables, and chicken or beef.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysia.com/kampung-baru-bubur-lambuk-culture.html|title=Kampung Baru Bubur Lambuk, Culture|publisher=Malaysia|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref> It is usually cooked communally at a local mosque, which is then distributed to the congregation as a meal to break the fast every evening. In the state of Terengganu, bubur lambuk is prepared with wild herbs, [[budu (sauce)|budu]], sweet potatoes, and seafood. |
* '''Bubur lambuk''' - a savoury rice porridge consumed during the fasting month of Ramadhan, made with a mixture of lemongrass, spices, vegetables, and chicken or beef.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysia.com/kampung-baru-bubur-lambuk-culture.html|title=Kampung Baru Bubur Lambuk, Culture|publisher=Malaysia|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref> It is usually cooked communally at a local mosque, which is then distributed to the congregation as a meal to break the fast every evening. In the state of Terengganu, bubur lambuk is prepared with wild herbs, [[budu (sauce)|budu]], sweet potatoes, and seafood. |
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* '''[[Budu (sauce)|Budu]]''' - a pungent fish sauce, traditionally made by mixing anchovy and salt, which is allowed to ferment for 140 to 200 days. It is meant to be used as a dip by mixing green mango, shallots and chillies, and is normally eaten with fish, rice and raw vegetables. |
* '''[[Budu (sauce)|Budu]]''' - a pungent fish sauce, traditionally made by mixing anchovy and salt, which is allowed to ferment for 140 to 200 days. It is meant to be used as a dip by mixing green mango, shallots and chillies, and is normally eaten with fish, rice and raw vegetables. |
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* '''[[Gulai]]''' - the Malay term for a curried stew. The main ingredients for gulai may be poultry, beef, mutton, various kinds of offals, fish and seafood, and also vegetables such as cassava leaves and green/unripe jackfruit. The gravy is usually yellowish-brown in color due to the sauteed and browned ''rempah'' which forms its base, and the addition of ground turmeric. The gravy's consistency may vary in thickness depending on the cook. |
* '''[[Gulai]]''' - the Malay term for a curried stew. The main ingredients for gulai may be poultry, beef, mutton, various kinds of offals, fish and seafood, and also vegetables such as cassava leaves and green/unripe jackfruit. The gravy is usually yellowish-brown in color due to the sauteed and browned ''rempah'' which forms its base, and the addition of ground turmeric. The gravy's consistency may vary in thickness depending on the cook. |
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* '''[[Ikan bakar]]''' - barbecued or char grilled fish, usually smeared with a sambal-based sauce. It may also be accompanied with air asam, a dip made from shrimp paste, onion, chillis and tamarind juice. |
* '''[[Ikan bakar]]''' - barbecued or char grilled fish, usually smeared with a sambal-based sauce. It may also be accompanied with air asam, a dip made from shrimp paste, onion, chillis and tamarind juice. |
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* '''[[Ikan goreng]]''' - a generic term for deep-fried fish, which is almost always marinated prior to cooking. There are countless recipes and variants for what is arguably the most popular and typical method of cooking fish in Malaysia. |
* '''[[Ikan goreng]]''' - a generic term for deep-fried fish, which is almost always marinated prior to cooking. There are countless recipes and variants for what is arguably the most popular and typical method of cooking fish in Malaysia. |
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* '''[[Ketupat]]''' - boiled glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in a woven palm leaf pouch. As the rice cooks, the grains expand to fill the pouch and the rice becomes compressed. This method of cooking gives the ''ketupat'' its characteristic form and texture. Usually eaten with rendang (a type of dry beef curry) or served as an accompaniment to satay. ''Ketupat'' is also traditionally served at open houses on festive occasions such as [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] (Hari Raya Aidilfitri). |
* '''[[Ketupat]]''' - boiled glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in a woven palm leaf pouch. As the rice cooks, the grains expand to fill the pouch and the rice becomes compressed. This method of cooking gives the ''ketupat'' its characteristic form and texture. Usually eaten with rendang (a type of dry beef curry) or served as an accompaniment to satay. ''Ketupat'' is also traditionally served at open houses on festive occasions such as [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] (Hari Raya Aidilfitri). |
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* '''Laksa Johor''' - a variation of [[laksa]] from Johor. Boiled [[spaghetti]] is used instead of rice-based noodles, served with beansprouts in a sweet, light coconut gravy thickened with flaked fresh wolf herring and pulverized dried shrimp, seasoned with a dollop of fiery sambal. |
* '''Laksa Johor''' - a variation of [[laksa]] from Johor. Boiled [[spaghetti]] is used instead of rice-based noodles, served with beansprouts in a sweet, light coconut gravy thickened with flaked fresh wolf herring and pulverized dried shrimp, seasoned with a dollop of fiery sambal. |
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* '''Laksa utara''' - northern-style laksa, as cooked and served in the states of Kedah and Perlis. It consists of rice noodles in a tart soup thickened with poached flaked fish, flavoured with ''[[Garcinia atroviridis|asam gelugur]]'' and garnished with shredded cucumber and herbs. Neither coconut milk nor is a sauteed ''rempah'' used for laksa utara. Although recipes often vary from one household to another, boiled eggs and [[cashew]] plant shoots are considered to be characteristic garnishes for laksa in the region. Kedah-style laksa is sometimes accompanied with a coconut sambal, while freshwater [[eel]]s may be used for laksa in Perlis. |
* '''Laksa utara''' - northern-style laksa, as cooked and served in the states of Kedah and Perlis. It consists of rice noodles in a tart soup thickened with poached flaked fish, flavoured with ''[[Garcinia atroviridis|asam gelugur]]'' and garnished with shredded cucumber and herbs. Neither coconut milk nor is a sauteed ''rempah'' used for authentic ''laksa utara''. Although recipes often vary from one household to another, boiled eggs and [[cashew]] plant shoots are considered to be characteristic garnishes for laksa in the region. Kedah-style laksa is sometimes accompanied with a coconut sambal, while freshwater [[eel]]s may be used for laksa in Perlis. |
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* '''Laksam''' or '''Laksang''' - a different variant on laksa found in the northern and northeastern states of the Peninsular. Laksam consists of thick flat rice noodle rolls in a full-bodied, rich and slightly sweet white gravy of minced fish, coconut milk and shredded aromatic herbs. |
* '''Laksam''' or '''Laksang''' - a different variant on laksa found in the northern and northeastern states of the Peninsular. Laksam consists of thick flat rice noodle rolls in a full-bodied, rich and slightly sweet white gravy of minced fish, coconut milk and shredded aromatic herbs. |
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* '''Masak lemak''' is a style of cooking which employs liberal amounts of turmeric-seasoned coconut milk. Sources of protein like chicken, seafood smoked meats and shelled molluscs, perhaps paired with fruits and vegetables such as bamboo shoots, pineapples and tapioca leaves are often cooked this way. Certain states are associated with a specific variant of this dish: for example, ''masak lemak [[Bird's eye chilli|cili padi]]'' is an iconic specialty of [[Negeri Sembilan]]. |
* '''Masak lemak''' is a style of cooking which employs liberal amounts of turmeric-seasoned coconut milk. Sources of protein like chicken, seafood smoked meats and shelled molluscs, perhaps paired with fruits and vegetables such as bamboo shoots, pineapples and tapioca leaves are often cooked this way. Certain states are associated with a specific variant of this dish: for example, ''masak lemak [[Bird's eye chilli|cili padi]]'' is an iconic specialty of [[Negeri Sembilan]]. |
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* '''[[Satay]]''' - one of Malaysia's most popular foods. Typically made from marinated beef and chicken cooked on a charcoal grill. Satay (written as '''sate''' in Malay) is typically served with cut onions and cucumber, compressed rice, and spiced peanut gravy for dipping. The town of [[Kajang]] in Selangor is famous for its satay; '''Sate Kajang''' is a term for a style of sate where the meat chunks are bigger than that of a typical satay, and the sweet peanut sauce is served along with a portion of fried chilli paste. |
* '''[[Satay]]''' - one of Malaysia's most popular foods. Typically made from marinated beef and chicken cooked on a charcoal grill. Satay (written as '''sate''' in Malay) is typically served with cut onions and cucumber, compressed rice, and spiced peanut gravy for dipping. The town of [[Kajang]] in Selangor is famous for its satay; '''Sate Kajang''' is a term for a style of sate where the meat chunks are bigger than that of a typical satay, and the sweet peanut sauce is served along with a portion of fried chilli paste. |
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* '''[[Serundeng|Serunding]]''' - spiced meat floss. ''Serunding'' may also refer to any dish where the primary meat or vegetable ingredient is shredded and pulled into thin strands. In Indonesia, this term strictly refers to a dry-toasted grated coconut mix instead. |
* '''[[Serundeng|Serunding]]''' - spiced meat floss. ''Serunding'' may also refer to any dish where the primary meat or vegetable ingredient is shredded and pulled into thin strands. In Indonesia, this term strictly refers to a dry-toasted grated coconut mix instead. |
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* '''[[Sup Kambing]]''' - a hearty mutton soup slow simmered with aromatic herbs and spices, and garnished with fried shallots, fresh cilantro and a wedge of calamansi lime. '' |
* '''[[Sup Kambing|Sup kambing]]''' - a hearty mutton soup slow simmered with aromatic herbs and spices, and garnished with fried shallots, fresh cilantro and a wedge of calamansi lime. Variants include substituting mutton with beef (''daging''), beef ribs (''tulang''), oxtail (''buntut'') to make soup with the same herbs and spices. |
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* '''Sup utara''' - meat broth (usually beef) cooked in the style of the northern states of Kedah and Perlis. It is popularly served with rice vermicelli noodles, called ''bihun sup utara'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2008&dt=0802&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_27.htm|title=Restoran Ani Sup Utara buka cawangan di London|publisher=Utusan Online|date=02 August 2008|accessdate=06 April 2014}}</ref> |
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* '''[[Tempoyak]]''' - durian which is fermented and kept in an urn. It is commonly eaten with the accompaniment of chillies and other condiments during meals, or it can be added to braised dishes and stews as a primary flavouring (''masak tempoyak''). |
* '''[[Tempoyak]]''' - durian which is fermented and kept in an urn. It is commonly eaten with the accompaniment of chillies and other condiments during meals, or it can be added to braised dishes and stews as a primary flavouring (''masak tempoyak''). |
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* '''[[Ulam (salad)|Ulam]]''' - a traditional salad of undressed herbs, greens and vegetables which may be cooked or uncooked. An ulam spread may include items such as [[Banana#Flower|banana blossoms]], cucumber, [[winged bean]]s, ''[[centella asiatica|pegaga]]'' leaves, [[petai]], and yardlong beans. Ulam is typically eaten with a pungent dipping sauce like sambal belacan. |
* '''[[Ulam (salad)|Ulam]]''' - a traditional salad of undressed herbs, greens and vegetables which may be cooked or uncooked. An ulam spread may include items such as [[Banana#Flower|banana blossoms]], cucumber, [[winged bean]]s, ''[[centella asiatica|pegaga]]'' leaves, [[petai]], and yardlong beans. Ulam is typically eaten with a pungent dipping sauce like sambal belacan. |
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* '''[[Curry Mee]]''' (Chinese : 咖喱面). A bowl of thin yellow noodles mixed with bihun in a spicy curry soup enriched with coconut milk, and topped with tofu puffs, prawns, cuttlefish, chicken, long beans, cockles and mint leaves, with sambal served on the side. It is often referred to as '''curry laksa'''. |
* '''[[Curry Mee]]''' (Chinese : 咖喱面). A bowl of thin yellow noodles mixed with bihun in a spicy curry soup enriched with coconut milk, and topped with tofu puffs, prawns, cuttlefish, chicken, long beans, cockles and mint leaves, with sambal served on the side. It is often referred to as '''curry laksa'''. |
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* '''Fish head bihun''' (Chinese : 鱼头米粉). A noodle soup in which the main ingredients are rice vermicelli and a deep fried fish head cut into chunks. The soup itself is somewhat creamy, which is usually achieved using a mixture of rich fish stock and milk. Tomatoes and pickled vegetables are sometimes added to cut the richness and provide a tangy foil for the noodle soup. |
* '''Fish head bihun''' (Chinese : 鱼头米粉). A noodle soup in which the main ingredients are rice vermicelli and a deep fried fish head cut into chunks. The soup itself is somewhat creamy, which is usually achieved using a mixture of rich fish stock and milk. Tomatoes and pickled vegetables are sometimes added to cut the richness and provide a tangy foil for the noodle soup. |
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* '''Fried bihun''' (Chinese : 炒米粉). Stir-fried [[rice vermicelli]] noodles. Many variations exist throughout the Chinese communities in Malaysia. It can be seasoned with fish sauce, soy sauce or a spice paste; completely vegetarian with greens and tofu products, or cooked with meat-based ingredients such as barbecued pork, prawns, fish, fish cakes etc. Malaysian-style '''[[mee siam]]''' (Chinese : 麵暹) is often prepared as a stir-fried dish. |
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* '''[[Fuzhou cuisine]]''' can be found in the [[Sitiawan]] area, as well as several cities and towns in [[Sarawak]] where the [[Fuzhou people|Hookchiu diaspora]] have formed settlements. Well known specialities include ''[[misua|ang zhao mee sua]]'' (Chinese : 红槽面线), and '''[[kompyang]]''' or ''kompia'' (Chinese : 光餅). |
* '''[[Fuzhou cuisine]]''' can be found in the [[Sitiawan]] area, as well as several cities and towns in [[Sarawak]] where the [[Fuzhou people|Hookchiu diaspora]] have formed settlements. Well known specialities include ''[[misua|ang zhao mee sua]]'' (Chinese : 红槽面线), and '''[[kompyang]]''' or ''kompia'' (Chinese : 光餅). |
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* '''Hakka mee''' (Chinese : 客家麵) - Hakka Mee is a simple dish of noodles topped with a ground meat gravy. A popular hawker dish with Hakka cultural roots, it is based on an older recipe called Dabumian (Chinese : 大埔麵); the name indicates its place of origin as [[Dabu County]] (Chinese: 大埔县), the center of Hakka culture in mainland China. |
* '''Hakka mee''' (Chinese : 客家麵) - Hakka Mee is a simple dish of noodles topped with a ground meat gravy. A popular hawker dish with Hakka cultural roots, it is based on an older recipe called Dabumian (Chinese : 大埔麵); the name indicates its place of origin as [[Dabu County]] (Chinese: 大埔县), the center of Hakka culture in mainland China. |
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* '''Sugee cake''' - a baked specialty of the Eurasian community, made with semolina flour and a high concentration of egg yolks. |
* '''Sugee cake''' - a baked specialty of the Eurasian community, made with semolina flour and a high concentration of egg yolks. |
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* '''[[Douhua|Tau foo fah]]''' or Dau Huay (Chinese : 豆腐花 or 豆花) - a velvety pudding of very soft [[silken tofu]], traditionally flavoured with brown sugar syrup. It is a popular dessert amongst the Chinese community in Malaysia. |
* '''[[Douhua|Tau foo fah]]''' or Dau Huay (Chinese : 豆腐花 or 豆花) - a velvety pudding of very soft [[silken tofu]], traditionally flavoured with brown sugar syrup. It is a popular dessert amongst the Chinese community in Malaysia. |
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⚫ | * '''[[Tapai]]''' - tapai is made from fermented glutinous rice or tapioca, which is a popular dessert at Malay homes throughout Peninsular Malaysia during Hari Raya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/latest/tapai-pulut-is-a-favourite-dessert-at-many-homes-during-hari-raya-1.329347|title=Tapai pulut is a favourite dessert at many homes during Hari Raya|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]|date=30 July 2013|accessdate=26 March 2014|author=Sulaiman Jaafar}}</ref> Not to be confused with the alcoholic beverage from Sabah, also known as tapai, which is made from the same ingredients and with similar methods but have undergone advanced stages of fermentation in order to produce alcoholic content. |
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* '''Tebaloi''' - a sweet sago biscuit which is traditionally associated with the Melanau people of Sarawak. |
* '''Tebaloi''' - a sweet sago biscuit which is traditionally associated with the Melanau people of Sarawak. |
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* '''[[Tangyuan (food)|Tangyuan]]''' (Chinese : 汤圆 or 湯圓) - plain white or coloured sweet dumplings made from glutinous rice flour. Traditionally homemade and eaten during [[Lantern Festival|Yuanxiao]] (Chinese : 元宵) as well as the [[Dongzhi Festival]] (Chinese : 冬至), tangyuan is now available year around sold as dessert. Tangyuan dumplings with filling are usually served in a lightly sweetened clear syrup, while unfilled ones are served as part of a [[tong sui|sweet dessert soup]]. |
* '''[[Tangyuan (food)|Tangyuan]]''' (Chinese : 汤圆 or 湯圓) - plain white or coloured sweet dumplings made from glutinous rice flour. Traditionally homemade and eaten during [[Lantern Festival|Yuanxiao]] (Chinese : 元宵) as well as the [[Dongzhi Festival]] (Chinese : 冬至), tangyuan is now available year around sold as dessert. Tangyuan dumplings with filling are usually served in a lightly sweetened clear syrup, while unfilled ones are served as part of a [[tong sui|sweet dessert soup]]. |
Revision as of 12:44, 6 April 2014
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Malaysian cuisine is influenced by various cultures from all around the world. The vast majority of Malaysia's population can roughly be divided amongst three major ethnic groups: Malays, Chinese and Indians. The remainder consists of the Peranakan and Eurasian creole communities, the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia, as well as a significant number of foreign workers and expatriates. As a result of historical migrations, colonization by foreign powers, and its geographical position within the wider Southeast Asian region, Malaysia's culinary style in the present day is primarily a melange of traditions from its Malay, Chinese, Indian, Indonesian and ethnic Bornean citizens, with heavy to light influences from Thai, Arab, Portuguese, Dutch, and British cuisines - to name a few. This resulted in a symphony of flavors, making Malaysian cuisine highly complex.
