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In the [[9th century BC]] Zadar was settled by the [[Liburni]]ans, a tribe of [[Illyrians]], who were known as great sailors and merchants and by the [[7th Century BC]] it had become an important centre for their trading activities with the Greeks and the Romans. Some estimates of Iader population accord to 2.000 habitants – Iadasines. The people of Jader (the Jadasinei) were first mentioned in a Greek inscription (384. BC) as the leading enemies of the Greek colonists in the Adriatic, in the ages of Greek colonization (6th – 4th century BC). In the middle of the [[2nd century BC]], the Romans began to gradually invade the outlying lands and after [[59 BC]] it became a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[municipium]], and in [[48 BC]] a Roman colony. In the early days of the Romans ruling Iadera was a flourishing Roman colony which lasted for several hundred years until waves of marauding tribes battered the region. In the 4th century it had probably 20. – 25.000 citizens, mixed Romans and indigenous Liburnians. |
In the [[9th century BC]] Zadar was settled by the [[Liburni]]ans, a tribe of [[Illyrians]], who were known as great sailors and merchants and by the [[7th Century BC]] it had become an important centre for their trading activities with the Greeks and the Romans. Some estimates of Iader population accord to 2.000 habitants – Iadasines. The people of Jader (the Jadasinei) were first mentioned in a Greek inscription (384. BC) as the leading enemies of the Greek colonists in the Adriatic, in the ages of Greek colonization (6th – 4th century BC). In the middle of the [[2nd century BC]], the Romans began to gradually invade the outlying lands and after [[59 BC]] it became a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[municipium]], and in [[48 BC]] a Roman colony. In the early days of the Romans ruling Iadera was a flourishing Roman colony which lasted for several hundred years until waves of marauding tribes battered the region. In the 4th century it had probably 20. – 25.000 citizens, mixed Romans and indigenous Liburnians. |
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In 441 and 447 Dalmatia was ravaged by the Huns. |
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=== Middle Age === |
=== Middle Age === |
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After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], in 481 Dalmatia was added to the [[Ostrogothic kingdom]], which already included the more northerly parts of [[Illyricum]], i.e. [[Pannonia]] and [[Noricum]]. |
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In 536 the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Justinian]] the Great, started a military campaign to reconquest the territories of the former Western Empire (see [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic War]]), Zara became consequently part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]<ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref>.<br /> |
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In 568 Dalmatia was devastated by the [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] invasion, and throughout the century bands of Slavic invaders had been gradually establishing themselves in Illyria, where, unlike the earlier barbarian conquerors, they formed permanent settlements. Between 600 and 650 the main body of the immigrants occupied Illyria. It consisted of Croats and Serbs, two close groups of tribes who spoke a single language. The Croats settled in the western half of Illyria, the Serbs in the eastern. Hence the distinction between them became a marked difference of civilization and creed, which has always tended to keep the Illyrian Slavs politically disunited.<ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref><br /> |
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In Dalmatia the Slavic newcomers absorbed the most of the Latinized Illyrians, but the wealthy and powerful city-states on the coast were strong enough to maintain their independence and their distinctively Italian character <ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref>.<br /> |
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In 568 Dalmatia was devastated by the [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] invasion. The invasion opened the way to the settlement of several [[Slavs]] tribes in all the Balkans. Latins inhabitants were progressively pushed to the Adriatic coast, gathering and defending themselves in the fortified towns of Dalmatia. Zara survived to the invasions, due its strategic position and its strong defensive system.<br /> |
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Other Roman provincials (later called [[Morlachs]]), took refuge in the mountains of the interior of Dalmatia, where they preserved their language and nationality for many centuries.<ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria</ref> <br /> |
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Zara survived to the invasions, due its strategic position and its strong defensive system and it was one Dalmatian cities to mantain intact his Latin culture. |
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Because of the destruction of Dalmatia's capital [[Salona]], Zara assumed its place and became the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] theme (administrative unit) of [[Dalmatia]], as well as the governor's headquarters. It maintained a large degree of autonomy throughout this time, in fact like the other Dalmatian towns were giving rise to the a [[Medieval commune|commune]], enlivened by the continuity of the trade with the other shore of the Adriatic.<br /> |
