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==== Mosses ==== |
==== Mosses ==== |
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[[File:Mnium stellare (c, 153348-482405) 0191.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=The moss Mnium stellare, characteristic with its leaves star-shaped|[[Stellar calcareous moss]] |
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In 2012, 43 species of [[bryophyte]]s have been inventoried,<ref>{{Harvnb|Lecron|2013|ref=Lecron}}</ref> including [[stellar calcareous moss]] (''Mnium stellare''), taxon considered as [[endangered]] on the [[w:fr:Liste rouge régionale des Bryophytes du Nord-Pas-de-Calais|Nord-Pas-de-Calais red regional list of bryophytes]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Lecron|Toussaint|Hauguel|2013|ref=mosses}}</ref> |
In 2012, 43 species of [[bryophyte]]s have been inventoried,<ref>{{Harvnb|Lecron|2013|ref=Lecron}}</ref> including [[stellar calcareous moss]] (''Mnium stellare''), taxon considered as [[endangered]] on the [[w:fr:Liste rouge régionale des Bryophytes du Nord-Pas-de-Calais|Nord-Pas-de-Calais red regional list of bryophytes]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Lecron|Toussaint|Hauguel|2013|ref=mosses}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 15:06, 23 August 2013
Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | |
---|---|
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
Location | Bavay, Nord-Pas-de-Calais |
Area | 3.11 hectares (7.7 acres; 0.0120 sq mi) |
Created | May 25, 2009 |
Operator | CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois |
The Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve (in French Réserve naturelle régionale de la carrière des Nerviens) is a protected area in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. It was established on 25 May 2009 to protect a site with rare plants, and covers just over 3.11 hectares (7.7 acres). It is located in the municipalities of Bavay and Saint-Waast in the Nord department.
The reserve consists of an old sandstone quarry dated to the Famennian stage in the Late Devonian epoch. It was backfilled in the 1970s with marl. The new soil was re-colonized by pioneer species, which coexists alongside an established afforestation, forming a mosaic of habitat.
The reserve was created to protect 15 regional interest plants and three plant communities listed in the Habitats Directive. This flora is linked to calcium present in marl. The reserve also plays a role in wildlife corridor.
CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois, a non-governmental organization, is the owner and operator of the reserve. The main objective of the management is to maintain the current diversity. The secondary objectives are environmental education, heritage interpretation, improvement of knowledge fauna and flora, and environmental monitoring.
Geography
Location
The Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve is located in the Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe between the cities of Valenciennes and Maubeuge, in the Nord department, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.
It is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) west of downtown Bavay and 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) south-east of Saint-Waast.
The reserve has a triangular shape and is bordered to the south by the 942 main road, north-east by an unused trackage, and to the west by a small path known as "chemin de Rametz". Its surface covers 3.11 hectares (7.7 acres)[1] · .[Note 1] CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois owns a parcel on the other side of the trackage. Though not yet included in the reserve, it is expected to be added when the current agreement is renewed.[2]
Relief
The reserve is located in the valley of the stream "Ruisseau de Bavay", with an elevation between 110 and 115 metres (361 and 377 ft). It is marked by an overall north-south gradient of −5 metres (−16 ft). A mound of accumulated debris, which rises to about 6 metres (20 ft) above the path, "chemin de Rametz", is located north-west of the site. After quarrying operations ceased, the quarry was filled mainly with the marl of the quarry Bellignies.[3] Now the area has been completely re-colonized by spontaneous vegetation.
Hydrology
The reserve is located in the valley of the Ruisseau de Bavay, a tributary of the Hogneau, and is part of the greater drainage basin of the Scheldt. The reserve is not in direct contact with the river. It is supplied with water only by precipitation, which is retained by the natural properties of marl.[3]
Climate
The nearest weather station of the reserve is at Cambrai. However, the site is influenced by the nearby presence of the Ardennes mountain.
