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| 1924 || Synchronized sound on film || ''[[Oh Mabel]]'' || [[Short film]]; used [[Lee DeForest]]'s [[Phonofilm]] sound on film process, though none of the characters "speak" on screen |
| 1924 || Synchronized sound on film || ''[[Oh Mabel]]'' || [[Short film]]; used [[Lee DeForest]]'s [[Phonofilm]] sound on film process, though none of the characters "speak" on screen |
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| 1926 || Synchronized sound on film with animated dialogue || ''[[My Old Kentucky Home (film)|My Old Kentucky Home]]''<ref>Maltin, Leonard, and Jerry Beck. ''Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. 89. Print. </ref> || Short film; used Lee DeForest's Phonofilm sound on film process; a dog character mouths the words, "Follow the ball, and join |
| 1926 || Synchronized sound on film with animated dialogue || ''[[My Old Kentucky Home (film)|My Old Kentucky Home]]''<ref>Maltin, Leonard, and Jerry Beck. ''Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. 89. Print. </ref> || Short film; used Lee DeForest's Phonofilm sound on film process; a dog character mouths the words, "Follow the ball, and join in, everybody!" |
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| 1930 || Filmed in [[Technicolor#Process_3|Two-color Technicolor]] || ''[[King of Jazz]]''<ref name=latimes>"Whiteman Film Due Tomorrow." ''Los Angeles Times'' 18 Apr. 1930: A9. Print.</ref> || Premiering in April 1930, a three-minute cartoon sequence produced by [[Walter Lantz Productions|Walter Lantz]] appears in this full-length, live-action Technicolor feature film. |
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| 1930 || [[Technicolor#Process_3|Two-color Technicolor]] in a stand-alone cartoon|| ''[[Fiddlesticks (film|Fiddlesticks]]''|| Released in August 1930, this [[Ub Iwerks]]-produced short is the first standalone color cartoon. Walter Lantz previously produced a Technicolor cartoon sequence that was used as part of an otherwise live-action feature film. |
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| 1931 || Feature-length sound film || ''[[Peludópolis]]'' || |
| 1931 || Feature-length sound film || ''[[Peludópolis]]'' || |
Revision as of 20:43, 1 July 2013
Animation refers to the recording of any image which goes through changes over time to portray the illusion of motion. Before the invention of film, the depiction of figures in motion through static art existed as far back as the Paleolithic. In the 19th century there were several devices which successfully displayed animated images.
Early approaches to motion in art
Evidence of artistic interest in depicting figures in motion can be seen as early as Paleolithic cave paintings. Animals in these paintings were often depicted with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions. Because these paintings are prehistoric they could be explained a number of ways, such as the artist simply changing their mind about the leg's position with no means of erasing, but it's very likely that they are early attempts to convey motion.[1]
Another example includes a 5,200-year old earthen bowl found in Iran in Shahr-e Sukhteh. The bowl has five images painted along the sides, showing phases of a goat leaping up to nip at a tree.[2][3]
An Egyptian mural, found in the tomb of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum, at the Beni Hassan cemetery includes a sequence of images in temporal succession. The paintings are approximately 4000 years old and show scenes of young soldiers being trained in wrestling and combat.[4]
Seven drawings by Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1510) extending over two folios in the Windsor Collection, Anatomical Studies of the Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, Chest, and Arm, show detailed drawings of the upper body with a less-detailed facial image. The sequence shows multiple angles of the figure as it rotates and the arm extends. Because the drawings show only small changes from one image to the next, the drawings imply motion in a single figure.
Even though some of these early examples may appear similar to an animated series of drawings, the lack of equipment to show them in motion causes them to fall short of being true animation. The process of illustrating the passing of time by putting images in a chronological series is one of the most important steps in creating animation so historic instances of this practice are definitely notable.
Animation before film
Numerous devices which successfully displayed animated images were introduced well before the advent of the motion picture. These devices were used to entertain, amaze and sometimes even frighten people. The majority of these devices didn't project their images and accordingly could only be viewed by a single person at any one time. For this reason they were considered toys rather than being a large scale entertainment industry like later animation. Many of these devices are still built by and for film students being taught the basic principles of animation.
