These accusations and edit warring is doing no good. This page will be protected if the edit warring doesn't cease, so please discuss it on the talk page. |
m Discuss the issues on the talkpage or the article will be blocked. PLEASE be an exception from the rest of the Italian nationalists and actually discuss the issues instead of mindlessly reverting. |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{sprotected}} |
|||
{| align=right border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 class=toccolours width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #aaa solid" |
{| align=right border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 class=toccolours width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #aaa solid" |
||
|+ <big><big><br>'''Zadar''' |
|+ <big><big><br>'''Zadar''' |
||
Line 31: | Line 32: | ||
In the [[9th century BC]] Iadera was settled by the [[Liburni]]ans, a tribe of [[Illyrians]], who were known as great sailors and merchants. By the [[7th Century BC]] it had become an important centre for their trading activities with the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. Its population at that time is estimated at 2,000. The people of Jader (the Jadasinei) were first mentioned in a Greek inscription (384 BC) as the leading enemies of the Greek colonists in the Adriatic in the period of Greek colonization (6th – 4th centuries BC). In the middle of the [[2nd century BC]], the Romans began to gradually invade the region. After [[59 BC]], Iadera became a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[municipium]], and in [[48 BC]] a Roman colony. In the early days of the Roman domination, Iadera was a flourishing Roman colony. It lasted for several hundred years, until waves of marauding tribes battered the region. In the 4th century it had probably between 20 and 25 thousand citizens, a mix of Romans and indigenous Liburnians. In 441 and 447 Dalmatia was ravaged by the [[Huns]]. |
In the [[9th century BC]] Iadera was settled by the [[Liburni]]ans, a tribe of [[Illyrians]], who were known as great sailors and merchants. By the [[7th Century BC]] it had become an important centre for their trading activities with the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. Its population at that time is estimated at 2,000. The people of Jader (the Jadasinei) were first mentioned in a Greek inscription (384 BC) as the leading enemies of the Greek colonists in the Adriatic in the period of Greek colonization (6th – 4th centuries BC). In the middle of the [[2nd century BC]], the Romans began to gradually invade the region. After [[59 BC]], Iadera became a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[municipium]], and in [[48 BC]] a Roman colony. In the early days of the Roman domination, Iadera was a flourishing Roman colony. It lasted for several hundred years, until waves of marauding tribes battered the region. In the 4th century it had probably between 20 and 25 thousand citizens, a mix of Romans and indigenous Liburnians. In 441 and 447 Dalmatia was ravaged by the [[Huns]]. |
||
=== |
=== The Medieval Period === |
||
After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], in 481 Dalmatia was added to the [[Ostrogothic kingdom]], which already included the more northerly parts of [[Illyricum]], i.e. [[Pannonia]] and [[Noricum]]. |
After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], in 481 Dalmatia was added to the [[Ostrogothic kingdom]], which already included the more northerly parts of [[Illyricum]], i.e. [[Pannonia]] and [[Noricum]]. |
||
In 536 the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Justinian |
In 536 the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Justinian|Justinian the Great]], started a military campaign to reconquer the territories of the former Western Empire (see [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic War]]), Zadar became consequently part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]<ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref>.<br /> |
||
In 568 Dalmatia was devastated by the [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] invasion, and throughout the century |
In 568 Dalmatia was devastated by the [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] invasion, and throughout the century Slavs (i.e. early Croatian an Serbian tribes), it's modern occupants, gradually established themselves in Illyria, where, unlike the earlier barbarian conquerors, they formed permanent settlements. Between 600 and 650 the main body of the immigrants occupied Illyria.<ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref><br /> |
||
In other parts of the Balkan Peninsula, Serbs and Croats quickly absorbed the native population. However, the coastal cities managed to resist immediate cultural assimiliation (mostly thanks to Byzantine influence). This sociologic process was instead to take many centuries to reach completion. Consequently, The rural aereas were settled by Croats and Serbs, while the native population, mostly consisting of romanised Illyrians, was either eventually assimilated or migrated to the cities (such as [[Split|Spalatum]], [[Zadar|Iader]] and [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]]. This gradual, long process took place in the 7th and 8th centuries. Dalmatia was, thus, a region culturally divided between the romanic Byzantine cities and the Slavic, more rural, hinterland. These two communities were known to harbor dislike for one another, a grievous circumstance which sometimes resulted in disputes. <ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref><ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia Britannica 1911: Damatia</ref>.<br /> |
|||
In other parts of the Balkan Peninsula these invaders - Serbs, Croats or Bulgars - found little difficulty in expelling or absorbing the native population. In Dalmatia they were baffled when confronted by the powerful maritime city-states, highly civilized, and able to rely on the moral if not the material support of their kinsfolk in [[Italy]]. Consequently, while the country districts were settled by the Slavs, the Latin or Italian population moved for safety to [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]], Zara and other large towns. Dalmatia was thus divided between two frequently hostile communities.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/><ref name="BritIlly"/>.<br /> |
|||
Other |
Other Romanic natives (later called [[Morlachs]]), took refuge in the mountainous interior of Dalmatia, where they preserved their culture for several centuries. <ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref> <br /> |
||
Zadar survived the tubulent times, due its strategic position and its strong defensive system and managed to maintain it's Roman heritage (such as it's dialect od the independent [[Dalmatian language]]). |
|||
Because of the destruction of Dalmatia's capital [[Salona]] |
Because of the destruction of Dalmatia's capital [[Salona]] and the relocation of it's people to nereby Spalatum, Zadar in time became the capital of the Byzantine Theme (administrative unit) of [[Dalmatia]], and was the seat of the imperial Governor. Byzantium, as the protector of Dalmatia enjoyed a strong military and political presence there, due to the persistent threat of invasion by the new [[Venetian Republic]]. |
||
However, the geographical position of Zadar, suffices to explain the relatively small influence exercised by Byzantine culture throughout the six centuries (535-1102) of Byzantine rule. <ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia</ref>. It maintained a large degree of autonomy throughout this time. Along with other Dalmatian cities it soon came to resemble a typical medieval commune. |
|||
In 806 Dalmatia was briefly occupied by the [[Holy Roman empire]] under [[Pepin of Italy|Pepin]], but this was quickly reversed and the cities were given back to Byzantium in 812, by the [[Treaty of Aachen]]. <ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia</ref> <br /> |
|||
It maintained a large degree of autonomy throughout this time, in fact like the other Dalmatian towns were giving rise to the a [[Medieval commune|commune]], enlivened by the continuity of the trade with the other shore of the Adriatic.<br /> |
|||
Meanwhile, the Croatian state formed inland, and trade and political links with Zadar began to devealop {{Facts|date=July 2007}}. Croatian settlers began to arrive, becoming commonplace by the 10th century.{{Facts|date=July 2007}} In [[925]], the Duke of Croatian Dalmatia [[Tomislav]], united Croatian [[Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia]] establishing the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Medieval)|Croatian Kingdom]]. He also was granted the position of protector of Dalmatia (the cities) by the Byzantine Emperor. He thus politically united the Dalmatian cities with their hinterland for the first time.<br /> |
|||
In 998 |
