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== Species == |
== Species == |
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The majority of fuchsia species are native to Central and South America. A small additional number are found on Hispaniola (two species), in New Zealand (three species) and on Tahiti (one species). [[Philip A. Munz]] in his ''A Revision of the Genus Fuchsia'' classified the genus into seven sections of 100 species. More recent scientific publications, especially those by botanists Dr. Dennis E. Breedlove (University of California) and, currently, Prof. Paul E. Berry (University of Michigan), recognize 108 species and 122 taxa, organized into twelve sections. In New Zealand and Tahiti, section ''Skinnera'' now consists of only three species (''F. x colensoi'' has been determined to be a naturally occurring hybrid between ''F. excorticata'' and ''F. perscandens''). Also, ''F. procumbens'' has been placed into its own section, ''Procumbentes.'' Two other new sections are ''Pachyrrhiza'' and ''Verrucosa'', containing one species each.<ref>http://botany.si.edu/onagraceae/result.cfm?myFrom=tree&genus=Fuchsia</ref> The Plant List, a cooperative endeavor by several leading botanical institutions to maintain a working list of all plant species, lists most currently accepted ''Fuchsia'' species and synonyms.<ref>http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=fuchsia</ref> |
The majority of fuchsia species are native to Central and South America. A small additional number are found on Hispaniola (two species), in New Zealand (three species) and on Tahiti (one species). [[Philip A. Munz]] in his ''A Revision of the Genus Fuchsia'' classified the genus into seven sections of 100 species. More recent scientific publications, especially those by botanists Dr. Dennis E. Breedlove (University of California) and, currently, Prof. Paul E. Berry (University of Michigan), recognize 108 species and 122 taxa, organized into twelve sections. In New Zealand and Tahiti, section ''Skinnera'' now consists of only three species (''F. x colensoi'' has been determined to be a naturally occurring hybrid between ''F. excorticata'' and ''F. perscandens''). Also, ''F. procumbens'' has been placed into its own section, ''Procumbentes.'' Two other new sections are ''Pachyrrhiza'' and ''Verrucosa'', containing one species each.<!--<ref>http://botany.si.edu/onagraceae/result.cfm?myFrom=tree&genus=Fuchsia</ref>problem with link (server error?)--> The Plant List, a cooperative endeavor by several leading botanical institutions to maintain a working list of all plant species, lists most currently accepted ''Fuchsia'' species and synonyms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Plant List - Fuchsia|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=fuchsia|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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The vast majority of garden hybrids have descended from a few parent species.<ref name="Puttock">{{cite book |author=A. G. Puttock |title=Lovely Fuchsias |publisher=Gifford |location=London |year=1959}}</ref> |
The vast majority of garden hybrids have descended from a few parent species.<ref name="Puttock">{{cite book |author=A. G. Puttock |title=Lovely Fuchsias |publisher=Gifford |location=London |year=1959}}</ref> |
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[[File:Cultivated Fucshias at BBC Gardeners' World.jpg|thumb|Selection of cultivated Fuchsias at [[BBC Gardeners' World]] in June 2011, including Purple Patch, Pink Fantasia. and Eternity]] |
[[File:Cultivated Fucshias at BBC Gardeners' World.jpg|thumb|Selection of cultivated Fuchsias at [[BBC Gardeners' World]] in June 2011, including Purple Patch, Pink Fantasia. and Eternity]] |
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Fuchsias are popular garden shrubs, and once planted can live for years with a minimal amount of care. The British Fuchsia Society |
Fuchsias are popular garden shrubs, and once planted can live for years with a minimal amount of care. The British Fuchsia Society<ref>{{cite web|title=British Fuchsia Society|url=http://www.thebfs.org.uk/|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> maintains a list of "hardy" fuchsias that have been proven to survive a number of winters throughout Britain and to be back in flower each year by July. Enthusiasts report that hundreds and even thousands of hybrids survive and prosper throughout Britain. In the United States, the Northwest Fuchsia Society maintains an extensive list of fuchsias that have proven hardy in members' gardens in the Pacific Northwest over at least three winters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Northwest Fuchsia Society|url=http://www.nwfuchsiasociety.com/hardies/hardyfuchsias.htm|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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Fuchsias from sections Quelusia (''F. magellanica'', ''F. regia'', etc.), encliandra (some encliandra hybrids flower continuously), Skinnera (''F. excorticata'', ''F. perscandens'') and Procumbentes (''F. procumbens'' is suitable as a groundcover) have especially proven to be hardy in widespread areas of Britain and Ireland, as well as in many other countries such as New Zealand (aside from its native species) or the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. A number of species will easily survive outdoors in agreeable mild temperate areas. Though some may not always flower in the average British summer, they will often perform well in other favorable climatic zones. Even in somewhat colder regions, a number of the hardier species will often survive as herbaceous perennials, dying back and reshooting from below ground in the spring. |