The regular precipitations and the absence of drought,[4] as well as the predominance of south-southwest winds and rain vectors,[5] confirm the influence of oceanic climate. However, some significant rainfall variability between seasons,[4] the moderate temperature range, and the high proportion (69.8%) of low winds (less than 4 metres per second (13 ft/s)) compared to strong winds (3.2% over 8 metres per second (26 ft/s)) winds[5] are typical of a continental influence. This combination is a typical of an altered oceanic climate, a transition zone between the oceanic and semi-continental climates, characterized by mild winters and cool summers.[6]
In the reserve, this climatic transition leads to increased biodiversity. For example, Common bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) is a typical species of the Atlantic areas,[7] while the Common butterbur (Petasites hybridus) is more continental.[8]
History
Quarry
The site is a former quarry operated for its sandstone deposit as early as the late nineteenth century[Note 2] by the Chevallier & Cie company, which employed about 70 workers, including 25 minors.[11] In 1909, the annual production was 12,000 cubic metres (420,000 cu ft) of macadam, 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) of ballast and 25,000 cubic metres (880,000 cu ft) of cobblestones.[12]
Boreholes were drilled manually. Stone blocks were divided using a mass and a refenderesse. Stones obtained were then classified to the eye into stone for cobble and rubble for macadam. The first were épincés : asperities were removed by épinceurs to form regular cobblestones. They were then sorted by size, uses differ. The latter were crushed in a jaw crusher. Debris were mechanically separated according to their size. Each particle has a particular use. Macadam, made of stones between 2 and 8 centimetres (0.79 and 3.15 in) was used for the construction and maintenance of roads. Ballast is a gravel 10 to 20 millimetres (0.39 to 0.79 in) used for concrete. Shot from 2 to 10 millimetres (0.079 to 0.394 in), was used for the coating of concrete or paths in parks and gardens. The fine dust, from 0 to 2 millimetres (0.000 to 0.079 in), can constitute concrete paver blocks, concrete pipes, etc.[Note 3].
The activity ceased in the early 1960s (1962-1965), when the stones extracted were no longer of sufficient quality. Between 1971 and 1978, the quarry was gradually filled with marl from the Bellignies quarry. Since then, the site has been completely re-colonized by spontaneous vegetation, forming different layers : tree, shrub and herbs layers.
Reserve
In 2001, a person brought the site to the attention of the CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois, pointing out the biodiversity of the new plant life, and the association performed the first inventories. In the meantime, she contacted the five owners to consider a land management proposal. The commune of Bavay, the quarry of Bellignies (SECAB) and a third owner sold her the property in 2003. The CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois became the owner of 85% of the site.[14] The association implemented the first environmental resources management actions at the site and developed its first environmental management scheme.[15]
In 2009, the association obtained the agreement establishing the regional nature reserve at the site for a period of 20 years.[16]
The name of the reserve recalls the former industrial activity and the Gallo-Roman history of Bavay, the capital city of the ancient Nervii tribe.[17]
Geology
The Paleozoic folded outcrops of the area Bavay-Saint-Waast are the bedrock of the eastern flank of the Mélantois' anticline, where the transgressive Cretaceous (Turonian and Cenomanian chalk) thins, and may eventually disappear by erosion. Strata of Hercynian basement, raised in the East by an important structural horst-type accident, then appear locally. In these Paleozoic strata, the Devonian presents as a sandstone base of the Lower famennian, where are the levels were quarried[18] · [Note 4]
Formations
Quarried level
The stone that was quarried is arkoses[19] · [Note 5] of the Famennian stage. Approximately 360 million years ago, the thrust of forming Gondwana plates raised the seabed. Meanwhile, an ice age occurred in regions near the poles.[19] Marine regression allowed sedimentation of detritical's sand and clays which left[20] large shoals of hard sandstone with ripple marks, alternating with levels more or less shaley[21] according to their clay's content.
At the base of the deposit, these sandstones are reddish brown, very micaceous and schaley, sometimes containing calcareous nodules, ferruginous concretions and vegetable wax; upwards, they are gray, quartziferous. This is the Aye former, including spiriferidae like Cyrtospirifer verneuili[9], Rhynchonellida as Rhynchonella pugnus and R. boloniensis, some Orthoceras, Orthis striatula or Atrypa reticularis[22] · [10]. Well-preserved feldspar and mica probably come from wind erosion under a semi-arid climate of mountains present in the Netherlands today and extending to Düsseldorf.[19]
Lower level
Under the Famennian, the Frasnian consists, from top to bottom, of nodular gray shales, and micas rich in fossils such as Cyrtospirifer verneuili, Spirigera concentrica, Atrypa reticularis, Orthis striatula, Productus subaculeatus, and Acervularia pentagona. Below this are gray limestone-built beds, rich in corals such as Phacellophyllum caespitosum, Favosites boloniensis, alternating with black shale and nodular limestone containing Cyrtospirifer verneuilli and Phacellophyllum caespitosum. These beds are issued from siltation of the biostromes present in the Frasnian epoch, 370 million years ago[23] · [24].