In 998 Zadar sought Venetian protection against the [[Neretvians|Neretvian pirates]], who had settled near the mouth of the [[Neretva]] river. <ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Zara Encyclopedia Britannica 1011]</ref><ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia</ref>. |
||
The Venetians were quick to fully exploit this opportunity: in 998 a fleet commanded by [[Doge]] [[Pietro Orseolo II]], after defeating the pirates, landed in [[Korčula]] and [[Lastovo]]. Dalmatia was quickly captured by surprise and offered little serious resistance. [[Trogir]], was the exception and was subjected to Venetain rule only after a bloody struggle, whereas the [[Republic of Dubrovnik]] was forced to pay tribute. Pietro self-proclaimed himself ''Dux Dalmatianorum'' (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son (carefully agreeing to Byzantine suzerainty). <ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref><ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia</ref>.<br /> |
|||
The Croatian kings meanwhile established their own maritime cities, such as [[Nin]] and [[Biograd na Moru]] (also later [[Šibenik]])<ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia</ref>. The Church, on it's part, was involved in general confusion; in 1059 on the church synod in [[Split]] it forbade the use of any language but liturgies in [[Greek language|Greek]] or [[Latin language|Latin]], and so had accentuated the differences between Romanic and Slavic population.<ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia</ref> |
|||
In the [[10th century |
In the [[10th century]] the cities came back under Crotian administration and Zadar sought independence from Byzantium. In [[1069]] the city was joined with Croatia by a treaty for the second time, by the Croatian King [[Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia|Petar Krešimir IV the Great]]{{Facts|date=July 2007}}.<br/> |
||
=== Rivalry of Venice and Hungary in Dalmatia === |
=== Rivalry of Venice and Croatia-Hungary in Dalmatia === |
||
In 1099, the [[Kingdom of Croatia]] was invaded and forced into a [[personal union]] with the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] king [[Coloman]]. In 1105 Zadar recognized his rule.<br /> |
|||
In 1097 the King [[Coloman]] of [[Hungary]], make good Hungary's claim to [[Croatia]] by overthrowing King [[Petar Svacic]]. By 1102 [[Coloman]] controlled the greater part of Dalmatia.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024807/Coloman www.britannica.com "''Coloman''"</ref> |
|||
Zadar was repeatedly invaded by Venice between 1111 and 1154 and then once more between 1160 and 1183.<br /> |
|||
In 1105 Zara recognized the rule of the king [[Coloman]], but it was was again a possession of the [[Republic of Venice]] in [[1011]]. |
|||
In 1183 it finally rebelled, pleading to the Pope and to the Croato-Hungarian throne for protection, but it the year 1202 the [[Fourth Crusade]] began forming in Europe. The [[crusaders]] were, however, dependent upon Venice for transportation to Egypt. Ever the opportunist, [[Enrico Dandolo|Doge Enrico Dandolo]] instructed the crusader army that istead of paying they should lay siege to the troublesome Dalmatian capitol. Forced by their lack of money the Crusaders agreed and [[Siege of Zara|besieged Zadar]]. The overwhelmed city soon fell back under Venetian rule. |
|||
[[Image:Zadar PortaTerraferma.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Kopnena Vrata (Porta Terraferma).]] |
|||
This did not break the spirit of the city, however. It's commerce was suffering due to lack of autonomy under Venice. They enjoyed considerable autonomy under the distant, much more feudal Croatian-Hungarian kings. A number of insurrections followed (1242-1243, 1320s, 1345-1346) which resulted finally in Zadar coming back under the crown of the Croatian-Hungarian king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]] by the [[Treaty of Zara|Treaty of Zadar]], in 1358. After the death of Louis, Zadar recognized the rule of king [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], and after him, that of [[Ladislas of Naples|Ladislas Anjou]]. During his reign Croatia-Hungary was envealoped in a bloody civil war. In 1409, Venice, seeing that Ladislas was about to be the loser, and eager to exploit the situation despite it's relative military weakness, offered to buy his "rights" on Dalmatia for a mere 100, 000 ducats. Knowing he lost the region in any case, Ladislas accepted. Zadar was, thus, sold back to the Venetians for a poultry sum.[[Image:Zadar PortaTerraferma.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Zadar's "Kopnena Vrata"]] |
|||
After this moment Zara, like the other Dalmatian [[maritime republic|maritime]] city-states turned to [[Venice]] and [[Hungary]] for support.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/><br /> |
|||
The Venetians, to whom they were already bound by race, language and culture, could afford to concede liberal terms because their own principal aims was not the territorial aggrandizement sought by [[Hungary]], but only such a supremacy as might prevent the development of any dangerous political or commercial competitor on the eastern Adriatic.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/><br /> |
|||
Hungary had also its partisans; for in the Dalmatian citystates, there were almost invariably two jealous political factions, each ready to oppose any measure advocated by its antagonist<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. The origin of this division seems here to have been economic<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. The farmers and the merchants who traded in the interior naturally favoured [[Hungary]], their most powerful neighbour on land; while the seafaring community looked to [[Venice]] as mistress of the [[Adriatic]]<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. In return for protection, the cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain, and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. <br /> |
|||
The citizens clung to their municipal privileges, which were reaffirmed after the conquest of Dalmatia in 1102-1105 by [[Coloman]] of Hungary<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. Subject to the royal assent they might elect their own chief magistrate, bishop and judges. Their [[Roman law]] remained valid<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. They were even permitted to conclude separate alliances. No alien, not even a Hungarian, could reside in a city where he was unwelcome; and the man who disliked Hungarian dominion could emigrate with all his household and property<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. In lieu of tribute, the revenue from customs was in some cases shared equally by the king, chief magistrate, bishop and municipality<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. These rights and the analogous privileges granted by Venice were, however, too frequently infringed, Hungarian garrisons being quartered on unwilling towns, while Venice interfered with trade, with the appointment of bishops, or with the tenure of communal domains. Consequently the Dalmatians remained loyal only while it suited their interests, and insurrections frequently occurred<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. <br /> |
|||
Zara made no exception, and four outbreaks are recorded between 1180 and 1345, although Zara was treated with special consideration by its Venetian masters, who regarded its possession as essential to their maritime ascendancy<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>.<br /> |
|||
The doubtful allegiance of the Dalmatians tended to protract the struggle between Venice and Hungary, which was further complicated by internal discord due largely to the spread of the [[Bogomilism|Bogomil heresy]]; and by many outside influences, such as the vague suzerainty still enjoyed by the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern emperors]] during the 12th century; the assistance rendered to Venice by the armies of the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1202; and the [[Tartar]] invasion of Dalmatia forty years later (see [[Traù]])<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. <br /> |
|||
In [[1183]] Zara rebelled for the first time, asking protection to the [[Pope]] and to [[Hungary]], but it was come again under Venetian control in [[1202]], when it was [[Siege of Zara|sieged and conquered]] with the help of the [[Crusade]]rs, to pay the impressive debt they contracted with Venetians for the transport to [[Egypt]], during the [[Fourth Crusade]].<br /> |
|||
In 1243 [[Bela IV]] of Hungary, weakened by the [[Tartar]]s invasion, was obliged to cede Zara to [[Venice]],even if kept his hold upon [[Spalato]] and his other [[Dalmatia]]n possessions<ref> http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bela_IV Encyclopedia Britannica 1911; Bela IV </ref>. |
|||