Because Peninsular Malaysia share a common cultural history with the Republic of Singapore, it is common to find versions of the same dish across both sides of the border regardless of place of origin.
Ingredients
Pantry essentials
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Chilli peppers are indispensable to Malaysian kitchens. Chillies come in several sizes, shapes and even colours. As a general rule, two type of chilli cultivars are the most commonly available: the bird's eye chili (cili padi), although small in size are extremely pungent and very hot, and longer varieties which tend to be a lot milder. Green chillies are more peppery in taste while red chillies, green chillies which have been left to ripen, have a slightly sweeter heat. If a milder flavour is preferred, the seeds and membranes would be removed from the chili pods before it is cut, or the chillies would be left whole and removed prior to serving. Both fresh and dried chilies are used: it may ground into a sambal or chili paste. Fresh chillies are popularly served cut as a condiment or garnish if sambal is not served, and pickled green chillies are customary condiment for some noodle dishes.
Belacan is essential to Malaysian cooking. It is a type of shrimp paste which is pressed into a block and sun-dried. In its raw form it has a very pungent, and some would say awful, smell. Once cooked however, the shrimp paste's aroma and flavour mellows out and contributes an inimitable depth of flavour to any dish. To prepare belacan for use, a typical method involves wrapping a small amount of the shrimp paste block in foil, which is then roasted over a flame or placed into a pre-heated oven. Belacan is mostly commonly pounded or blended with local chilli peppers, shallots and lime juice to make the most popular and ubiquitous relish in Malaysia, sambal belacan. Belacan is also crumbled into a ground spice paste called rempah, which is similar in form and function to an Indian masala paste of ginger, garlic, onions and spices, or Thai curry paste. Core ingredients for a rempah paste besides belacan include fresh and/or dried chilli peppers, garlic, ginger, lemongrass, onions or shallots, and various
Lemongrass (serai) is a type of grass with a lemony aroma and flavour. Young, fresh stems are more desirable as older stems tend to acquire a woody texture: the tender white part closest to the base of the stem is thinly sliced and eaten raw in salads, or pounded with other aromatics to make a rempah. It is also used whole in boiled and simmered dishes. The pandan (screwpine) leaf is the Asian equivalent of vanilla in Western cuisine. The subtle aroma is released when the leaves are bruised by tying one or two long leaves into a knot, and used for cooking curries, rice and desserts. The leaves can also be used to wrap items like rice, chicken or fish for cooking. Pandan leaf is also available in powder or liquid essence form, to flavour and colour cakes. Turmeric (kunyit) is a rhizome popular for its flavour as well as colouring properties. The leaves and flowers of the turmeric plant are eaten raw or used in cooking.
Soy sauce is another important ingredient. Different varieties are used: light soy sauce contributes its pleasantly salty flavour to a variety of stir-fries, marinades and steamed dishes. In some hawker establishments, freshly sliced or pickled chillies arrive immersed in light soy sauce to be used for dipping. Dark soy sauce is thicker in consistency, more intense in flavour and less salty. It is often used when a heartier flavour is desired, particularly with masak kicap (a style of braising with a blend of soy sauce varieties as the primary seasoning) dishes, and also to provide a darker shade of colour to a dish. Kicap manis, Sweetened soy sauce sometimes flavoured with star anise or garlic, is also a popular seasoning for cooking. The sweet and savoury taste of kicap manis also functions as a substitute to approximate the combination of dark soy sauce and thick caramel sauce, which is primarily used to colour and season stewed dishes.
Tofu products, specifically fried tofu, are widely used as cooking ingredient and as side accompaniments. While fried tofu can be bland in flavour on their own, its main contribution is texture and especially with tofu puffs, the ability to soak up the flavour of whatever they are cooked in. Fried tofu products are found as a component ingredient for dishes like stir fried noodles ("mee goreng"), rojak (fruit and vegetable salad), noodle soups, and stews. A popular way of serving fried tofu on its own is a salad with bean sprouts, shredded cucumber and spring onions, covered in a thick sweet and spicy dressing and dusted with roasted ground peanuts. Fried tofu may also be stuffed with a ground meat mixture, or shredded vegetables.
Dried seafood products are also essential for Malaysian cooking, usually served as accompaniments or prepared as a sambal relish. Ikan bilis or small dried anchovies are very popular: ikan bilis contribute a savoury flavour and acquires a crispy texture when deep-fried. Salted dried fish and dried shrimp are also widely used.
Other essential seasoning and garnishes include tamarind paste (asam jawa), a fruity sour pulp which gives a tartness to many dishes. Candlenuts (buah keras) are similar in appearance to macadamia nuts, being round, cream coloured and have high oil content. Candlenuts are normally used to thicken sauces. Palm Sugar is the most traditional sweetener in Malaysian cooking: unrefined sugar made from coconut palms and produced in Malacca is called as gula melaka. It is used grated or sliced and imbues a rich caramel flavour with a hint of coconut. Lup cheong is a type of dried Chinese sausage made from pork meat and spices and are mainly used by the Malaysian Chinese community. These sweet sausages are usually sliced very thinly and cooked with rice, or added to stir-fried and steamed dishes to contribute additional flavour and texture.
Rice
Rice (Malay: nasi) was and still is the most important staple food in Malaysia. According to Indonesian-born food and cookery writer Sri Owen, there is some evidence for rice cultivation found in the state of Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo dated 2300 BC, and about 900 years of history for the state of Kelantan in West Malaysia. Today Malaysia produces about seventy percent of the amount of rice it needs to support itself, and the rest is imported.[1] This is a matter of policy as the government believes that national resources can be used more profitably instead of attempting to achieve self-sufficiency with rice production; the prevalent attitude is that revenue generated from its industries enables the country to import up to half the rice it needs.[2] Nevertheless, the government is fully committed and involved in planning, allocating resources and managing subsidies for the rice farming industry. The state of Kedah is considered the "rice bowl" [3][4] (Malay: Jelapang Padi) of the country, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of rice.
Plain steamed white rice, to be served with side dishes of meat and/or vegetables, is typically prepared with am electric rice cooker at home. Some households and food establishments prefer to cook rice on a stove top with the absorption method or the rapid-boil method. Compressed rice, called nasi himpit, is one method of preparing and cooking rice: the rice is compressed into the form of a cylinder wrapped in banana leaf and boiled. During the cooking process, the rice would then compress and merge together. Compressed rice is usually eaten cold with some sort of gravy, although it may be served warm in a broth or soup. Burasak is a variant of compressed rice prepared by the Bugis community, where rice is precooked with coconut milk before it is wrapped in banana leaves and boiled.
Besides the ubiquitous white rice, there are different types of locally grown and imported rice available in the market, and each type has a specific cooking method to bring out optimal results.[5] Glutinous rice (Malay: pulut)) is one example: because of its low amylose and high amylopectin content which results in a sticky texture after cooking, glutinous rice is prepared with different measurements and techniques and is not a suitable substitute for normal rice or vice versa. It is typically used for making snacks and desserts, but glutinous rice is also prepared as a savoury staple by indigenous peoples like the Orang Asli as well as the Dayak people of Borneo. Lemang is glutinous rice roasted in a hollowed bamboo tube, and is prepared for festive occasions like Ari Gawai, Hari Raya Aidilfitri, and Hari Raya Aidiladha.
Nasi Lemak
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A popular dish based on rice in Malaysia is nasi lemak, rice steamed with coconut milk and pandan leaves to give it a rich fragrance. Of Malay origin, nasi lemak is often referred to as the national dish.[6] It is customarily served with ikan bilis, peanuts, sliced cucumber, hard boiled eggs and sambal. Although it is traditionally a breakfast dish, because of the versatility of nasi lemak in being able to be served in a variety of ways, it is now often eaten at any time of the day. For a more substantial meal, nasi lemak can also be served with fried chicken, curries, or a spicy meat stew called rendang.
Congee
Congee is a type of rice porridge or gruel popular among Malaysia's ethnic communities. It is eaten primarily as a breakfast food or late supper. It is also considered particularly suitable for the sick as a mild, easily digestible food.[7] Congee is called bubur in Malay; 粥 written in Chinese, pronounced as zhou in Mandarin and juk in Cantonese; and kanji (கஞ்சி) in Tamil. It may be served plain with little embellishment, or cooked with ingredients like fish slices, seafood, chicken, beef, pork, vegetables, and even spices. The importance and popularity of congee in the Malaysian diet is such that bubur ayam or chicken congee is a permanent fixture on the menu of Malaysian McDonald's restaurants.[8]
Noodles
Noodles are another popular staple, particularly in Malaysian Chinese cuisine, but used by other groups as well. Noodles such as bi hoon (米粉, Hokkien: bí-hún, Malay: bihun; rice vermicelli), kuay teow (粿條, Hokkien: kóe-tiâu) or ho fun (河粉, Cantonese: ho4 fan2; flat rice noodles), mee (麵 or 面, Hokkien: mī, Malay: mi; yellow noodles), mee suah (麵線 or 面线, Hokkien: mī-sòaⁿ; wheat vermicelli), yee meen (伊麵 or 伊面, Cantonese: ji1 min6; golden wheat noodles), dongfen(冬粉, Hokkien: tang-hún, Cantonese: dung1 fan2; cellophane noodles), Lao Shu Fen (老鼠粉, Cantonese: lou5 syu2 fan2; silver needle noodles), and others provide an alternative source of carbohydrate to a serving of rice that accompanies every meal.
Bread
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Western style white bread is fairly common in the modern Malaysian diet today. A very typical way of serving bread in Malaysia is having it toasted and spread with kaya, a sweet spread made from a base of coconut milk, eggs and sugar. Reflecting the British colonial influence in Malaysia, kaya toast or roti bakar in Malay, is a popular breakfast staple and afternoon tea snack. It is typically paired with a cup of local brewed coffee or tea, and soft-boiled eggs to be seasoned to taste by the diner with soy sauce & ground white pepper. Roti kahwin is a variation where butter is sandwiched along with a layer of kaya between slices of untoasted white bread.
Traditional wheat-based pleated steamed bao or pao (Chinese : 包) is a Chinese staple which has been integrated into Malaysian culture today. Pao are found in restaurants doing brunch dim sum trade, as well as specialist Chinese kopitiam. Sweet fillings may include tausa, lotus seed paste, kaya, pandan, ground peanuts, and custard; savoury fillings may consist of delicious stewed char siu (Chinese : 叉燒), chicken or pork. Malay versions (called pau in Malay) may be found in pasar malam (night markets) and they are always halal, with fillings of curried potato, chicken or beef. Some variants have a quail egg in the middle in addition to the curry.
Oven-baked bread buns are also available in specialist bakeries, kopitiam, and restaurants. One local specialty in particular - a bun with a buttery core and topped with a crispy and fragrant coffee pastry crust - has achieved iconic status in Malaysia and neighboring Singapore, and franchises like Rotiboy and Pappa Roti which specialize in these coffee buns have successfully expanded abroad to multiple nations and spawned hundreds of outlets. However, the popular buns that remain a favourite among Malaysians are the buns that are filled with a deliciously sweet shredded coconut filling, kaya (coconut jam), pandan kaya ( screwpine with coconut jam),sweet corn, chocolate, red bean paste and butter buns.
One can find Indian food such as roti canai a crispy and crunchy Indian Flat bread that is also known as paratha, healthy pancake/crepe that is known as dosa or thosai (Tamil: தோசை tōcai /t̪oːsaj/), steamed rice cakes idli (Tamil: இட்லி iṭli /ɪɖlɪ/) and fried flat bread poori (Tamil: பூரி pūri /puːɾɪ/), chappati ( Indian flat bread made with wheat flour), and Naan (Indian oven-baked flat bread) to name a few are popular with most Malaysians when dining out, and they are eaten at all times of the day.
Meat
Malaysian poultry is handled according to Halal standards, to conform with the country's dominant and official religion, Islam.[9] Imported poultry is available at major hypermarkets, supermarkets & specialty stores especially in the affluent areas of Mont Kiara, Bangsar, Damansara Heights & Sri Hartamas where a significant expatriate community can be found.
Fish, both freshwater and sea, features prominently in the Malaysian diet and most local fish is purchased the day after it is caught. Frozen fish is generally imported. Such fish, namely salmon and cod, are well received on the Malaysian table but are not caught by local fishermen.
Many types of seafood are consumed in Malaysia, including shrimp or prawn, crab, squid, cuttlefish, clams, cockles, snails, sea cucumber and octopus. In general, members of all ethnic communities enjoy seafood, which is considered halal by Malaysian Muslims (and indeed all other Muslims), though some species of crabs are not considered Halal as they can live on both land and sea. Sea cucumbers are considered halal.