Because of the destruction of Dalmatia's capital [[Salona]], Zara assumed its place and became the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] theme (administrative unit) of [[Dalmatia]], as well as the governor's headquarters. It maintained a large degree of autonomy throughout this time, in fact like the other Dalmatian towns were giving rise to the a [[Medieval commune|commune]], enlivened by the continuity of the trade with the other shore of the Adriatic.<br /> |
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In the early [[9th century]] |
In the early [[9th century]] Zara came under the [[Franks]] of [[Pepin of Italy]]. It was given back to Byzantium in 812, under the Peace [[Treaty of Aachen]]. <br /> |
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In [[925]], King [[Tomislav]] (before, he was the Duke of Croatian Dalmatia) united [[Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia]] to expand the Croatian kingdom, ruled directly the city. <br/> |
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In the [[10th century|10th]] the true rulers of the town were the [[Croats]] and Zadar sought independence from Byzantium. In [[1069]] the city was joined by treaty to Croatia under Croatian King [[Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia| Petar Krešimir IV]].<br/> |
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In 998 Zara was one of the Latin Dalmatian cities which sought Venetian protection against the [[Neretvia|Narentine]], who had settled near the mouth of the [[Narenta]] River, starting piracy <ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Zara Encyclopedia Britannica 1011]</ref>. In the year 1000 (or 998) - a fleet commanded by Doge [[Pietro Orseolo II]] set sail. The Doge, after the defeat of the pirates, landed in [[Curzola]] and [[Lagosta]]. [[Traù]] was subjected whereas [[Ragusa]] spontaneously paid homage. Pietro then took the title of Dux Dalmatianorum (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son.<br /> |
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In |
In 1099, the [[Kingdom of Croatia]] was invaded and conquered by the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] king [[Coloman]], so that Hungary faced directly the Adritic sea.<br /> |
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In 1105 Zara recognized the rule of the king [[Coloman]].<br /> |
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Zara was a possession of the [[Republic of Venice]] between 1111 and 1154 and between 1160 and 1183. |
Zara was again a possession of the [[Republic of Venice]] between 1111 and 1154 and between 1160 and 1183.<br /> |
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In 1183 it rebelled, asking protection to the Pope and to Hungary, but it was come again under Venetian control in 1202, when it was [[Siege of Zara|sieged and conquered]] by the Crusaders, to pay the impressive debt they contracted with Venetians for the transport to Egypt, during the [[Fourth Crusade]].<br /> |
In 1183 it rebelled, asking protection to the Pope and to Hungary, but it was come again under Venetian control in 1202, when it was [[Siege of Zara|sieged and conquered]] by the Crusaders, to pay the impressive debt they contracted with Venetians for the transport to Egypt, during the [[Fourth Crusade]].<br /> |
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After a number of insurrections (1242-1243, 1320s, 1345-1346), Zara came under the rule of the Hungarian king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]] (under the [[Peace Treaty of Zara]] in 1358). After the death of Louis, Zara recognized the rule of king [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], and after him, that of [[Ladislas of Naples]], who in 1409 sold Zara "his rights" on Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 ducats. |
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Between [[1242]] and [[1247]] they were fighting against the Venetians again, but they had to surrender under the worst conditions. In [[1311]] they rebelled again and with the help of Croatian Ban Pavao [[Šubić]] they got better political conditions two years later. In [[1343]] there was a new uprisal against Venice. The siege of the town lasted 16 months before the Venetians finally took it over. Their administration did not last long, as Zadar rebelled again in the autumn of [[1357]] and accepted Croatian - Hungarian king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]] in [[1358]]. Although Zadar recognized the sovereignty of Croatian - Hungarian kings, it lived almost independently developing trade, seamanship, culture and art. After the death of Louis, Zara recognized the rule of king [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], and after him, that of [[Ladislas of Naples]], who in 1409 sold Zara "his rights" on Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 ducats. |
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Despite all this violence, between the 11th and the 14th century a golden age of art and culture was nurtured behind the protective walls encircling the city. Zadar still played a key role in the administration of Dalmatia, and enjoyed growth in political and commercial life. Architecture dating back to this time includes the Cathedral of St. Anastasia, and many other churches, monasteries, convents, palaces and public buildings.<br /> |
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[[Image:Zadar PortaTerraferma.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Kopnena Vrata (Porta Terraferma).]] |
[[Image:Zadar PortaTerraferma.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Kopnena Vrata (Porta Terraferma).]] |