Meanwhile, the [[Slavs]] were no longer regarded as a hostile race by the Italian citystates, even if the power of certain [[Croatia]]n magnates (notably the counts of [[Bribir]]), was from time to time supreme in the northern districts (see [[Croatia-Slavonia]]). <br /> |
|||
After a rebellion in 1345-1346, Zara came under the rule of the [[Hungarian]] king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]] (confirmed by the Peace [[Treaty of Zara]] in 1358).<br /> |
|||
In in [[1389]] [[Stephen Tvrtko]] (the founder of the [[Bosnian kingdom]]) was able to annex the whole [[Adriatic]] littoral between [[Cattaro]] and [[Fiume]], with the exception of [[Zara]] and his own independent ally [[Ragusa]]<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. <br /> |
|||
After the death of [[Louis I of Hungary]], Zara recognized the rule of king [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], and after him, that of [[Ladislas of Naples]], who in 1409 sold Zara "his rights" on Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 ducats.<br /> |
|||
=== Republic |
=== Venetian Republic (1409-1797) === |
||
[[Image:Dalmazia1560.png|thumb|200 px| The |
[[Image:Dalmazia1560.png|thumb|200 px| The Adriatic in 1560, with Dalmatia and Zadar]] |
||
In the early 16th century the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] conquered Dalmatia's hinterland, and the city became, in essence, a military stronghold protecting Venetian trade in the Adriatic, as well as the administrative centre for the Venetian conquests in Dalmatia.<br /> |
|||
The rapid decline of [[Bosnia]], and of [[Hungary]] itself when assailed by the [[Ottoman]]s, rendered easy the success of Venice; and in 1420 the whole of [[Dalmatia]], except [[Almissa]] (which yielded in 1444) and the [[Republic of Ragusa]] (which preserved its freedom) either submitted or was conquered<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. Many cities welcomed the change with its promise of tranquillity<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>.<br /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
An interval of peace ensued, but meanwhile the [[Ottoman]] advance continued<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople fell]] in 1453, [[Serbia]] in 1459, [[Bosnia]] in 1463 and [[Herzegovina]] in 1483<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. Thus the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] and [[Ottoman]] frontiers met; border wars were incessant<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>.<br /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
After the overthrow of Hungary at [[Mohacs]] in 1526 the [[Ottoman]]s were able easily to conquer the greater part of Dalmatia. The peace of 1540 left only the maritime cities to Venice, the interior forming a Turkish province<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. <br /> |
|||
The pirate community of the [[Uskoks]] had originally been a band of Slavic fugitives from the Turkish invasions; its exploits contributed to a renewal of war between Venice and Turkey (1571-1573)<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. <br /> |
|||
A fresh war broke out in 1645, lasting intermittently until 1699, when the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] gave the whole of Dalmatia to Venice, including the coast of [[Herzegovina]], but excluding the domains of the [[Republic of Ragusa]] and the protecting band of Ottoman territory which surrounded them. After further fighting this delimitation was confirmed in 1718 by the [[treaty of Passarowitz]]<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. <br /> |
|||
The intellectual life of Dalmatia during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries reached a higher level than any attained by the purely Slavonic peoples of the Balkan Peninsula<ref name="BritDalmatia"/>. <br /> |
|||
⚫ | |||
=== Napoleonic era === |
=== Napoleonic era (1797-1813) === |
||
⚫ | After the fall of Venice (1797) with the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]], Zadar come under the [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]n crown and once again became united with the rest of Croatia. In 1806 it was briefly given to the Napoleonic [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]], until in 1809 it was added to the French [[Illyrian Provinces]]. In 1813 all Dalmatia was reconquered and brought back under the control of the Austrian Empire. |
||
[[Image:Map Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic).jpg|thumb|300px|Zara and Dalmatia as a part of napoleonic [[Kingdom of Italy]]]] |
|||
⚫ | After the fall of Venice (1797) with the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]], |
||
During |
During this time, it maintained it's position as the capital of Dalmatia. <br /> |
||
During the Napoleonic era, the first Dalmatian newspaper |
During the Napoleonic era, the first Dalmatian newspaper, [[Kraglski Dalmatin - Il Regio Dalmata]], was printed in the city. |
||
=== Austrian Empire (1815-1918): the age of nationalism === |
=== Austrian Empire (1815-1918): the age of nationalism === |
||
After [[1815]] the |
After [[1815]] the Dalmatia (including Dubrovnik) came under the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] crown. After 1848, Italian and Slavic nationalism became accentuated.<br /> |
||
Possessing an influential Italian majority, the city was the center for the Italian nationalist faction of the period. |
|||
Thus, after the 1848, both the Italian and Slavic nationalism raised.<br /> |
|||
Having a large Italian majority, the city was one of the main centers of the [[Dalmatian Italians|Italian]] cultural and national revival in Dalmatia.<ref> '''[http://www.dalmatia.it/dalmazia/periodoen.htm Dalmatia under French and Austria]'''</ref> |
|||
⚫ | |||
Austrian census for the city of Zara <ref>Austrian census "''According to the spoken language''"</ref>: |
|||
⚫ | In November 1918 Zadar was occupied by the Italian Army, like most of coastal Dalmatia, under the [[Treaty of London]]. Being a city with a relatively large Italian minority, it was annexed to [[Italy]] in 1920, under the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] (1920).<br /> The Italian enclave included Zadar/Zara and the localities of [[Arbanasi]]/Borgo Erizzo, [[Crno]]/Cerno, [[Bokanjac]]/Boccagnazzo, [[Puntamika]]/Puntamica and the island [[Lastovo]]/Làgosta. <br /> According to the census of 1921, this area included 18.623 people. After the advent of the fascism many Croats left the city because of the repressive policies of fascist Italian government. Their place were mainly taken by ethnic Italians. |
||
* 1890: Serbocroat 2652 (24,6%), Italian 7423 (68,7%), German, others 164, sum 10800 |
|||
* 1900: Serbocroat 2551 (20,7%), Italian 9018 (73,3%), German 582, others 150, sum 12300 |
|||
* 1910: Serbocroat 3532 (26,3%), Italian 9318 (69,3%), German 397, others 191, sum 13438 |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | In November 1918 |
||
Their place were mainly taken by ethnic Italians, resettled from within Yugoslavian Dalmatia. |
|||
=== World War II === |
=== World War II === |
||
[[Nazi Germany|Germany]] (with limited Italian assistance) [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] on April 6, 1941. On April 17, the Yugoslavian government, faced with the [[Wehrmacht]]'s undivided attention, surrendered. Zadar held a force of 9,000 that after limited fighting reached Šibenik and Split on [[April 15]], a mere 2 days from surrender. Occupying [[Mostar]] and Dubrovnik, on [[April 17]] they met invading troops that had started out from Italian-occupied [[Albania]]. |
|||
The civilians had previously been evacuated to [[Ancona]] and [[Pula]]. |
|||
In 1941, [[Mussolini]] forced the newly formed Nazi puppet-state, the so-called [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) to hand over almost all of Dalmatia (including Split and even [[Kinin]]) to fascist Italy. This is known as the [[Treaty of Rome (1941)|Treaty of Rome]]. |
|||
The city became the center of a new Italian ''[[provincia]]''.<br /> |
The city became the center of a new Italian ''[[provincia]]''. This treaty was, of course, recognised only by the Axis and was, thus, considered void. For the rest of the world, and, indeed, the local populace, Dalmatia was under Italian occupation.<br /> |
||
Under fascist reign the Slavic population was subjected to a policy of forced assimilation ([[ethnocide]]). This created immense resentment among the Yugoslav people and the [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav Partisan movement]] (which was already sucsessfuly spreading in the rest of Yugoslavia) particularly took wing here. The Italians employed [[concentration camps]] (among others the [[Rab concentration camp|Rab]] and [[Gonars]] camps), political repression, forceful [[italianization]] and nationalist repression of Slavs.<br /> |
|||
After [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] was removed from power, the |