The magic lantern (c. 1650)
The magic lantern is an early predecessor of the modern day projector. It consisted of a translucent oil painting, a simple lens and a candle or oil lamp. In a darkened room, the image would appear projected onto an adjacent flat surface. It was often used to project demonic, frightening images in order to convince people that they were witnessing the supernatural. Some slides for the lanterns contained moving parts which makes the magic lantern the earliest known example of projected animation. The origin of the magic lantern is debated, but in the 15th century the Venetian inventor Giovanni Fontana published an illustration of a device which projected the image of a demon in his Liber Instrumentorum. The earliest known actual magic lanterns are usually credited to Christiaan Huygens or Athanasius Kircher.[5][6]
Thaumatrope (1824)
A thaumatrope was a simple toy used in the Victorian era. A thaumatrope is a small circular disk or card with two different pictures on each side that was attached to a piece of string or a pair of strings running through the centre. When the string is twirled quickly between the fingers, the two pictures appear to combine into a single image. The thaumatrope demonstrates the Phi phenomenon, the brain's ability to persistently perceive an image. Its invention is often credited to Sir John Herschel. John A. Paris popularized the invention when he used one to illustrate the Phi phenomenon in 1824 to the Royal College of Physicians.[7]
Phenakistoscope (1831)
The phenakistoscope was an early animation device. It was invented in 1831 simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer. It consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radii evenly spaced around the center of the disk. Slots are cut out of the disk on the same radii as the drawings, but at a different distance from the center. The device would be placed in front of a mirror and spun. As the phenakistoscope is spun, a viewer would look through the slots at the reflection of the drawings which would only become visible when a slot passes by the viewer's eye.[8] This created the illusion of animation.
Zoetrope (180 AD; 1834)
The zoetrope was produced in 1834 by William George Horner and operates on the same principle as the phenakistoscope. It was a cylindrical spinning device with several frames of animation printed along the interior circumference. There are vertical slits around the sides through which an observer can view the moving images on the opposite side when the cylinder spins. As it spins the material between the viewing slits moves in the opposite direction of the images on the other side and in doing so serves as a rudimentary shutter. The zoetrope had several advantages over the phenakistoscope. It didn't require the use of a mirror to view the illusion, and because of its cylindrical shape it could be viewed by several people at once.
In China around 180 AD the prolific inventor [Ting Huan] (丁緩) invented a device similar to the modern zoetrope. It was made of translucent paper or mica panels and was operated by being hung over a lamp so that vanes at the top would rotate as they came in contact with the warm air currents rising from the lamp. This rotation, if it reached the ideal speed triggered the same illusion of quick animation as a more modern zoetrope.[9][10][11][12]
Flip book (1868)
The first flip book was patented in 1868 by John Barnes Linnett as the kineograph. A flip book is just a book with particularly springy pages that have an animated series of images printed near the unbound edge. A viewer bends the pages back and then rapidly releases them one at a time so that each image viewed springs out of view to momentarily reveal the next image just before it does the same. They operate on the same principle as the phenakistoscope and the zoetrope what with the rapid replacement of images with others, but they create the illusion without any thing serving as a flickering shutter as the slits had in the previous devices. They accomplish this because of the simple physiological fact that the eye can focus more easily on stationary objects than on moving ones. Flip books were more often cited as inspiration by early animated filmmakers than the previously discussed devices which didn't reach quite as wide of an audience.[13] In previous animation devices the images were drawn in circles which meant diameter of the circles physically limited just how many images could reasonably be displayed. While the book format still brings about something of a physical limit to the length of the animation, this limit is significantly longer than the round devices. Even this limit was able to be broken with the invention of the mutoscope in 1894. It consisted of a long circularly bound flip book in a box with a crank handle to flip through the pages.
Praxinoscope (1877)
The praxinoscope, invented by French scientist Charles-Émile Reynaud, combined the cylindrical design of the zoetrope with the viewing mirror of the phenakistoscope. The mirrors were mounted still in the center of the spinning ring of slots and drawings so that the image can be more clearly seen no matter what the device's radius. Reynaud also developed a larger version of the praxinoscope that could be projected onto a screen, called the Théâtre Optique.