Fuchsias from sections Quelusia (''F. magellanica'', ''F. regia'', etc.), encliandra (some encliandra hybrids flower continuously), Skinnera (''F. excorticata'', ''F. perscandens'') and Procumbentes (''F. procumbens'' is suitable as a groundcover) have especially proven to be hardy in widespread areas of Britain and Ireland, as well as in many other countries such as New Zealand (aside from its native species) or the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. A number of species will easily survive outdoors in agreeable mild temperate areas. Though some may not always flower in the average British summer, they will often perform well in other favorable climatic zones. Even in somewhat colder regions, a number of the hardier species will often survive as herbaceous perennials, dying back and reshooting from below ground in the spring. |
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Due to the favorably mild, temperate climate created by the North Atlantic Current, fuchsias grow abundantly in the West Cork region of Ireland and are associated with the area to such an extent that a local branding initiative uses the fuchsia flower as their logo.<ref>http://www.fuchsiabrands.com/</ref> For similar reasons fuchsias grow abundantly in the [[Scilly Isles]], and have even colonised wild areas. While ''F. magellanica'' is not wide spread in Scotland it has been know to grow wild in sheltered areas, it can been seen growing self set seedlings along the banks of a stream (burn) that runs through Cambo gardens in Fife.<ref>http://gardeningbythesea.co.uk/clinic/topic-archive/scilly-isles1.php</ref> In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, ''F. magellanica'' also easily survives regional winters. |
Due to the favorably mild, temperate climate created by the North Atlantic Current, fuchsias grow abundantly in the West Cork region of Ireland and are associated with the area to such an extent that a local branding initiative uses the fuchsia flower as their logo.<ref>http://www.fuchsiabrands.com/</ref> For similar reasons fuchsias grow abundantly in the [[Scilly Isles]], and have even colonised wild areas. While ''F. magellanica'' is not wide spread in Scotland it has been know to grow wild in sheltered areas, it can been seen growing self set seedlings along the banks of a stream (burn) that runs through Cambo gardens in Fife.<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Gardening by the sea''|url=http://gardeningbythesea.co.uk/clinic/topic-archive/scilly-isles1.php|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, ''F. magellanica'' also easily survives regional winters. |
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===Categories=== |
===Categories=== |
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Sixty cultivated varieties of fuchsia have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]. The following is a selection of the more popular cultivars in the United Kingdom. Fuchsias, of course, are cultivated in gardens in many other countries around the world so lists of their most popular cultivars will be different. |
Sixty cultivated varieties of fuchsia have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]. The following is a selection of the more popular cultivars in the United Kingdom. Fuchsias, of course, are cultivated in gardens in many other countries around the world so lists of their most popular cultivars will be different. |
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* 'Alice Hoffman' |
* 'Alice Hoffman'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Alice Hoffman'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2949|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> (pink sepals, white petals - [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]]) |
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* 'Dollar Princess' |
* 'Dollar Princess'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Dollar Prinzessin'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2964|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> (cerise sepas, purple petals - hardy) |
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* 'Garden news' |
* 'Garden news'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Garden News'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2968|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> (light pink sepals, magenta petals, double - hardy) |
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* 'Genii' (cerise sepals, purple petals - hardy)<ref name="apps.rhs.org.uk"/> |