After [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] was removed from power, the government of [[Pietro Badoglio]] [[Armistice with Italy|surrendered]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], and on [[September 8]] 1943, the Italian army collapsed and was quickly disarmed. [[Duce|"Il Duce"]] was rescued, however, and formed the Nazi-puppet [[Italian Social Republic]] in the north of the country. The NDH proclaimed the Treaty of Rome to be void and occupied Dalmatia with German support. The Germans entered Zadar first, and on September 10th the German 114th Jäger Division took over. This avoided an occupation by Partisans, as was the case in Split and Šibenik where several Italian fascist government officials were killed by an angry crowd. The Partisans enjoyed massive support from the locals, and before the reoccupation by German forces, nearly a third of Split's population (including the entire local football team [[Hajduk Split|Hajduk]]) joined the Partisan movement.<br /> |
||
The city was prevented from joining the NDH on the grounds that |
The city was prevented from joining the NDH on the grounds that Zadar itself was not subject to the conditions of the Treaty of Rome. Despite this, the NDH's leader [[Ante Pavelić]] designated Zadar as the capital of the Sidraga-Ravni Kotari County, although it's administrator was prevented from entering the city. Zadar remained under the local administration of the Italian Social Republic.<br /> |
||
Zara was [[Bombing of Zadar in World War II|bombed]] by the [[Allied]] [[air force]]s, with heavy civilian casualties. The greater part of the city was destroyed many civilians escaped to Italy to avoid the bombs.<br /> |
|||
Zadar was [[Bombing of Zadar in World War II|bombed]] by the Allies, with serious civilian casualties. |
|||
In 1944 Tito's [[partisan]]s entered in the town. In the following years nearly all the remaining population left the city, and their place were mainly taken by Croats, resettled from inland. |
|||
In 1944 the [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|partisan]]s entered the town. In the following years a portion of the local Italian minority left the city, preferring to live in Italy, away from socialism. The city however, sucsessfuly recovered and became once more an imprtant regional city in the newly established [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. |
|||
It became a part of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. |
|||
[[Image:Coat of Arms Zara.jpg|left|thumb|130px|Coat of Arms of Zadar.]] |
[[Image:Coat of Arms Zara.jpg|left|thumb|130px|Coat of Arms of Zadar.]] |
||
=== SFR Yugoslavia (1945-1991) === |
|||
During this period Zadar underwent intensive reconstruction and revitalisation, followed by a large increase in both population and economic power. The Federal government sponsored numerous public works to this end, including the Adriatic highway (''Jadranska magistrala'') which created a modern road connection to the rest of the country. Besides the local infrastructure, the SFRY government initiated the industrialisation of the city and nearly all its factories were either built or significantly revitalised and modernised in this period. In the 1970s Zadar particularly enjoyed a high standard of living as international [[Tourism in Croatia|tourism]] came to Dalmatia. |
|||
However, during this period the city lost its status as the capital of the region, with [[Split]] overwhelmingly surpassing Zadar in population numbers, which, though increasing throughout the 20th century, boomed in the new, post-WWII, Yugoslavia. |
|||
All in all, by the 1990s the city was not only rebuilt from the Second World War, but emerged as a modern and completely industrialised regional center, with as yet unsurpassed tourist numbers, GDP and employment rates, which were, surprisingly, significantly higher than the present day's. |
|||
=== Recent history === |
=== Recent history === |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | After the death of [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] Yugoslavia rapidly began to destabilize. In the early 1990s the tragic [[Yugoslav wars]] began to devastate the country. Zadar became a part of the new Republic of Croatia. Its economy suffered greatly in the period, not so much because of the war itself, but due to the shadowy and controversial privatization process, which caused most of its prosperous companies to go under. During the [[Croatian War of Independence]], [[Republic of Serbian Krajina|Krajina rebels]] with the protection of the serbianised [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) under [[Slobodan Milošević]]'s control, converged on the city and subjected it to artillery bombardment, in what is now known as the [[Battle of Dalmatia]]. Their aim was to cut off Dalmatia from Croatia and give the remnants of the [[SFR Yugoslav Navy|Yugoslav Navy]] (JRM) a port on the mainland. Along with other Croatian towns in the area, Zadar was sporadically shelled for several years, which damaged buildings and homes as well as [[UNESCO]] protected sites. Attacks in nearby cities and villages occurred, the most brutal being the [[Škabrnja massacre]], where 86 people were murdered. Connections with [[Zagreb]] were severed for over a year, the only link between the north and south of the country was via the island of [[Pag (island)|Pag]]. The [[siege]] of the city lasted from 1991 until January 1993 when Zadar and the surrounding area came under the control of Croatian forces in [[Operation Maslenica]]. Attacks on the city continued until [[Operation Storm|the end of the war]] in 1995. |
||
Since [[World War II]] the city has developed as a strong economic and tourist center. |
|||
⚫ | During the [[Croatian War of Independence]], |
||
==Main sights== |
==Main sights== |
||
Line 115: | Line 100: | ||
Zadar gained its [[urbanization|urban]] structure in Roman times; during the time of [[Julius Caesar]] and Emperor [[Augustus]], the town was fortified and the [[city wall]]s with towers and gates were built. On the western side of the town were the [[Forum (Roman)|forum]], the [[basilica]] and the [[temple]], while outside the town were the [[amphitheatre]] and [[cemetery|cemeteries]]. The [[aqueduct]] which was supplying the town with water has been partly preserved. Inside the ancient town, a [[medieval]] town had developed, when a series of [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] had been built. |
Zadar gained its [[urbanization|urban]] structure in Roman times; during the time of [[Julius Caesar]] and Emperor [[Augustus]], the town was fortified and the [[city wall]]s with towers and gates were built. On the western side of the town were the [[Forum (Roman)|forum]], the [[basilica]] and the [[temple]], while outside the town were the [[amphitheatre]] and [[cemetery|cemeteries]]. The [[aqueduct]] which was supplying the town with water has been partly preserved. Inside the ancient town, a [[medieval]] town had developed, when a series of [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] had been built. |
||
During the [[Middle Ages]], Zadar had fully gained its urban aspect, which has been maintained until today. In the 16th century, Venice fortified the town with a new system of defensive walls on the side facing land. In the first half of the 16th century, architectural building in the [[Renaissance]] style was continued. Defence trenches were built also (Foša), which were completely buried during the Italian |
During the [[Middle Ages]], Zadar had fully gained its urban aspect, which has been maintained until today. In the 16th century, Venice fortified the town with a new system of defensive walls on the side facing land. In the first half of the 16th century, architectural building in the [[Renaissance]] style was continued. Defence trenches were built also (Foša), which were completely buried during the Italian occupation. In 1873 under [[Austria]]n rule the ramparts of Zadar were converted from fortifications into elevated promenades commanding extensive views to seaward and to landward, wall lines thus being preserved ; of its four old gates one, the Porta Marina, incorporates the relics of a Roman arch, and another, the Porta di Terraferma, was designed in the 16th century by the Veronese artist Sanmichele. In the bombardments during the Second World War, entire blocks were destroyed, but some of the structures were preserved. |
||
[[Image:Zadar - église Saint-Donat.jpg|right|thumb|250px|St. Donatus' Church, a pre-Romanesque church from the 9th century.]] |
[[Image:Zadar - église Saint-Donat.jpg|right|thumb|250px|St. Donatus' Church, a pre-Romanesque church from the 9th century.]] |
||
Line 121: | Line 106: | ||
Most important landmarks: |
Most important landmarks: |
||
* Roman Forum - the largest on the eastern side of the Adriatic, founded by the first Roman Emperor Augustus, |
