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[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir David Graham Muschet |
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir David Graham Muschet Campbell''' [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]] (1869-1936) was a [[British Army]] General during [[World War I]]. |
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He first saw action in the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]]. By the outbreak of the [[First World War]] he was in command of [[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]. He led them in two [[cavalry charge]]s in the first months of the war; the second of these saw him receive multiple wounds, one of them from a [[lance]], making him one of the last British casualties of that weapon. In November 1914 he was promoted to command [[6th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|6th Cavalry Brigade]], then in May 1916 came further promotion to command [[21st Division (United Kingdom)|21st Division]]. He retained that command for the rest of the war. |
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Campbell was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] into the [[9th Lancers]] in 1889.<ref name=lh>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/CAMPBELL13.shtml Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives]</ref> He was a keen [[equestrian]] and won the [[Grand National]] on ''the Soarer'' in 1896.<ref name=lh/> |
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He served in the [[Second Boer War]] and then in [[World War I]] where he was [[General Officer Commanding]] 21st Division from 1916 to 1919.<ref name=lh/> |
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Post-war, he was knighted in 1919, and went on to hold further command and adminstrative positions in the army. He was [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) [[Baluchistan]], 1920–24; [[Military Secretary]], 1926–27; and GOC [[Aldershot Garrison|Aldershot]] 1927–31, when he argued for the increased [[mechanisation]] of the army. He was then appointed Governor of Malta, and died shortly after resigning that office in 1936. |
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After the War he became [[General Officer Commanding]] [[Baluchistan]] District in [[India]] in 1920.<ref name=lh/> He was appointed [[Military Secretary (United Kingdom)|Military Secretary]] in 1926 and became [[General Officer Commanding]]-in-Chief for [[Aldershot Command]] in 1927.<ref name=lh/> He went on to be [[List of Governors of Malta|Governor and Commander-in-Chief Malta]] from 1931 to 1936.<ref name=lh/> |
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During the early years of his military career Campbell was also a succesful amateur [[National Hunt]] jockey, winning a number of major races; foremost amongst these was the [[Grand National]] of 1896, on The Soarer, which gave him his nickname in subsequent years. He continued riding in military meets until the end of his army service. He was also a keen [[cricket]]er and [[polo]] player. |
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Campbell was born on 28 January 1869, the son of [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] H. Wooton Campbell, [[Cameron Highlanders]].<ref name=TimesObit>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=General Sir David Campbell—Soldier, Sportsman, And Administrator |author=Military Correspondent |section=Obituaries|day_of_week=Friday |date= 13 March 1936|page_number=16 |issue=47322 |column=B}}</ref> He was educated at [[Clifton College]] where he was a noted sportsman, in particular playing cricket for the First XI.<ref name=TimesObit /> He then proceeded to [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]], also representing them at cricket, before he was [[London Gazette|gazetted]] a [[second lieutenant]] in the 9th Lancers on 15 March 1889.<ref name=TimesObit /><ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=From the London Gazette, Friday, March 15|section=Official Appointments and Notices|day_of_week=Saturday|date= 16 March 1889|page_number=13 |issue=32648|column=C}}</ref> Joining the cavalry was an expensive business, a junior officer's pay was just £95 a year, but the expenses of regimental living—such as [[mess]] bills—meant that a private income of at least £500 a year was required, in addition to a similar amount when first commissioned to buy horses, uniform and other equipment.<ref>Sheppard, p. 184.</ref> At the time the regiment was based in [[Manchester]], with a detachment at [[Seaforth Barracks]], [[Liverpool]].<ref name=Sheppard180>Sheppard, p. 180.