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==Famous people from Zadar== |
==Famous people from Zadar== |
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== From the foundation to 1850 == |
=== From the foundation to 1850 === |
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* [[Pope John IV]] |
* [[Pope John IV]] |
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* [[Jelena of Zadar]] - Croatian queen from 10th century |
* [[Jelena of Zadar]] - Croatian queen from 10th century |
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* [[Giovanni Francesco Fortunio]] (dead 1517), linguist and writer |
* [[Giovanni Francesco Fortunio]] (dead 1517), linguist and writer |
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* [[Donatus]] - saint |
* [[Donatus]] - saint |
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== 1800 - 1950 == |
=== 1800 - 1950 === |
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* [[Georg Ritter von Trapp]] - Austrian Navy officer and head of the Trapp family singers |
* [[Georg Ritter von Trapp]] - Austrian Navy officer and head of the Trapp family singers |
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* [[Baron Giovanni De Ghetaldi]] military and diplomat (son of Baron Biagio de Ghetaldi) |
* [[Baron Giovanni De Ghetaldi]] military and diplomat (son of Baron Biagio de Ghetaldi) |
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* [[Girolamo Luxardo]] - founder of the Original Marischino brand, [http://www-luxardo.it Luxardo] |
* [[Girolamo Luxardo]] - founder of the Original Marischino brand, [http://www-luxardo.it Luxardo] |
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* Conte [[Antonio Cippico]] (1877 - 1935) - Italian politcman and patriot [http://digilander.libero.it/arupinum/cippico.html] |
* Conte [[Antonio Cippico]] (1877 - 1935) - Italian politcman and patriot [http://digilander.libero.it/arupinum/cippico.html] |
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== 1950 - present days == |
=== 1950 - present days === |
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* [[Sasa Bjelanovic ]]- Croatian international football player |
* [[Sasa Bjelanovic ]]- Croatian international football player |
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* [[Krešimir Ćosić]] - member of the [[Basketball Hall of Fame]] |
* [[Krešimir Ćosić]] - member of the [[Basketball Hall of Fame]] |
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* [[Goranko Fižulić]] - former Croatian economy minister |
* [[Goranko Fižulić]] - former Croatian economy minister |
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* [[Giuseppe Giergia]] - (G. Đerđa) basketball player and coach |
* [[Giuseppe Giergia]] - (G. Đerđa) basketball player and coach |
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* [[Ante Gotovina]] - [[Croatian Army]] general |
* [[Ante Gotovina]] - [[Croatian Army]] general, alleged [[war criminal]] |
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* [[Mladen Grdović]] - singer |
* [[Mladen Grdović]] - singer |
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* [[Božidar Kalmeta]] - [[as of 2005|current]] Croatian Minister of Traffic and Tourism |
* [[Božidar Kalmeta]] - [[as of 2005|current]] Croatian Minister of Traffic and Tourism |
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* [[Ive Livljanić]] - diplomat |
* [[Ive Livljanić]] - diplomat |
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* [[Duško Lokin]] - singer |
* [[Duško Lokin]] - singer |
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* [[Korina Longin]] - top model |
* [[Korina Longin]] - top model |
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* [[Gianni Maršan]] - diplomat and composer |
* [[Gianni Maršan]] - diplomat and composer |
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* [[Ivica Maštruko]] - diplomat |
* [[Ivica Maštruko]] - diplomat |
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* [[Josip Skoblar]] - football player, 1974 [[Golden boot]] |
* [[Josip Skoblar]] - football player, 1974 [[Golden boot]] |
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* [[Joso Špralja]] - artist |
* [[Joso Špralja]] - artist |
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* [[Ana Lovrin]]- Croatian minister of law, former mayor of Zadar |
* [[Ana Lovrin]]- Croatian minister of law, former mayor of Zadar |
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* [[Zoran Primorac]]- Croatian prize winning table tennis player |
* [[Zoran Primorac]]- Croatian prize winning table tennis player |
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* [[Natko Nodilo]] - Founder of the oldest running Croatian newspaper [[Narodni list]] |
* [[Natko Nodilo]] - Founder of the oldest running Croatian newspaper [[Narodni list]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Archdiocese of Zadar]] |
*[[Archdiocese of Zadar]] |
Revision as of 18:45, 29 June 2007
Coat of arms of Zadar | |
Location | 44°6′51″N 15°13′40″E / 44.11417°N 15.22778°E |
Mayor | Dr. Živko Kolega (HDZ) |
Surface (km²) | ? |
Population (2001) |
72,718 [1] |
Time zone (UTC) | UTC+1 Central European Time |
Zadar (Latin: Iadera), is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, with a population of 72,718 (2006). 93% of its citizens are ethnic Croats (2001 census).
It is the centre of modern Croatia's Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Zadar is located opposite the islands of Ugljan and Pašman, from which it is separated by the narrow Zadar Strait.
The promontory on which the old city stands used to be separated from the mainland by a deep moat which has since become a landfill. The harbor, to the north-east of the town, is safe and spacious.
Zadar is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop.