* Roman [[Forum (Roman)|Forum]] - the largest on the eastern side of the Adriatic, founded by the first Roman Emperor [[Augustus]], as shown by two stone inscriptions about its completion dating from the 3rd century. |
||
* Most of the Roman remains were used in the construction of the fortifications, but two squares are embellished with lofty marble columns; a Roman tower stands on the east side of the town; and some remains of a Roman aqueduct may be seen outside the ramparts. |
* Most of the Roman remains were used in the construction of the fortifications, but two squares are embellished with lofty marble columns; a Roman tower stands on the east side of the town; and some remains of a [[Roman aqueduct]] may be seen outside the ramparts. |
||
The chief interest of Zadar lies in its churches. |
The chief interest of Zadar lies in its churches. |
||
Line 143: | Line 128: | ||
The first university of Zadar is mentioned in [[1396]] and it was a part of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monastery. It closed in 1807. |
The first university of Zadar is mentioned in [[1396]] and it was a part of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monastery. It closed in 1807. |
||
Zadar was, along with [[Dubrovnik]], one of the centres of development of [[Croatian literature]]. |
Zadar was, along with [[Split]] and [[Dubrovnik]], one of the centres of development of [[Croatian literature]]. |
||
The [[15th century|15th]] and the 16th centuries were marked by important activities of Croatian writers writing in the national language: [[Jerolim Vidolic|Jerolim Vidolić]], [[Petar Zoranic|Petar Zoranić]] (who wrote first Croatian [[novel]], ''Mountains''), [[Brne Krnarutic|Brne Krnarutić]], [[Juraj Baraković|Juraj Barakovic]], [[Sime Budinic|Šime Budinić]]. |
The [[15th century|15th]] and the 16th centuries were marked by important activities of Croatian writers writing in the national language: [[Jerolim Vidolic|Jerolim Vidolić]], [[Petar Zoranic|Petar Zoranić]] (who wrote first Croatian [[novel]], ''Mountains''), [[Brne Krnarutic|Brne Krnarutić]], [[Juraj Baraković|Juraj Barakovic]], [[Sime Budinic|Šime Budinić]]. |
||
During the French rule (1806–1810), the first Dalmatian newspaper [[Il Regio Dalmata |
During the French rule (1806–1810), the first Dalmatian newspaper [[Il Regio Dalmata|Kraglski Dalmatin - Il Regio Dalmata]] was published in Zadar. It was printed in Italian and Croatian; this last used for the first time in a newspaper. |
||
[[Image:Regio Dalmata.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Il Regio Dalmata-Kraglski Dalmatin''. Printed Printed in Italian and Croatian language.]] |
[[Image:Regio Dalmata.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Il Regio Dalmata-Kraglski Dalmatin''. Printed Printed in Italian and Croatian language.]] |
||
In the second half of the 19th century, Zadar was a centre of the movement for the cultural and national revivals in Dalmatia (Italian and Croatian). |
In the second half of the 19th century, Zadar was a centre of the movement for the cultural and national revivals in Dalmatia (Italian and Croatian). |
||
Line 203: | Line 188: | ||
=== From the foundation to 1850 === |
=== From the foundation to 1850 === |
||
* [[Donatus]] - saint |
* [[Donatus]] - saint |
||
* [[Pope John IV]] |
* [[Pope John IV]] - Pope in the 7th century |
||
* [[Jelena of Zadar]] - Croatian queen from 10th century |
* [[Jelena of Zadar]] - Croatian queen from 10th century |
||
* [[Petar Zoranić]] |
* [[Petar Zoranić]] - Writer of the first Croatian novel |
||
* [[Giorgio Orsini]] |
* [[Giorgio Orsini]] - architect and sculptor |
||
* [[Luciano Laurana]] |
* [[Luciano Laurana]] - painter |
||
* [[Francesco Laurana]] |
* [[Francesco Laurana]] - sculptor and medallist |
||
* [[Giovanni Francesco Fortunio]] |
* [[Giovanni Francesco Fortunio]] - linguist and writer (author of the first [[Italian grammar]]) |
||
* [[Šimun Kožičić Benja]] - [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Senj-Modruš|Modruš]] [[bishop]] and founder of [[glagolitic]] printing house in [[Rijeka]] |
* [[Šimun Kožičić Benja]] - [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Senj-Modruš|Modruš]] [[bishop]] and founder of [[glagolitic]] printing house in [[Rijeka]] |
||
* [[Juraj Baraković]] - renaissance poet |
* [[Juraj Baraković]] - renaissance poet |
||
Line 222: | Line 207: | ||
* [[Simeone Duca]] - (Šime Duka) maecena and priest |
* [[Simeone Duca]] - (Šime Duka) maecena and priest |
||
* [[Simone Stratico]] - Scientist |
* [[Simone Stratico]] - Scientist |
||
* [[Calebotta |
* [[Antonio Calebotta]] - basketball player |
||
* [[Ottavio Missoni]] - fashion designer; owner of the [http://www.missoni.com/ Missoni] fashion brand |
* [[Ottavio Missoni]] - fashion designer; owner of the [http://www.missoni.com/ Missoni] fashion brand |
||
* [[Girolamo Luxardo]] - founder of the Original Marischino brand, [http://www-luxardo.it Luxardo] |
* [[Girolamo Luxardo]] - founder of the Original Marischino brand, [http://www-luxardo.it Luxardo] |
||
Line 284: | Line 269: | ||
*[[Bombing of Zara in World War II|Bombing of Zara]] |
*[[Bombing of Zara in World War II|Bombing of Zara]] |
||
*[[History of Croatia]] |
*[[History of Croatia]] |
||
*[[History of |
*[[History of Dalmatia]] |
||
*[[History of Italy]] |
*[[History of Italy]] |
||
*[[History of Yugoslavia]] |
|||
*[[Republic of Venice]] |
*[[Republic of Venice]] |
||
Line 320: | Line 306: | ||
* [http://www.answers.com/topic/zadar?cat=travel] |
* [http://www.answers.com/topic/zadar?cat=travel] |
||
* [http://www.dalmatia.it/dalmazia/scompa/index.htm The "ethnic cleansing" of the Italians (italian)] |
* [http://www.dalmatia.it/dalmazia/scompa/index.htm The "ethnic cleansing" of the Italians (italian)] |
||
<!-- starohrvatske crkve u Zadru --> |
<!-- starohrvatske crkve u Zadru --> |
||
Line 338: | Line 323: | ||
{{Croatian cities}} |
{{Croatian cities}} |
||
{{Zadar County}} |
{{Zadar County}} |
||
[[Category:Zadar| ]] |
[[Category:Zadar| ]] |
||
[[Category:Cities in Croatia]] |
[[Category:Cities in Croatia]] |
Revision as of 10:24, 25 July 2007
Coat of arms of Zadar | |
Location | 44°6′51″N 15°13′40″E / 44.11417°N 15.22778°E |
Mayor | Dr. Živko Kolega (HDZ) |
Surface (km²) | ? |
Population (2001) |
72,718 [1] |
Time zone (UTC) | UTC+1 Central European Time |
Zadar (Latin: Iadera, Italian: Zara) is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, with a population of 72,718 (2006). It is the fifth largest Croatian city. 93% of its citizens are ethnic Croats (2001 census).
It is the centre of modern Croatia's Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Zadar is located opposite the islands of Ugljan and Pašman, from which it is separated by the narrow Zadar Strait.
The promontory on which the old city stands used to be separated from the mainland by a deep moat which has since become a landfill. The harbor, to the north-east of the town, is safe and spacious.
Zadar is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop.
History
Prehistory
The entire district of present day Zadar was populated since prehistoric times. The earliest evidence of human life comes from the Late Stone Age, while numerous settlements have been dated as early as the Neolithic. Before the Illyrians, the area was inhabited by an ancient Mediterranean people. The name of the settlement - Iader, Iadra or Iadera (also spelled Jader, Jadra or Jadera) - came from their Pre-Indo-European language and could be related to a hydrographical term. It was later used by other civilisations.
Antiquity
In the 9th century BC Iadera was settled by the Liburnians, a tribe of Illyrians, who were known as great sailors and merchants. By the 7th Century BC it had become an important centre for their trading activities with the Greeks and the Romans. Its population at that time is estimated at 2,000. The people of Jader (the Jadasinei) were first mentioned in a Greek inscription (384 BC) as the leading enemies of the Greek colonists in the Adriatic in the period of Greek colonization (6th – 4th centuries BC). In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Romans began to gradually invade the region. After 59 BC, Iadera became a Roman municipium, and in 48 BC a Roman colony. In the early days of the Roman domination, Iadera was a flourishing Roman colony. It lasted for several hundred years, until waves of marauding tribes battered the region. In the 4th century it had probably between 20 and 25 thousand citizens, a mix of Romans and indigenous Liburnians. In 441 and 447 Dalmatia was ravaged by the Huns.
The Medieval Period
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, in 481 Dalmatia was added to the Ostrogothic kingdom, which already included the more northerly parts of Illyricum, i.e. Pannonia and Noricum.
In 536 the Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great, started a military campaign to reconquer the territories of the former Western Empire (see Gothic War), Zadar became consequently part of the Byzantine Empire[2].