Upper levels
Those famennian strata represents the top of the Paleozoic series pleated with north dipping. Above, the transgressive Upper Cretaceous overlies horizontally with unconformity. It includes from the bottom to the top a paleozoic boulder conglomerate mixed with a sandy and glauconitic marl matrix, coarse clayey and glauconitic sands, containing Chlamys asper, Ostrea diluviana, Praeactinocamax plenus and finally marl with Terebratulina gracilis. These strata belong to the Cenomanian-Turonian were deposited between -90 and -100 million years[25], during a transgressive phase[26].
50 million years ago, during the Sparnacian, locally called Landenian, forms of marl of the Porquerie. It comes from the alteration of Cretaceous rocks and takes the form of a brown or greenish plastic clay without fossils. The flints normally present at the base of the deposit[27] have not been reported by Ladrière 1881 .
This stratum is covered with silt composed of clay, sand[28] and here flints and roman pottery pieces[9], aged late Neogene. Its origin can be attributed to the alteration of the underlying rocks and wind erosion[28].
Nature of the embankments
The stones used to backfill the quarry are those who underlie the Givetian limestone extracted in the quarry of Bellignies. There is Sarrasin de Bettrechies, a coarse shelly limestone, deep gray, yellowish when it outcrops, detritical ferruginous dated of the Lower Cenomanian epoch, a hundred million years ago. There is clay and very glauconitic marl of the Upper Cenomanian stage, enriched by a pebble conglomerate paléozoïc stones. These rocks contain Praeactinocamax plenus, Chlamys asper, Ostrea diluviana and fossil rolled : Janira quadricostata, Cyprina ligeriensis, Arca malleana. There are finally bluish marl of the Turonian[29] · [30].
Ecology
Plant communities
The site is characterized by a mosaic of 17 plant communities regrouped into three main types of ecological units[Note 6] : grassy open areas, shrubby areas and wooded areas.
Of these, three are listed in the Habitats Directive. The Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation Cystopterido fragilis-Asplenietum scolopendrii[32] is considered as exceptionnal, with one degree of uncertainty in Nord-Pas-de-Calais region[33]. Hydrophilous tall herb fringe community[8] with Petasites hybridus, at limit of its range, is also exceptionnal.[34] The herbaceous fringe with Red campion (Silene dioica) et Wood forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica) (Sileno dioicae - Myosotidetum sylvaticae) is very rare in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[35]
The wood-fringies Lathyro sylvestris – Astragaletum glycyphylli[35] is also regionaly interesting.[36]
Flora
Vascular plants
The reserve has 171 plant species, 15 of them are heritage interest.[37] · [Note 7]
Twelve of them were inventoried in 2003[39] and their populations are managed since.[40] The light undergrowth contains Common spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) and Round-leaved Wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia).[41] Liquorice milkvetch (Astragalus glycyphyllos) and Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea (Lathyrus sylvestris) are present in the small herb glade.[42] The population of Lesser Butterfly-orchid (Platanthera bifolia) is located in the pionnier wood.[43] In the glade with Calamagrostide and in the boundary of a pioneer grove grow Pyramidal Orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis).[44] · [Note 8] Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera)[45] and Man Orchid (Orchis anthropophora)[46] grow everywhere, except in the elder glade. In the different herbaceous fringes grow Wood forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica)[47] and Zigzag Clover (Trifolium medium).[48] A tall herb fringe host Common Butterbur (Petasites hybridus).[49]
Seven plants are protected with a regional scale : Common spotted orchid, Man Orchid, Bee orchid, Zigzag Clover, Liquorice milkvetch, Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea and Wood forget-me-not.[50]
Mosses
[[File:Mnium stellare (c, 153348-482405) 0191.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=The moss Mnium stellare, characteristic with its leaves star-shaped|Stellar calcareous moss In 2012, 43 species of bryophytes have been inventoried,[51] including stellar calcareous moss (Mnium stellare), taxon considered as endangered on the Nord-Pas-de-Calais red regional list of bryophytes.[52]
Mushrooms
Among the 115 species recorded in 2004 on the site[53], 15 are included in the red list of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.[Note 9] In the shrubs near the path where green waste were deposites by people from outside the organization grow Yellow club fungus (Clavulinopsis helvola), gray shag (Coprinopsis cinerea), black earth tongues (Trichoglossum hirsutum),[Note 10] (Arrhenia spathulata) and (Marasmius limosus)[54]. Those two last species are also in the Calamagrostide's glade of a pioneerwood of willow and birch, with Moor Club (Clavaria argillacea), du Géoglosse de Cooke (Geoglossum cookeanum), Lilac Leg Fibrecap (Inocybe griseolilacina), (Stropharia pseudocyanea), Girdled Knight (Tricholoma cingulatum) and Burnt Knight (Tricholoma ustale).[54] Near orchids stations in the pioneer wood exist Golden Spindles (Clavulinopsis fusiformis), Hebeloma clavulipes,[Note 11] (Hebeloma fusipes), (Hebeloma pusillum), and also Lilac Leg Fibrecap and Burnt Knight[54]. Dog Stinkhorn (Mutinus caninus) and Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum for their part, were observed in the shaded path north of the site on the edge of mature wood[54].