</ref> In April 1890 there was a major reorganisation of British Army cavalry regiments, with the establishment being increased from 488 [[Other Ranks]] and 300 horses to 628 OR and 350 horses, followed in August by a further increase to 706 OR and 424 horses.<ref name=Sheppard180 /> August also saw the regiment move to Ireland, initially to the [[Curragh Camp|Curragh]], and then [[Dundalk]]; due to the reorganisation, the regiment was now seriously understrength, so a recruitment campaign was started.<ref name=Sheppard180 /> Campbell was promoted [[first lieutenant|lieutenant]] on 9 December 1890.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=26122|startpage=104|date=6 January 1891|accesdate=2009-02-17}}</ref> Cavalry regiments, in addition to their increase in size, also had their structure reorganised, with the main sub-unit becoming the [[squadron]] rather than the [[troop]], each squadron being formed by the merger of two troops.<ref name=Sheppard180 /> The remainder of their time in Ireland was split between the Curragh and [[Newbridge]], in addition to the restructuring, the regiment was issued with new-style equipment in August 1893.<ref name=Sheppard181>Sheppard, p. 181.</ref> |
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The regiment's tour in Ireland lasted until August 1894 when it was posted to [[Aldershot Garrison|Aldershot]], the regimental history describes the period as: "one of the most peaceful and undisturbed in that country before or since".<ref name=Sheppard181 /> Over this time, Campbell had begun to make a name for himself as an amateur jockey, <ref name=TimesObit /> and on 9 March 1894 at the Grand Military Meeting at [[Sandown Park Racecourse|Sandown Park]] he won the Maiden Steeplechase on The Soarer,<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Sandown Park Grand Military Meeting, Friday |section=Sport|day_of_week=Saturday|date= 10 March 1894 |page_number=7|issue=34208|column=F}}</ref> a horse he had acquired on the toss of a coin.<ref name=Donkeys>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.bham.ac.uk/donkey/campbell.htm|title=Sir David Graham Muschet (‘Soarer’) Campbell (1869-1936)|work=Lions led by donkeys|publisher=Centre for First World War Studies, [[University of Birmingham]]|month=January|year=2009|accessdate=10 February 2009}}</ref> Later in the year, on 27 November he won the Middlesex Steeplechase and 28 November he won the Uxbridge Handicap Steeplechase Plate, both at [[Kempton Park Racecourse|Kempton Park]], followed by third in the Handicap Steeplechase back at Sandown Park on 7 December 1894, and back at Kempton Park, another win in the Hampton Steeplechase Handicap on [[Boxing Day]]; all these races were also on Soarer.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Kempton Park November Meeting, Tuesday|section=Sport|day_of_week=Wednesday|date= 28 November 1894 |page_number=7|issue=34433|column=A}}</ref><ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Kempton Park November Meeting, Wednesday|section=Sport|day_of_week=Thursday|date= 29 November 1894 |page_number=7|issue=34434|column=A}}</ref><ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Sandown Park December Meeting, Friday|section=Sport|day_of_week=Saturday|date=8 December 1894|page_number=7|issue=34442|column=A}}</ref><ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Kempton Park Christmas Meeting, Wednesday|section=Sport|day_of_week=Thursday|date=27 December 1894|page_number=5|issue=34458|column=C}}</ref> 1895 began rather less successfully, with a fourth on Soarer in the Grand Military Gold Cup at Sandown Park on 8 March,<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Grand Military Meeting (Sandown Park), Friday|section=Sport|day_of_week=Saturday|date=9 March 1895|page_number=13|issue=34520|column=C}}</ref> and the next day he failed to finish in the Grand Military Handicap Steeplechase, riding Seaside, which belonged to a fellow 9th Lancers officer.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Grand Military Meeting (Sandown Park), Saturday|section=Sport|day_of_week=Monday|date=11 March 1895|page_number=7|issue=34521|column=A}}</ref> Then on 30 March, at the Liverpool Spring Meeting at [[Aintree Racecourse|Aintree]], he won the Champion Steeplechase, again on Soarer.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Liverpool Spring Meeting, Saturday|section=Sport|day_of_week=Monday|date=1 April 1895|page_number=7|column=D}}</ref> A single day in 1895 also saw him win both the Irish National Hunt Cup (on Dakota) and the Irish Grand Military (on Balbrigan).<ref name=TimesObit /><ref name=Who>{{cite web|title=Campbell, General Sir David (Graham Muschet)|work=[[Who Was Who]]|publisher=A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edition, [[Oxford University Press]]|month=December|year=2007|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U207118| accessdate=12 March 2009}}</ref> |
