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{{Short description|American writer (1903–1991)}} |
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| birth_place = [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]] |
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| death_place = [[Newcastle, California]], [[United States]] |
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'''Stanley Burroughs''' (October 9, 1903 |
'''Stanley A. Burroughs''' (October 9, 1903 – June 16, 1991) was an American promoter of [[pseudomedicine]] known for inventing the [[Master Cleanse]] or "lemonade" diet, which he published in his book ''The Master Cleanser'', first distributed in the 1950s. |
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His later book ''Healing for The Age of Enlightenment'' (1976) promoted pressure |
His later book ''Healing for The Age of Enlightenment'' (1976) promoted [[pressure point]]s and [[chromotherapy]], in addition to his dietary theories. Burroughs faced legal challenges throughout his career, being twice convicted of practicing medicine without a license, and charged with second-degree murder following the death of a patient; his conviction on the murder charge was overturned on appeal. |
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== Early life== |
== Early life== |
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Burroughs was born in New York and raised in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. In the 1930s he migrated from the mid-west and settled in [[Portland, Oregon]]. He married and had three daughters; later he divorced, remarried, moved to California and saw little of his earlier family. He claimed to have worked at some point as a [[circus]] [[contortion]]ist, resulting in an ankle injury that left him with an enduring [[Limping|limp]].<ref name="HSB 1971">Dianne Coughlin, "[https://www.newspapers.com/article/honolulu-star-bulletin/94905734/ Masseur 'Treats' Most Any Disease]", ''[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'' (June 23, 1971), p. C-4.</ref> Although his original interest was in the lumber industry, he was inspired to explore alternative health theories. During his career, he lived in [[Oregon]], [[Hawaii]], and [[California]]. |
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==Pseudomedical practices== |
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Although Burroughs is most famous as the creator of the "Master Cleanser" diet, this diet was only one of numerous [[alternative health]] practices he promoted. He was also an advocate of colored [[light therapy]] and of deep [[massage]], as well as a practitioner of deep [[reflexology]]. He was a strict [[vegetarian]]. He was also a committed [[nudist]]<ref>http://www.nypost.com/pagesixmag/issues/20090104/Fitness+Special+New+Detox#axzz2WxyFBXo8</ref>. He began his alternative health practices in the Portland area in the 1940s by conducting lectures and practicing reflexology on regular clients. |
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===Master Cleanse diet, light therapy, and other claims=== |
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Burroughs became famous as the creator of the "Master Cleanse" diet, one of numerous [[alternative health]] practices he promoted. He developed a modified [[juice fasting|juice fast]] diet called the "Master Cleanse" that permits no food, substituting [[tea]] and [[lemonade]] made with [[maple syrup]] and [[cayenne pepper]]. He initially marketed it in the 1940s,<ref>Anouk de Regt, Matteo Montecchi, and Sarah Lord Ferguson, "A false image of health: how fake news and pseudo-facts spread in the health and beauty industry", ''Journal of Product & Brand Management'' (August 28, 2019), ISSN: 1061-0421.</ref> and revived it in his 1976 book ''The Master Cleanser''.<ref name=Detox fad">Karen Matthews, "[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register-detox-fad-may-no/133461295/ Detox fad may not be good for health]", ''[[The Des Moines Register]]'' (May 23, 2007), p. 3H.</ref><ref name="MC">{{cite book | title = The Master Cleanser | publisher = Burroughs Books | year = 1976 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/mastercleanserwi00burr/page/16 16–22, 25] | isbn = 978-0-9639262-0-3 | author = Stanley Burroughs | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/mastercleanserwi00burr/page/16 }}</ref> Burroughs was also an advocate of colored [[light therapy]] and of deep [[massage]], as well as a practitioner of deep [[reflexology]].<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-dunsmuir-news-stanley-burroughs-to-s/133495329/ Stanley Burroughs to speak]", ''The Dunsmuir News'' (August 10, 1977), p. 16.</ref> He was a strict [[vegetarian]]. He was also a committed [[nudist]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kagan |first1=Cara |title=Fitness Special: The New Detox |url=http://www.nypost.com/pagesixmag/issues/20090104/Fitness+Special+New+Detox |work=New York Post |date=January 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111090958/http://www.nypost.com/pagesixmag/issues/20090104/Fitness+Special+New+Detox |archive-date=January 11, 2009|department= Page Six Magazine}}</ref> He began his alternative health practices in the Portland area in the 1940s by conducting lectures and practicing reflexology on regular clients. Burroughs claimed to be able to cure all manner of diseases, including [[cancer]], [[ulcer]]s, and the [[common cold]] through his alternative medicine techniques.<ref name="HSB 1971"/> In one example, he claimed to have cured a woman of [[breast cancer]] by using colored lights to draw the cancer out of the woman.<ref name="HSB 1971"/> He also provided courses to teach his techniques, claiming at one point that "it takes you 10 years to learn medicine, I can teach you my system in 10 days".<ref name="HSB 1971"/> |