* 'Genii' (cerise sepals, purple petals - hardy)<ref name="apps.rhs.org.uk"/> |
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* 'Hawkshead' (white self)<ref>http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=819</ref> |
* 'Hawkshead' (white self)<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Hawkshead'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=819|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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* 'Lady Thumb' (compact, pink sepals, white petals)<ref>http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid= |
* 'Lady Thumb' (compact, pink sepals, white petals)<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Lady Thumb'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=819|accessdate=20 June 2013}}|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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* 'Mrs Popple' |
* 'Mrs Popple'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Mrs Popple'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2985|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> (vigorous, red sepals, purple petals - hardy) |
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* 'Riccartonii' |
* 'Riccartonii'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Riccartonii'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=823|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> (crimson sepals, purple petals) |
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* 'Swingtime' (double, scarlet sepals, white petals)<ref>http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2995</ref> |
* 'Swingtime' (double, scarlet sepals, white petals)<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Swingtime'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2995|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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* 'Thalia' |
* 'Thalia'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Thalia'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2996|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> (''tryphilla'' group, orange) |
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* 'Tom Thumb' (compact, pink sepals, mauve petals)<ref>http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=825</ref> |
* 'Tom Thumb' (compact, pink sepals, mauve petals)<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Fuchsia'' 'Tom Thumb'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=825|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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==Pests and diseases== |
==Pests and diseases== |
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In the course of his career Fuchs wrote ''De Historia Stirpium'', which was published in ''1542''. In honour of Fuchs' work the fuchsia received its name shortly before 1703 by [[Charles Plumier]]. It was Plumier who compiled his ''Nova Plantarum Americanum'', which was published in Paris in 1703, based on the results of his plant-finding trip to America in search of new [[genus|genera]]. |
In the course of his career Fuchs wrote ''De Historia Stirpium'', which was published in ''1542''. In honour of Fuchs' work the fuchsia received its name shortly before 1703 by [[Charles Plumier]]. It was Plumier who compiled his ''Nova Plantarum Americanum'', which was published in Paris in 1703, based on the results of his plant-finding trip to America in search of new [[genus|genera]]. |
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The fuchsia was introduced to England in the 18th century by Plumier who took some [[seeds]] there after his expedition. The ''species'' he took was ''Fuchsia triphylla flore coccinea'' where specimens appeared in France. There is a reference to a fuchsia under the name of "[[Thiles]]" in the ''Journal des Observations Botaniques'' in 1725. Thiles seems to be the French version of the Spanish, Thilco or Tilco. However, Thilco, or more properly Chilco, is derived from the name by which the indigenous Mapuche people of Southern Chile and Southwestern Argentina referred to their native Fuchsia magellanica. In the Mapuche language, Chilco means "that which grows near the water" and this is a reference to its being found growing abundantly in moist but well-drained areas along streams and lakes. In Chile today, F. magellanica is still called Chilco.<ref>http://etimologias.dechile.net/?chilco</ref> |