Beef is common in the Malaysian diet, though it is notable that the consumption of beef is proscribed by some followers of Hinduism and certain Chinese folk religious sects. Beef can be commonly found cooked in curries, stews, roasted, or eaten with noodles. Malays generally eat beef that is halal. Australian fresh beef which is prepared under supervision of the Government Supervised Muslim Slaughter System (AGSMS) is imported into Malaysia and that beef is halal.[10]
Mutton is also a part of Malaysian cuisine. The term "mutton" generally refers to goat meat instead of sheep. The meat is used in dishes such as goat soup, curries, or stews. Mutton is primarily popular with the Malaysian Indian community and is commonly served at home as well as in Indian restaurants.
Pork is largely consumed by the non-Muslim community in Malaysia like the Malaysian Chinese, natives like Iban, Kadazan, Orang Asli and expatriates. Most Malaysian Malays are Muslim and therefore do not consume pork since Islam forbids it. This does not prohibit others from producing and consuming pork products. Pork is widely available in wet markets, supermarkets and hypermarkets.
Vegetables
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Locally grown vegetable produce is available year round as Malaysia is a tropical country and does not have four seasons. During rainy seasons, vegetable yields may decrease (which may result in an increase on market price), but rarely if ever stop altogether. Imported produce have also made inroads into the market in recent years, either to supplement local demand for essential ingredients like garlic and potatoes, or to supply produce which do not grow well in Malaysia's climate and soil conditions. A few regions in Malaysia, like Cameron Highlands and the highlands adjacent to Mount Kinabalu provide the appropriate mean temperatures and soil conditions for the cultivation of temperate produce like strawberries and tea.
Malaysian-grown greens, tubers and vegetables commonly found nationwide include but are not limited to: amaranth(bayam), bean sprouts (taugeh), brinjals (terung), bitter gourd (peria), bok choi (sawi), cabbage (kobis), choy sum, cucumber (timun), Chinese celery (daun sup), coriander (daun ketumbar), ginger (halia), green beans, kangkung, "lady's fingers" (bendi), leeks, lettuce, lotus root, maize (jagung), napa cabbage (kobis cina), sweet potatoes (ubi keledek), spring onions (daun bawang), cekur manis or sayur manis, pumpkin (labu), shiitake mushrooms (cendawan), stink beans (better known as petai), tapioca (ubi kayu), taro or "yam" (ubi keladi), tomatoes, yambean or "turnip", turmeric (kunyit) and yardlong beans (kacang panjang).[11] Naming conventions, particularly English names, differ from other countries in usage and may cause confusion to those who are not familiar with Malaysian culture.[12]
In some areas in Malaysia local produce is grown on a small scale, and many rural communities like the Peninsular Orang Asli and certain tribal peoples of Sarawak still forage wild edible ferns or vegetables to supplement their diet. Diplazium esculentum, better known as pucuk paku pakis, is perhaps the most widely available fern and is found in eateries and restaurants throughout the nation. Stenochlaena palustris is another type of wild fern popularly used for food. Endemic to East Malaysia, it is called midin in Sarawak, and is prized for its fiddleheads by locals and visitors alike. Stenochlaena palustris is also known by the native peoples of Sabah as lembiding or lombiding, where both the leaves and the fiddleheads of the plant are eaten. The young shoots of plants like bamboo and coconut are popularly harvested as food by communities outside urban areas.
A popular way to cook leafy vegetables like kangkung and sweet potato leaves is stir frying with a pungent sauce made from belacan (shrimp paste) and hot chilli peppers. Other vegetables popularly cooked this way include bean pods and fiddlehead ferns like paku pakis and midin. Vegetables like carrots, cucumbers, onions and yardlong beans are used to make a localised variety of pickle called acar.
Fruit
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Malaysia's climate allows for fruit to be grown all year round. Most tropical fruits are either grown in Malaysia, or imported from neighbouring countries. The demand for fruits is generally quite high - a huge variety of tropical fruits are commonly served as desserts in Malaysia, and fruit juices are highly sought after as drinks of choice in a climate that is hot and humid all year round. Pickled fruits or jeruk are popular and widely available, whether sold from street stalls or specialist shops. Some notable fruits include:
- The banana, or pisang in Malay. Many different cultivars are available on the market, and other parts of the banana plant may be used for culinary purposes.
- The calamansi lime, or limau kasturi in Malay. Widely used as a souring agent in Malaysian cooking, the juice of the calamansi lime is also savoured on its own with ice and secondary flavourings like green apple juice, pandan leaves and salted dried plums.
- The cempedak, a fruit with a large and rough pod like body. The edible flesh coating each pod is sweet in taste, and has a soft texture that is custard-like.
- The coconut, or kelapa in Malay. Coconut water is popular and widely available given Malaysia's hot and humid climate, while coconut flesh as well as the milk and oil produced from the flesh are essential ingredients for Malaysian cooking. Even hollowed out coconut husk and shells are useful as a source of charcoal to fuel barbecued meats and traditional pastry making.
- The durian, a fruit with a spiky outer shell and a characteristic odour is a local tropical fruit that is notable because it provokes strong emotions either of loving it or hating it. It is also known as the "King of the Fruits". Several species of durian exist throughout Malaysia - common cultivars come with pale cream or yellow coloured arils, whereas some varieties found in in Borneo are naturally bright red, orange or even purple in colour.
- The guava, called jambu or "jambu batu" in Malay. It is a crunchy fruit often eaten on its own or garnished with a seasoning mix.
- The honeydew, or tembikai susu in Malay. This aromatic green melon is often cut up and served with cooked translucent sago pearls in chilled coconut milk as a dessert.
- The jackfruit, or nangka in Malay. It is an enormous fruit similar in appearance to cempedak, but quite different in taste and texture. The fleshy covering of each pod is firm and sweet. Unripe jackfruit is occasionally used for cooking savoury meals.
- The langsat, a fruit which are borne in clusters similar to grapes and resemble tiny potatoes, with a taste likened to a sweet and tart combination of grape and grapefruit. A second, larger variety known as duku generally bear fruit which are large, generally round, and have somewhat thick skin that does not release sap when cooked. The seeds are small with thick flesh, a sweet scent, and a sweet or sour alin.
- The longan, which name translates to 'dragon eye' in Chinese. Not to be confused with mata kucing in Malay (literally 'cat's eye') which have quite similarities except mata kucing is slightly smaller and it is similar to lychee.
- The mango, or mangga in Malay. The state of Perlis is famous for its Harumanis variety (from the mangifera indica cultivar), which is registered as a product of geographical indication (GI) with the Malaysian Intellectual Property Organization (MyIPO).[13] Another notable species of mango found only in Borneo and used extensively in local cookery is the mangifera pajang, known in Sabah as bambangan and Sarawak as buah mawang.
- The mangosteen, or manggis in Malay. In contrast to the durian, mangosteen is often called the "Queen of the Fruits".
- The papaya, or betik in Malay. Another common fruit available year round in Malaysia, and widely eaten to conclude a meal.
- The pineapple, or nanas in Malay. It is widely eaten as a fruit and used extensively in local cooking, such as a curried pineapple dish called pajeri nanas.
- The pomelo, or limau bali in Malay. Pomelos grown in the Sungai Gedung area in the state of Perak has been granted GI status. It is also called limau tambun, after the town of Tambun which is also famed for its pomelo produce. As pomelos are associated with traditional Chinese festivities, most farms harvest twice a year in conjunction with Chinese New Year and Mid Autumn Festival.
- The rambutan, as the name suggests, have fleshy pliable spines or 'hairs' on its outer shell, which is usually red or yellow in colour. Once the hairy exterior is peeled away, the tender, fleshy, sweet and sour tasting fruit is revealed.
- The rose apple, called jambu merah or jambu air in Malay (not to be confused with jambu batu), is oblong-shaped with a shade of red or pink, with crisp and juicy white flesh.
- The soursop, known as durian belanda in Malay, and lampun to the Dusun people of Borneo. The fruit is commonly made into juice and smoothies, and the leaves of the soursop plant is boiled as a herbal infusion.
- The starfruit, or belimbing in Malay. Malaysia is a global leader in starfruit production by volume and ships the fruit widely to Asia and Europe.[14]
- The tampoi is a small, tropical rainforest substorey fruit tree native to Southeast Asia, especially Borneo. The fruit is large, orange-skinned, white-fleshed, with a sweet and sour flavour somewhat like a mandarin or tangerine.
- The tarap, also called marang, is a fruit that is native to Borneo and is related to cempedak and jackfruit. While the fruits are about the same size and shape as a durian and also emits a noxious odour, the spines of the tarap are soft and rubbery compared to the durian's hard, thorny spines. The fruit itself is smooth, soft and creamy, and the flavour is reminiscent of sweet custard apple with a hint of tartness.
- The watermelon, or tembikai in Malay. This popular fruit comes in red and yellow varieties.
Kuih
Kuih (plural: kuih-muih) are bite-sized foods associated with the Malay and Min-speaking Chinese communities of Malaysia, and an important feature for festive occasions. In the context of the term being cultural as opposed to being physically descriptive, the concept of "kuih" may refer to any selection of cakes, cookies, confections, pastries and sweetmeats. Kuih items are more often steamed or fried than baked, and many are based on rice or glutinous rice, and are thus very different in texture, flavour and appearance from Western cakes or puff pastries.
Most kuih items are sweet, and may be classified and eaten as desserts, but some are also savoury. Kuih is traditionally made at home, but are now available for purchase from home caterers, street hawker vendors, market stallholders and specialist cafes, shops and restaurants. Kuih items are confined to a certain meal but can be eaten throughout the day, for light breakfast, afternoon tea (a tradition adopted from the British), as a snack and at times as an after meal course. It is difficult to distinguish between kuih of Malay or Peranakan (also known as "Straits Chinese") origin due to the fact that the histories of these recipes have not been well-documented, and cross-cultural influencing over the centuries were commonplace. Even the word kuih is derived from the Hokkien/Teochew word 粿 (pronounced kueh or kway).
Notable kuih-muih include:
- Ang koo kueh (Chinese: 紅龜粿) - a small round or oval shaped Chinese pastry with red-coloured soft sticky glutinous rice flour skin wrapped around a sweet filling in the centre.
- Apam balik - a turnover pancake with a texture similar to a crumpet with crisp edges, made from a flour based batter with raising agent. It is typically cooked on a griddle and topped with castor sugar, ground peanut, creamed corn, and grated coconut in the middle, and then turned over. Many different takes on this dish exist as part of the culinary repertoire of the Malay, Chinese, Peranakan, Indonesian, and ethnic Bornean communities; all under different names.
- Bahulu - tiny crusty sponge cakes which come in distinctive shapes like button and goldfish, acquired from being baked in molded pans. Bahulu is usually baked and served for festive occasions.
- Chwee kueh (Chinese: 水粿) - Teochew-style steamed bowl-shaped rice cakes topped with diced preserved radish and chilli relish.
- Cucur - deep-fried fritters, sometimes known as jemput-jemput. Typical varieties include cucur udang (fritters studded with a whole unshelled prawn), cucur badak (sweet potato fritters), and cucur kodok (banana fritters).
- Curry puff - a small pie filled with a curried filling, usually chicken and/or potatoes, in a deep-fried or baked pastry shell.
- Kuih akok - a rich confection made with liberal quantities of eggs, coconut milk, flour and brown sugar, akok have a distinctive sweet caramel taste. It is popular in the states of Kelantan and Terengganu.
- Kuih cincin - a deep fried dough pastry-based snack popular with East Malaysia's Muslim communities.
- Kuih dadar or kuih ketayap - mini crepes rolled up with a palm sugar-sweetened coconut filling. The crepes are coloured and flavoured with pandan essence.
- Kuih jala - a type of traditional fried confection in the eastern states of Sabah and Sarawak. A rice flour batter is ladled into an emptied coconut shell bearing many small holes underneath, which is then held over hot oil and moved in a circular motion. The mixture will drip into the oil like thread, and forms a lattice-like layer on the oil as it fries to a solid crisp.
- Kuih jelurut - also known as kuih selorot in Sarawak, this kuih is made from a mixture of gula apong and rice flour, then rolled with palm leaves into cones and steam cooked.
- Kuih keria - fried doughnuts made with a sweet potato batter and rolled in caster sugar.
- Kuih kochi - glutinous rice dumplings filled with a sweet paste, shaped into a pyramid-like and wrapped with banana leaves.
- Kuih kapit, sapit or sepi - these crispy folded wafer biscuits are colloquially known as "love letters".
- Kuih lapis - a sweet steamed cake made from rice flour, coconut milk, sugar and various shades of edible food colouring done with many individual layers.
- Kuih lidah - Kuih lidah (lidah literally means "tongue") hails from the Bruneian Malay community of Papar, specifically Kampung Berundong, in Sabah and possesses designated GI status.[15]
- Kuih pie tee - this Nyonya specialty is a thin and crispy pastry tart shell filled with a spicy, sweet mixture of thinly sliced vegetables and prawns.
- Kuih pinjaram - a saucer-shaped deep fried fritter with crisp edges and a dense, chewy texture towards the centre. It is widely sold by street food vendors in the open air markets of East Malaysia.
- Kuih serimuka - a two-layered kuih with steamed glutinous rice forming the bottom half and a green custard layer made with pandan juice.
- Kuih talam — this kuih has two layers. The top consists of a white layer made from coconut milk and rice flour, whereas the bottom layer is green and is made from green pea flour flavoured with pandan.
- Kuih wajid or wajik - a compressed Malay confection made of glutinous rice cooked with coconut milk and gula melaka.
- Niangao (Chinese : 年糕) or kuih bakul - a customary treat associated with Chinese New Year festivities. It is also available year round as a popular street food treat, made with pieces of niangao sandwiched between slices of taro and sweet potato, dipped in batter and deep-fried.
- Onde onde - small round balls made from glutinous rice flour coloured and flavoured with pandan, filled with palm sugar syrup and rolled in freshly grated coconut.
- Or Kuih (Chinese : 芋粿) - a steamed savoury cake made from pieces of taro (commonly known as "yam" in Malaysia), dried prawns and rice flour. It is then topped with deep fried shallots, spring onions, sliced chilli and dried prawns, and usually served with a chilli dipping sauce.
- Pisang goreng - battered fried bananas are a common item sold by street vendors, cafes and even restaurants.
- Pulut inti - wrapped in banana leaf in the shape of a pyramid, this kuih consists of glutinous rice with a covering of caramelised coconut flesh.
- Pulut panggang - glutinous rice parcels stuffed with a spiced filling, then wrapped in banana leaves and char grilled. Depending on regional tradition, the spiced filling may include pulverized dried prawns, caramelized coconut paste or beef floss. In the state of Sarawak, the local pulut panggang contains no fillings and are wrapped in pandan leaves instead.