Fauna
Mammals
The mammalian fauna is common : red fox, red squirrel, hare and rabbit, mole, Wood mouse, Bank vole and field vole. Two species of bats frequent the site regularly to hunt : the Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii) and Common Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus). They can not, however, establish their habitat due to the lack of roosting sites in too young trees and ruin[55].
Birds
Fourty-two species of birds have been observed on the site, 25 of which are breeding there. Twenty-two species ar protected nationaly ; five are listed on the annex OO of the Bonn Convention, which aims to conserve migratory species throughout their range.[56]. However, no species can be considered as a heritage. Northern Goshawk and Eurasian Sparrowhawk benefit of the sparrows abundance to feed. Common Grasshopper Warbler stop there during its migration. Common Nightingale nests there sometime[57].
Reptiles ans amphibians
The Common Toad (Bufo bufo) and the Common frog ( Rana temporaria) are the only amphibians on the site. They use it in winter or during their migration. The Viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara) likes the slate deposits and ballast of the track. It hunts in the herbaceous areas, very flowery in summer and high in insects.[55]. The common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) has been seen in 2011 and 2013[58]. The slow worm reproduction (Anguis sp.) is attested by the observation of youngs under rocks and other debris[55].
Invertebrates
Reproduction of Odonata is not possible on the site devoid of the water. However, thanks to the richness of insectsin the herbaceous areas, three species can be encountered like the Western Clubtail ( Gomphus pulchellus), a species listed on the Regional Red List of dragonflies North Pas-de-Calais[59] · [60].
23 species of butterflies and 105 moths enjoy the floristic diversity of the site[61]. The Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus) is a heritage species[39].
Of the nine species of Orthoptera identified, two are considered heritage : the Sickle-bearing Bush Cricket (Phaneroptera falcata), rare in the region, enjoy the dry and high herbaceous areas and the Long-horned Groundhopper (Tetrix tenuicornis) is a pioneer species-poor settings vegetation[35].
Part in the wildlife corridor
The Reserve is located between various natural sites. To the north are present Natura 2000 Belgian site "Hauts-Pays des Honnelles", a ZNIEFF.[Note 12] "Vallée de l’Hogneau et ses versants et les ruisseaux d’Heugnies et de Bavay" but also the quarry of Bellignies which stored embankments similar of those wich filled Carrière des Nerviens and therefore with similar ecological conditions. In the south, the "Forêt de Mormal" is a major area for biodiversity covered by ZNIEFF and Natura 2000 sites. The railway, unused recently and the stream "Ruisseau de Bavay" then the river "Hogneau", provide the connection.
Threats and responses
In the past, the site was threatened by garbage dumps or by passage of 4x4 vehicles or quads. The installation of gates by the municipality of Bavay solved the problem[62]. Pedestrians rarely venture off the path. The anthropization is limited. The greatest threats to the species are primary succession[35] and invasive plants[63].