The fuchsia was introduced to England in the 18th century by Plumier who took some [[seeds]] there after his expedition. The ''species'' he took was ''Fuchsia triphylla flore coccinea'' where specimens appeared in France. There is a reference to a fuchsia under the name of "[[Thiles]]" in the ''Journal des Observations Botaniques'' in 1725. Thiles seems to be the French version of the Spanish, Thilco or Tilco. However, Thilco, or more properly Chilco, is derived from the name by which the indigenous Mapuche people of Southern Chile and Southwestern Argentina referred to their native Fuchsia magellanica. In the Mapuche language, Chilco means "that which grows near the water" and this is a reference to its being found growing abundantly in moist but well-drained areas along streams and lakes. In Chile today, ''F. magellanica'' is still called Chilco.<ref>{{cite web|title=Etymologia de CHILCO|url=http://etimologias.dechile.net/?chilco|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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Professor [[Philip Munz]], in his ''A Revision of the Genus Fuchsia'', 1793 says, however, that the fuchsia was first introduced into England by a sailor who grew it in a window where it was observed by a nurseryman from [[Hammersmith]], a Mr. Lee, who succeeded in buying it and propagating it for the trade. This was one of the short tubed species such as ''magellanica'' or ''coccinea''. |
Professor [[Philip Munz]], in his ''A Revision of the Genus Fuchsia'', 1793 says, however, that the fuchsia was first introduced into England by a sailor who grew it in a window where it was observed by a nurseryman from [[Hammersmith]], a Mr. Lee, who succeeded in buying it and propagating it for the trade. This was one of the short tubed species such as ''magellanica'' or ''coccinea''. |
Revision as of 04:01, 20 June 2013
Fuchsia | |
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Fuchsia hybrida | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
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Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | Fuchsia |
Species | |
About 100; see text |
Fuchsia /ˈfjuːʃə/ is a genus of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees. The first, Fuchsia triphylla, was discovered on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (present day Dominican Republic and Haiti) in about 1696-1697 by the French Minim monk and botanist, Charles Plumier during his third expedition to the Greater Antilles. He named the new genus after the renowned German botanist Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566).[2][3]
Description
There are currently almost 110 recognized species of Fuchsia. The vast majority are native to South America, but with a few occurring north through Central America to Mexico, and also several from New Zealand to Tahiti. One species, Fuchsia magellanica, extends as far as the southern tip of South America, occurring on Tierra del Fuego in the cool temperate zone, but the majority are tropical or subtropical. Most fuchsias are shrubs from 0.2–4 m (8 in – 13 ft 1 in) tall, but one New Zealand species, Kotukutuku (Fuchsia excorticata), is unusual in the genus in being a tree, growing up to 12–15 metres (39–49 ft) tall.
Fuchsia leaves are opposite or in whorls of 3–5, simple lanceolate and usually have serrated margins (entire in some species), 1–25 cm long, and can be either deciduous or evergreen, depending on the species. The flowers are very decorative; they have a pendulous "teardrop" shape and are displayed in profusion throughout the summer and autumn, and all year in tropical species. They have four long, slender sepals and four shorter, broader petals; in many species the sepals are bright red and the petals purple (colours that attract the hummingbirds that pollinate them), but the colours can vary from white to dark red, purple-blue, and orange. A few have yellowish tones, and recent hybrids have added the colour white in various combinations. The ovary is inferior and the fruit is a small (5–25 mm) dark reddish green, deep red, or deep purple, edible berry, containing numerous very small seeds. Many people describe the fruit as having a subtle grape flavor spiced with black pepper.
Species
The majority of fuchsia species are native to Central and South America. A small additional number are found on Hispaniola (two species), in New Zealand (three species) and on Tahiti (one species). Philip A. Munz in his A Revision of the Genus Fuchsia classified the genus into seven sections of 100 species. More recent scientific publications, especially those by botanists Dr. Dennis E. Breedlove (University of California) and, currently, Prof. Paul E. Berry (University of Michigan), recognize 108 species and 122 taxa, organized into twelve sections. In New Zealand and Tahiti, section Skinnera now consists of only three species (F. x colensoi has been determined to be a naturally occurring hybrid between F. excorticata and F. perscandens). Also, F. procumbens has been placed into its own section, Procumbentes. Two other new sections are Pachyrrhiza and Verrucosa, containing one species each. The Plant List, a cooperative endeavor by several leading botanical institutions to maintain a working list of all plant species, lists most currently accepted Fuchsia species and synonyms.[4]
The vast majority of garden hybrids have descended from a few parent species.[5]
Section 1: Ellobium
Mexico & Costa Rica. This section contains three species.
- Fuchsia decidua
- Fuchsia fulgens
- Fuchsia splendens Two varieties
- F. splendens var. splendens
- F. splendens var. cordifolia
Section 2: Encliandra
Mexico to Panama. Flowers on the six species in this section have flat petals, short stamens and are reflexed into the tube. Fruits contain few seeds.