Traditional animation
The silent era
Charles-Émile Reynaud's Théâtre Optique is the earliest known example of projected animation. It predates even photographic video devices such as Thomas Edison's 1883 invention, the Kinetoscope, and the Lumière brothers' 1884 invention, the cinematograph. Reynaud exhibited three of his animations on October 28, 1892 at Musée Grévin in Paris, France. The only surviving example of these three is Pauvre Pierrot which was 500 frames long.[14]
After the cinematograph popularized the motion picture, the endless possibilities of animation began to be explored in much greater depth.[15] A short stop-motion animation was produced in 1908 by Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton called The Humpty Dumpty Circus.[16] Stop motion is a video technique in which real objects are moved around in the time between their images being recorded so that when the images are viewed as a video, they appear to be moving by some invisible force. It directly descends from various early "trick" film techniques which used video to realistically display the impossible. A few other films featuring the stop motion technique were released afterward, but the first to receive wide scale appreciation was Blackton's Haunted Mansion which baffled viewers and inspired a lot of further development in animation.[17] In 1906 Blackton also made the first drawn work of animation on standard film, Humorous Phases of Funny Faces. It features faces being drawn on a chalkboard which suddenly begin to move autonomously.
Fantasmagorie, by the French director Émile Cohl (also called Émile Courtet), is also noteworthy. It was screened for the first time on August 17, 1908 at Théâtre du Gymnase in Paris. Cohl later went to Fort Lee, New Jersey near New York City in 1912, where he worked for French studio Éclair and spread its animation technique to the US.
Influenced by Cohl, the author of the first puppet-animated film (i.e. The Beautiful Lukanida (1912)), Russian-born (ethnically Polish) director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich, started to create stop motion films using dead insects with wire limbs. In 1911 he created The Cameraman's Revenge, a complex tale of treason, suicide and violence between several different insects. It is a pioneer work of puppet animation, and the oldest animated film of such dramatic complexity, with characters filled with motivation, desire and feelings. In 1914, American cartoonist Winsor McCay released Gertie the Dinosaur, an early example of character development in drawn animation. The film was made for McCay's vaudeville act and as it played McCay would speak to Gertie who would respond with a series of gestures. There was a scene at the end of the film where McCay walked behind the projection screen and a video of him appears on the screen showing him getting on the cartoons back and riding out of frame. This scene made Gertie the Dinosaur the first film to combine live action footage with hand drawn animation. McCay hand drew almost every one of the 10,000 drawings he used for the film.[18]
Also in 1914, John Bray opened John Bray Studios which revolutionized the way animation was created. Earl Hurd, one of Bray's employees patented the cel technique. This involved animating moving objects on transparent celluloid sheets which were then placed over a stationary background image and then photographed to generate the sequence of images. This as well as Bray's innovative use of the assembly line method allowed John Bray Studios to create Col. Heeza Liar, the first animated series.[19] In 1915 Max and Dave Fleischer invented rotoscoping, the process of using film as a reference point for animation and their studios went on to later release such animated classics as Ko-Ko the Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye the Sailor Man, and Superman. In 1918 McCay released The Sinking of the Lusitania, a wartime propaganda film. McCay did utilize some of the newer animation techniques such as cels over paintings, but because he did all of his animation by himself, the project wasn't actually released until just shortly before the end of the war.[19] At this point the larger scale animation studios were becoming the industrial norm and artists such as McCay faded from the public eye.[18]
The first animated feature film was El Apóstol, made in 1917 by Quirino Cristiani from Argentina. He also directed two other animated feature films, including 1931's Peludopolis, the first feature length animation to use synchronized sound. None of these, however, survive to the present day.[20][21] In 1920, Otto Mesmer of Pat Sullivan Studios created Felix the Cat. Pat Sullivan, the studio head took all of the credit for Felix, a practice which was very common in the early days of studio animation. Felix the Cat was distributed by Paramount Studios and attracted a very large audience. Felix was the first cartoon to be merchandised, and he soon became a household name.
In Germany, during 1920s the abstract animation was invented by Walter Ruttman, Hans Richter, and Oskar Fischinger, however, the Nazis censorship against so-called "degenerate art" prevented the abstract animation from developing after 1933.
The earliest-surviving animated feature film is the 1926 silhouette-animated Adventures of Prince Achmed which used colour-tinted film. It was directed by German Lotte Reiniger and French/Hungarian Berthold Bartosch.
The Golden Age of Animation
In 1923 a studio called Laugh-O-Grams went bankrupt and its owner Walt Disney opened a new studio in Los Angeles. Disney's first project was the Alice Comedies Series which featured a live action girl who interacted with numerous cartoon characters. Some of the first animated sound films with recorded sound synchronized with the animation were the Song Car-Tunes films (1924-1927) and Dinner Time (1928). The earliest sound Song Car-Tunes films were Oh Mabel (May 1924) and Mother, Mother, Mother Pin a Rose on Me and Goodbye My Lady Love (both from June 1924). Disney's first notable breakthrough was 1928's Steamboat Willie, the third of the Mickey Mouse series, which was the first cartoon to include a fully post-produced soundtrack, featuring voice and sound effects printed on the film itself ("sound-on-film"). The short film showed an anthropomorphic mouse named Mickey neglecting his work on a steamboat to instead make music using the animals aboard the boat.