- Putu piring - a round steamed cake made of rice flour dough, with a palm sugar sweetened filling. Putu piring has the same ingredients as putu mayam (Southern Indian string hoppers) and is served with the same toppings. [16]
Cuisines of Malaysia
Malay cuisine
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For a traditional Malay meal, rice is considered the centrepiece of a meal, with everything else considered as an accompaniment, relish or side for the rice. Malay cuisine bears many similarities to Indonesian cuisine, in particular some of the regional traditions from Sumatra. It has also been influenced by Chinese, Indian, Thai and many other cultures throughout history, producing a distinct cuisine of their own. Many Malay dishes revolve around a rempah, which is usually sauteed in oil (tumis) to draw out flavours to form the base of a dish.[17]
When dining out in a traditional Malay warung (a small family-owned casual eatery or café) or a proper restaurant (kedai makan), you start with plain rice and then help yourself from a buffet-style spread of dishes. This style of dining is known as nasi campur, which literally means "mixed rice". Like the Indonesian Nasi Padang, the cost of the meal would depend on what you take, and how many different items you choose from; generally meaty dishes cost more than vegetable dishes.[18] A dipping relish called sambal is an essential accompaniment for most Malay dishes.
- Air bandung - a cold milk drink flavoured with rose cordial syrup, giving a pink colour. Despite the name, there is no connection to the city of Bandung in Indonesia. Bandung within this context refers to anything that comes in pairs or is mixed from many ingredients.
- Air katira or kathira - a cold drink made with evaporated milk, pandan syrup, katira gum, basil seeds and malva nuts. This green coloured drink is sold by street vendors across the state of Johor during the Ramadan fasting month.[19]
- Air sirap - a cold drink which consists of water sweetened with sugar and coloured with red cordial or syrup. An essential item for any festive occasions or wedding ceremonies, flavourings may include any combination of rose, pandan, cloves and/or vanilla. It is sometimes served with slices of lime and/or soaked biji selasih (basil seeds).
- Asam pedas - a sour and spicy stew of meat, with the core ingredients being tamarind and chili. Depending on region, tomatoes, lady's fingers, shredded torch ginger bud and Vietnamese coriander (Malay: daun kesum) may also be added. Usually cooked with fish like mackerel or stingray, although some recipes use chicken and even oxtail.
- Ayam goreng - deep fried chicken, typically marinated in a base of turmeric and other seasonings prior to cooking.
- Ayam masak merah - this dish literally means red-cooked chicken in English. Pieces of chicken are first fried to a golden brown then slowly braised in a spicy tomato sauce. Peas are sometimes added to the dish, and it is garnished with shredded kaffir lime leaves as well as coriander.
- Ayam percik - also known as ayam golek in some states, ayam percik is grilled marinated chicken basted with spiced coconut milk gravy.
- Bihun sup utara - rice vermicelli noodles (dyed yellow with turmeric) served in meat broth (usually beef) which is cooked in the style of the northern states of Kedah and Perlis. [20]
- Bubur lambuk - a savoury rice porridge consumed during the fasting month of Ramadhan, made with a mixture of lemongrass, spices, vegetables, and chicken or beef.[21] It is usually cooked communally at a local mosque, which is then distributed to the congregation as a meal to break the fast every evening. In the state of Terengganu, bubur lambuk is prepared with wild herbs, budu, sweet potatoes, and seafood.
- Budu - a pungent fish sauce, traditionally made by mixing anchovy and salt, which is allowed to ferment for 140 to 200 days. It is meant to be used as a dip by mixing green mango, shallots and chillies, and is normally eaten with fish, rice and raw vegetables.
- Gulai - the Malay term for a curried stew. The main ingredients for gulai may be poultry, beef, mutton, various kinds of offals, fish and seafood, and also vegetables such as cassava leaves and green/unripe jackfruit. The gravy is usually yellowish-brown in color due to the sauteed and browned rempah which forms its base, and the addition of ground turmeric. The gravy's consistency may vary in thickness depending on the cook.
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- Ikan bakar - barbecued or char grilled fish, usually smeared with a sambal-based sauce. It may also be accompanied with air asam, a dip made from shrimp paste, onion, chillis and tamarind juice.
- Ikan goreng - a generic term for deep-fried fish, which is almost always marinated prior to cooking. There are countless recipes and variants for what is arguably the most popular and typical method of cooking fish in Malaysia.
- Kacang pool - a dish of spiced broad beans blended with meat, which is loosely adapted from the Egyptian ful medames. Very popular in Johor today, the stewed beans are garnished with chopped green chilli, onion, calamansi lime and served with a "sunny side up" egg as well as toasted bread.
- Kerabu - a type of salad-like dish which can be made with any combination of cooked or uncooked fruits and vegetables, as well as the occasional meat or seafood ingredient. There are many kerabu variations: kerabu taugeh is made with blanched bean sprouts and quintessentially Malay ingredients like kerisik (caramelized coconut paste), while preparations like kerabu mangga (shredded green mango salad) resemble a Thai-style yam salad in taste profile.
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- Keropok lekor - a specialty of the state of Terengganu. It is a slightly chewy fritter made from minced fish and sago flour. Lekor is sliced and fried just before serving, and is eaten with hot sauce.
- Ketupat - boiled glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in a woven palm leaf pouch. As the rice cooks, the grains expand to fill the pouch and the rice becomes compressed. This method of cooking gives the ketupat its characteristic form and texture. Usually eaten with rendang (a type of dry beef curry) or served as an accompaniment to satay. Ketupat is also traditionally served at open houses on festive occasions such as Eid (Hari Raya Aidilfitri).
- Laksa Johor - a variation of laksa from Johor. Boiled spaghetti is used instead of rice-based noodles, served with beansprouts in a sweet, light coconut gravy thickened with flaked fresh wolf herring and pulverized dried shrimp, seasoned with a dollop of fiery sambal.
- Laksa utara - northern-style laksa, as cooked and served in the states of Kedah and Perlis. It consists of rice noodles in a tart soup thickened with poached flaked fish, flavoured with asam gelugur and garnished with shredded cucumber and herbs. Neither coconut milk nor is a sauteed rempah used for authentic laksa utara. Although recipes often vary from one household to another, boiled eggs and cashew plant shoots are considered to be characteristic garnishes for laksa in the region. Kedah-style laksa is sometimes accompanied with a coconut sambal, while freshwater eels may be used for laksa in Perlis.
- Laksam or Laksang - a different variant on laksa found in the northern and northeastern states of the Peninsular. Laksam consists of thick flat rice noodle rolls in a full-bodied, rich and slightly sweet white gravy of minced fish, coconut milk and shredded aromatic herbs.
- Masak lemak is a style of cooking which employs liberal amounts of turmeric-seasoned coconut milk. Sources of protein like chicken, seafood smoked meats and shelled molluscs, perhaps paired with fruits and vegetables such as bamboo shoots, pineapples and tapioca leaves are often cooked this way. Certain states are associated with a specific variant of this dish: for example, masak lemak cili padi is an iconic specialty of Negeri Sembilan.
- Mee Bandung Muar is a noodle dish which was created in Muar, Johor. Like air bandung, the name of this dish is not derived from the Indonesian city of Bandung. Dried shrimp is one of the key ingredients, used to flavour and thicken the gravy.
- Mee rebus - a dish which consists of egg noodles drenched in a spicy aromatic sauce thickened with cooked and mashed tuber vegetables. Versions of mee rebus found in other parts of Malaysia are sometimes called mee jawa, perhaps as a nod to its Javanese origins.
- Mee udang - Malay-style noodles served with fresh prawns in a prawn-flavoured tomato based gravy, commonly found in family-run warung along the coast of Penang island.
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- Nasi dagang - rice cooked with coconut milk and fenugreek seeds, served with a fish gulai (usually tuna or ikan tongkol), fried shaved coconut, hard-boiled eggs and vegetable pickles. Nasi dagang ("trader's rice" in Malay) is a staple breakfast dish in the northeastern states of Kelantan and Terrenganu. It should not be confused with nasi lemak, as nasi lemak is often found sold side-by-side with nasi dagang for breakfast in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
- Nasi goreng - a generic term for fried rice, of which there are many, many different permutations and variations.
- Nasi goreng kampung is a typical variant, traditionally stir-fried with sliced chilli, chopped snake bean, shredded kangkung, and pounded fried fish (traditionally mackerel) although modern recipes tend to employ fried anchovies or ikan bilis instead.
- Nasi goreng pattaya, fried rice enveloped within a pocket of thin omelette and garnished with tomato sauce. Its name imply a Thai influence.
- Nasi paprik - Another Thai-influenced fried rice, seasoned with sauteed chili paste.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nasi_kerabu.jpg/230px-Nasi_kerabu.jpg)
- Nasi kerabu - rice dyed blue from the petals of Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) flowers (kembang telang). From the states of Kelantan and Terengganu, nasi kerabu is eaten with dried fish or fried chicken, crackers, pickles and salads.
- Nasi kukus - plain rice individually steamed to order in an aluminium bowl, which ensures that the rice is fresh and fragrant when it is served. Nasi kukus is typically served with ayam goreng berempah (spiced fried chicken) as well as an assortment of sides, and is a delicacy of the east coast states of Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan.[22]
- Nasi minyak - rice flavoured with whole dried spices and ghee, usually served with rendang. As the name implies, it is on the buttery and rich side (minyak means oil). A variation of nasi minyak dyed in multiple shades of colour is called nasi hujan panas.
- Nasi tomato - rice cooked with tomato sauce or paste, milk, dried spices, and a sauteed rempah base of garlic, onions, ginger. Nasi tomato is often paired with ayam masak merah.
- Nasi ulam - rice salad tossed with a variety of thinly shredded herbs and greens (daun kaduk, daun cekur, daun kesum and so on) as well as pounded dried shrimp, kerisik and chopped shallots.
- Pekasam - the Malay term for fermented food. In Malay cookery, pekasam usually refers to freshwater fish fermented with salt, palm sugar, toasted rice grains and tamarind or pieces of asam gelugur. Making pekasam is a tradition in the northern states of Peninsular Malaysia, as well its East Coast. Chenderoh Lake in the state of Perak is a hub for freshwater fishing as well as the production of pekasam.[23]
- Rendang - a spicy meat and coconut milk stew originating from the Minangkabau ethnic group of Indonesia, many of whom have settled in the state of Negeri Sembilan. Buffalo meat is the most traditional choice for this dish, but beef and chicken are by far more commonly used for rendang in restaurants and home cooking. The common addition of kerisik is another distinctively Malaysian touch. Rendang is traditionally prepared by the Malay community during festive occasions, served with ketupat or nasi minyak.
- Roti jala - The name is derived from the Malay word 'roti' (bread) and 'jala' (net). A special ladle with a five-hole perforation used to make the bread look like a fish net. It is usually eaten as an accompaniment to a curried dish, or served as a sweet with serawa. Serawa is made from a mixture of boiled coconut milk, brown sugar and pandan leaves.
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- Roti john - a spiced meat omelette sandwich, popularly eaten for breakfast or as a snack.
- Sambal - the cornerstone of Malay cuisine. Sambal is a sauce made from chili peppers traditionally pounded together with a variety of secondary ingredients (the most basic and typical being belacan) and thinned with calamansi lime juice. It may also refer to a cooking style where meat, seafood and vegetables are braised in a robust sauce made with a base of rempah, sambal belacan, tomatoes, and various seasonings and spices.
- Sata or Satar - a quintessential specialty of Terengganu. Fragrant fish paste is mixed with chopped onion, ginger and chillies, which is then wrapped in banana leaves and grilled over hot coals.
- Satay - one of Malaysia's most popular foods. Typically made from marinated beef and chicken cooked on a charcoal grill. Satay (written as sate in Malay) is typically served with cut onions and cucumber, compressed rice, and spiced peanut gravy for dipping. The town of Kajang in Selangor is famous for its satay; Sate Kajang is a term for a style of sate where the meat chunks are bigger than that of a typical satay, and the sweet peanut sauce is served along with a portion of fried chilli paste.
- Serunding - spiced meat floss. Serunding may also refer to any dish where the primary meat or vegetable ingredient is shredded and pulled into thin strands. In Indonesia, this term strictly refers to a dry-toasted grated coconut mix instead.
- Sup kambing - a hearty mutton soup slow simmered with aromatic herbs and spices, and garnished with fried shallots, fresh cilantro and a wedge of calamansi lime. Variants include substituting mutton with beef (daging), beef ribs (tulang), oxtail (buntut) to make soup with the same herbs and spices.
- Tempoyak - durian which is fermented and kept in an urn. It is commonly eaten with the accompaniment of chillies and other condiments during meals, or it can be added to braised dishes and stews as a primary flavouring (masak tempoyak).
- Ulam - a traditional salad of undressed herbs, greens and vegetables which may be cooked or uncooked. An ulam spread may include items such as banana blossoms, cucumber, winged beans, pegaga leaves, petai, and yardlong beans. Ulam is typically eaten with a pungent dipping sauce like sambal belacan.
Javanese-influenced cuisine
There are certain Malaysian dishes with overt Javanese influences or are direct adaptations from Javanese cuisine, brought to Malaysia by Javanese immigrants who have been assimilated or integrated into the wider Malay community, to various degrees.
- Ayam penyet - deep fried chicken which is smashed prior to serving. The other key component to this dish is a spicy sambal. Other accompaniments include cucumbers, fried tofu and tempeh.
- Begedil - spherical fritters made from mashed potato and occasionally ground meat. It is called perkedel in Indonesia.
- Botok botok - steamed banana leaf parcels of sliced fish seasoned with ground spices and shredded herbs.
- Lontong - a stew of vegetables cooked in a lightly spiced coconut milk soup, usually served with compressed rice and additional condiments added either during cooking or in individual servings. In Indonesia this dish would be called sayur lodeh, and the compressed rice lontong.
- Nasi ambeng - nasi ambeng is a platter of white rice served with dishes like chicken cooked in soy sauce or curried gravy, stir fried noodles, sambal goreng, fried shredded coconut pieces, egg, vegetables and so on.
- Nasi kuning - rice cooked with coconut milk and turmeric. A common breakfast dish in certain regions like the east coast of Sabah, where it is typically served with sambal, eggs, coconut-based serundeng, and spiced fish. Not to be confused with the Peranakan nasi kunyit, which uses glutinous rice.
- Pecal - pecal is a vegetable salad with cucumber slices, long beans, beansprout, fried tofu, blanched kangkung and tempeh dressed in a peanut sauce.
- Rempeyek - deep-fried savoury cracker made from flour (usually rice flour) with other ingredients (such as peanuts) bound or coated by crispy flour batter.
- Soto - Meat broth, typically served with plain rice, lontong, or noodles depending on regional variation as well as personal preference.
- Telur pindang - marbled eggs boiled with herbs and spices. Commonly seen in Javanese Malaysian wedding feasts and festive occasions, particularly in Johor.
- Tempeh - a staple source of protein in Javanese cuisine, made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form, similar to a very firm vegetarian burger patty, which can then be cooked and served in a variety of ways.
Malaysian Chinese food
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Much of Malaysian Chinese food is derived from the regional traditions of southern China, namely Cantonese cuisine, Fujian cuisine, Hakka cuisine and Teochew cuisine. Although Malaysian Chinese cuisine has been extensively influenced by local ingredients and dishes from other cultures, it remains distinctly Chinese. Many Chinese dishes have pork as a component ingredient, but chicken is available as a substitution for Muslim customers from the wider community, and certain Chinese restaurants are even halal-certified. Chinese food is easily found at roadside stalls, hawker centres, and kopitiam, as well as smart cafes and upmarket restaurants throughout the nation.