- Fuchsia cyclindracea
- Fuchsia encliandra. Three subspecies.
- Fuchsia encliandra subsp. encliandra
- Fuchsia encliandra subsp. microphyloides
- Fuchsia encliandra subsp. tetradactyla
- Fuchsia microphylla. Six subspecies.
- Fuchsia microphylla subsp. aprica
- Fuchsia microphylla subsp. chiapensis
- Fuchsia microphylla subsp. hemsleyana
- Fuchsia microphylla subsp. hidalgensis
- Fuchsia microphylla subsp. microphylla
- Fuchsia microphylla subsp. quercertorum
- Fuchsia obconica
- Fuchsia ravenii
- Fuchsia thymifolia. Two subspecies.
- Fuchsia thymifolia subsp. minimiflora
- Fuchsia thymifolia subsp. thymiflora
- Fuchsia x bacillaris[6]
Section 3: Fuchsia
Northern Argentina to Colombia and Venezuela, and Hispaniola. With sixty-four currently recognized species, Sect. Fuchsia (syn. Eufuchsia) is the largest section within the genus.[7] Flowers are perfect with convolute petals, erect stamens that may or may not project beyond the corolla; the stamens opposite the petals are shorter. The fruit has many seeds. The section name, "Fuchsia", is the same as the Genus name.
- Fuchsia abrupta
- Fuchsia ampliata
- Fuchsia andrei
- Fuchsia aquaviridis
- Fuchsia austromontana
- Fuchsia ayavacensis
- Fuchsia boliviana Two varieties
- F. boliviana var boliviana
- F. boliviana var. luxurians
- Fuchsia campii[8]
- Fuchsia canescens
- Fuchsia caucana
- Fuchsia ceracea
- Fuchsia cinerea
- Fuchsia cochabambana
- Fuchsia confertifolia
- Fuchsia coriacifolia[9]
- Fuchsia corollata
- Fuchsia corymbiflora
- Fuchsia crassistipula
- Fuchsia cuatrecasaii
- Fuchsia decussata
- Fuchsia denticulata
- Fuchsia dependens
- Fuchsia ferreyrae
- Fuchsia fontinalis
- Fuchsia furfuracea
- Fuchsia gehrigeri
- Fuchsia glaberrima
- Fuchsia harlingii
- Fuchsia hartwegii
- Fuchsia hirtella
- Fuchsia hypoleuca
- Fuchsia lehmannii
- Fuchsia llewelynii
- Fuchsia loxensis
- Fuchsia macrophylla
- Fuchsia macropetala
- Fuchsia macrostigma
- Fuchsia magdalenae
- Fuchsia mathewsii
- Fuchsia nigricans
- Fuchsia orientalis
- Fuchsia ovalis
- Fuchsia pallescens
- Fuchsia petiolaris
- Fuchsia pilosa
- Fuchsia polyantha
- Fuchsia pringsheimii
- Fuchsia putamayensis
- Fuchsia rivularis. Two subspecies
- Fuchsia rivularis subsp. pubescens
- Fuchsia rivularis subsp. rivularis
- Fuchsia sanctae-rosae
- Fuchsia sanmartina
- Fuchsia scabriuscula
- Fuchsia scherffiana
- Fuchsia sessifolia
- Fuchsia simplicicaulis
- Fuchsia steyermarkii
- Fuchsia summa[10]
- Fuchsia sylvatica
- Fuchsia tincta
- Fuchsia triphylla
- Fuchsia vargasiana
- Fuchsia venusta
- Fuchsia vulcanica
- Fuchsia wurdackii
Section 4: Hemsleyella
Venezuela to Bolivia. The fifteen species in this section are characterised by a nectary that is fused with the base of the flower tube with petals that are partly or completely lacking.
Section 5: Jimenezia
Panama & Costa Rica.
The section name is Jimenezia but the species is spelled F.jimenezii.