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==Grand National success== |
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1896 was his most succesful year in sport.<ref name=Nicknames>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.bham.ac.uk/nicknames/campbell.htm|title=No.3: 'Soarer' Campbell|work=Generals' Nicknames|publisher=Centre for First World War Studies, [[University of Birmingham]]|month=January|year=2009|accessdate=10 February 2009}}</ref> On 3 March he also represented 9th Lancers at [[Racquets (sport)|Racquets]] in the Grand Military Championship Challenge Cup.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Racquets. The Grand Military Championship Challenge Cup|section=Sport|day_of_week=Tuesday|date=3 March 1896|page_number=11|issue=34828|column=B}}</ref> On 7 March he was fourth in the Grand Military Handicap Steeplechase, according to a contemporary report in ''[[The Times]]'', this time riding Nelly Gray, a horse belonging to an officer from the [[16th Lancers]].<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Grand Military (Sandown Park) Meeting, Saturday|section=Sport|day_of_week=Monday|date=9 March 1896|page_number=11|issue=34833|column=A}}</ref> However, some later sources, such as his obituary in ''The Times'', state that he won the Grand Military that year,<ref name=TimesObit /><ref name=Nicknames /> probably based on his own entry in [[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]].<ref name=Who /> Though he had actually sold Soarer to Hall Walker a few weeks earlier, that was still the horse he rode to his greatest victory, in the Grand National at Aintree on 27 March.<ref name=TimesObit /><ref name=National>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Liverpool Spring Meeting, Friday. The Grand National Steeplechase|section=Sport|day_of_week=Saturday|date=28 March 1896|page_number=11|issue=34833|column=A}}</ref> ''The Times'' the following day described how he "drew to the front two fences from home and won by a [[Length (horse racing)|length and half]]".<ref name=National /> It was at this point that "Soarer" became his own nickname.<ref name=Nicknames /> He also repeated his victory in the Irish National Hunt Cup (this time on Lord Arravale);<ref name=Who /> and in polo, 1896 saw him on the winning side in both the [[Subaltern]]s' and the Inter-Regimental tournaments, a record still unmatched at his death.<ref name=TimesObit /> In 1897, Campbell tried to repeat his Grand National triumph, once more on Soarer, but he fell on the second lap of the course at the fence after [[Becher's Brook]], breaking his [[collar bone]].<ref name=TimesObit /><ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=Liverpool Spring Meeting, Friday.|section=Sport|day_of_week=Saturday|date=27 March 1897|page_number=13|issue=35162|column=A}}</ref> He is also reported to have won the Grand Military in 1897 (on Parapluie).<ref name=TimesObit /><ref name=Who /> |
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9th Lancers had actually been posted to South Africa in August 1896, arriving at [[Durban]] in September, before travelling on to [[Pietermaritzburg]] and later, the then little known town of [[Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal|Ladysmith]].<ref>Sheppard, pp. 181–82.</ref> A [[depot#Military|regimental depot]] had been established at [[Canterbury]], comprising two officers and 106 OR; it's not clear if Campbell was one of these officers, or if he availed himself of what the regimental history calls the "large allowance of annual leave" in order to further his sporting career.<ref>Sheppard, pp. 181, 184.</ref> <!-- Double-check all Times reports of Sandown Grand Military -->The regiment returned to Durban in March 1898 to embark for India, they landed at [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), and travelled from there to a base at [[Muttra]], arriving on 10 October 1898; the remainder of the year was spent in exercises around [[Delhi]] and [[Aligarh]].<ref>Sheppard, p. 182.</ref> Campbell was promoted [[captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 3 May 1899.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=27080|startpage=3104|date=16 May 1899|accesdate=2009-02-17}}</ref> |
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==Boer War== |