- Bak Kut Teh (Chinese : 肉骨茶) (pork ribs soup). The root meaning for the dish, "Bak Kut" (Hokkien dialect) is the term for meaty ribs, at its simplest cooked with garlic, dark soy sauce and a specific combination of herbs and spices which have been boiled for many hours. Popularly regarded as a health tonic, this soup is historically eaten by hard working Chinese coolies working on the wharfs at Port Swettenham (now Port Klang) and clearing estates, accompaniment with strong tea ("Teh") on the side. There are some differences in seasoning amongst other Chinese communities; the Teochew prefer a clear broth which is heavier on garlic and pepper, while the Cantonese may include additional varieties of medicinal herbs and spices. Variations include the so-called chik kut teh (made with chicken and a version that is gaining popularity with Muslim diners), seafood bak kut teh, and a "dry" (reduced gravy) version which originated from the town of Klang.
- Bakkwa (Chinese : 肉干) - literally "dried meat", bakkwa is better understood as barbequed meat jerky. While this delicacy is especially popular during the Chinese New Year celebration period, it is available everywhere and eaten year round as a popular snack.
- Bean Sprouts Chicken (Chinese : 芽菜雞) - Ipoh's most well known dish, Bean Sprouts Chicken consists of poached or steamed chicken accompanied with a plate of blanched locally grown bean sprouts in a simple dressing of soy sauce and sesame oil. The crunchy and stout texture of Ipoh-grown bean sprouts is attributed to the mineral-rich properties of local water supplies. The dish is usually served with hor fun noodles in a chicken broth, or plain rice.
- Buddhist vegetarian cuisine (Chinese : 素食, 斎) offers Chinese dishes which resemble meat dishes in look and even taste, yet are made solely from vegetarian ingredients. Usually run by ethnic Chinese proprietors who abstain from consumption of meat for religious reasons, Buddhist vegetarian restaurants usually serve locally produced meat analogues like "roast pork", fried "fish" with "skin" and "bones", and "chicken drumsticks" complete with a "bone".
- Cantonese fried noodles (Chinese : 廣府炒) refers to a preparation of noodles which are shallow or deep fried to a crisp, then served as the base for a thick egg and cornstarch white sauce cooked with sliced lean pork, seafood, and green vegetables like choy sum. A related dish called wa tan hor (Chinese : 滑旦河) uses hor fun noodles, but the noodles are not deep fried, merely charred. Another variation called yuen yong (Chinese : 鴛鴦) involves mixing both crisp-fried rice vermicelli as well as hor fun to form a base for the sauce.
- Chai tow kway (Chinese : 菜頭粿) - a common dish in Malaysia and Singapore made of rice flour. It also known as fried radish cake, although no radish is included within the rice cakes, save perhaps the occasional addition of preserved radish (Chinese: 菜圃) during the cooking process. Seasonings and additives vary from region, and may include bean sprouts and eggs.
- Char kway teow (Chinese : 炒粿條,炒河粉). Stir fried rice noodles with bean sprouts, prawns, eggs (duck or chicken), chives and thin slices of preserved Chinese sausages. Cockles and lardons were once standard offerings, but mostly relegated to optional additions these days due to changing taste preferences and growing health concerns. Penang-style char kway teow is the most highly regarded variant both in Malaysia as well as abroad.
- Chee cheong fun (Chinese : 豬腸粉) is square rice sheets made from a viscous mixture of rice flour and water. This liquid is poured onto a specially made flat pan in which it is steamed to produce the square rice sheets. The steamed rice sheets is rolled or folded for ease in serving. It is usually served with tofu stuffed with fish paste. The dish is eaten with accompaniment of semi sweet fermented bean paste sauce, chilli paste and/or light vegetable curry gravy. Up north in the city of Ipoh, certain stalls serve the dish with a red sweet sauce, thinly sliced pickled green chillies and fried shallots.
- Chicken rice (Chinese : 雞飯) - chicken rice is one of the most popular Chinese-inspired dishes in Malaysia. Hainanese chicken rice (Chinese : 海南雞飯) is the best known version: it is prepared with the same traditional method used for cooking Wenchang chicken, which involve steeping the entire chicken at sub-boiling temperatures within a master stock until cooked, in order to ensure the chicken meat becomes moist and tender. The chicken is then chopped up, and served with a bowl or plate of rice cooked in chicken fat and chicken stock, along with another bowl of clear chicken broth and a set of dips and condiments. Sometimes the chicken is dipped in ice to produce a jelly-like skin finishing upon the completion of the poaching process. In Malacca, the chicken rice is served shaped into balls.
- Guangxi stye white cut chicken (Chinese : 广西白切鸡) is the most important heritage dish for Malaysian Chinese who are descendants of immigrants from Guangxi province, and is always served during festive or special occasions. The chicken is drenched prior to serving with nam, a sauce prepared with chopped garlic chives, ginger, sesame oil and soy sauce.
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- Curry Mee (Chinese : 咖喱面). A bowl of thin yellow noodles mixed with bihun in a spicy curry soup enriched with coconut milk, and topped with tofu puffs, prawns, cuttlefish, chicken, long beans, cockles and mint leaves, with sambal served on the side. It is often referred to as curry laksa.
- Fish head bihun (Chinese : 鱼头米粉). A noodle soup in which the main ingredients are rice vermicelli and a deep fried fish head cut into chunks. The soup itself is somewhat creamy, which is usually achieved using a mixture of rich fish stock and milk. Tomatoes and pickled vegetables are sometimes added to cut the richness and provide a tangy foil for the noodle soup.
- Fuzhou cuisine can be found in the Sitiawan area, as well as several cities and towns in Sarawak where the Hookchiu diaspora have formed settlements. Well known specialities include ang zhao mee sua (Chinese : 红槽面线), and kompyang or kompia (Chinese : 光餅).
- Hakka mee (Chinese : 客家麵) - Hakka Mee is a simple dish of noodles topped with a ground meat gravy. A popular hawker dish with Hakka cultural roots, it is based on an older recipe called Dabumian (Chinese : 大埔麵); the name indicates its place of origin as Dabu County (Chinese: 大埔县), the center of Hakka culture in mainland China.
- Heong Peng (Chinese : 香饼) - these fragrant pastries, which resemble slightly flattened balls, is a famed specialty of Ipoh. It contains a sweet sticky filling made from malt and shallots, covered by a flaky baked crust and garnished with sesame seeds on the surface.
- Hokkien Mee (Chinese : 福建炒麵). A dish of thick yellow noodles braised and fried with thick black soy sauce and crispy lardons. Originally developed in Kuala Lumpur, Hokkien mee can be found in many towns and cities with a substantial Chinese community. In Penang however, this dish is always known as Hokkien Char; instead, Hokkien mee is the local term for a completely different dish, which is known in other parts of Malaysia as Hae mee or Prawn Mee (Chinese : 蝦麵). One of Penang's most famous specialties, it is a noodle soup with bihun and yellow noodles immersed in an aromatic stock made from prawns and pork (chicken for halal versions), and garnished with a boiled egg, poached prawns, chopped kangkung and a dollop of spicy sambal.
- Ipoh white coffee (Chinese : 怡保白咖啡). A popular coffee drink which originated in Ipoh. Unlike the robust dark roast used for typical Malaysian-style black coffee ("Kopi-O"), "white" coffee is produced with only palm oil margarine and without any sugar and wheat, resulting in a significantly lighter roast. It is typically enriched with condensed milk prior to serving.
- Kam Heong (Chinese : 金香) - literally "golden fragrance" in English, Kam Heong is a method of cooking developed in Malaysia, and is a good example of the country's culinary style of mixing cultures. The tempering of aromatics with bird’s eye chilies, curry leaves, crushed dried shrimp, curry powder, oyster sauce and various other seasonings yields a versatile stir-fry sauce that goes well with chicken, clams, crabs, prawns, pork and squid.
- Kway chap (Chinese : 粿汁). Teochew dish of rice noodle sheets in a dark soy sauce gravy, served with pork pieces, pig offal, tofu products and boiled eggs.
- Lor Bak(Chinese : 滷肉) - a fried meat roll made from spiced minced pork and chopped water chestnuts rolled up in soya bean curd sheets, and deep fried. It is usually served with small bowl of Lor (a thick broth thickened with corn starch and beaten eggs) and chili sauce. The term also extends to other items sold alongside the meat rolls, like tao kwa (hard tofu), pork sausages, tofu skin sheets etc.
- Lor Mee (Chinese : 滷麵). A bowl of thick yellow noodles served in a thickened gravy made from eggs, starch and pork stock.
- Marmite chicken (Chinese : 妈蜜鸡) - a uniquely Malaysian dish of marinated fried chicken pieces glazed in a syrupy sauce made from an unusual combination of marmite, soy sauce, maltose and honey. This dish may also be prepared with other ingredients like pork ribs and prawns.
- Ngah Po Fan or Sha Po Fan (Chinese : 瓦煲飯 or 沙煲饭) - seasoned rice cooked in a claypot with secondary ingredients, and finished with soy sauce. A typical example is rice cooked with chicken, salted fish, Chinese sausage, and vegetables. Claypots are also used for braising noodles, meat dishes and reducing soups.
- Oyster omelette or O-chian (Chinese : 蚝煎) - a medley of small oysters is sauteed on a hot plate before being folded into an egg batter, which then has moistened starch mixed in for thickening, and finally fried to a crisp finish. Unlike other versions of oyster omelettes found throughout the Hokkien and Teochew diaspora, a thick savory gravy is never poured onto Malaysian-style oyster omelettes; a chilli sauce is provided on the side for dipping instead.
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- Pan mee (Chinese : 板面) - noodle soup with hand-kneaded and torn pieces of noodles or regular strips of machine-pressed noodles, with a toothsome texture not unlike Italian pasta. A variant popular in the Klang Valley is known as "Chilli Pan Mee", and which of cooked noodles served with minced pork, a poached egg, fried anchovies and fried chilli flakes which are added to taste. Chilli Pan Mee is accompanied with a bowl of clear soup with leafy vegetables.
- Popiah (Chinese : 薄饼) - Hokkien/Teochew-style crepe stuffed and rolled up with cooked shredded tofu and vegetables like turnip and carrots. The Peranakan version contains julienned bangkuang (jicama) and bamboo shoots, and the filling is seasoned with tauchu (fermented soybean paste) and meat stock. Another variation consists of popiah doused in a spicy sauce. Popiah can also be deep fried and served in a manner similar to the mainstream Chinese spring roll.
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- Rojak (Chinese: 水果囉喏) - a fruit and vegetable salad bound with a viscous dark sauce made from shrimp paste, sugar, chili, and lime juice. The Penang version is particularly popular and well regarded. The dish is usually topped with a generous sprinkling of toasted ground peanuts.
- Seremban Siew Pau (Chinese : 芙蓉烧包). The town of Seremban, the capital of Negeri Sembilan, is famous for its siew pau, a flaky oven-baked pastry bun with a treacly BBQ pork and green pea filling. Chicken fillings are available as a halal option.
- Teochew porridge - Teochew porridge or muay (Chinese : 糜) is a type of rice porridge or soup. Unlike congee, Teochew porridge is thin and watery in texture, with visible rice grains sitting loosely at the bottom of the bowl. Eaten as a substitute for plain cooked rice instead of a complete meal by itself, it is served with an assortment of side dishes like vegetables, meat and salted egg. At eateries specializing in Teochew porridge, one can find a buffet spread of at least a dozen different dishes to choose from. Some variant recipes add sweet potatoes or even shark meat to the porridge during the cooking process.
- Wonton Mee (Chinese : 雲吞麵) - thin egg noodles with wonton dumplings (Chinese : 雲吞), choy sum and char siu. The dumplings are usually made of pork and/or prawns, and typically boiled or deep fried. The noodles may be served in a bowl of broth with dumplings as in the traditional Cantonese manner, but in Malaysia it is more commonly dressed with a dark soy sauce dressing, with boiled or deep-fried wonton dumplings as a topping or served on the side in a bowl of broth. Variations of this dish are usually in the meat accompaniments with the noodles. These may include roast pork (烧肉), braised chicken feet, and roast duck (烧鸭).
- Yam rice (Chinese : 芋頭饭) - savory rice dish cooked with taro, Chinese sausage, chicken, dried prawns and mushrooms. It is often served as an accompaniment for dishes like bak kut teh or yong tau foo.
- Yau Zha Gwai or Eu Char Kway or You Tiao (Chinese : 油炸鬼 or 油条) - a version of the traditional Chinese crueller, which is a breakfast favourite. It can be eaten plain with a beverage like coffee and soy milk, spread with butter and/or kaya, or dipped into congee. It is shaped like a pair of chopsticks, stuck together. The name itself amusingly translates into "greasy fried ghosts".
- Yong tau foo (Chinese : 酿豆腐) - tofu products and vegetables like brinjals, lady's fingers, bitter gourd and chillies stuffed with fish or pork paste paste. Originally developed in Ampang, Selangor, it is a localized adaptation of a Hakka dish called ngiong tew foo (stuffed tofu with ground pork paste) and is usually served in a clear broth.
- Yusheng (Chinese : 鱼生) - a raw fish salad. While raw fish preparations are thought to have existed in China during antiquity and can be found in the Chaoshan region of Guangdong province in modern times, yusheng was created and developed in neighbouring Singapore. It consists of strips of raw fish mixed with shredded vegetables and a variety of sauces and condiments. Yusheng literally means "raw fish" but since "fish (鱼)" is commonly conflated with its homophone "abundance (余)", Yúshēng (鱼生) is interpreted as a homophone for Yúshēng (余升) meaning an increase in abundance. Therefore yusheng is considered a symbol of abundance, prosperity and vigor, and as a result its consumption is exclusively associated with Chinese New Year festivities in Malaysia and Singapore.
- Zongzi (Chinese: 粽子) - a traditional Chinese food made of glutinous rice stuffed with savoury or sweet fillings and wrapped in bamboo, reed, or other large flat leaves. They are cooked by steaming or boiling, and are a feature of the Duanwu festival, which is still celebrated by the Chinese communities in Malaysia.
Malaysian Indian food
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Malaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia. Because the vast majority of Malaysia's Indian community are of South Indian descent, and are mostly ethnic Tamils who are descendants of immigrants from a historical region which consists of the modern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka), much of Malaysian Indian cuisine is predominantly South Indian inspired in character and taste. This translates into curries redolent with curry leaves, whole and powdered spice, and the use of fresh coconut in various forms. Ghee is still widely used for cooking, although vegetable oils and refined palm oils are now commonplace in home kitchens. Vegetarianism has a long and revered tradition in Tamil culture, and as a result there are many Indian eateries and restaurants in Malaysia which are entirely vegetarian. Before the meal it is customary to wash hands as cutlery is often not used while eating, with the exception of a serving spoon for each respective dish.
The omnipresent Mamak stall or restaurant is a Malaysian institution. Available throughout the country and particularly popular in urban areas, Mamak eateries offer a wide range of food and some are open 24 hours a day. The proprietors of these establishments are members of the Tamil Muslim commmunity, who have developed a distinct culinary style and wield an enormous influence on Malaysian food culture disproportionate to their numbers. A type of meal served buffet-style at some Mamak eateries is called nasi kandar, which is analogous to the Malay nasi campur where you pay for what you have actually eaten. The diner is to choose from a variety of curried dishes made with chicken, beef, mutton, or seafood. A mixture of curry sauces is then poured on the provided rice. This is called banjir (flooding) and imparts a diverse taste to the rice.