In 1930 Warner Brothers Cartoons were founded. While Disney's studio was known for its releases being strictly controlled by Walt Disney himself, Warner brothers allowed its animators significantly more freedom, which allowed for their animators to develop more recognizable personal styles.[18] The first animated feature sound film was Peludópolis which premiered on September 16, 1931.[22] The first animation to use the full, three-color Technicolor method was "Flowers and Trees" made in 1932 by Disney Studios which won an Academy Award for the work.[14] Color animation soon became the industry standard and in 1934 Warner brothers released "Honeymoon Hotel" of the Merry Melodies series, their first color film. In 1935 Tex Avery released his first film with Warner Brothers. Avery's style was notably fast paced, violent, and satirical, with a slapstick sensibility, and he introduced the Looney Tunes characters who are still extremely popular to this day. The thrilling nature of Avery's productions appealed to a much wider audience than Disney's which was directly marketed towards children.
Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, released in 1937, is often considered to be the first animated feature but at least eight were previously released. However, Snow White was the first to become successful and well-known within the English-speaking world and the first to use Technicolor cel animation. Following Snow White's release Disney began to focus much of its productive force on feature length films. Though Disney did continue to produce shorts throughout the century, Warner Brothers continued to focus on shorts.
The first[citation needed] Japanese-made feature length anime film was the propaganda film Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors (桃太郎 海の神兵) by the Japanese director Mitsuyo Seo. The film, shown in 1945, was ordered to be made to support the war by the Japanese Naval Ministry. The film's song AIUEO no Uta (アイウエオの歌) was later used in Osamu Tezuka's anime series Kimba the White Lion. Originally thought to have been destroyed during the American occupation, a negative copy survived and the film is now available in Japan on VHS.
The television era
Color television was introduced to the US Market in 1951. In 1958 Hanna-Barbera released Huckleberry Hound, the first half-hour television program to feature only animation. Terrytoons released Tom Terrific the same year. In 1960 Hanna - Barbera released another monumental animated television show, The Flintstones, which was the first animated series on prime time television. Television significantly decreased public attention to the animated shorts being shown theatres.
The first[citation needed] individually hand-drawn animated feature was The Tune (1992) by American independent animator Bill Plympton. Before limited distribution The Tune was nominated for the 1992 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize dramatic and in 1993 was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Original Score by Maureen McElheron. To date, only this film's animator lays claim to having individually hand-drawn feature-length films, and has gone on to produce four more: I Married A Strange Person (1997), Mutant Aliens (2001), Hair High (2004), and Idiots and Angels (2008).
Animation Techniques
Innumerable approaches to creating animation have arisen throughout the years. Here is a brief account of some of the non traditional techniques commonly incorporated.
Stop motion
This process is used for many productions, for example, the most common types of puppets are clay puppets, as used in The California Raisins and Wallace and Gromit, and figures made of various rubbers, cloths and plastic resins, such as The Nightmare Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach. Sometimes even objects are used, such as with the films of Jan Švankmajer.
Stop motion animation was also commonly used for special effects work in many live-action films, such as the 1933 version of King Kong and The 7th Voyage of Sinbad.
CGI animation
Computer-generated imagery (CGI) revolutionized animation. The first fully computer-animated feature film was Pixar's Toy Story (1995).[citation needed] The process of CGI animation is still very tedious and similar in that sense to traditional animation, and it still adheres to many of the same principles.
A principal difference of CGI animation compared to traditional animation is that drawing is replaced by 3D modeling, almost like a virtual version of stop-motion, though a form of animation that combines the two worlds can be considered to be computer aided animation but on 2D computer drawing (which can be considered close to traditional drawing and sometimes based on it).
Most CGI created films are based on animal characters, monsters, machines or cartoon-like humans. Animation studios are now trying to develop ways of creating realistic-looking humans. Films that have attempted this include Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within in 2001, Final Fantasy: Advent Children in 2005, The Polar Express in 2004, Beowulf in 2007 and Resident Evil: Degeneration in 2009. However, due to the complexity of human body functions, emotions and interactions, this method of animation is rarely used. The more realistic a CG character becomes, the more difficult it is to create the nuances and details of a living person, and the greater the likelihood of the character falling into the uncanny valley. The creation of hair and clothing that move convincingly with the animated human character is another area of difficulty. The Incredibles and Up both have humans as protagonists, while films like Avatar combine animation with live action to create humanoid creatures.
