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{{Short description|Ancient city of Commagene in modern-day Turkey}} |
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{{about|the ancient city in Commagene, modern Gaziantep, Turkey||Zeugma (disambiguation)}} |
{{about|the ancient city in Commagene, modern Gaziantep, Turkey||Zeugma (disambiguation)}} |
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{{update|date=August 2009}} |
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{{Infobox ancient site |
{{Infobox ancient site |
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| name = Zeugma |
| name = Zeugma |
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| native_name = Ζεῦγμα |
| native_name = {{lang|grc|Ζεῦγμα}} |
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| alternate_name = |
| alternate_name = |
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| image = Zeugma.jpg |
| image = Zeugma.jpg |
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'''Zeugma''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Ζεῦγμα}}; {{lang-syr|ܙܘܓܡܐ}}) was an ancient [[Hellenistic era]] [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and then [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] city of [[Commagene]]; located in modern [[Gaziantep Province]], [[Turkey]]. It was named for the [[Pontoon bridge|bridge of boats]], or {{wikt-lang|grc|ζεῦγμα|zeugma}},<ref>{{LSJ|zeu{{=}}gma|ζεῦγμα|ref}}.</ref> that crossed the [[Euphrates]] at that location.<ref name="luxurytravelmagazine.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news-articles/museum-of-roman-mosaics-to-open-in-turkey |title=Museum of Roman Mosaics to Open in Turkey |website=www.luxurytravelmagazine.com |access-date=2020-03-28 }}</ref> [[Zeugma Mosaic Museum]] contains mosaics from the site, and is one of the largest mosaic museums in the world. |
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'''Zeugma''' ({{lang-el|Ζεῦγμα}}) is an ancient [[city]] of [[Commagene]]; located in modern [[Gaziantep Province]], [[Turkey]]. It was named for the [[Pontoon bridge|bridge of boats]], or ''[[wikt:ζεῦγμα|zeugma]]'',<ref>{{LSJ|zeu{{=}}gma|ζεῦγμα|ref}}.</ref> that crossed the [[Euphrates|Euphrates river]] at that location. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Zeugma was |
Zeugma was founded in the early 3rd century BC as the city of Seleucia by [[Seleucus I Nicator]], a [[Diadochi|Diadochus]] (successor) to [[Alexander the Great]] and [[Hellenistic Greek]] founder of the [[Seleucid Kingdom]], on the site where he had the first bridge over the [[Euphrates]] built.<ref name=":0" /> In 64 BC, the [[Roman Republic]] gained control of the city. Zeugma was of great importance to the [[Roman Empire]] as it was located at a strategically important place. Up to 70,000 people lived in the city, and it became a center for the military and commerce for the [[ancient Romans]].<ref name="luxurytravelmagazine.com"/> In 253 AD, it was destroyed by the [[Sassanids]], but was later rebuilt.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://mymodernmet.com/zeugma-excavations-ancient-mosaics/|title=Remarkably Pristine Ancient Greek Mosaics Uncovered in Turkish City of Zeugma|website=mymodernmet.com|date=24 November 2014}}</ref> |
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In [[late antiquity]], Zeugma was a [[diocese]] of the [[State church of the Roman Empire|early Roman church]], but the place seems to have been abandoned in the 7th century due to Sassanid Persian and then Arab raids by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. [[Arabs]] lived there temporarily in the [[Middle Ages]]. By the 17th century the [[Ottoman Turk]]ish village of Belkis was built near the ruins. |
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== Preservation == |
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Initially the site was excavated sporadically, but in 2000, the site would be flooded due to construction of the [[Birecik Dam]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kinzer|first=Stephen|date=2000-07-03|title=A Race to Save Roman Splendors From Drowning|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/03/world/a-race-to-save-roman-splendors-from-drowning.html|access-date=2021-11-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> With only a fraction of the site excavated, archaeologists feared that many mosaics would be permanently lost.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kinzer|first=Stephen|date=2000-05-07|title=Dam in Turkey May Soon Flood A '2nd Pompeii'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/07/world/dam-in-turkey-may-soon-flood-a-2nd-pompeii.html|access-date=2021-11-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After reading about it in ''[[The New York Times]]'', and with only few months left, American philanthropist [[David Woodley Packard|David W. Packard]] donated USD 5 million to fund an emergency excavation of the archaeological site, allowing archaeologists to preserve the mosaics that would otherwise be inundated by the dam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-08-27|title=Zeugma finds a "secret" patron|url=http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/25648.asp|access-date=2021-11-22|website=arsiv.ntv.