Section 6: Kierschlegeria
Coastal Central Chile. This section possesses a single species. This species has pedicels which are in the axils and are pendulous. The leaves are sparse and the sepals are reflexed and slightly shorter than the tube.
Section 7: Pachyrrhiza
Peru.
Section 8: Procumbentes
New Zealand.
Section 9: Quelusia
Southern Argentina and Chile, and Southeastern Brazil. The nine species in this section have the nectary fused to the base of the hypanthium (tube). The hypanthium is cylindrical and is generally no longer than the sepals. The stamens are long and extend beyond the corolla (petals) (exserted).
Section 10: Schufia
Mexico to Panama. Plants in this section of two species have flowers that are erect on the plant in a corymb-like panicle.
- Fuchsia arborescens
- Fuchsia paniculata. Two subspecies.
- Fuchsia paniculata subsp. mixensis
- Fuchsia paniculata subsp. paniculata
Section 11: Skinnera
New Zealand and Tahiti. The main characteristics of the three species in this section include a floral tube that is swollen above the ovary (future fruit). The sepals curve back on themselves and the petals are small or near absent. Skinnera are primarily from New Zealand, with one species (F. cyrtandroides) from Tahiti.
- Fuchsia cyrtandroides
- Fuchsia excorticata
- Fuchsia perscandens
- Fuchsia x colensoi - a natural hybrid
Section 12: Verrucosa
Venezuela and Colombia.
Cultivation
Fuchsias are popular garden shrubs, and once planted can live for years with a minimal amount of care. The British Fuchsia Society[12] maintains a list of "hardy" fuchsias that have been proven to survive a number of winters throughout Britain and to be back in flower each year by July. Enthusiasts report that hundreds and even thousands of hybrids survive and prosper throughout Britain. In the United States, the Northwest Fuchsia Society maintains an extensive list of fuchsias that have proven hardy in members' gardens in the Pacific Northwest over at least three winters.[13]
Fuchsias from sections Quelusia (F. magellanica, F. regia, etc.), encliandra (some encliandra hybrids flower continuously), Skinnera (F. excorticata, F. perscandens) and Procumbentes (F. procumbens is suitable as a groundcover) have especially proven to be hardy in widespread areas of Britain and Ireland, as well as in many other countries such as New Zealand (aside from its native species) or the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. A number of species will easily survive outdoors in agreeable mild temperate areas. Though some may not always flower in the average British summer, they will often perform well in other favorable climatic zones. Even in somewhat colder regions, a number of the hardier species will often survive as herbaceous perennials, dying back and reshooting from below ground in the spring.
Due to the favorably mild, temperate climate created by the North Atlantic Current, fuchsias grow abundantly in the West Cork region of Ireland and are associated with the area to such an extent that a local branding initiative uses the fuchsia flower as their logo.[14] For similar reasons fuchsias grow abundantly in the Scilly Isles, and have even colonised wild areas. While F. magellanica is not wide spread in Scotland it has been know to grow wild in sheltered areas, it can been seen growing self set seedlings along the banks of a stream (burn) that runs through Cambo gardens in Fife.[15] In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, F. magellanica also easily survives regional winters.
Categories
In horticultural usage, fuchsias may be categorised as Bush (Upright), Trailing, Semitrailing, by their growth pattern, although some may be grown as either. [16] Some are also classified as Hardy. [17]Some more vigorous varieties of fuchsia can be trained as hedges (F magellanica, F. magellanica 'Riccartonii') and do particularly well in coastal areas. A popular practice is to train fuchsias as standards; this can be done with the faster-growing varieties.[18]
Cultivars
Sixty cultivated varieties of fuchsia have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The following is a selection of the more popular cultivars in the United Kingdom. Fuchsias, of course, are cultivated in gardens in many other countries around the world so lists of their most popular cultivars will be different.