A type of non-photorealistic rendering designed to make computer graphics appear to be hand-drawn. Cel-shading is often used to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon. It is a somewhat recent addition to computer graphics, most commonly turning up in console video games. Though the end result of cel-shading has a very simplistic feel like that of hand-drawn animation, the process is complex. The name comes from the clear sheets of acetate (originally, celluloid), called cels, that are painted on for use in traditional 2D animation. It may be considered a "2.5D" form of animation. True real-time cel-shading was first introduced in 2000 by Sega's Jet Set Radio for their Dreamcast console. Besides video games, a number of anime have also used this style of animation, such as Freedom Project in 2006.
Machinima is the use of real-time 3D computer graphics rendering engines to create a cinematic production. Most often, video games are used to generate the computer animation. Machinima-based artists, sometimes called machinimists or machinimators, are often fan laborers, by virtue of their re-use of copyrighted materials.
Firsts in animation
Year | Milestone | Film | Notes |
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1917 | Feature film | El Apóstol | Created with cutout animation; now considered lost |
1926 | The Adventures of Prince Achmed | Oldest surviving animated feature film | |
1924 | Synchronized sound on film | Oh Mabel | Short film; used Lee DeForest's Phonofilm sound on film process, though none of the characters "speak" on screen |
1926 | Synchronized sound on film with animated dialogue | My Old Kentucky Home[23] | Short film; used Lee DeForest's Phonofilm sound on film process; a dog character mouths the words, "Follow the ball, and join in, everybody!" |
1930 | Filmed in Two-color Technicolor | King of Jazz[24] | Premiering in April 1930, a three-minute cartoon sequence produced by Walter Lantz appears in this full-length, live-action Technicolor feature film. |
1930 | Two-color Technicolor in a stand-alone cartoon | Fiddlesticks | Released in August 1930, this Ub Iwerks-produced short is the first standalone color cartoon. Walter Lantz previously produced a Technicolor cartoon sequence that was used as part of an otherwise live-action feature film. |
1931 | Feature-length sound film | Peludópolis | |
1932 | Filmed in three-strip Technicolor | Flowers and Trees | Short film |
1935 | Feature length puppet animated (stop-motion) film | The New Gulliver | |
1937 | Feature filmed in three-strip Technicolor | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | |
1940 | Stereophonic sound | Fantasia | |
1955 | Feature filmed in widescreen format | Lady and the Tramp | |
1961 | Feature film using xerography process (replacing hand inking) | One Hundred and One Dalmatians | |
1983 | 3D feature film - stereoscopic technique | Abra Cadabra | |
1983 | Animated feature containing computer-generated imagery | Rock and Rule | |
1985 | Feature length clay-animated film | The Adventures of Mark Twain | |
1990 | Produced without camera | The Rescuers Down Under | First feature film completely produced with Disney's Computer Animation Production System |
1995 | Fully computer-animated feature film | Toy Story | |
2003 | First Flash-animated film | Wizards and Giants | |
2004 | Cel-shaded animation | Appleseed and Steamboy | |
2005 | Feature shot with digital still cameras | Corpse Bride | |
2007 | Feature digitally animated by one person | Flatland | |
2008 | Feature film designed, created and released exclusively in 3D | Fly Me to the Moon | |
2009 | Stop-motion character animated using rapid prototyping | Coraline | |
2010 | Animated feature film to score more than $1,000,000,000 worldwide | Toy Story 3 |
Asia
History of Chinese animation
- 180 AD: zoetrope is invented by Ting Huan
- 1922: first animation in a commercial Shuzhendong Chinese Typewriter
- 1926: first animation to showcase technology Uproar in the Studio and acknowledge Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan as pioneers.
- 1935: The Camel's Dance first chinese animation with sound.
- 1941: Princess Iron Fan
History of Indian animation
- 1974: Ek Anek Aur Ekta
- 1986: Ghayab Aaya
- 1992: Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama
History of Iranian animation
Iran's animation owes largely to the animator Noureddin Zarrinkelk. Zarrinkelk was instrumental in founding the Institute for Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (IIDCYA) in Tehran in collaboration with the late father of Iranian graphics Morteza Momayez and other fellow artists like Farshid Mesghali, Ali Akbar Sadeghi, and Arapik Baghdasarian.[25]
- Circa 3000 BCE: Zoopraxiscope-style animated pottery is produced. This is considered to be one of the oldest forms of animation in the world.