In 568 Dalmatia was devastated by the Avars invasion, and throughout the century Slavs (i.e. early Croatian an Serbian tribes), it's modern occupants, gradually established themselves in Illyria, where, unlike the earlier barbarian conquerors, they formed permanent settlements. Between 600 and 650 the main body of the immigrants occupied Illyria.[3]
In other parts of the Balkan Peninsula, Serbs and Croats quickly absorbed the native population. However, the coastal cities managed to resist immediate cultural assimiliation (mostly thanks to Byzantine influence). This sociologic process was instead to take many centuries to reach completion. Consequently, The rural aereas were settled by Croats and Serbs, while the native population, mostly consisting of romanised Illyrians, was either eventually assimilated or migrated to the cities (such as Spalatum, Iader and Ragusa. This gradual, long process took place in the 7th and 8th centuries. Dalmatia was, thus, a region culturally divided between the romanic Byzantine cities and the Slavic, more rural, hinterland. These two communities were known to harbor dislike for one another, a grievous circumstance which sometimes resulted in disputes. [4][5].
Other Romanic natives (later called Morlachs), took refuge in the mountainous interior of Dalmatia, where they preserved their culture for several centuries. [6]
Zadar survived the tubulent times, due its strategic position and its strong defensive system and managed to maintain it's Roman heritage (such as it's dialect od the independent Dalmatian language).
Because of the destruction of Dalmatia's capital Salona and the relocation of it's people to nereby Spalatum, Zadar in time became the capital of the Byzantine Theme (administrative unit) of Dalmatia, and was the seat of the imperial Governor. Byzantium, as the protector of Dalmatia enjoyed a strong military and political presence there, due to the persistent threat of invasion by the new Venetian Republic.
However, the geographical position of Zadar, suffices to explain the relatively small influence exercised by Byzantine culture throughout the six centuries (535-1102) of Byzantine rule. [7]. It maintained a large degree of autonomy throughout this time. Along with other Dalmatian cities it soon came to resemble a typical medieval commune.
In 806 Dalmatia was briefly occupied by the Holy Roman empire under Pepin, but this was quickly reversed and the cities were given back to Byzantium in 812, by the Treaty of Aachen. [8]
Meanwhile, the Croatian state formed inland, and trade and political links with Zadar began to devealop [citation needed]. Croatian settlers began to arrive, becoming commonplace by the 10th century.[citation needed] In 925, the Duke of Croatian Dalmatia Tomislav, united Croatian Dalmatia and Pannonia establishing the Croatian Kingdom. He also was granted the position of protector of Dalmatia (the cities) by the Byzantine Emperor. He thus politically united the Dalmatian cities with their hinterland for the first time.
In 998 Zadar sought Venetian protection against the Neretvian pirates, who had settled near the mouth of the Neretva river. [9][10].
The Venetians were quick to fully exploit this opportunity: in 998 a fleet commanded by Doge Pietro Orseolo II, after defeating the pirates, landed in Korčula and Lastovo. Dalmatia was quickly captured by surprise and offered little serious resistance. Trogir, was the exception and was subjected to Venetain rule only after a bloody struggle, whereas the Republic of Dubrovnik was forced to pay tribute. Pietro self-proclaimed himself Dux Dalmatianorum (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son (carefully agreeing to Byzantine suzerainty). [11][12].
The Croatian kings meanwhile established their own maritime cities, such as Nin and Biograd na Moru (also later Šibenik)[13]. The Church, on it's part, was involved in general confusion; in 1059 on the church synod in Split it forbade the use of any language but liturgies in Greek or Latin, and so had accentuated the differences between Romanic and Slavic population.[14]
In the 10th century the cities came back under Crotian administration and Zadar sought independence from Byzantium. In 1069 the city was joined with Croatia by a treaty for the second time, by the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV the Great[citation needed].
Rivalry of Venice and Croatia-Hungary in Dalmatia
In 1099, the Kingdom of Croatia was invaded and forced into a personal union with the Hungarian king Coloman. In 1105 Zadar recognized his rule.
Zadar was repeatedly invaded by Venice between 1111 and 1154 and then once more between 1160 and 1183.
In 1183 it finally rebelled, pleading to the Pope and to the Croato-Hungarian throne for protection, but it the year 1202 the Fourth Crusade began forming in Europe. The crusaders were, however, dependent upon Venice for transportation to Egypt. Ever the opportunist, Doge Enrico Dandolo instructed the crusader army that istead of paying they should lay siege to the troublesome Dalmatian capitol. Forced by their lack of money the Crusaders agreed and besieged Zadar. The overwhelmed city soon fell back under Venetian rule.
This did not break the spirit of the city, however. It's commerce was suffering due to lack of autonomy under Venice. They enjoyed considerable autonomy under the distant, much more feudal Croatian-Hungarian kings. A number of insurrections followed (1242-1243, 1320s, 1345-1346) which resulted finally in Zadar coming back under the crown of the Croatian-Hungarian king Louis I by the Treaty of Zadar, in 1358. After the death of Louis, Zadar recognized the rule of king Sigismund, and after him, that of Ladislas Anjou. During his reign Croatia-Hungary was envealoped in a bloody civil war. In 1409, Venice, seeing that Ladislas was about to be the loser, and eager to exploit the situation despite it's relative military weakness, offered to buy his "rights" on Dalmatia for a mere 100, 000 ducats. Knowing he lost the region in any case, Ladislas accepted. Zadar was, thus, sold back to the Venetians for a poultry sum.
Venetian Republic (1409-1797)
In the early 16th century the Ottoman Turks conquered Dalmatia's hinterland, and the city became, in essence, a military stronghold protecting Venetian trade in the Adriatic, as well as the administrative centre for the Venetian conquests in Dalmatia.
From 1726-1733 a part of its territory was settled by Catholic Albanian refugees. That Albanian settlement is called "Arbanasi".
Napoleonic era (1797-1813)
After the fall of Venice (1797) with the Treaty of Campo Formio, Zadar come under the Austrian crown and once again became united with the rest of Croatia. In 1806 it was briefly given to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, until in 1809 it was added to the French Illyrian Provinces. In 1813 all Dalmatia was reconquered and brought back under the control of the Austrian Empire.
During this time, it maintained it's position as the capital of Dalmatia.
During the Napoleonic era, the first Dalmatian newspaper, Kraglski Dalmatin - Il Regio Dalmata, was printed in the city.
Austrian Empire (1815-1918): the age of nationalism
After 1815 the Dalmatia (including Dubrovnik) came under the Austrian crown. After 1848, Italian and Slavic nationalism became accentuated.
Possessing an influential Italian majority, the city was the center for the Italian nationalist faction of the period.
Italy (1920-1945)
In November 1918 Zadar was occupied by the Italian Army, like most of coastal Dalmatia, under the Treaty of London. Being a city with a relatively large Italian minority, it was annexed to Italy in 1920, under the Treaty of Rapallo (1920).
The Italian enclave included Zadar/Zara and the localities of Arbanasi/Borgo Erizzo, Crno/Cerno, Bokanjac/Boccagnazzo, Puntamika/Puntamica and the island Lastovo/Làgosta.
According to the census of 1921, this area included 18.623 people. After the advent of the fascism many Croats left the city because of the repressive policies of fascist Italian government. Their place were mainly taken by ethnic Italians.
World War II
Germany (with limited Italian assistance) invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. On April 17, the Yugoslavian government, faced with the Wehrmacht's undivided attention, surrendered. Zadar held a force of 9,000 that after limited fighting reached Šibenik and Split on April 15, a mere 2 days from surrender. Occupying Mostar and Dubrovnik, on April 17 they met invading troops that had started out from Italian-occupied Albania.
The civilians had previously been evacuated to Ancona and Pula.
In 1941, Mussolini forced the newly formed Nazi puppet-state, the so-called Independent State of Croatia (NDH) to hand over almost all of Dalmatia (including Split and even Kinin) to fascist Italy. This is known as the Treaty of Rome.
The city became the center of a new Italian provincia. This treaty was, of course, recognised only by the Axis and was, thus, considered void. For the rest of the world, and, indeed, the local populace, Dalmatia was under Italian occupation.