Primary succession
The marls was colonized by pioneer species, then shrubs and trees, corresponding to a primary succession. Without human intervention, a climax community would be reached. This dynamic may eventually lead to the disappearance of related open environments, particularly heritage species. However woodlands can also play an important role in creating Habitat for many species. The management plan is therefore to maintain this patch dynamics[63].
Invasive species
Four invasive species are problem in the reserve.
Wood Small-reed is present in the center of the site and threatens to spread in herbaceous areas. It compromises sustainability of stations, including Man Orchid and Bee Orchid populations. Two distinct zones can be distinguished. The first, where the Wood Small-reed has a very high rate of recovery, is not hosting any heritage value. It is mowed early and exported, a grazing is not possible at the moment. The second, on the contrary, not densely colonized by this plant is much more fragile by the presence of orchids, the common Phanéroptère or Tetrix careers. Differentiated management is applied depending on the issues. Around to orchids stations, a point thinning is done by hand pruning early, slight, with export. The less dense areas where the grass is dispersed (Tetrix sector careers) are torn. In the newly opened areas, a systematic and annual tearing avoids expansion. Finally, dense areas, well exposed, are kept.[64]
Many areas of Japanese Knotweed extend several places on the site. Heritage stations of Common Butterbur and hart's-tongue fern, colonized by the invasive, are managed by manual removal and disposal for incineration.[65]
The bramble lie around the ruins and along the south-east of the site near the houses. Due to their interest in wildlife (nesting Wren eg, refuge for mammals, insects), they are not eradicated but contained.[65]
Finally, Canada golden-rod appeared in 2003 as a result of plant deposits. The threat proved to be serious next year. Some stations show a significant concentration of the species, while isolated feet grow everywhere on the site. This plant is easily torn by hand before flowering to prevent seed dispersal, and the shoots are burned.[66].
Management
Protection
Parcels owned by the CPIE Bocage Avesnois were classified as regional nature reserve on 25 by decision of the Conseil Régional Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[1] The entire site is included in a ZNIEFF type 1 Château de Rametz (carrière des Nerviens) and another of type 2 Complexe écologique de la forêt de Mormal et des zones bocagères associées. Bavay adheres to Parc naturel régional de l'Avesnois, but Saint-Waast no.
Bibliography
Study of the reserve
- Bissey, Virginie (2003). Plan de gestion 2003-2007 de la future réserve naturelle régionale de Rametz (in French). Nord Nature Bavaisis.
- CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois (2007). Plan de gestion 2007-2012 de la réserve naturelle régionale de la carrière des Nerviens (in French). CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois. p. 141.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - Haouat, Safia (2013). Proposition d'évaluation du plan de gestion 2008-2012 de la Réserve Naturelle Régionale de la carrière des Nerviens dans le cadre du renouvellement de son plan de gestion (in French). CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois. p. 107.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help)
Other references
- Association française pour l'avancement des sciences (1909). Lille et la région du nord en 1909. Lille: imp. I. Danel. p. XIII, 1061. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- Bromwich, James (2013). The Roman Remains of Northern and Eastern France: A Guidebook. Routledge. p. 480. ISBN 9780415139946. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- Conseil Régional Nord-Pas-de-Calais (25 May 2009). "Délibération de création de la réserve" (PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- Duhamel, Françoise; Catteau, Emmanuel (2010). "Inventaire des végétations de la région Nord-Pas de Calais : Partie 1. Analyse synsystématique. Évaluation patrimoniale (influence anthropique, raretés, menaces et statuts). Liste des végétations disparues ou menacées" (PDF). Bull. Soc. Bot. N. Fr. 63 (1). Centre régional de phytosociologie agréé Conservatoire botanique national de Bailleul, avec la collaboration du collectif phytosociologique interrégional: 1–83. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- European commission (2013). "Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats:EUR 28" (PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2013.
{{cite web}}
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at position 16 (help) - INPN (2013). "ZNIEFF 310030028 - Château de Rametz (carrière des Nerviens) : Commentaires". Retrieved 22 August 2013.
- Ladrière, Jules (5 november 1879). "Documents nouveaux pour l'étude du terrain dévonien des environs de Bavay". Annales de la Société géologique du Nord. VII. Société géologique du Nord: 1–11. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Ladrière, Jules (4 may 1881). "Etude géologique sur les tranchées du chemin de fer du Quesnoy à Dour". Annales de la Société géologique du Nord. XIII. Société géologique du Nord: 135–176. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Réserves naturelles de France (2012). "Carrière des Nerviens" (in French). Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- Rhind, Peter Martin (2010). "Atlantic European Ecosystems". Retrieved 20 August 2013.