- 1970: Duty, First
- 1971: A Playground for Baboush
- 1971: Philipo and a Train from Hong Kong
- 1971: Seven Cities
- 1972: Shower of Flowers
- 1973: Association Of Ideas
- 1973: I Am He Who…
- 1974: Atal-Matal
- 1974: The Castle
- 1975: The Mad, Mad, Mad World
- 1975: The Sun King
History of Japanese animation (Anime)
- Circa 1915: Discovered in Kyoto in 2005, the earliest known Japanese animated film depicts a boy wearing a sailor uniform performing a salute. The undated film is considered to be among the earliest examples of Japanese animation (the discoverer has speculated it to be as early as 1907) and is composed of 50 frames put together on 35mm Celluloid with paste.[26]
- 1917: Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki
- 1917: Namakura Gatana
- 1918: Urashima Tarō
- 1921: Kiatsu to Mizuage Ponpu
- 1922: Shokubutsu Seiri: Seishoku no Maki
- 1924: Usagi to Kame
- 1945: Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors
- 1958: The Tale of the White Serpent
- 1963: Astro Boy
- 1968: Hols: Prince of the Sun
- 1970: Ashita no Joe
- 1974: Space Battleship Yamato
- 1979: Mobile Suit Gundam
- 1979: The Castle of Cagliostro
- 1984: Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
- 1984: Lensman: Secret of The Lens
- 1987: Wicked City
- 1988: My Neighbor Totoro
- 1988: Grave of the Fireflies
- 1988: Akira
- 1993: Ninja Scroll
- 1995: Neon Genesis Evangelion
- 1995: Ghost in the Shell
- 1997: Princess Mononoke
- 2000: Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust
- 2001: Spirited Away
Europe
History of British animation
- 1899: Arthur Melbourne-Cooper's "Matches Appeal"
- 1954: Animal Farm
- 1978: Watership Down
- 1982: Plague Dogs
- 1982: SuperTed
- 1990: The Dreamstone
- 1999: Watership Down (TV series)
History of Czech animation
The roots of Czech puppet animation began in the mid-1940s when puppet theater operators, Eduard Hofman and Jiří Trnka founded the Poetic animation school, Bratří v Triku. Since that time animation has expanded and flourished.[27][28]
- 1945: Dedek Zasadil repu ("My grandfather planted a beet")
- 1946: Zvírátka to petrovstí ("Animals and bandits")
- 1946: Perak SS ("The jumper and the men of the SS")
- 1946: Darek ("The Gift")
- 1947: Špalíček ("The Czech Year")
- 1949: Román s basou ("Story of a bass")
- 1949: Certuv mlýn ("The Devil's Mill")
- 1949: Arie prerie ("Song of the Prairie")
- 1949: Cisaruv Slavik ("The Emperor's Nightingale")
History of Estonian animation
Estonian animation began in the 1930s and has carried on into the modern day.[29]
- 1931 - The Adventures of Juku The Dog, first Estonian animated short film
- 1950s - founding of puppet animation division of Tallinnfilm by Elbert Tuganov
- 1970s - founding of drawn animation division, Joonisfilm, by Rein Raamat
History of French animation
- 1908-1925, The work of animation pioneer Émile Cohl produces a number of firsts in animation and animation techniques.
- 1908: The first animated cartoon
- 1909: First use of morphing
- 1910: First use of puppet animation and first color-animated cartoon
- 1911: First use of pixilation
- 1916: Le chien Flambeau becomes the first animated series.
History of Hungarian animation
- 1914: István Kató Kiszly first becomes involved in cut-out promotional animations for use during newsreels.
- 1932: Gyula Macskássy and János Halász establish Hungary's first animation studio, Coloriton.
- 1930-1940: Hungarian animators such as Jean Image, George Pal, and John Halas emigrate from Hungary due to political instability and settle abroad.
- 1948: All film-making is nationalized by the Hungarian Communist Party under Magyar Szinkronfilmgyártó Vállalat (later rechristened as Pannónia Film Stúdió).
- 1951: Gyula Macskássy and Edit Fekete create Hungary's first color animation, A kiskakas gyémánt félkrajcárja.
- 1962: Gyula Macskássy and György Várnai create Hungary's first animated serial, the Peti series.
- 1973: Marcell Jankovics creates the first feature-length Hungarian film, János Vitéz.