Under fascist reign the Slavic population was subjected to a policy of forced assimilation (ethnocide). This created immense resentment among the Yugoslav people and the Yugoslav Partisan movement (which was already sucsessfuly spreading in the rest of Yugoslavia) particularly took wing here. The Italians employed concentration camps (among others the Rab and Gonars camps), political repression, forceful italianization and nationalist repression of Slavs.
After Mussolini was removed from power, the government of Pietro Badoglio surrendered to the Allies, and on September 8 1943, the Italian army collapsed and was quickly disarmed. "Il Duce" was rescued, however, and formed the Nazi-puppet Italian Social Republic in the north of the country. The NDH proclaimed the Treaty of Rome to be void and occupied Dalmatia with German support. The Germans entered Zadar first, and on September 10th the German 114th Jäger Division took over. This avoided an occupation by Partisans, as was the case in Split and Šibenik where several Italian fascist government officials were killed by an angry crowd. The Partisans enjoyed massive support from the locals, and before the reoccupation by German forces, nearly a third of Split's population (including the entire local football team Hajduk) joined the Partisan movement.
The city was prevented from joining the NDH on the grounds that Zadar itself was not subject to the conditions of the Treaty of Rome. Despite this, the NDH's leader Ante Pavelić designated Zadar as the capital of the Sidraga-Ravni Kotari County, although it's administrator was prevented from entering the city. Zadar remained under the local administration of the Italian Social Republic.
Zadar was bombed by the Allies, with serious civilian casualties.
In 1944 the partisans entered the town. In the following years a portion of the local Italian minority left the city, preferring to live in Italy, away from socialism. The city however, sucsessfuly recovered and became once more an imprtant regional city in the newly established Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
SFR Yugoslavia (1945-1991)
During this period Zadar underwent intensive reconstruction and revitalisation, followed by a large increase in both population and economic power. The Federal government sponsored numerous public works to this end, including the Adriatic highway (Jadranska magistrala) which created a modern road connection to the rest of the country. Besides the local infrastructure, the SFRY government initiated the industrialisation of the city and nearly all its factories were either built or significantly revitalised and modernised in this period. In the 1970s Zadar particularly enjoyed a high standard of living as international tourism came to Dalmatia.
However, during this period the city lost its status as the capital of the region, with Split overwhelmingly surpassing Zadar in population numbers, which, though increasing throughout the 20th century, boomed in the new, post-WWII, Yugoslavia.
All in all, by the 1990s the city was not only rebuilt from the Second World War, but emerged as a modern and completely industrialised regional center, with as yet unsurpassed tourist numbers, GDP and employment rates, which were, surprisingly, significantly higher than the present day's.
Recent history
After the death of Tito Yugoslavia rapidly began to destabilize. In the early 1990s the tragic Yugoslav wars began to devastate the country. Zadar became a part of the new Republic of Croatia. Its economy suffered greatly in the period, not so much because of the war itself, but due to the shadowy and controversial privatization process, which caused most of its prosperous companies to go under. During the Croatian War of Independence, Krajina rebels with the protection of the serbianised Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) under Slobodan Milošević's control, converged on the city and subjected it to artillery bombardment, in what is now known as the Battle of Dalmatia. Their aim was to cut off Dalmatia from Croatia and give the remnants of the Yugoslav Navy (JRM) a port on the mainland. Along with other Croatian towns in the area, Zadar was sporadically shelled for several years, which damaged buildings and homes as well as UNESCO protected sites. Attacks in nearby cities and villages occurred, the most brutal being the Škabrnja massacre, where 86 people were murdered. Connections with Zagreb were severed for over a year, the only link between the north and south of the country was via the island of Pag. The siege of the city lasted from 1991 until January 1993 when Zadar and the surrounding area came under the control of Croatian forces in Operation Maslenica. Attacks on the city continued until the end of the war in 1995.
Main sights
Architecture
Zadar gained its urban structure in Roman times; during the time of Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus, the town was fortified and the city walls with towers and gates were built. On the western side of the town were the forum, the basilica and the temple, while outside the town were the amphitheatre and cemeteries. The aqueduct which was supplying the town with water has been partly preserved. Inside the ancient town, a medieval town had developed, when a series of churches and monasteries had been built.
During the Middle Ages, Zadar had fully gained its urban aspect, which has been maintained until today. In the 16th century, Venice fortified the town with a new system of defensive walls on the side facing land. In the first half of the 16th century, architectural building in the Renaissance style was continued. Defence trenches were built also (Foša), which were completely buried during the Italian occupation. In 1873 under Austrian rule the ramparts of Zadar were converted from fortifications into elevated promenades commanding extensive views to seaward and to landward, wall lines thus being preserved ; of its four old gates one, the Porta Marina, incorporates the relics of a Roman arch, and another, the Porta di Terraferma, was designed in the 16th century by the Veronese artist Sanmichele. In the bombardments during the Second World War, entire blocks were destroyed, but some of the structures were preserved.
Most important landmarks:
- Roman Forum - the largest on the eastern side of the Adriatic, founded by the first Roman Emperor Augustus, as shown by two stone inscriptions about its completion dating from the 3rd century.
- Most of the Roman remains were used in the construction of the fortifications, but two squares are embellished with lofty marble columns; a Roman tower stands on the east side of the town; and some remains of a Roman aqueduct may be seen outside the ramparts.
The chief interest of Zadar lies in its churches.
- St. Donatus' Church - the monumental round building in the pre Romanesque style, traditionally but erroneously said to have been erected on the site of a temple of Juno, from the 9th century is the most important structure of its period preserved in Dalmatia; the massive dome of the rotunda is surrounded by a vaulted gallery in two stories which also extends around the three apses to the east. The church treasury contains some of the finest Dalmatian metal-work; notably the silver ark or reliquary of St Simeon (1380), and the pastoral staff of Bishop Valaresso (1460).
- St. Anastasia's Cathedral (Croatian: Sv. Stošija), basilica in Romanesque style built in the 12th to 13th century (high Romanesque style), the largest cathedral in Dalmatia.
- The churches of St. Chrysogonus and St. Simeon are also in the Romanesque style.
- St. Krševan's Church - monumental Romanesque church of very fine proportions and refined Romanesque ornaments.
- St. Elijah's Church (Croatian: Sv. Ilija)
- St. Francis' Church, gothic styled church, site of the signing of the Zadar Peace Treaty 1358
- Five Wells Square
- St. Mary's Church which retains a fine Romanesque campanile of 1105 belongs to a Benedictine Convent founded in 1066 by a noblewoman of Zadar by the name of Cika with The Permanent Ecclesiastical Art Exhibition "The Gold and Silver of Zadar"
Other architectual acivments:
- Citadel - built in 1409, southwest of the Land gate, it has remained the same to this day.
- The Land Gate - built according to a layout of the Venetian architect Michele Sanmicheli in 1543
- The unique sea organ[1]
- The Great Arsenal [2]
- Among the other chief buildings are the Loggia del Comune, rebuilt in 1565, and containing a public library; the old palace of the priors, now the governor's residence; and the episcopal palaces.
Culture
The first university of Zadar is mentioned in 1396 and it was a part of the Dominican monastery. It closed in 1807.
Zadar was, along with Split and Dubrovnik, one of the centres of development of Croatian literature.
The 15th and the 16th centuries were marked by important activities of Croatian writers writing in the national language: Jerolim Vidolić, Petar Zoranić (who wrote first Croatian novel, Mountains), Brne Krnarutić, Juraj Barakovic, Šime Budinić.
During the French rule (1806–1810), the first Dalmatian newspaper Kraglski Dalmatin - Il Regio Dalmata was published in Zadar. It was printed in Italian and Croatian; this last used for the first time in a newspaper.
In the second half of the 19th century, Zadar was a centre of the movement for the cultural and national revivals in Dalmatia (Italian and Croatian).