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===Controversies and legal problems=== |
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== Later years == |
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At several points in his career, he had legal troubles related to his alternative health practices. In 1960 Burroughs was convicted of practicing medicine without a license.<ref>678 P.2d 894, 900 (Cal. 1984).</ref> The same year, he was the subject of an [[injunction]] proceeding by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] against his sales of colored lights and plastic slides accompanied by literature making "false and misleading representations" about the health effects of using those lights.<ref>United States Food and Drug Administration, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=cl4EAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA68 COMPLAINT FOR INJUNCTION FILED: 5-20-60, S. Dist. Calif., against Stanley A. Burroughs, Riverside, Calif.]", ''Notices of Judgment Under the Federal Food and Drug Act'' (1960), p. 68.</ref> By the 1970s, Burroughs had been portrayed in the media as a controversial figure. A 1971 report in the ''[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'' noted that he had come to Hawaii from [[Portland, Oregon]], where he had been "in all kinds of trouble with government and medical authorities", which Burroughs attributed to a desire by the medical providers to suppress his ability to cure diseases that they could not.<ref name="HSB 1971"/> |
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In 1980, Burroughs moved from Hawaii to the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] of California.<ref name="SFE 1981">Don Lattin, "[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner/93470243/ Letters say healer aids many; jury says he murdered one]", ''The San Francisco Examiner'' (May 17, 1981), p. B-1, B-7.</ref> There, Burroughs was charged in the death of Lee Swatsenburg, a cancer patient under his treatment, whom Burroughs had treated with colored lights and massage.<ref>Herb Michelson, "[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sacramento-bee-the-death-of-lee-swat/133460749/ The Death Of Lee Swatsenburg — II]", ''[[The Sacramento Bee]]'' (September 12, 1980), p. 5.</ref> In 1981, Burroughs was convicted of second-degree murder in the case (later overturned on appeal) and practicing medicine without a license.<ref>Clark McKinley, "[https://www.newspapers.com/article/auburn-journal/35669885/ Murder case of Auburn healer before high court]", ''Auburn Journal'' (November 3, 1983), p. 1.</ref><ref name="BI082820B">{{cite news |last1=Einbinder |first1=Nicole |title=Inside Gary Young's criminal history, secret past, and his cultlike leadership of the Young Living 'essential oils' empire |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/young-living-gary-young-founder-essential-oils-2020-7 |accessdate=August 20, 2020 |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=July 29, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729175749/https://www.businessinsider.com/young-living-gary-young-founder-essential-oils-2020-7 |archivedate=July 29, 2020}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | At his criminal trial in California, Burroughs was convicted of second-degree [[felony murder]], felony [[practicing medicine without a license]], and unlawful sale of cancer treatments. The felony murder charge stemmed from the jury's finding that the patient's death was a homicide committed by Burroughs while he was engaged in the felonious unlicensed practice of medicine. The [[Supreme Court of California]], in reviewing the conviction on appeal, described the facts surrounding the treatment as follows:<ref>''People v. Burroughs'', 35 Cal.3d 824 (1984).</ref> |
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==Controversy And Legal Problems== |
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⚫ | |||
<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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During the first meeting between Lee [Swatsenbarg] and defendant [Burroughs], the latter described his method of curing cancer. This method included consumption of a unique |