- 1981: Ferenc Rofusz wins the 1981 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film with A Légy.
- 1981: János Kass' Dilemma becomes the first fully digital animated film[30]
- 1985 - Hungary holds its first Hungarian Animated Cartoon Festival in Kecskemét.
- 1990 - Communism ends, and with it state support for Pannónia Film Stúdió. Independent studios like Varga Studio and Digic Pictures emerge.
History of Italian animation
- 1970: The Italian animated cartoon art and industry (La Linea (cartoon), Caliméro...) is born.
- 1977: The animated Italian classic, Allegro non troppo, is both a parody of and homage to Disney's Fantasia. This is director Bruno Bozzetto's most ambitious work and his only feature-length animation, although he also directed several notable shorter works including West and Soda, an animated spaghetti western.[31]
History of Russian animation
- 1910-1913: Ladislas Starevich creates puppet animations
- 1935: First animated feature film in the USSR, The New Gulliver
- 1935: Soyuzmultfilm Studio is created, will go on to fund many thousands of short animated films, mostly for kids
- late 1930s to 1950s: enforced Socialist Realism in cartoons (with a few exceptions).
- 1953: Puppet animation division re-founded at Soyuzmultfilm (it was closed shortly after The New Gulliver was released)
- 1962: Fyodor Khitruk's short film History of a Crime introduces new aesthetic to Soviet animation
- 1969: First episode of popular series Nu, Pogodi!
- 1972: First Cheburashka short is made
- 1979: Yuriy Norshteyn releases Tale of Tales, since then voted twice by a large panel of international critics as the best animated film ever made.
- 1989: Studio Pilot, the first private animation studio in the USSR, is founded
- 1990s: government subsidies shrink dramatically, while the number of studios grow.
- 2000s (decade): some[which?] high-profile animated features are made.
History of animation in Croatia (in former Yugoslavia)
- 1953: Zagreb Film inaugurates the Zagreb school of animation.
- 1975: Škola Animiranog Filma Čakovec (ŠAF) inaugurates the Čakovec school of animation.
Americas
History of Argentinian animation
The world's first two feature-length animated films and the first film with sound were developed in Argentina by Quirino Cristiani;[20][21]
- 1917: El Apóstol
- 1918: Sin dejar rastros
History of Canadian animation
- 1914: Raoul Barré of Barré Studio produces animated segments for Animated Grouch Chaser
- 1916: Raoul Barré produces Mutt and Jeff
- 1926: Raoul Barré works as guest animator for Felix the Cat
- 1941: The National Film Board of Canada's animation department is founded with the addition of Norman McLaren to the organization.
History of Cuban animation
- 1970: Juan Padrón creates the character of Elpidio Valdés, star of a long-running series of shorts and two motion pictures.
- 1985: Juan Padrón's ¡Vampiros en la Habana!
- 1992: An animation category is added to the Festival Internacional del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano
History of United States animation
History of animation in the United States |
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- Beginning of industrial production of animated cartoon.
The history of Hollywood animation as an art form has undergone many changes in its hundred-year history, the following lists four separate chapters in the development of its animation:
- Animation in the United States during the silent era (1900s through 1920s)
- The beginnings of theatrical, the earliest animated cartoons in the era of silent film, ranging from the works of Winsor McCay through Koko the Clown and Felix the Cat
- The Bray Studios was the first and foremost cartoon studio, housed in New York City. Many aspiring cartoonists started their careers at Bray, including Paul Terry of "Mighty Mouse" fame, Max Fleischer of "Betty Boop" fame, as well as Walter Lantz of "Woody Woodpecker" fame. The cartoon studio operated from c. 1915 until 1928. Some of the first cartoon stars from the Bray studios were Farmer Alfalfa (by Paul Terry) and Bobby Bumps (by Earl Hurd).
- Max and Dave Fleischer formed their own studio Fleischer Studios, and created the Koko the Clown, Out of the Inkwell, and Sound Car-Tunes series.
- Golden Age of American animation (1930s through 1950s)
- The dominance of Walt Disney throughout the 1930s, through revolutionary cartoons Silly Symphonies, Mickey Mouse, and Donald Duck.
- The rise of Warner Bros. and MGM
- The Fleischer Studios creation of Betty Boop, Popeye, and Superman cartoons
- Disney's Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs marks the start of the "Golden Age" at Disney.