- 'Dollar Princess'[20] (cerise sepas, purple petals - hardy)
- 'Garden news'[21] (light pink sepals, magenta petals, double - hardy)
- 'Genii' (cerise sepals, purple petals - hardy)[22]
- 'Hawkshead' (white self)[23]
- 'Lady Thumb' (compact, pink sepals, white petals)[24]
- 'Mrs Popple'[25] (vigorous, red sepals, purple petals - hardy)
- 'Riccartonii'[26] (crimson sepals, purple petals)
- 'Swingtime' (double, scarlet sepals, white petals)[27]
- 'Thalia'[28] (tryphilla group, orange)
- 'Tom Thumb' (compact, pink sepals, mauve petals)[29]
Pests and diseases
Fuchsias are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, such as the Elephant Hawk-moth (Deilephila elpenor)) and the Black-lyre Leafroller Moth ("Cnephasia" jactatana). Other major insect pests include aphids (various Aphis species), caspid bugs (various species within the Miridae, especially Lygocoris, Lygus and Plesiocoris), fuchsia gall mite (Aculops fuchsiae), red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), vine weevil (Otiorhynchus vulgates) and whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).
Pronunciation and spelling
While the original pronunciation from the word's German origin is "fook-sya" /ˈfʊksja/, the standard pronunciation in English is "fyusha" /ˈfjuːʃə/. As a consequence, fuchsia is often misspelled as fuschia in English.
History
Leonhart Fuchs was born in 1501. He occupied the chair of Medicine at the Tübingen University from the age of 34 until his death, on 10 May 1566. Besides his medical knowledge, according to his record of activities which was extensive for the time, he studied plants. This was natural, as most of the remedies of the time were herbal and the two subjects were often inseparable.
In the course of his career Fuchs wrote De Historia Stirpium, which was published in 1542. In honour of Fuchs' work the fuchsia received its name shortly before 1703 by Charles Plumier. It was Plumier who compiled his Nova Plantarum Americanum, which was published in Paris in 1703, based on the results of his plant-finding trip to America in search of new genera.
The fuchsia was introduced to England in the 18th century by Plumier who took some seeds there after his expedition. The species he took was Fuchsia triphylla flore coccinea where specimens appeared in France. There is a reference to a fuchsia under the name of "Thiles" in the Journal des Observations Botaniques in 1725. Thiles seems to be the French version of the Spanish, Thilco or Tilco. However, Thilco, or more properly Chilco, is derived from the name by which the indigenous Mapuche people of Southern Chile and Southwestern Argentina referred to their native Fuchsia magellanica. In the Mapuche language, Chilco means "that which grows near the water" and this is a reference to its being found growing abundantly in moist but well-drained areas along streams and lakes. In Chile today, F. magellanica is still called Chilco.[30]
Professor Philip Munz, in his A Revision of the Genus Fuchsia, 1793 says, however, that the fuchsia was first introduced into England by a sailor who grew it in a window where it was observed by a nurseryman from Hammersmith, a Mr. Lee, who succeeded in buying it and propagating it for the trade. This was one of the short tubed species such as magellanica or coccinea.
This report is further embellished in various publications where Captain Firth, a sailor, brought the plant back to England from one of his trips to his home in Hammersmith where he gave it to his wife. Later on James Lee of St. Johns Wood, nurseryman and an astute businessman, heard of the plant and purchased it for £80. He then propagated as many as possible and sold them to the trade for prices ranging from £10 to £20 each.
In the Floricultural Cabinet, 1855, there is a report which varies slightly from the above. Here it says that F. coccinea was given to Kew Garden in 1788 by Captain Firth and that Lee acquired it from Kew.
By this time plant-collecting fever had spread and many species of numerous genera were introduced to England, some living plants, others as seed. The following plants were recorded at Kew: F. lycioides, 1796; F. arborescens, 1824; F. microphylla, 1827; F. fulgens, 1830; F. corymbiflora, 1840; and F. apetala, F. decussata, F. dependens and F. serratifolia in 1843 and 1844, the last four species attributable to Messrs. Veitch of Exeter.