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Packard|first=David W.|date=2013|title=Excavations at Zeugma|url=https://zeugma.packhum.org/pdfs/v1fwd.pdf}}</ref> The mosaics that were excavated were initially stored at the [[Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology|Gaziantep Museum]], and are nowadays displayed at the [[Zeugma Mosaic Museum]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aylward|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1z1zAEACAAJ&q=Excavations+at+Zeugma|title=Excavations at Zeugma: Conducted by Oxford Archaeology|date=2013|publisher=Packard Humanities Institute|isbn=978-1-938325-29-8|language=en}}</ref> |
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Zeugma has been on the UNESCO World Heritage Site tentative list since 2012. Extant archaeological remains at the site include "the Hellenistic Agora, the Roman Agora, two sanctuaries, the stadium, the theatre, two bathhouses, the Roman legionary base, administrative structures of the Roman legion, the majority of the residential quarters, Hellenistic and Roman city walls, and the East, South and West necropoles."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archeological Site of Zeugma|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> |
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Three large glass mosaics were discovered at Zeugma in 2014, including one depicting the nine [[muses]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stunning Mosaics Uncovered in Ancient City of Zeugma {{!}} Archaeology {{!}} Sci-News.com|url=http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-mosaics-ancient-city-zeugma-02307.html|website=Breaking Science News {{!}} Sci-News.com|date=28 November 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> |
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In February 2020, it was reported that the Zeugma Mosaic Museum attracted a record 340,569 visitors in 2019, according to the Turkish Culture and Tourism Ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Record number of tourists visit Turkey's Zeugma Mosaic Museum|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/arts-culture/2020/01/22/record-number-of-tourists-visit-turkeys-zeugma-mosaic-museum|last=AA|first=Daily Sabah with|date=2020-01-22|website=Daily Sabah|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Zeugma Mosaic Museum]] |
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*[[Birecik Dam Cemetery]] |
*[[Birecik Dam Cemetery]] |
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*[[Seleucia at the Zeugma]] |
*[[Seleucia at the Zeugma]] |
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*[[Hasankeyf]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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|publisher=[[Archaeology Magazine]], Volume 53 Number 5 |
|publisher=[[Archaeology Magazine]], Volume 53 Number 5 |
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|date=September–October 2000 |
|date=September–October 2000 |
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|access-date=2019-12-30 |
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|archive-date=2012-03-29 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329113559/http://www.archaeology.org/0009/etc/turkey.html |
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|url-status=dead |
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}} |
}} |
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*{{cite news |
*{{cite news |
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|title=A Race to Save Roman Splendors From Drowning |
|title=A Race to Save Roman Splendors From Drowning |
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|author=Stephen Kinzer |
|author=Stephen Kinzer |
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|work=[[The New York Times]] |
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|date=July 3, 2000 |
|date=July 3, 2000 |
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}} |
}} |
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*{{cite news |
*{{cite news |
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|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/02/0202_turkeyweb.html |
|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/02/0202_turkeyweb.html |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010611120713/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/02/0202_turkeyweb.html |
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|url-status=dead |
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|archive-date=June 11, 2001 |
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|title=Website Pulls Together the Strands of Turkey's Past |
|title=Website Pulls Together the Strands of Turkey's Past |
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|author=Lisa Krause |
|author=Lisa Krause |
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* {{Catholic|wstitle=Zeugma}} |