Notable dishes from Malaysian Indian Cuisine
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- Banana leaf rice - plain white rice served on banana leaves with an assortment of vegetable preparations, condiments, and papadum crackers, to be customarily savoured by hand. Meat or seafood dishes are available at restaurants which cater for non-vegetarians.
- Chapati - a type of Punjabi style flatbread. It is made from a dough of atta flour (whole grain durum wheat), water and salt by rolling the dough out into discs of approximately twelve centimeters in diameter and browning the discs on both sides on a very hot, dry tava or frying pan. Chapatis are usually eaten with curried vegetables. and pieces of the chapati are used to wrap around and pick up each bite of the cooked dish.
- Chettinad cuisine, the cuisine of the Chettinad region in Tamil Nadu, is available at specialist restaurants. The traditional cookery of the Chettiar community is distinct from the predominantly vegetarian fare of Tamil cuisine as it is heavily based on robustly spiced meat preparations; coconut milk is sparingly used in favour of liberal quantities of onions and tomatoes to flavour and thicken curries.[24]
- Fish head curry - a dish where the head of a fish (usually ikan merah, or literally "red fish"), is braised in a thick and spicy curry with assorted vegetables such as lady's fingers and brinjals.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Maggi_Goreng.jpg/220px-Maggi_Goreng.jpg)
- Idli - made from a mashed mixture of skinned black lentils and rice formed into patties using a mold and steamed, idlis are eaten at breakfast or as a snack. Idlis are usually served in pairs with chutney, sambar, or other accompaniments.
- Korma or kurma - Malaysian-style kurma is usually made with chicken or mutton braised with a medley of ground spices, nuts, and coconut milk or grated coconut. The spice blend for kurma is widely found pre-mixed and marketed commercially as "kurma powder".
- Mee goreng mamak - as the name suggests, Mamak-style stir-fried yellow egg noodles is a specialty of the ubiquitous Mamak restaurant or stall, although no two recipes from restaurant to restaurant are ever the same. The noodles may be wok-tossed with bean sprouts, chilli, boiled potatoes, greens, eggs, tofu, and meat of choice. It is usually accompanied with a calamansi lime. A popular variant uses Maggi instant noodles instead of yellow egg noodles.
- Murtabak - a savoury dish of stuffed roti canai or flatbread eaten with curry gravy. A typical recipe consists of a minced meat mixture seasoned with garlic, onions and spices folded with an omelette and roti canai. Murtabak is popularly eaten with a side of sweet pickled onions during the fasting month of Ramadan.
- Murukku is a savoury snack of spiced crunchy twists made from rice and urad dal flour, traditionally eaten for Deepavali.
- Naan is a leavened, clay oven baked flatbread. It is often served as an accompaniment for tandoori chicken, and may be plain or flavoured with garlic and/or cheese.
- Nasi Beriani or Biryani is a rice dish made from a mixture of spices, basmati rice, yoghurt, meat and/or vegetables. The ingredients are ideally cooked together in the final phase and is time-consuming to prepare. Pre-mixed biryani spices from different commercial names are easily available in markets these days, which is meant to reduce preparation time.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pasembur.jpg/220px-Pasembur.jpg)
- Pasembur is a salad of shredded cucumber, boiled potatoes, fried bean curd, turnip, bean sprouts, prawn fritters, spicy fried crab, and fried octopus. This Penang Mamak specialty is served with a sweet and spicy nut sauce, and variants of this dish are found in other states as Mamak rojak.
- Pongal is a boiled rice dish which comes in sweet and spicy varieties. It shares the same name as the harvest festival which is celebrated every January; the name of the festival itself is derived from this dish. The sweet variety of pongal, prepared with milk and jaggery, is cooked in the morning. Once the pongal pot has boiled over (symbolism for an abundant harvest), it is then offered as a prasad to the gods as thanksgiving.
- Poori is an unleavened deep-fried wheat bread, commonly consumed for breakfast, or as a light meal.
- Putu Mayam - the Indian equivalent of rice noodles, also known as idiyappam. Homemade versions tend to be eaten as an accompaniment to curried dishes or dal. The street food version however is served as a dessert with grated coconut and jaggery, or unrefined brown sugar. In some areas, gula melaka (coconut palm sugar) is the favoured sweetener.
- Rasam - lentil soup flavoured with pepper, coriander and cumin seeds.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/RotiTissue001.jpg/220px-RotiTissue001.jpg)
- Roti canai - a thin unleavened bread with a flaky crust, fried on a skillet with oil and served with condiments. It is sometimes referred to as roti kosong. A host of variations on this classic dish may be found at all mamak restaurants, either at the creative whim of the cook or by customers' special request. A few examples include: roti telur (fried with eggs), roti bawang (fried with thinly sliced onions), roti boom (a smaller but thicker roti, usually round in shape), roti pisang (banana), and so on.
- Roti tissue is a variant of roti canai. This flatbread is made as thin as a piece of 40–50 cm round-shaped tissue in density. It is then carefully folded by the cook into a tall, conical shape and left to stand upright. Roti tissue may be served with curry gravy, dal and chutneys, or finished off with sweet substances such as caramelized sugar and eaten as a dessert.
- Sambar - a thick stew of lentils (dal) with vegetables and seasoned with spices.
- Tandoori chicken - chicken marinated in a mixture of spices and yoghurt, and cooked in a clay oven or tandoor.
- Teh tarik - literally meaning "pulled tea", teh tarik is a well-loved Malaysian drink. Tea is sweetened using condensed milk, and is prepared using outstretched hands to pour piping hot tea from a mug into a waiting glass, repetitively. The higher the "tarik" or pull, the thicker the froth. The "pulling" of tea also has the effect of cooling down the tea. Teh tarik is an art form in itself and watching the tea streaming back and forth into the containers can be quite captivating. Similar drinks and variants include kopi tarik, or "pulled coffee" instead of tea; teh halia, tea brewed with ginger, and with or without the tarik treatment; and teh madras, which is prepared with three separate layers: milk at the bottom, black tea in the middle and foam at the top.[25]
- Thosai, dosa or dosai - a soft crepe made from a batter of mashed urad dal and rice, and left to ferment overnight. The batter is spread into a thin, circular disc on a flat, preheated griddle. It may be cooked as it is for (which results in a foldable and soft crepe), or a dash of oil or ghee is then added to the thosai and toasted for crispier results.
- Uttapam - a savoury pancake prepared from a similar batter used to make thosai. Toppings cooked right into the batter may include tomatoes, onion, chillies, capsicum and cabbage.
- Vada - a small donut-shaped spicy fritter made from mashed lentils and spices.
East Malaysia
Across the sea from Peninsular Malaysia on Borneo island, lie the states of Sabah and Sarawak. Traditional lifestyles and limited roads still predominate outside of the major cities, especially in Sarawak, where rivers are the only major highways for much of the inland population. The jungles of Borneo are teeming with wild plants, fungi, and fruits, and its sweeping coastlines and many large rivers provide an abundance of seafood and freshwater fish fit for the dinner table. A rich variety of traditional food has been developed by Borneo's many tribes and indigenous groups over the centuries; much of it is healthy food, consisting of foraged (now increasingly cultivated due to modernization) and fermented foods. Because much of the region was once under the Brunei Sultanate's thalassocracy, the Bruneian Malays have left a lasting culinary influence, particularly on the cookery of the coastal Muslim communities of East Malaysia.
Like Peninsular Malaysia, rice is the undisputed staple food for the majority of the people of Sabah and Sarawak. Rice is central to Kadazandusun culture, and its paramount importance is reflected in the annual Kaamatan festival, as well as traditional beliefs and customs since antiquity which revolve around the veneration of rice spirits. But for other ethnic communities throughout Sabah and Sarawak, cassava or tapioca tubers as well as sago starch are also popular staples. The tapioca tuber is just as important as rice to the Bajau people of Sabah, while the Dayak peoples of Sarawak make extensive use of both the tuber and leaves of the tapioca plant in their cooking. Sago starch is derived from the pith extracted from the sago palm, and is the staple food for the Bruneian Malay and Kedayan communities based in both East Malaysian states, as well as the Melanau and the Penan peoples of Sarawak. Sago starch is prepared as a gooey and sticky paste, called ambuyat or linut, and is eaten by rolling the paste around the prongs of a bamboo fork, and dipped it into soup, sambal belacan, or other varieties of gravies and dipping sauces. Aside from being the source for sago pith, the sago palm is a source of another delicacy for the indigenous peoples of Borneo: the sago grub. Called butod in Sabah and ulat mulong in Sarawak, sago grubs are typically eaten raw but also served deep fried, roasted or sauteed.
Historically speaking, fresh meats are often scarce for hunter-gatherer nomadic tribes around the world, thus it is usually preserved out of necessity for important events and festivals. The tribal peoples of Sabah and Sarawak are no different - most of them have developed age-old techniques for curing, fermenting or preserving their supplies of fresh meat, fruit and vegetables. For example, during festive occasions the Murut people of Sabah would serve tamba (jeruk or jaruk in the Malay language) made from fresh raw wild boar or river fish, which is stuffed in bamboo tubes along with rice and salt and left to ferment for a few weeks, a technique which is also practiced by the Lun Bawang people across the border in Sarawak. Fermented products are also frequently used as a cooking ingredient besides eaten on its own. Dayak households in Sarawak may saute their version of fermented meat with garlic and tapioca leaves (which is also popularly prepared as a pickle), and fermented durian or tempoyak is a popular cooking seasoning in many Sarawakian kitchens.
The production and consumption of traditional liquor plays an important cultural role for the non-Muslim peoples of East Malaysia. Alcoholic drinks made from rice is the most common form, as well as the widely available. In Sabah, the Penampang Kadazan lihing is perhaps the most well known. Yet due to the lack of a standardized Kadazandusun language used and understood statewide, ethnic groups from other districts in Sabah have very different names for similar fermented rice-based drinks: hiing (certain Dusun languages), kinomol, segantang, kinarung, kinopi, linahas, and even tapai.[26] To add to the confusion, tapai proper as understood by most Peninsular Malaysians is a fermented sweet and sour rice paste served as a snack or dessert, although further fermentation of the tapai to produce alcoholic drinks is possible. The preferred party drink of the Murut, made from the tuber of the cassava or tapioca plant, is also called tapai.[26] The Iban of Sarawak call their rice wine tuak, which must not be confused with Sabahan talak, which is a hard liquor made from rice. To the native peoples of Sarawak, tuak may also refer to any alcoholic drink made from fermenting any carbohydrate-rich substance besides rice.
Sabahan food
The food of Sabah reflects the ethnic diversity of its population and is very eclectic. Chinese-influenced dishes like northern Chinese jiaozi and Hakka stuffed tofu, along with many original creations developed in Sabah's interior settlements by immigrants from both northern and southern China throughout the 20th century, feature prominently on the menus of many kopitiam establishments and upscale restaurants. Sabah is notable for its excellent seafood, temperate produce and tea (Sabah tea has GI status) grown in the highlands of Mt. Kinabalu, and a small coffee plantation industry with Tenom coffee considered the best produce in the region.
Indigenous communities outside of urban areas still make extensive use of locally available ingredients, particularly freshwater fish, wild boar (bakas in native dialects), bamboo shoots, wild ferns, and various jungle produce. Small scale festivals are even held each year at certain towns to celebrate a specific produce which are vital to the livelihoods of the local people: the Pesta Jagung of Kota Marudu, the Pesta Rumbia (sago) of Kuala Penyu, and Pesta Kelapa from the town of Kudat.[27] Traditional Kadazandusun cuisine involves mostly boiling or grilling and employs little use of oil. From simple appetizers of seasoned unripe mango to a variety of pickled foods collectively known as noonsom, tangy and pungent flavours derived from souring agents or fermentation techniques is a key characteristic of traditional Kadazandusun cooking. Rice wine accompanies all Kadazandusun celebrations and rites, and at a Murut event there will be rows upon rows of jars with fermented tapioca tapai.[26] Presently few eateries in Sabah serve traditional indigenous dishes, although it will always be found during festive occasions like weddings and funerals, as well as the Kaamatan and Kalimaran cultural festivals.
Whether grilled, cured, deep-fried, steamed, stir-fried, braised, served raw, or made into soups, Sabah’s seafood is famed for its freshness, quality, and good value for money. A vast variety of fish, cephalopods, marine crustaceans, shellfish, sea cucumbers, jellyfish, and seaweed have become a mainstay on lunch and dinner menus at kopitiam, restaurants, and humble food shacks all over Kota Kinabalu and other coastal towns like Sandakan, Tawau, Lahad Datu and Semporna. Seafood paired with noodles also figure prominently for breakfast, for each day locals flock to specialty eateries where they may be served an assortment of fish-based products to start the day. Examples include: poached patties handmade with fresh fish paste; deep-fried fish cakes wrapped in tofu skin sheets; and noodle soups with toppings like sliced fish fillet, fish balls, prawn balls, and fish innards. A few eateries even serve "noodles" rolled out with fresh fish paste.
Among the foods and beverages particular to Sabah are:
- Amplang is a type of cracker made from Spanish mackerel, tapioca starch and other seasonings, and then deep fried.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Amplang_from_Sabah%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Amplang_from_Sabah%2C_Malaysia.jpg)
- Bahar or baa is the Kadazandusun variant of palm wine made with sap collected from the cut flower bud of a young coconut tree and a special type of tree bark called rosok, endemic to the Tuaran district. Pieces of the rosok is dipped into the coconut nectar during the fermentation process, which contributes a reddish hue to the final product.[28]
- Beaufort Mee (Chinese : 保佛炒面) is a specialty of Beaufort town. Handmade noodles are wok-tossed with meat (usually slices of char siu and marinated pork) or seafood and plenty of choy sum, and finished off with a thick viscous gravy.
- Bosou, also noonsom or tonsom, is the Kadazandusun term for a traditional recipe of tangy fermented meat. Smoked and pulverized buah keluak (nuts from the Kepayang tree (Pangium edule) which grows in Malaysia's mangrove swamplands), or pangi is a key ingredient and acts as a preservative. Combined with rice, salt and fresh meat or fish, the mixture is then placed into a sealed jar or container for fermentation. Contemporary variants for bosou add bananas and pineapples to the mixture.[29] Pinongian is a variant where rice is omitted to produce a final product which is much less tangy in taste. Unlike bosou, pinongian must be cooked before serving.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Umibudou_at_Miyakojima01s3s2850.jpg/220px-Umibudou_at_Miyakojima01s3s2850.jpg)
- Century egg dumpling (Chinese : 皮蛋饺) is a variation of Chinese jiaozi-style dumplings from Sandakan, with a filling made from century egg pieces, prawns, and pork or chicken. The wrappers used for this type of dumpling result in a texture that is closer to wontons, being thinner and less elastic.
- Chun gen (Chinese : 蛋卷) is an oblong roll of seasoned ground pork or beef wrapped with a thin omelette and steamed. The name is derived from the Hakka word for egg, which is pronounced as "chun". Today it is available beyond Tenom, its place of origin, and found throughout Sabah's Chinese communities. It may be eaten on its own, cooked in broth or soup, and stir-fried with noodles or vegetables.