Today Zadar's cultural institutions include:
- The Croatian Theatre House
- The National Museum
- The Archaeological Museum (established in 1830)
- The University of Zadar (refounded in 2003)
- The Maritime Museum
- Permanent Exhibition of Sacral Art
- Croatian Singing Musical Society Zoranić (established 1885)
- Musical Evenings in St. Donatus [3] (established 1961)
- International Choirs Competition (established 1997)
- Arsenal Zadar [4]
Government
The administrative area of the City of Zadar includes the nearby villages of Babindub, Crno, Kožino and Petrčane, as well as the islands of Ist, Iž, Molat, Olib, Premuda, Rava and Silba. Total City area, including the islands, covers 194 km2.
Zadar is divided into 21 local committees: Arbanasi, Bili Brig, Bokanjac, Brodarica, Crvene Kuće, Diklo, Dračevac, Gaženica, Jazine I, Jazine II, Maslina, Novi Bokanjac, Poluotok, Ploča, Puntamika, Ričina, Smiljevac, Stanovi, Vidikovac, Višnjik, Voštarnica.
Economy
Major industries include tourism, traffic, seaborne trade, agriculture, fishing and fish farming activities, metal manufacturing and mechanical engineering industry, chemicals and non-metal industry and banking. The headquarters of the following companies are located in Zadar:
- Maraska (food industry)
- Luxardo (the original Maraschino)
- Adria, Mardešić (fish production)
- Tankerska plovidba Zadar (shipping company)
- SAS (machine tools)
- Aluflexpack
- Arsenal Holdings [5] (Tourism)
The farmland just northeast of Zadar, Ravni Kotari, is a well known source of marasca cherries. Distilleries in Zadar have produced Maraschino since the 16th century.
Science
In 1998, Zadar hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI).
Transportation
In the 20th century, roads became more important than sea routes, but Zadar remained an important traffic point. The main road along the Adriatic passes through the city. In the immediate vicinity, there is the Zagreb-Split highway, finished in 2005. Since 1966, a railroad has linked it with Knin, where it joins the main railroad from Zagreb to Split. It has an international sea line to Ancona in Italy. The Zadar Airport is located in Zemunik, around 14 km to the east. It is planned to build a semi-highway from the port of Gaženica in Zadar to the highway hub of Zemunik. Another plan is the "Adriatic railroad" linking Gospić with Zadar and Split.
Sports
The local basketball club is KK Zadar, and the football club NK Zadar. The bowling club Kuglački klub Zadar is also very successful.
Twinning
Zadar maintains cultural, economic and educational ties with:
- Dundee, Scotland
- Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Romans-sur-Isère, France
- Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
- Székesfehérvár, Hungary
- Padua, Italy
- Iquique, Chile
- Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
Famous people from Zadar
From the foundation to 1850
- Donatus - saint
- Pope John IV - Pope in the 7th century
- Jelena of Zadar - Croatian queen from 10th century
- Petar Zoranić - Writer of the first Croatian novel
- Giorgio Orsini - architect and sculptor
- Luciano Laurana - painter
- Francesco Laurana - sculptor and medallist
- Giovanni Francesco Fortunio - linguist and writer (author of the first Italian grammar)
- Šimun Kožičić Benja - Modruš bishop and founder of glagolitic printing house in Rijeka
- Juraj Baraković - renaissance poet
- Šime Budinić - poet and writer
- Brne Karnarutić- renaissance writer
- Jeronim Vidulić - poet
- Andrea Schiavone - paitner
1800 - 1950
- Georg Ritter von Trapp - Austrian Navy officer and head of the Trapp family singers
- Baron Giovanni De Ghetaldi military and diplomat (son of Baron Biagio de Ghetaldi)
- Simeone Duca - (Šime Duka) maecena and priest
- Simone Stratico - Scientist
- Antonio Calebotta - basketball player
- Ottavio Missoni - fashion designer; owner of the Missoni fashion brand
- Girolamo Luxardo - founder of the Original Marischino brand, Luxardo
- Conte Antonio Cippico (1877 - 1935) - Italian politcman and patriot [6]
- Spiridon Brusina - scientist
- Niccolò Gradi - (1823 – 1894), poet
- Roberto Ghiglianovich - (1863 - 1830), Politicman [7]
- Carlo Tivaroni - (1843-1906) - historian, Garibaldist [8]
- Natko Nodilo - Founder of the oldest running Croatian newspaper Narodni list
- Dragutin Blažeković - Austrian governer of Dalmatia, born in Osijek
- Vicko Zmajević - archbishop and politician
- Vladimir Bersa - composer
- Felix von Weingartner - Austrian composer, conductor, pianist and writer
- Giuseppe Sabalich - literary worker
- Giovanni Smirich - conservation wokrer and painter
1950 - present days
- Saša Bjelanović- international football player
- Krešimir Ćosić - member of the Basketball Hall of Fame
- Goranko Fižulić - former Croatian economy minister
- Giuseppe Gjergja - basketball player
- Ante Gotovina - Croatian Army general
- Mladen Grdović - singer
- Božidar Kalmeta - current Croatian Minister of Traffic and Tourism
- Ive Livljanić - diplomat
- Budimir Lončar - diplomat
- Duško Lokin - singer
- Korina Longin - top model
- Gianni Maršan - diplomat and composer
- Ivica Maštruko - diplomat
- Luka Modrić- Football player
- Antun Nalis - actor
- Dado Pršo - football player
- Riva - pop band, 1989 Eurovision Song Contest winners
- Joso Škara - former Croatian Labour and Healthcare Minister
- Josip Skoblar - football player, 1974 Golden boot
- Joso Špralja - artist
- Ana Lovrin- Croatian minister of law, former mayor of Zadar
- Zoran Primorac- Croatian prize winning table tennis player
- Arijan Komazec- Noted Croatian basketball player
- Stojko Vranković- Famous Croatian basketball player
- Vladan Desnica - writer
- Natali Dizdar - Croatian pop-singer
- Pavle Dešpalj - conducter and composer
- Valter Dešpalj - cello player
- Tomislav Ivčić - composer, singer and politician
- Krist Novoselic- Nirvana bassist, went to school in Zadar
- Mark Viduka- Australian football international (father from Zadar)
- David Zdrilic- Australian football international (father from Zadar)
- Teddy Lučić- Swedish football international (father from Zadar)
- Zlatan Ibrahimović- Swedish football international (mother from Zadar)
- Jason Čulina- Australian football international (father from Zadar)
- Ivica Jerak - Former U.S. Army Delta Force Operator, killed in Iraq in 2005.
- Agim Çeku- Kosovo prime minister (lived in Zadar for long time period)
See also
- Archdiocese of Zadar
- Bombing of Zara
- History of Croatia
- History of Dalmatia
- History of Italy
- History of Yugoslavia
- Republic of Venice
Sources
- the "Miroslav Krleža" Lexicographic Institute text about Zadar.
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
History about world
References
- ^ http://www.dzs.hr/default.htm
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia Britannica 1911: Damatia
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica 1011
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia
External links
- Zadar Tourist Board
- About Zadar County
- History of Zara (italian)
- City of Zadar (Croatian)
- Zadar Travel Guide
- Zadar Airport
- ZadarOnLine - web directory
- Satellite map of Zadar
- Zadar Maps
- The University of Zadar
- Zadar City Map
- Info Zadar
- eZadar News Portal
- 057Info Radio News Portal
- sights of Zadar surandings
- All names of Zadar (Croatian)
- About Zadar (Croatian)
- Zadar in your pocket
- Croatian National Tourist Board
- Zadar history
- Zadar Population Development (Croatian/English)
- [9]
- The "ethnic cleansing" of the Italians (italian)
Gallery
-
St. Donat's Church and Roman Forum
-
Roman Forum in Zadar
-
St. Anastasia Cathedral/sv. Stošija in Zadar
-
St. Mary's Church
-
St. Simeon's Church
-
St. Simeon/sv. Šimun
-
Morska vrata/Porta marina
-
University of Zadar (1396)