With the increasing numbers of differing species in England plant breeders began to immediately develop hybrids to develop more desirable garden plants. The first recorded experiments date to 1825 as F. arborescens Χ F. macrostemma and F. arborescens X F. coccinea where the quality of the resultant plants was unrecorded.
Between 1835 and 1850 there was a tremendous influx to England of both hybrids and varieties, the majority of which have been lost.
In 1848 Monsieur Felix Porcher published the second edition of his book Le Fuchsia son Histoire et sa Culture. This described 520 species. In 1871 in later editions of M. Porchers book reference is made to James Lye who was to become famous as a breeder of fuchsias in England. In 1883 the first book of English fuchsias was published.
Between 1900 and 1914 many of the famous varieties were produced which were grown extensively for Covent Garden market by many growers just outside London. During the period between the world wars, fuchsia-growing slowed as efforts were made toward crop production until after 1949, when plant and hybrid production resumed on a large scale.[5]
In the United States, members of the American Fuchsia Society brought back approximately 50 plants to California from a trip to Europe in 1930. Half of these were cultivated at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley and the other half at the Berkeley Horticultural Nursery, a local business. Many American hybrids were the descendants of this 1930 group.[31][32]
References
- ^ Clive A. Stace (2010). "Fuchsia L. – fuchsias". New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
- ^ Charles Plumier. Nova Plantarum Americanum Genera, Paris, 1703.
- ^ (1910) The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, 11th Edition: Volume XI, Franciscans to Gibbons The Encyclopædia Britannica Company: New York, page 272. Retrieved on 2007-09-25.
- ^ "The Plant List - Fuchsia". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ a b A. G. Puttock (1959). Lovely Fuchsias. London: Gifford.
- ^ Fuchsia x bacillaris is a natural hybrid between F. microphylla ssp. microphylla and F. thymifolia ssp. thymifolia. See Breedlove 1969.
- ^ Paul E. Berry. “The Sytematics and Evolution of Fuchsia Sect. Fuchsia (Onagraceae).” Annuals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1982, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 1-199.
- ^ Paul E. Berry. "Two new species of Fuchsia section Fuchsia (Onagraceae) from southern Ecuador." Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 5(4), 1995, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri pp. 318–322, f. 2.
- ^ Paul E. Berry. “Nomenclatural Changes in the Genus Fuchsia.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1988, Vol. 75, No. 3, p. 1150.
- ^ Paul E. Berry. "Two new species of Fuchsia section Fuchsia (Onagraceae) from southern Ecuador." Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 5(4), 1995, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri pp. 318–322, f. 2.
- ^ Paul E. Berry, Bruce A. Stein, Sherwin Carlquist and Joan Nowicke. “Fuchsia pachyrrhiza (Onagraceae), a Tuberous New Species and Section of Fuchsia from Western Peru.” Systematic Botany, October–December 1988, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 483-492. Note that the species name was published with two R's.
- ^ "British Fuchsia Society". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "Northwest Fuchsia Society". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ http://www.fuchsiabrands.com/
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Gardening by the sea". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ Pedricks Corner: Upright fuchsias
- ^ Hendriks Young Plants
- ^ Bartlett, George (2005). Fuchsias: a colour guide. United Kingdom: Crowood Press. ISBN 1852239999.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Alice Hoffman'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Dollar Prinzessin'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Garden News'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
apps.rhs.org.uk
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Hawkshead'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Lady Thumb'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.|accessdate=20 June 2013}}
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Mrs Popple'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Riccartonii'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Swingtime'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Thalia'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Fuchsia 'Tom Thumb'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "Etymologia de CHILCO". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ Pam Peirce (2004). Wildly Successful Plants: Northern California. Seattle: Sasquatch Books.
- ^ American Fuchsia Society (1945). The Fuchsia Book. Berkeley: American Fuchsia Society.
External links
- Some fuchsia societies
- Other selected fuchsia sites
- Pictures of Fuchsia lycioides and Fuchsia magellanica in Chile.
- In Ground Fuchsia Group In Ground Fuchsias in Australia.