During the first meeting between Lee [Swatsenbarg] and defendant [Burroughs], the latter described his method of curing cancer. This method included consumption of a unique "lemonade," exposure to colored lights, and a brand of vigorous massage administered by defendant. Defendant remarked that he had successfully treated "thousands" of people, including a number of physicians. He suggested the Swatsenbargs purchase a copy of his book, ''Healing for the Age of Enlightenment''. If after reading the book Lee wished to begin defendant's unorthodox treatment, defendant would commence caring for Lee immediately. During the 30 days designated for the treatment, Lee would have to avoid contact with his physician.</blockquote> |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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Lee read the book, submitted to the conditions delineated by defendant, and placed himself under defendant's care. Defendant instructed Lee to drink the lemonade, salt water, and herb tea, but consume nothing more for the ensuing 30 days. At defendant's behest, the Swatsenbargs bought a lamp equipped with some colored plastic sheets, to bathe Lee in various tints of light. Defendant also agreed to massage Lee from time to time, for an additional fee per session.</blockquote> |
Lee read the book, submitted to the conditions delineated by defendant, and placed himself under defendant's care. Defendant instructed Lee to drink the lemonade, salt water, and herb tea, but consume nothing more for the ensuing 30 days. At defendant's behest, the Swatsenbargs bought a lamp equipped with some colored plastic sheets, to bathe Lee in various tints of light. Defendant also agreed to massage Lee from time to time, for an additional fee per session.</blockquote> |
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Rather than improve, within two weeks Lee's condition began rapidly to deteriorate. He developed a fever, and was growing progressively weaker. Defendant counseled Lee that all was proceeding according to plan, and convinced the young man to postpone a bone marrow test urged by his doctor.</blockquote> |
Rather than improve, within two weeks Lee's condition began rapidly to deteriorate. He developed a fever, and was growing progressively weaker. Defendant counseled Lee that all was proceeding according to plan, and convinced the young man to postpone a bone marrow test urged by his doctor.</blockquote> |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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During the next week Lee became increasingly ill. He was experiencing severe pain in several areas, including his abdomen, and vomiting frequently. Defendant administered |
During the next week Lee became increasingly ill. He was experiencing severe pain in several areas, including his abdomen, and vomiting frequently. Defendant administered "deep" abdominal massages on two successive days, each time telling Lee he would soon recuperate.</blockquote> |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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Lee did not recover as defendant expected, however, and the patient began to suffer from convulsions and excruciating pain. He vomited with increasing frequency. Despite defendant's constant attempts at reassurance, the Swatsenbargs began to panic when Lee convulsed for a third time after the latest abdominal massage. Three and a half weeks into the treatment, the couple spent the night at defendant's house, where Lee died of a massive hemorrhage of the mesentery in the abdomen. The evidence presented at trial strongly suggested the hemorrhage was the direct result of the massages performed by defendant. |
Lee did not recover as defendant expected, however, and the patient began to suffer from convulsions and excruciating pain. He vomited with increasing frequency. Despite defendant's constant attempts at reassurance, the Swatsenbargs began to panic when Lee convulsed for a third time after the latest abdominal massage. Three and a half weeks into the treatment, the couple spent the night at defendant's house, where Lee died of a massive hemorrhage of the mesentery in the abdomen. The evidence presented at trial strongly suggested the hemorrhage was the direct result of the massages performed by defendant. |
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</blockquote> |
</blockquote> |
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Burroughs spent thirty-nine months in prison while his appeals were pending.<ref name="Dropped">"[https://www.newspapers.com/article/oroville-mercury-register/94908200/ Charges against healer dropped in Auburn]", ''Oroville Mercury Register'' (December 22, 1984), p. 12.</ref> The second-degree murder conviction was reversed by the California Supreme Court in 1984.<ref name="Bee 1984">"[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sacramento-bee/53032758/ 'Cancer Healer' Conviction Reversed]", ''[[The Sacramento Bee]]'' (April 20, 1984), p. 10.</ref> The court, in an opinion by Justice [[Joseph Grodin]], held that the felony murder jury instruction provided by the trial court was erroneous because felony practicing medicine without a license was not inherently dangerous to human life and could not serve as the predicate offense on which to base liability for felony murder. The court affirmed the other convictions and believed that Burroughs was "susceptible to a charge and possible conviction of involuntary manslaughter".<ref name="Bee 1984"/><ref>678 P.2d 894 (Cal. 1984).</ref> An [[Manslaughter (United States law)|involuntary manslaughter]] charge was thereafter filed against Burroughs in the case, but was dropped by the district attorney in December of that year,<ref name="Dropped"/> on the grounds that an additional conviction would not impose more jail time on Burroughs than he had already served.<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/article/auburn-journal/93469749/ Surprise in Burroughs case]", ''Auburn Journal'' (December 23, 1984), p. 1.</ref> |