* {{Catholic|wstitle=Zeugma}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060224135521/http://www.videosofturkey.com/video_details.asp?id=169 "Zeugma, A Roman Town in Anatolia"], a short documentary video |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060224135521/http://www.videosofturkey.com/video_details.asp?id=169 "Zeugma, A Roman Town in Anatolia"], a short documentary video |
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* [http://www.zeugmaweb.com/zeugma/english/engindex.htm Zeugmaweb.com] |
* [http://www.zeugmaweb.com/zeugma/english/engindex.htm Zeugmaweb.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123030837/http://www.zeugmaweb.com/zeugma/english/engindex.htm |date=2017-01-23 }} |
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* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/zeugma Pictures of the Zeugma site] |
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/zeugma Pictures of the Zeugma site] |
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* [ |
* [https://www.livius.org/za-zn/zeugma/zeugma.html Zeugma] at [https://www.livius.org/ Livius.org], article and photos |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/zeugma.shtml BBC: The Secret Treasures of Zeugma] |
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/zeugma.shtml BBC: The Secret Treasures of Zeugma] |
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* [http://www.classics.uwa.edu.au/about/research/zeugma_on_the_euphrates UWA Classics and Ancient History Research: Zeugma on the Euphrates] |
* [http://www.classics.uwa.edu.au/about/research/zeugma_on_the_euphrates UWA Classics and Ancient History Research: Zeugma on the Euphrates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407080816/http://classics.uwa.edu.au/about/research/zeugma_on_the_euphrates |date=2011-04-07 }} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101108084221/http://gaziantepcity.info/en/gaziantep_archaeology_museum Gaziantep Archaeology Museum] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101108084221/http://gaziantepcity.info/en/gaziantep_archaeology_museum Gaziantep Archaeology Museum] |
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* [http://photos.alishomepage.com/?params=Sceneries,13&lang=en Some photos from the Zeugma Museum (Gaziantep, Turkey)] |
* [http://photos.alishomepage.com/?params=Sceneries,13&lang=en Some photos from the Zeugma Museum (Gaziantep, Turkey)] |
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{{Former settlements in Turkey}} |
{{Former settlements in Turkey}} |
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{{Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey}} |
{{Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd century BC]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia]] |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia]] |
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[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]] |
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]] |
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[[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]] |
[[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:History of Gaziantep Province]] |
[[Category:History of Gaziantep Province]] |
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[[Category:World Heritage |
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Euphrates]] |
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[[Category:Submerged places]] |
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[[Category:Seleucus I Nicator]] |
Latest revision as of 20:28, 13 March 2024
Ζεῦγμα | |
Location | Belkis, Gaziantep Province, Turkey |
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Region | Commagene |
Coordinates | 37°3′31″N 37°51′57″E / 37.05861°N 37.86583°E |
Type | Settlement |
History | |
Builder | Seleucus I Nicator |
Founded | 300 BC |
Site notes | |
Condition | Partially submerged |
Zeugma (Greek: Ζεῦγμα; Syriac: ܙܘܓܡܐ) was an ancient Hellenistic era Greek and then Roman city of Commagene; located in modern Gaziantep Province, Turkey. It was named for the bridge of boats, or zeugma,[1] that crossed the Euphrates at that location.[2] Zeugma Mosaic Museum contains mosaics from the site, and is one of the largest mosaic museums in the world.
History
Zeugma was founded in the early 3rd century BC as the city of Seleucia by Seleucus I Nicator, a Diadochus (successor) to Alexander the Great and Hellenistic Greek founder of the Seleucid Kingdom, on the site where he had the first bridge over the Euphrates built.[3] In 64 BC, the Roman Republic gained control of the city. Zeugma was of great importance to the Roman Empire as it was located at a strategically important place. Up to 70,000 people lived in the city, and it became a center for the military and commerce for the ancient Romans.[2] In 253 AD, it was destroyed by the Sassanids, but was later rebuilt.[3]
In late antiquity, Zeugma was a diocese of the early Roman church, but the place seems to have been abandoned in the 7th century due to Sassanid Persian and then Arab raids by the Umayyad Caliphate. Arabs lived there temporarily in the Middle Ages. By the 17th century the Ottoman Turkish village of Belkis was built near the ruins.