- The departure from realism, and UPA
- Animation in the United States in the television era (1960s through Mid-1980s)
- 1938: Chad Grothkopf's eight-minute experimental Willie the Worm, cited as the first animated film created for TV, was shown on NBC.[32][33]
- The emergence of TV animated series from Hanna-Barbera Productions
- The decline of theatrical cartoons and feature films
- The rise of Saturday morning cartoons
- The attempts at reviving animated features through the 1960s
- The rise of adult animation in the early 1970s
- The onslaught of commercial cartoons in the 1980s
- Modern animation in the United States (Late-1980s through present)
- Who Framed Roger Rabbit and the Disney Renaissance
- Steven Spielberg's collaborations with Warner Bros.
- A flood of newer, bolder animation studios
- Don Bluth films appear on the scene, creating potential competition for Disney.
- The Simpsons marks the resurgence of adult-oriented animation.
- The rise of computer animation, for both 2D and 3D (CGI) animation
- The decline of traditional animation
- The decline of Saturday morning cartoons, the rise of Nickelodeon, Disney Channel and Cartoon Network
- The Anime Explosion: mainstream popularization of Japanese animation, known as anime. Toonami/Cartoon Network contributes largely to the success.
- Cartoon Network's late-night animation block Adult Swim becomes immensely popular and leads to a resurgence in short, adult animation.
Media
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The 1906 cartoon "Humorous Phases of Funny Faces" by J. Stuart Blackton, regarded to be the first animated film
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A 1921 sequel to Winsor McCay's "Gertie the Dinosaur", 1914, the first cartoon with personality animation
References
- ^ The Art of Animation, Bob Thomas, 1958
- ^ Oldest Animation Discovered In Iran. Animation Magazine. 12-03-2008.
- ^ The Visual Linguist: Burnt City
animationVL - ^ Egypt Thomb. Lessing Photo. 02-15-2011.
- ^ Pfragner, Julius. "An Optician Looks for Work". The Motion Picture: From Magic Lantern to Sound. Great Britain: Bailey Brothers and Swinfen Ltd. 9-21. Print.
- ^ "About…". http://magiclanternfilm.wordpress.com. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
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- ^ "Thaumatrope". http://courses.ncssm.edu. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
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- ^ "Phenakistoscope". http://courses.ncssm.edu. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
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- ^ Ronan, Colin A (1985). The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31536-0.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Dulac, Nicolas (2004). "Heads or Tails: The Emergence of a New Cultural Series, from the Phenakisticope to the Cinematograph". Invisible Culture: A Journal for Visual Culture. The University of Rochester. Retrieved 2006-05-13.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ History of Media, University of Minnesota, accessed May 13, 2006 [dead link]
- ^ "Zoetrope". Laura Hayes and John Howard Wileman Exhibit of Optical Toys. The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-04-26. Retrieved 2006-05-13.
- ^ afterword, Donald Crafton ; with a new (1993). Before Mickey : the animated film, 1898-1928 (University of Chicago Press ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-226-11667-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Animated Films Part 1". http://www.filmsite.org. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|work=
- ^ afterword, Donald Crafton ; with a new (1993). Before Mickey : the animated film, 1898-1928 (University of Chicago Press ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-226-11667-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0000704/
- ^ afterword, Donald Crafton ; with a new (1993). Before Mickey : the animated film, 1898-1928 (University of Chicago Press ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-226-11667-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Crandol, Michael. "The History of Animation: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Studio System in the Production of an Art Form". Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ a b McLaughlin, Dan. "A Rather Incomplete but Still Fascinating History of Animation". Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ a b "The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator". Awn.com. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ a b Quirio Cristiani's page (Spanish)
- ^ Giannalberto Bendazzi. "Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator". Animation Work Network. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
- ^ Maltin, Leonard, and Jerry Beck. Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. 89. Print.
- ^ "Whiteman Film Due Tomorrow." Los Angeles Times 18 Apr. 1930: A9. Print.
- ^ Press TV - Zarrinkelk, father of Iran animation
- ^ "China People's Daily Online (Japanese Edition): 日本最古?明治時代のアニメフィルム、京都で発". Retrieved 2007-03-05.
- ^ Catalogue of Czech animation
- ^ Czech animation homepage
- ^ Article summarizing the history
- ^ Notable People Who Died In 2010. Art Knowledge News. Accessed 19 January 2012.
- ^ "QNetwork Entertainment Portal". Qnetwork.com. 2004-02-03. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Connecticut Historical Society
- ^ Beckerman, Howard. Animation: The Whole Story, Allworth, 2003.