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ The Carrière des Nerviens's site is 4.5 hectares (11 acres). But only the property of the CPIE Bocage Avesnois is classified of the regional nature reserve ; the parcels belonging to other owners were not classified.
- ^ The activity is already attested in 1881 : "À 100 mètres du pont du chemin de fer, dans une prairie située en face de l'usine de M. Levent, on exploite les psammites du Condros (...)"[9]. However, it seems to be later than 1879 because the same author then wrote : "Le dernier affleurement de psammites visible le long du ruisseau de Bavai, se trouve dans une grande prairie en face de l'usine de M. Levent."[10]
- ^ The Association française pour l'avancement des sciences wrote that in the Bavay's quarry ""Le travail est le même qu'à Watissart et les matériaux extraits sont identiques et classés de la même façon"[11], this part is a summary of the presentation of this quarry located in Jeumont[13]
- ^ These quarried rocks are no longer visible on the site, as they were fully covered by embankments.
- ^ Some geologists also call those sandstones psammites.
- ^ The ecological units have been described with the method of Phytosociology[31]
- ^ The heritage value of the plants is defined by the inventory of the vascular flora of the Nord-Pas de Calais[38]
- ^ Lizard Orchid (Himantoglossum hircinum) has not been seen in the reserve since 2003.
- ^ Regional Red List was established by Régis Courtecuisse in 1997 and published in Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 18, no 3, p. 183-219 ISSN 0181-1584
- ^ Trichoglossum hirsutum is vulnerable in the red regional list. This species likes moist and mossy grassy places.
- ^ Hebeloma clavulipes was identified for the first time in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. It was therefore not included in the Red List of 1997. It is an extomycorhizic species of willows in the reserve.
- ^ ZNIEFF is an acronym for Zone Naturelle d'Intérêt Écologique, Faunistique et Floristique, natural area of ecological, faunal and floral interest. The designation of a ZNIEFF is essentially based on the presence of species or groups of species with high heritage value.
References
- ^ a b Réserves naturelles de France 2012
- ^ Haouat 2013, p. 19
- ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 27
- ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 18
- ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 21
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 22
- ^ Rhind 2010
- ^ a b European Commission 2013, p. 78
- ^ a b c Ladrière 1881, p. 154
- ^ a b Ladrière 1879, p. 9.
- ^ a b Association française pour l'avancement des sciences 1909, p. 280
- ^ Association française pour l'avancement des sciences 1909, p. 281
- ^ Association française pour l'avancement des sciences 1909, pp. 277–280
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 12
- ^ Bissey 2003
- ^ Conseil Régional Nord-Pas-de-Calais 2009
- ^ Bromwich 2013, p. 39
- ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 2013
- ^ a b c Boulvain & Pingot 2011, p. 72
- ^ Luc Van Bellingen 2013
- ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 8
- ^ Luc Van Bellingen 2013
- ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 8-9
- ^ Ladrière 1905, p. 260
- ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 3-4
- ^ Boulvain & Pingot 2011, p. 125-126
- ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 3
- ^ a b Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 2
- ^ Cornet 1899, p. CCXI-CCXII
- ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 4
- ^ Julve 2003 .
- ^ European Commission 2013, p. 96
- ^ Duhamel & Catteau 2010, p. 50
- ^ Duhamel & Catteau 2010, p. 56
- ^ a b c d INPN 2013
- ^ Duhamel & Catteau 2010, p. 70
- ^ Haouat 2013, p. 35
- ^ Toussaint 2011 .
- ^ a b INPN 2013
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 92-104
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 33
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 32
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 58
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 60
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 62
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 55
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 68
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 66
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 45
- ^ République française 1991
- ^ Lecron 2013
- ^ Lecron, Toussaint & Hauguel 2013
- ^ Lecuru & Courtecuisse 2004
- ^ a b c d CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 71
- ^ a b c CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 75
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 73
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 38
- ^ Haouat 2013, p. 39
- ^ GON, SfO et CFR 2012
- ^ Haouat 2013, p. 40
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 39
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 79
- ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 83
- ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 95
- ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 96
- ^ Haouat 2013, p. 52