Preservation
Initially the site was excavated sporadically, but in 2000, the site would be flooded due to construction of the Birecik Dam.[4] With only a fraction of the site excavated, archaeologists feared that many mosaics would be permanently lost.[5] After reading about it in The New York Times, and with only few months left, American philanthropist David W. Packard donated USD 5 million to fund an emergency excavation of the archaeological site, allowing archaeologists to preserve the mosaics that would otherwise be inundated by the dam.[6][7] The mosaics that were excavated were initially stored at the Gaziantep Museum, and are nowadays displayed at the Zeugma Mosaic Museum.[8]
Zeugma has been on the UNESCO World Heritage Site tentative list since 2012. Extant archaeological remains at the site include "the Hellenistic Agora, the Roman Agora, two sanctuaries, the stadium, the theatre, two bathhouses, the Roman legionary base, administrative structures of the Roman legion, the majority of the residential quarters, Hellenistic and Roman city walls, and the East, South and West necropoles."[9]
Three large glass mosaics were discovered at Zeugma in 2014, including one depicting the nine muses.[10]
In February 2020, it was reported that the Zeugma Mosaic Museum attracted a record 340,569 visitors in 2019, according to the Turkish Culture and Tourism Ministry.[11]
Gallery
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Zeugma The lake
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Zeugma Excavations
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Zeugma Excavations and dam
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Zeugma The dam nearby
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Zeugma Excavations
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Zeugma Excavations
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Zeugma Excavations
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Zeugma Excavations
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Zeugma Excavations
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Zeugma Excavations
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Zeugma Excavations
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Zeugma Excavations
See also
References
- ^ ζεῦγμα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ a b "Museum of Roman Mosaics to Open in Turkey". www.luxurytravelmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
- ^ a b "Remarkably Pristine Ancient Greek Mosaics Uncovered in Turkish City of Zeugma". mymodernmet.com. 24 November 2014.
- ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2000-07-03). "A Race to Save Roman Splendors From Drowning". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2000-05-07). "Dam in Turkey May Soon Flood A '2nd Pompeii'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ^ "Zeugma finds a "secret" patron". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. 2000-08-27. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ^ Packard, David W. (2013). "Excavations at Zeugma" (PDF).
- ^ Aylward, William (2013). Excavations at Zeugma: Conducted by Oxford Archaeology. Packard Humanities Institute. ISBN 978-1-938325-29-8.
- ^ "Archeological Site of Zeugma". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ^ "Stunning Mosaics Uncovered in Ancient City of Zeugma | Archaeology | Sci-News.com". Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ^ AA, Daily Sabah with (2020-01-22). "Record number of tourists visit Turkey's Zeugma Mosaic Museum". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
Further reading
- ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2001/2002: Zeugma, Turkey, Icomos Heritage at Risk 2001/2002.
- Özgen Acar (September–October 2000). "Troubled Waters". Archaeology Magazine, Volume 53 Number 5. Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
- Stephen Kinzer (July 3, 2000). "A Race to Save Roman Splendors From Drowning". The New York Times.
- Lisa Krause (February 2, 2001). "Website Pulls Together the Strands of Turkey's Past". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2001.
- "Museum of Roman Mosaics to Open in Turkey". Luxury Travel Magazine.
- Kennedy, David. The Twin Towns of Zeugma on the Euphrates: Rescue Work and Historical Studies (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series). Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1998.
External links
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Zeugma". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- "Zeugma, A Roman Town in Anatolia", a short documentary video
- Zeugmaweb.com Archived 2017-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
- Pictures of the Zeugma site
- Zeugma at Livius.org, article and photos
- BBC: The Secret Treasures of Zeugma
- UWA Classics and Ancient History Research: Zeugma on the Euphrates Archived 2011-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
- Gaziantep Archaeology Museum
- Some photos from the Zeugma Museum (Gaziantep, Turkey)
- Description of Zeugma on Gaziantep website