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In 1987, Burroughs was again charged with practicing medicine without a license in California for attempting to sell the same therapies to an undercover state agent.<ref>Glenn Coin, "[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-press-tribune/35670028/ Newcastle man faces trial for illegal medicine practice]", ''The Roseville Press-Tribune'' (August 19, 1987), p. 8.</ref> |
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While the California Supreme Court decision in State v. Burroughs represents the culmination of his most significant legal trouble, it was not his only conviction: in 1960 Burroughs was convicted of practicing medicine without a license. 678 P.2d 894, 900 (Cal. 1984). |
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== Personal life, later years and death, and legacy== |
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==Legacy== |
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{{ |
{{main|Master Cleanse}} |
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Burroughs was married to Louise, who stood by him during his legal troubles.<ref name="SFE 1981"/> |
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⚫ | Burroughs' |
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⚫ | He died in Newcastle, California, on June 16, 1991, at the age of 87, after a two-week battle against acute pneumonia. His death certificate also mentions leg fractures, apparently from a fall, and a urinary infection as contributing conditions to his death. No autopsy was performed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calorielab.com/news/2008/07/17/master-cleanse-in-detail/|title=CalorieLab profile of Burroughs, including death certificate facsimile}}</ref> |
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⚫ | After Burroughs' death, his "lemonade diet", was examined and found to be ineffective and potentially harmful.<ref name=timesonline>{{cite news |title=The nutritionist's view|first=Jane |last=Clarke|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7-2006236,00.html |accessdate=January 30, 2008 |work =The Times (London UK)| pages= 4}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{More footnotes|date=March 2009}} |
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* ''People v. Burroughs'', 678 P.2d 894 (Cal. 1984) |
* ''People v. Burroughs'', 678 P.2d 894 (Cal. 1984) |
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<references/> |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME =Burroughs, Stanley |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = October 9, 1903 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Detroit, Michigan]], [[United States]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = June 16, 1991 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Newcastle, California]], [[United States]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Burroughs, Stanley}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Burroughs, Stanley}} |
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[[Category:1991 deaths]] |
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[[Category:1903 births]] |
[[Category:1903 births]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1991 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Pseudoscientific diet advocates]] |
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[[Category:People in alternative medicine]] |
[[Category:People in alternative medicine]] |
Revision as of 12:51, 26 October 2023
Stanley Burroughs | |
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Born | |
Died | June 16, 1991 | (aged 87)
Occupation(s) | Author, dietician |
Stanley A. Burroughs (October 9, 1903 – June 16, 1991) was an American promoter of pseudomedicine known for inventing the Master Cleanse or "lemonade" diet, which he published in his book The Master Cleanser, first distributed in the 1950s.
His later book Healing for The Age of Enlightenment (1976) promoted pressure points and chromotherapy, in addition to his dietary theories. Burroughs faced legal challenges throughout his career, being twice convicted of practicing medicine without a license, and charged with second-degree murder following the death of a patient; his conviction on the murder charge was overturned on appeal.
Early life
Burroughs was born in New York and raised in Detroit, Michigan. In the 1930s he migrated from the mid-west and settled in Portland, Oregon. He married and had three daughters; later he divorced, remarried, moved to California and saw little of his earlier family. He claimed to have worked at some point as a circus contortionist, resulting in an ankle injury that left him with an enduring limp.[1] Although his original interest was in the lumber industry, he was inspired to explore alternative health theories. During his career, he lived in Oregon, Hawaii, and California.