- Daeng Semur is a dish of mackerel boiled in spiced coconut milk from the Bajau community based in Petagas, a suburb of Kota Kinabalu.[30]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Swordfish_hinava.jpg/220px-Swordfish_hinava.jpg)
- Edible seaweed is a traditional food for certain seaside communities throughout Sabah and also possess GI status. Latok is similar in appearance to clusters of green-hued fish eggs or grapes, and is typically prepared as a salad by the Bajau people. Coral seaweed is another popular seaplant product; in recent times it is marketed as a gourmet health food to both locals and tourists, and is given the moniker of "sea bird's nest" (Chinese : 海底燕窝) as coral seaweed acquires a similar gelatinous texture when dissolved in water.
- Hinava is a traditional Kadazandusun dish of raw fish cured in lime juice. Typically, firm fleshed white fish like mackerel (hinava sada tongii) is marinated with lime juice, sliced shallots, chopped chilli, julienned ginger and grated dried seed of the bambangan fruit. Optional additions may include sliced bitter gourd. Hinava may also be made with prawns (hinava gipan).
- Kima or giant clams are eaten by Bajau communities residing in the coastal areas of Sabah. The clam meat is typically sliced and served raw, or sauteed with chilli paste.[31]
- Lihing is a rice wine made exclusively from glutinous rice and natural yeast called sasad. Bittersweet in taste profile, lihing is a specialty of the Kadazan Penampang community, where it is still commonly brewed at home. Lihing can be used to make chicken soup (Sup Manuk Lihing), used in marinades, or even as an ingredient for meat pastries and stir-fried dishes. Commercially produced lihing, much pricier then the homebrewed version but consistent in quality, is also available in select souvenir shops. Lihing and similar rice wine variants from other Kadazandusun communities may also be distilled to produce a hard liquor called montoku, otherwise known as talak.
- Linongot is a type of leaf parcel (usually irik or tarap leaves) filled with a combination of cooked rice and root vegetables like sweet potatoes and yam.[32] Alternate names known by Kadazandusun communities in other districts include linopod and sinamazan.[33]
- Nasi kombos is a rice dish from the Lotud community.[33] Glutinous rice is first cooked with young coconut water, and then mixed with the grated tender flesh of a young coconut. The rice is traditionally served in a hollowed out coconut shell.[34]
- Nonsoom bambangan is a pickle made from half ripe bambangan fruit mixed with grated dried bambangan seed and salt, sealed in a tightly covered jar and left to ferment for weeks.[35]
- Ngiu chap (牛什) is a Chinese-influenced dish of beef broth served with noodles, usually dunked in the soup with poached beef slices, meatballs, stewed brisket, tendon, liver and various offal parts. An iconic Sabahan dish, ngiu chap has many different variations, from the lighter Hainanese style to heartier Hakka-influenced flavours, and even village-style ngiu chap adapted for indigenous Sabahan tastes.
- Piaren Ah Manuk is chicken which is tossed with a sauteed rempah base and grated coconut, then braised in coconut milk. Alternative substitutes which may be cooked in this manner include fish (Piaren Ah Sada) and unripe jackfruit (Piaren Ah Badak). This dish originated in Kota Belud and is very popular with the Iranun community.[30]
- Pinasakan or Pinarasakan is a home-style Kadazandusun dish of fish simmered with takob-akob (dried skin of a mangosteen-like fruit which functions as a souring agent) or slices of unripe bambangan, as well as fresh turmeric leaves and rhizome.[36] * Sabah vegetable can be found on the menu of many eateries and restaurants in Sabah. It is a local term used for a variety of sauropus androgynus or sayur manis (Chinese : 树仔菜) developed in Lahad Datu, which yields more shoots then leaves in ratio. The shoots are sweet in flavour and crunchy without being hard or fibrous, and the leaves while minimal in number are very tender in texture. It is typically stir-fried with garlic, belacan or scrambled eggs.
- Sagol or sinagol is a Bajau specialty of fish which is first blanched and minced, then sauteed with turmeric, garlic, ginger, onions and crushed lemongrass. Traditionally the oil used is rendered fish liver oil, usually from the same fish used to prepare this dish. This dish may be prepared with shark, stingray and even puffer fish.[31]
- Sang nyuk mian (Chinese : 生肉面) is a dish of noodles served with pork broth, originating from Tawau. Very popular with the non-Muslim communities of Sabah, it is named after the poached-to-order slices of tender marinated pork served in pork broth which is flavoured with fried lard bits. The noodles (usually thick yellow noodles) are either dressed in dark soy and lard, or dunked into the soup along with the aforementioned pork slices, vegetables, meatballs and offal.[37]
- Sinalau refers to Kadazandusun style smoked meat, which is usually wild boar or bakas. Barbecued on a char grill and eaten with rice and dipping sauces, sinalau bakas can be found and purchased in rural areas and towns. Halal versions substitute wild boar for other game meats like deer.
- Spring noodle (Chinese : 彈弓面) is a type of egg noodles originally from Sandakan, with a very springy texture compared to most other noodle dishes found in Malaysia. It is typically tossed with a soy and sesame oil dressing, and served with dumplings and Hakka-style deep fried marinated pork (Chinese : 炸肉).
- Tinonggilan is a slightly sparkling alcoholic drink made from maize. Akin to the Latin American corn beer, Tinonggilan is a Rungus specialty and is usually served during festive occasions, or as refreshments for guests during the performance of a ritual dance called Mongigol Sumundai.
- Tompek is a Bajau food made from grated tapioca, eaten as an alternative staple to rice. The grated tapioca is squeezed to dry out mixture and crumbled, then fried or toasted until golden brown.[38] Grated tapioca may also be packed into cylindrical shapes and steamed until it forms into a chewy tubular cake called putu, another traditional Bajau staple.[31]
- Tuaran mee (Chinese : 斗亚兰面) is a specialty of Tuaran town. This dish of wok fried fresh handmade noodles is well known in the nearby city of Kota Kinabalu as well as in neighbouring Tamparuli town, where the localized adaptation is called Tamparuli mee (Chinese : 担波罗利炒生面). The noodles must first be toasted with oil in the wok to prevent it from clumping together, then blanched to reduce the stiff crunchy texture from toasting. The final step involves stir frying the noodles to a crisp finish with eggs, vegetables, and meat or seafood.
- Tuhau (etlingera coccinea) is a type of wild ginger, specifically the stems of the same plant popularly served as a relish by the Kadazandusun community. The stems are typically chopped up and served fresh with lime juice, or mixed with local chives and chilli and then cured with salt and vinegar. A more recent recipe called serunding tuhau involves slicing tuhau stems into thin floss-like shreds, which is then sauteed until it becomes golden and crisp. It has a distinctive scent which is said to have a polarizing effect even among indigenous Sabahans.[36]
Sarawakian food
The cuisine of Sarawak is rich in its diversity: whether it is the traditional cuisine of the indigenous Dayak, Melanau and Orang Ulu peoples, or the food cultures of the ethnic Chinese as well as local Malays of Bruneian ancestry, most of these ethnic cuisines are now well represented in Sarawak's urban eateries and restaurants, particularly as public awareness and interest in Sarawak's cultural diversity has increased in recent years. In general, Sarawakian is quite distinct from the regional cuisines of the Peninsular. It is considered less spicy, lightly prepared and with more emphasis on subtlety. The most important spice in Sarawakian cuisine is pepper. Pepper is commercially produced on an industrial scale as a cash crop, and the preferred choice by local cooks when heat is wanted in a dish. Granted GI status by MyIPO, Sarawak black pepper is highly regarded by international culinary figures such as Alain Ducasse.[39]
While the Iban comprise the largest Dayak subgroup as well as the most populous ethnic group in Sarawak, much of the ethnic Iban population is still concentrated away from Sarawak's main urban areas, congregating instead within longhouse communities scattered all over the interior regions of the state. The traditional cookery of the Iban is called pansoh or pansuh, which is the preparation and cooking of food in bamboo tubes. Ingredients like poultry, fish, pork, vegetables and/or rice are mixed with fragrant herbs like lemongrass, tapioca leaves and bungkang leaves (a species of myrtle from the Eugenia genus), then sealed within the bamboo tubes and placed directly over an open fire. Cooking food this way will infuse it with aroma and flavour from the bamboo tubes while keeping it moist. During the Dayak festivals or Gawai, the Iban would slaughter locally reared pigs. The pig would be cleaned thoroughly after the slaughter, have its head and stomach removed, and the rest of the pig would be cut into smaller pieces in preparation for barbecuing. The head and stomach of a pig are usually put aside and prepared separately as they are considered the choicest parts of the animal; hence pig's heads are a common edible gift brought by visitors to an Iban longhouse, and dishes such as pork stomach cooked with pineapples are a must for Gawai.
Sarawak is notable for its rice; currently three varieties grown in Sarawak has been granted GI status by MyIPO.[40] Rice grown in the Bario Kelabit Highlands is regarded as the finest variety in the region, if not the rest of Malaysia.[41] A GI plant, Bario rice is grown mostly by the Orang Ulu tribal peoples according to traditional techniques, with no usage of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and only at elevations of up to 1,200 feet. It's prestigious status is such that traditionally, Bario rice is only eaten by a longhouse chief or tuai rumah on special occasions. Today, Bario rice is specially air-flown out of the Bario and Ba'kelalan highlands, and available to the general public in Sarawak and in selected grocers across other parts of Malaysia. Sarawak is also renowned for its variety of pineapples, which has low acidity and possesses a long shelf life. The town of Sarikei is known for its annual pineapple festival.
Among the foods and beverages particular to Sarawak are:
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bubur_100618-4100_sbs.jpg/220px-Bubur_100618-4100_sbs.jpg)
- Belacan bihun is rice vermicelli dressed in a gravy made from ground chillies, belacan, tamarind, and dried shrimp. It is garnished with cured cuttlefish, julienned cucumber, bean sprouts and century egg wedges.
- Bubur pedas is a type of rice congee cooked with a specially prepared spice paste, or rempah made from turmeric, lemon grass, galangal, chillies, ginger, coconut and shallots. A fairly complex and spicy dish compared to most typical congee preparations, Bubur Pedas is often prepared during the month of Ramadan and served during the breaking of fast.
- Kolo mee or kolok mee (Chinese : 干捞面) is a dish of springy egg noodles tossed in a sweet and savoury shallot, lard and vinegar dressing, and topped with seasoned minced pork and char siu. It is similar to Peninsular-style Hakka mee or wonton mee in concept, but differs significantly in taste profile. A popular variant uses rendered oil from cooking char siu to flavour kolo mee instead of plain lard, which gives the noodles a reddish hue. Halal versions of kolo mee replace the pork components with beef (earning the moniker of mee sapi) or chicken, and lard with peanut or vegetable oil. Additional toppings may include mushrooms, chicken and crab meat. Kampua mee (Chinese: 干盘面) is a similar dish from Sibu of Fuzhou origin.
- Laksa Sarawak or Kuching Laksa (Chinese : 古晉叻沙) is noodles (usually rice vermicelli) served in an aromatic spiced coconut milk soup, topped with shredded chicken, shredded omelette, bean sprouts, prawns, and garnished with coriander.
- Manok kacangma is a Chinese-influenced dish, traditionally taken by local women for confinement after giving birth. Manok kacangma consists of tender chicken pieces cooked with lots of garlic and kacangma. Non-Muslim cooks often season manok kacangma with some Chinese wine or tuak of their choice.
- Manok pansoh is the most typical Iban pansoh preparation of chicken cooked with bungkang leaves, lemongrass, ginger, and tapioca leaves. A related Bidayuh dish with rice added into the mixture is Asam Siok. These dishes are not commonly found in urban eateries and restaurants due to the practicality of roasting a bamboo tube over an open fire within a typical commercial kitchen.
- Nasi goreng dabai is rice stir-fried with dabai (canarium odontophyllum), an indigenous fruit found only in Sarawak. It is often compared to an olive, due to their similarity in appearance as well as taste. Because dabai is highly perishable and also seasonal in nature, nasi goreng dabai is also prepared with preserved dabai.
- Nasik aruk is a traditional Malay fried rice. Unlike most fried rice preparations, nasik aruk is cooked with little to no oil. The rice is also cooked for a longer period of time, wok toasted until it is caramelized with a smokey aroma.
- Nuba laya is steamed Bario rice which is mashed and wrapped in isip (phacelophrynium maximum) leaves. Considered the centerpiece of a meal for the Lun Bawang and Kelabit people, accompaniments may include a small bowl of porridge (kikid), grilled fish wrapped in banana leaves, shredded beef, deboned fish floss, wild jungle greens and vegetables prepared in various ways, and so on.
- Paku kubok or paku uban is a species of wild fern known botanically as nephrolepis acutifolia, otherwise referred to as sword ferns. The Iban have long foraged the fiddleheads of paku kubok as food, and they believe that eating it confers health benefits, particularly for women going through confinement.
- Pucuk ubi tumbuk, also known as empasak, is a preparation of pounded cassava leaves widely eaten among Sarawak's native communities. The mashed leaves may be sauteed with anchovies and belacan, stuffed into a bamboo and roasted over an open fire, or simply boiled with shallot, animal fat and salt.
- Sup ponas, is a Bidayuh soup thickened with grated tapioca, perfumed with lemongrass and spiced with Dayak-style sambal belacan.
- Terubok masin is salted terubok fish, a type of oily fish with lots of scales and Y-shaped bones. Popular as an edible gift, salted terubok is usually fried, but it may also be steamed.
- Terung Dayak is a native cultivar of wild eggplant which is spherical in shape and slightly larger than a navel orange. It comes in bright hues ranging from yellow to orange. Also called terung asam due to its natural tart flavour, it is usually cooked in a soup or stew with fish, prawns, or fish products (dried, salted or smoked fish).
- Three layer tea or Teh C Peng Special is an iced concoction of black tea, evaporated milk and gula apong (nirah palm sugar) syrup, carefully presented un-stirred in three or more layers (up to five layers with grass jelly and pandan syrup). Originally from Kuching, its popularity has spread to other areas of Sarawak as well as neighbouring Sabah.
- Tomato kway teow (Chinese : 茄汁粿条) consists of kway teow noodles stir-fried with sweet tomato gravy, meat (usually chicken pieces), eggs and vegetables. A popular variant (Chinese : 茄汁麵) utilizes egg noodles which have been fried to a crisp, and then immersed with the gravy and ingredients.
- Tuak is a type of liquor traditional to the collective Dayak communities and an important component for social and ritual events. Most commonly made from fermented rice, although the Bidayuh are known for their skill and expertise in preparing tuak, and they can make tuak out of anything that contains carbohydrates. Examples include tuak tebu (sugarcane wine), tuak tampui (mangosteen tuak), and tuak appel (apple). It is normally served as a welcoming drink to guests, or during festive occasions like Gawai or Christmas.
- Umai is a traditional Melanau food, usually accompanied by a bowl of toasted sago pearls. There are two different versions of umai – the traditional umai sambal campur and a more recent variation called umai cecah jeb. The former is a raw seafood salad which consists of raw sliced seafood (anything from freshwater and seawater fish, prawns and even jellyfish) cured in calamansi lime juice, tossed with ground peanuts, sliced onions and chilies. For umai jeb, the raw sliced seafood is undressed, and is simply dipped into a spicy sauce for consumption.