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Campbell married Janet Mary Aikman, daughter of Sir Robert Aikman in [[Kensington]] in the quarter ending June 1899, and was still on leave until his recall as the regiment was being mobilised for the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]].<ref name=Donkeys /><ref name=Who /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=bLKJPrDgARvpdcRwsuZyXA&scan=1|title=Index entry||accessdate=14 April 2009|work=[[FreeBMD]]|publisher=[[Office of National Statistics]]}}<br />{{Cite web|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=bLKJPrDgARvpdcRwsuZyXA&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=14 April 2009|work=[[FreeBMD]]|publisher=[[Office of National Statistics]]}}</ref><ref>Sheppard p. 190.</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/CAMPBELL13.shtml|title=Campbell, Sir David Graham Muschet (1869-1936), General|work=Survey of the Papers of Senior UK Defence Personnel, 1900-1975|publisher=[[Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives]]|accessdate=11 February 2009}} |
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*{{cite web|url=http://www.maltascout.org.mt/historical%20chronology.htm|title=Milestones of Scouting in Malta|publisher=[[The Scout Association of Malta]]|date=20 December 2005|accessdate=19 February 2009}} |
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*{{cite news|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2313196|title=Malta—Crisis reached—Governor dismisses ministry—Antagonism to British policy|work=[[The Canberra Times]]|publisher=Online version, [[National Library of Australia]] Newspaper Archives|date=4 November 1933|accessdate=19 February 2009}} |
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*{{cite book|title=The Ninth Queen's Own Royal Lancers 1715–1936|first=(Major) Eric William OBE MC|last=Sheppard|location=Aldershot|publisher=Gale & Pollen, Ltd|year=1939}} |
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*{{cite journal|year=1999| title = Command and Control in the "Great Retreat" of 1914: The Disintegration of the British Cavalry Division| last= Gardner|first=Nikolas|journal = The Journal of Military History|volume = 63|number =1|month=January|pages = pp. 29–54|url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/120332|ISSN = 08993718|publisher = [[Society for Military History]]}} |
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*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bdvBgUlO2qgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0|title=Doctrine and Reform in the British Cavalry 1880-1918|first=Stephen|last=Badsey|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|ISBN=9780754664673|series=Birmingham Studies in First World War History|year=2008}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/blcas/luke-hc.html Papers of Sir Harry Charles Luke, Lieutenant-Governor of Malta], Catalogue of the [[Bodleian Library]]. |
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*[http://www.21stdivision1914-18.org/soarercampbell.htm Major-General Sir David Campbell]. |
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*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=5557741 CO 323/1144/2, Colonies, General: Original Correspondence, Governors: appointment of General Sir David Campbell as governor of Malta], Catalogue description, [[The National Archives]]. |
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*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=285251 CO 967/85, Private Office Papers, Appointment of General Sir David Campbell as Governor in succession to Sir John Du Cane], Catalogue description, [[The National Archives]]. |
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*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=285252 CO 967/86, Private Office Papers, Appointment of General Sir Charles Bonham-Carter as Governor in succession to General Sir David Campbell], Catalogue description, [[The National Archives]]. |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, David}} |
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Revision as of 13:26, 22 November 2009
General Sir David Graham Muschet Campbell KCB (1869-1936) was a British Army General during World War I.
Military career
Campbell was commissioned into the 9th Lancers in 1889.[1] He was a keen equestrian and won the Grand National on the Soarer in 1896.[1]
He served in the Second Boer War and then in World War I where he was General Officer Commanding 21st Division from 1916 to 1919.[1]
After the War he became General Officer Commanding Baluchistan District in India in 1920.[1] He was appointed Military Secretary in 1926 and became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Aldershot Command in 1927.[1] He went on to be Governor and Commander-in-Chief Malta from 1931 to 1936.[1]