Pseudomedical practices
Master Cleanse diet, light therapy, and other claims
Burroughs became famous as the creator of the "Master Cleanse" diet, one of numerous alternative health practices he promoted. He developed a modified juice fast diet called the "Master Cleanse" that permits no food, substituting tea and lemonade made with maple syrup and cayenne pepper. He initially marketed it in the 1940s,[2] and revived it in his 1976 book The Master Cleanser.[3][4] Burroughs was also an advocate of colored light therapy and of deep massage, as well as a practitioner of deep reflexology.[5] He was a strict vegetarian. He was also a committed nudist.[6] He began his alternative health practices in the Portland area in the 1940s by conducting lectures and practicing reflexology on regular clients. Burroughs claimed to be able to cure all manner of diseases, including cancer, ulcers, and the common cold through his alternative medicine techniques.[1] In one example, he claimed to have cured a woman of breast cancer by using colored lights to draw the cancer out of the woman.[1] He also provided courses to teach his techniques, claiming at one point that "it takes you 10 years to learn medicine, I can teach you my system in 10 days".[1]
Controversies and legal problems
At several points in his career, he had legal troubles related to his alternative health practices. In 1960 Burroughs was convicted of practicing medicine without a license.[7] The same year, he was the subject of an injunction proceeding by the Food and Drug Administration against his sales of colored lights and plastic slides accompanied by literature making "false and misleading representations" about the health effects of using those lights.[8] By the 1970s, Burroughs had been portrayed in the media as a controversial figure. A 1971 report in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin noted that he had come to Hawaii from Portland, Oregon, where he had been "in all kinds of trouble with government and medical authorities", which Burroughs attributed to a desire by the medical providers to suppress his ability to cure diseases that they could not.[1]
In 1980, Burroughs moved from Hawaii to the San Francisco Bay Area of California.[9] There, Burroughs was charged in the death of Lee Swatsenburg, a cancer patient under his treatment, whom Burroughs had treated with colored lights and massage.[10] In 1981, Burroughs was convicted of second-degree murder in the case (later overturned on appeal) and practicing medicine without a license.[11][12]
At his criminal trial in California, Burroughs was convicted of second-degree felony murder, felony practicing medicine without a license, and unlawful sale of cancer treatments. The felony murder charge stemmed from the jury's finding that the patient's death was a homicide committed by Burroughs while he was engaged in the felonious unlicensed practice of medicine. The Supreme Court of California, in reviewing the conviction on appeal, described the facts surrounding the treatment as follows:[13]
During the first meeting between Lee [Swatsenbarg] and defendant [Burroughs], the latter described his method of curing cancer. This method included consumption of a unique "lemonade," exposure to colored lights, and a brand of vigorous massage administered by defendant. Defendant remarked that he had successfully treated "thousands" of people, including a number of physicians. He suggested the Swatsenbargs purchase a copy of his book, Healing for the Age of Enlightenment. If after reading the book Lee wished to begin defendant's unorthodox treatment, defendant would commence caring for Lee immediately. During the 30 days designated for the treatment, Lee would have to avoid contact with his physician.
Lee read the book, submitted to the conditions delineated by defendant, and placed himself under defendant's care. Defendant instructed Lee to drink the lemonade, salt water, and herb tea, but consume nothing more for the ensuing 30 days. At defendant's behest, the Swatsenbargs bought a lamp equipped with some colored plastic sheets, to bathe Lee in various tints of light. Defendant also agreed to massage Lee from time to time, for an additional fee per session.
Rather than improve, within two weeks Lee's condition began rapidly to deteriorate. He developed a fever, and was growing progressively weaker. Defendant counseled Lee that all was proceeding according to plan, and convinced the young man to postpone a bone marrow test urged by his doctor.
During the next week Lee became increasingly ill. He was experiencing severe pain in several areas, including his abdomen, and vomiting frequently. Defendant administered "deep" abdominal massages on two successive days, each time telling Lee he would soon recuperate.
Lee did not recover as defendant expected, however, and the patient began to suffer from convulsions and excruciating pain. He vomited with increasing frequency. Despite defendant's constant attempts at reassurance, the Swatsenbargs began to panic when Lee convulsed for a third time after the latest abdominal massage. Three and a half weeks into the treatment, the couple spent the night at defendant's house, where Lee died of a massive hemorrhage of the mesentery in the abdomen. The evidence presented at trial strongly suggested the hemorrhage was the direct result of the massages performed by defendant.