- White Lady is a chilled drink made with milk, mango juice, longan and pineapple. Invented in 1975 by a Kuching hawker, multiple variations may be found in various hawker stalls throughout the city.[42]
Cross-cultural adaptations and mixing cultures
Being a multicultural country, Malaysians have over the years adapted each other's dishes to suit the taste buds of their own culture. For instance, Malaysians of Chinese descent have adapted the Indian curry, and made it more dilute and less spicy to suit their taste. Chinese noodles have been crossed with Indian and Malay tastes and thus Malay fried noodles and Indian fried noodles were born. Malaysians have also adapted famous dishes from neighbouring countries, or those with strong cultural and religious ties, and in the absence of an established community from said countries have made it completely their own, A notable example being tom yam, one of Thailand's most well known dishes.
After migrating south of the border, Thai tom yam takes on the visual characteristics of a Malaysian assam gravy with a flavour profile of sweet, sour and spicy. It is thickened with pounded chile paste which also turns it a vivid orange-red. Tamarind is often used instead of lime juice as its souring agent, and dried instead of fresh chilies are used to provide a fiery kick. Malay-style tom yam soup tends to be heavily seafood-based, whereas in Chinese-style eateries the broth's spiciness is toned down and usually serves as a base for noodle soup.
Nyonya food
Peranakan cuisine, also called Nyonya food, was developed by the Straits Chinese whose descendants reside in today's Malaysia and Singapore. The old Malay word nyonya (also spelled nonya), a term of respect and affection for women of prominent social standing (part “madame” and part “auntie”), has come to refer to the cuisine of the Peranakans. It uses mainly Chinese ingredients but blends them with Malay ingredients such as coconut milk, lemon grass, turmeric, tamarind, pandan leaves, chillies and sambal. It can be considered as a blend of Chinese and Malay cooking, with influences from Indonesian Chinese cuisine (for the Nyonya food of Malaccan and Singaporean) and Thai cuisine (for Penang Nyonya cuisine). Traditional Nyonya cooking is often very elaborate, labour-intensive and time consuming, and the Peranakan community often consider the best Nyonya food is to be found in private homes.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Penang_laksa.jpg/250px-Penang_laksa.jpg)
Examples of Nyonya dishes include:
- Asam Laksa (Malay: 亞三叻沙). Considered one of Penang's three signature dishes, Asam laksa consists of a bowl of translucent white rice noodles served in a spicy soup made of fish (usually mackerel), tamarind, asam gelugur, and daun kesum. Toppings may include onion, mint, chopped torch ginger flower, and slices of pineapple and cucumber. A dollop of pungent, viscous shrimp paste is usually served on the side.
- Ayam buah keluak, a chicken stew cooked with the nuts from the Kepayang tree (Pangium edule). For this recipe, the contents of the buah keluak is dug out and sauteed with aromatics and seasonings, before it is stuffed back into the nuts and braised with the chicken pieces.
- Ayam/Babi Pongteh, a stew of chicken or pork cooked with tauchu or salted fermented soy beans, and gula melaka. It is usually saltish-sweet and can be substituted as a soup dish in Peranakan cuisine.
- Babi assam, a pork stew cooked with tamarind juice. The Kristang community also cook a similar dish of pork in tamarind gravy.
- Enche Kabin, deep fried chicken pieces marinated in a paste of coconut milk and rempah.
- Itik Tim or Kiam Chye Ark Th'ng is a soup of duck, preserved mustard greens and cabbage flavoured with nutmeg, Chinese mushrooms, tomatoes and peppercorns.
- Jiu Hu Char is a dish made up mainly of shredded vegetables like turnip or jicama, carrot, and cabbage and fried together with thinly shredded dried cuttlefish.
- Kari Kapitan is a Penang Nyonya specialty, where kaffir lime leaves and deep fried shallots are among the key ingredients for this mild curry.
- Kerabu Bee Hoon is a salad dish consisting of rice vermicelli mixed with sambal belacan, calamansi lime juice, and finely chopped herbs and spices.
- Kiam Chye Boey is a mixture of leftovers from Kiam Chye Ark Th'ng, Jiew Hu Char, Tu Thor Th'ng and various other dishes. "Boey" literally means "end".
- Laksa lemak is a type of laksa served in a rich coconut gravy, served with prawns, cockles, lime and a dollop of sambal belacan.
- Masak titik is a style of vegetable soup that makes liberal use of white peppercorns. One version uses watermelon rind as the main ingredient. Another makes use of green or semi ripe papaya.
- Nasi kunyit - glutinous rice seasoned with turmeric powder, coconut milk and asam gelugur. It is usually served with a chicken curry, ang koo kueh, and pink-dyed hard-boiled eggs as gifts in celebration of a child of friends and family turning one month old.
- Nyonya chap chye - the Nyonya take of this Chinese Indonesian classic incorporates tauchu and dried or fresh prawns.
- Otak-otak - a dish involving fish pieces wrapped in banana leaves. Two very different variations exist: one consists of a mixture of fish pieces and spice paste wrapped in banana leaves and char grilled. This version is particularly associated with the state of Malacca and the town of Muar, Johor. Penang-style otak-otak takes the form of a delicate steamed parcel, and the robust red-hued spice paste is eschewed in favour of a base of a spiced custard as well as aromatic herbs like daun kaduk.
- Perut ikan - a spicy stew (similar to asam pedas in flavour profile) comprising mainly vegetables/herbs and getting its distinctive taste mainly from fish bellies preserved in brine and daun kaduk (The Wild Pepper leaf is from the Piper stylosum or the Piper sarmentosum). A classic Penang Nyonya dish.
- Roti babi - a sandwich of spiced minced pork, dipped in its entirety in egg wash and deep fried. Roti babi is typically served with a dip of Worcestershire sauce and sliced red chillies.
- Seh Bak - a dish of pork loin, marinated overnight with herbs and spices, cooked over a slow fire and simmered to tenderness. Seh Bak is also traditional to Malacca's Eurasian community.
- Ter Thor T'ng - this soup of pig stomach requires a skilled cook to prepare and deodorise the ingredients thoroughly before cooking. Its main ingredients are pig stomach and white peppercorns.
Eurasian food
- Ambilla - a tangy dish of meat cooked with long beans (kacang), brinjals (terung) or pumpkin (labu).
- Caldu Pescator - A seafood soup traditionally prepared by fishermen, as well as during the Feast of St Peter (“Festa San Pedro”, in the local Cristang dialect, usually observed on 29 June), the Patron Saint of Fishermen.
- Curry Debal - a quintessential Kristang dish, usually cooked during Christmas season to make use of the left-over meats from feasting. It is a very spicy curry flavoured with candlenuts, galangal and vinegar.
- Curry Seku - a very dry curry prepared in a wok. Seku means "bottom" in Papia Kristang, and the wok was probably so-named because of the roundness of its shape that resembled the human bottom.
- Chicken pie - known as empada de galinha or galinha pia, this meat pie is usually served during Christmas season and other special occasions.
- Feng - a curried dish of pig offal, traditionally served for Christmas.
- Pang Susi - a savoury meat bun with a dough that is bread-like and sweet in texture, made for auspicious and festive occasions such as Easter.
- Pesce Assa - Portuguese baked/grilled fish is one of the Kristang community's most famous specialties, now found in major urban areas throughout Malaysia. The fish is smothered with diced lady's fingers and a robust sambal, before it is wrapped in banana leaves as well as a layer of metal foil, and then cooked on a grill. In spite of its name, this dish has nothing in common with modern Portuguese fish preparations.
- Sambal Chili Bedri - a sambal made with green chillies, shredded coconut and pork or prawns which is spicy but without the fiery bite. It may be eaten with rice or as a sandwich filling.
- Semur or Smoore - a fragrant beef stew. Versions of this dish are found wherever the Dutch have settled in Asia, including Malacca.
- Terung Soy Limang - a braised dish of fried brinjals, with soy sauce and lime juice as the primary seasonings. Meat like chicken and fish may also be marinated and cooked with the same sauce.
Desserts and sweets
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ais_kacang.jpg/220px-Ais_kacang.jpg)
Desserts and sweets in Malaysia are diverse, due to the multi-ethnic and multicultural characteristics of its society. Traditional Malay and Nyonya desserts tend to share a common feature however: generous amounts of coconut milk are used, and the finished product usually flavoured with gula melaka (palm sugar) and pandan leaves. Some notable desserts include:
- Agar agar - the Malay word for a species of red algae. A natural vegetable gelatin counterpart, agar-agar is used to make flavoured jellies and fruit aspics.
- Ais kacang (also known as air batu campur or abbreviated as ABC) - a dessert with a base of shaved ice, coloured syrup, and evaporated or condensed milk with a variety of toppings. These may include sweet corn kernels, red beans, kidney beans, cincau (grass jelly), cendol, buah atap (fruit of the nipa palm), soaked basil seeds, peanuts, and ice cream.
- Aiskrim potong - an ice cream popsicle made from coconut milk and/or milk, flavoured with localized ingredients like red bean, rose syrup, durian, pandan, creamed corn and jackfruit. Its texture is different from Western ice cream; aiskrim potong is less creamy and has a slightly starchy taste when it begins to melt.
- Bolu cocu - a traditional Kristang cake topped with liberal amounts of shredded coconut and served with a custard sauce.
- Bubur cha cha - a Nyonya dessert of bananas, sweet potatoes, taro, black eyed beans and sago pearls cooked in pandan-flavoured coconut milk. May be served hot or cold.
- Bubur kacang hijau - mung bean porridge cooked with coconut milk and sweetened with palm or cane sugar. It is called canje mungoo by the Kristang community, and is usually served in conjunction with the feast day of St John the Baptist (Festa da San Juang).
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bubur_Pulut_Hitam.jpg/220px-Bubur_Pulut_Hitam.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kek_Lapis_Sarawak.jpg/220px-Kek_Lapis_Sarawak.jpg)
- Bubur pulut hitam - black glutinous rice porridge cooked with palm sugar and pandan leaves, served hot with coconut milk.
- Bubur ruya - a Bidayuh sweet porridge made with glutinous rice and cubed tapioca boiled with pandan leaves.
- Cendol - smooth green rice noodles, usually served by itself in chilled coconut milk and gula melaka (coconut palm sugar), or as a topping for ABC. In Malacca, mashed durian is a popular topping for cendol.
- Custard caramel - first introduced by the Portuguese in the 1500s, custard caramel pudding is a popular favourite sold year-round in restaurants, cafes and hotels throughout the country.
- Dadih - a Malay dessert made from milk, sugar and salt which has been acidified with whey (obtained by fermenting milk overnight with asam gelugur) and steamed to form a jelly.[43]
- Dodol - a sweet, sticky, and thick toffee-like confection, made with heavily reduced coconut milk, jaggery, and rice flour. Commonly served during festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha as sweet treats for children.
- Hinompuka - a native Sabahan steamed cake, traditionally wrapped in irik (phacelophrynium maximum) leaves. Made with a moistened blend of pounded white glutinous rice and purplish-black glutinous rice (tadung) and sweetened with brown or palm sugar, hinompuka is sold in local markets and is also an essential food item for celebrating weddings, birthdays and festivals. It is known under different names in other parts of Sabah, including but not limited to bintanok, lompuka, tinapung, and pais. Multiple variations exist as well, such as the substitution of rice flour batter with grated tapioca or mashed corn kernels; banana leaves or coconut husks as alternative wrappers; and the addition of ripe bananas and/or freshly grated coconut to the starchy mixture for steaming.
- Kek Lapis Sarawak - these famously intricate layer cakes are essential for festive occasions celebrated throughout Sarawak, like Hari Raya, Chinese New Year, Gawai and Christmas.
- Leng Chee Kang - a mixture of cooked ingredients immersed in a sweet broth. Ingredients vary from place to place, but the key ingredients are lotus seeds, dried longan, dried lily bulbs, malva nuts and dried persimmon. It may be served warm or cold.
- Pandan cake - coloured and flavoured with pandan juice, this light and fluffy cake is also known as pandan chiffon.
- Payasam - a sweet spiced pudding made from starchy staples like rice or vermicelli, payasam is an integral part of traditional South Indian culture.
- Matterhorn - crushed ice with pineapples, longan, cendol, grass jelly and lemon slices. The Kuching hawker who came up with this popular dessert as well as the original White Lady drink, was inspired by the Matterhorn, an ice-capped mountain on the Swiss-Italian border.[42]
- Muar Chee - popular hawker fare of sticky glutinous rice balls coated in a sweetened mixture of pulverized peanuts.
- Nanggiu - a Kadazandusun dessert, which consists of jelly noodles made from fresh sago flour cooked in a coconut milk soup sweetened with palm sugar.[34]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/5_pineapple_tarts.jpg/220px-5_pineapple_tarts.jpg)
- Pengat - a dessert made from pieces of tropical fruits like banana, jackfruit and durian, or root vegetables like sweet potatoes and tapioca cooked with gula melaka and coconut milk.
- Pineapple tart - flaky pastries filled with or topped with pineapple jam.
- Puding Raja - also known as Royal Pudding, this dessert was developed and served to the royal family of Pahang state. Its basic ingredients are pisang lemak manis (a local cultivar of banana), evaporated milk, prunes, candied cherries and cashew nuts. The pudding is garnished with jala emas, and served with a cold sauce made from milk and cornflour. Nowadays it is popularly served during Ramadan, as well as a special afternoon tea treat for the family on weekends.[44]
- Sago gula melaka - cooked translucent sago with coconut cream and palm sugar syrup. May be set like a pudding and served with the coconut cream and syrup drizzled over, or as a sweet porridge.
- Sugee cake - a baked specialty of the Eurasian community, made with semolina flour and a high concentration of egg yolks.
- Tau foo fah or Dau Huay (Chinese : 豆腐花 or 豆花) - a velvety pudding of very soft silken tofu, traditionally flavoured with brown sugar syrup. It is a popular dessert amongst the Chinese community in Malaysia.
- Tapai - tapai is made from fermented glutinous rice or tapioca, which is a popular dessert at Malay homes throughout Peninsular Malaysia during Hari Raya.[45] Not to be confused with the alcoholic beverage from Sabah, also known as tapai, which is made from the same ingredients and with similar methods but have undergone advanced stages of fermentation in order to produce alcoholic content.
- Tebaloi - a sweet sago biscuit which is traditionally associated with the Melanau people of Sarawak.
- Tangyuan (Chinese : 汤圆 or 湯圓) - plain white or coloured sweet dumplings made from glutinous rice flour. Traditionally homemade and eaten during Yuanxiao (Chinese : 元宵) as well as the Dongzhi Festival (Chinese : 冬至), tangyuan is now available year around sold as dessert. Tangyuan dumplings with filling are usually served in a lightly sweetened clear syrup, while unfilled ones are served as part of a sweet dessert soup.
- UFO (Chinese : 牛屎堆) - this consists of a flat, thin base of baked mini butter sponge cake topped with a creamy egg custard, which is in turn crowned with a meringue slurry. Its name in Chinese has a literal means "cow pile dung", alluding to the piped shape of the cake base's toppings and the meringue's darker shade as a result of caramelization. Popularized by a bakery in Sandakan in the 1950s, the popularity of these treats has spread to Kota Kinabalu and several other towns in Sabah.
See also
- Cuisine of Singapore
- Ipoh cuisine
- List of Malaysian dishes
- Mamak stall
- Penang cuisine
- Chef Wan, celebrity chef
- Zamzani Abdul Wahab, celebrity chef "Chef Zam"
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External links
Media related to Cuisine of Malaysia at Wikimedia Commons