Burroughs spent thirty-nine months in prison while his appeals were pending.[14] The second-degree murder conviction was reversed by the California Supreme Court in 1984.[15] The court, in an opinion by Justice Joseph Grodin, held that the felony murder jury instruction provided by the trial court was erroneous because felony practicing medicine without a license was not inherently dangerous to human life and could not serve as the predicate offense on which to base liability for felony murder. The court affirmed the other convictions and believed that Burroughs was "susceptible to a charge and possible conviction of involuntary manslaughter".[15][16] An involuntary manslaughter charge was thereafter filed against Burroughs in the case, but was dropped by the district attorney in December of that year,[14] on the grounds that an additional conviction would not impose more jail time on Burroughs than he had already served.[17]
In 1987, Burroughs was again charged with practicing medicine without a license in California for attempting to sell the same therapies to an undercover state agent.[18]
Personal life, later years and death, and legacy
Burroughs was married to Louise, who stood by him during his legal troubles.[9]
He died in Newcastle, California, on June 16, 1991, at the age of 87, after a two-week battle against acute pneumonia. His death certificate also mentions leg fractures, apparently from a fall, and a urinary infection as contributing conditions to his death. No autopsy was performed.[19]
After Burroughs' death, his "lemonade diet", was examined and found to be ineffective and potentially harmful.[20]
References
- ^ a b c d e Dianne Coughlin, "Masseur 'Treats' Most Any Disease", Honolulu Star-Bulletin (June 23, 1971), p. C-4.
- ^ Anouk de Regt, Matteo Montecchi, and Sarah Lord Ferguson, "A false image of health: how fake news and pseudo-facts spread in the health and beauty industry", Journal of Product & Brand Management (August 28, 2019), ISSN: 1061-0421.
- ^ Karen Matthews, "Detox fad may not be good for health", The Des Moines Register (May 23, 2007), p. 3H.
- ^ Stanley Burroughs (1976). The Master Cleanser. Burroughs Books. pp. 16–22, 25. ISBN 978-0-9639262-0-3.
- ^ "Stanley Burroughs to speak", The Dunsmuir News (August 10, 1977), p. 16.
- ^ Kagan, Cara (January 4, 2009). "Fitness Special: The New Detox". Page Six Magazine. New York Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009.
- ^ 678 P.2d 894, 900 (Cal. 1984).
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration, "COMPLAINT FOR INJUNCTION FILED: 5-20-60, S. Dist. Calif., against Stanley A. Burroughs, Riverside, Calif.", Notices of Judgment Under the Federal Food and Drug Act (1960), p. 68.
- ^ a b Don Lattin, "Letters say healer aids many; jury says he murdered one", The San Francisco Examiner (May 17, 1981), p. B-1, B-7.
- ^ Herb Michelson, "The Death Of Lee Swatsenburg — II", The Sacramento Bee (September 12, 1980), p. 5.
- ^ Clark McKinley, "Murder case of Auburn healer before high court", Auburn Journal (November 3, 1983), p. 1.
- ^ Einbinder, Nicole (July 29, 2020). "Inside Gary Young's criminal history, secret past, and his cultlike leadership of the Young Living 'essential oils' empire". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ People v. Burroughs, 35 Cal.3d 824 (1984).
- ^ a b "Charges against healer dropped in Auburn", Oroville Mercury Register (December 22, 1984), p. 12.
- ^ a b "'Cancer Healer' Conviction Reversed", The Sacramento Bee (April 20, 1984), p. 10.
- ^ 678 P.2d 894 (Cal. 1984).
- ^ "Surprise in Burroughs case", Auburn Journal (December 23, 1984), p. 1.
- ^ Glenn Coin, "Newcastle man faces trial for illegal medicine practice", The Roseville Press-Tribune (August 19, 1987), p. 8.
- ^ "CalorieLab profile of Burroughs, including death certificate facsimile".
- ^ Clarke, Jane. "The nutritionist's view". The Times (London UK). p. 4. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
- People v. Burroughs, 678 P.2d 894 (Cal. 1984)