History
Pre Antiquity
All Zadar district is found to be populated by people since the ancient times. Discoveries of that earlier culture originated in the Late Stone Age, while numerous settlements were dated as early as in Neolithic. Before Illyrians, ancient Meditteranean people were settled in that area and the name of the settlement Iader, Iadra or Iadera (also spelled Jader, Jadra or Jadera) came from their Pre-Indo-European language, could have been connected with some hydrographical term. This name was lately used by other civilisations.
Antiquity
In the 9th century BC Zadar was settled by the Liburnians, a tribe of Illyrians, who were known as great sailors and merchants and by the 7th Century BC it had become an important centre for their trading activities with the Greeks and the Romans. Some estimates of Iader population accord to 2.000 habitants – Iadasines. The people of Jader (the Jadasinei) were first mentioned in a Greek inscription (384. BC) as the leading enemies of the Greek colonists in the Adriatic, in the ages of Greek colonization (6th – 4th century BC). In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Romans began to gradually invade the outlying lands and after 59 BC it became a Roman municipium, and in 48 BC a Roman colony. In the early days of the Romans ruling Iadera was a flourishing Roman colony which lasted for several hundred years until waves of marauding tribes battered the region. In the 4th century it had probably 20. – 25.000 citizens, mixed Romans and indigenous Liburnians.
In 441 and 447 Dalmatia was ravaged by the Huns.
Middle Age
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, in 481 Dalmatia was added to the Ostrogothic kingdom, which already included the more northerly parts of Illyricum, i.e. Pannonia and Noricum.
In 536 the Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great, started a military campaign to reconquest the territories of the former Western Empire (see Gothic War), Zara became consequently part of the Byzantine Empire[2].
In 568 Dalmatia was devastated by the Avars invasion, and throughout the century bands of Slavic invaders had been gradually establishing themselves in Illyria, where, unlike the earlier barbarian conquerors, they formed permanent settlements. Between 600 and 650 the main body of the immigrants occupied Illyria. It consisted of Croats and Serbs, two close groups of tribes who spoke a single language. The Croats settled in the western half of Illyria, the Serbs in the eastern. Hence the distinction between them became a marked difference of civilization and creed, which has always tended to keep the Illyrian Slavs politically disunited.[3]
In Dalmatia the Slavic newcomers absorbed the most of the Latinized Illyrians, but the wealthy and powerful city-states on the coast were strong enough to maintain their independence and their distinctively Italian character [4].
Other Roman provincials (later called Morlachs), took refuge in the mountains of the interior of Dalmatia, where they preserved their language and nationality for many centuries.[5]
Zara survived to the invasions, due its strategic position and its strong defensive system and it was one Dalmatian cities to mantain intact his Latin culture.
Because of the destruction of Dalmatia's capital Salona, Zara assumed its place and became the capital of the Byzantine theme (administrative unit) of Dalmatia, as well as the governor's headquarters. It maintained a large degree of autonomy throughout this time, in fact like the other Dalmatian towns were giving rise to the a commune, enlivened by the continuity of the trade with the other shore of the Adriatic.
In the early 9th century Zara came under the Franks of Pepin of Italy. It was given back to Byzantium in 812, under the Peace Treaty of Aachen.
In 925, King Tomislav (before, he was the Duke of Croatian Dalmatia) united Dalmatia and Pannonia to expand the Croatian kingdom, ruled directly the city.
In 998 Zara was one of the Latin Dalmatian cities which sought Venetian protection against the Narentine, who had settled near the mouth of the Narenta River, starting piracy [6]. In the year 1000 (or 998) - a fleet commanded by Doge Pietro Orseolo II set sail. The Doge, after the defeat of the pirates, landed in Curzola and Lagosta. Traù was subjected whereas Ragusa spontaneously paid homage. Pietro then took the title of Dux Dalmatianorum (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son.
In 1099, the Kingdom of Croatia was invaded and conquered by the Hungarian king Coloman, so that Hungary faced directly the Adritic sea.
In 1105 Zara recognized the rule of the king Coloman.
Zara was again a possession of the Republic of Venice between 1111 and 1154 and between 1160 and 1183.
In 1183 it rebelled, asking protection to the Pope and to Hungary, but it was come again under Venetian control in 1202, when it was sieged and conquered by the Crusaders, to pay the impressive debt they contracted with Venetians for the transport to Egypt, during the Fourth Crusade.
After a number of insurrections (1242-1243, 1320s, 1345-1346), Zara came under the rule of the Hungarian king Louis I (under the Peace Treaty of Zara in 1358). After the death of Louis, Zara recognized the rule of king Sigismund, and after him, that of Ladislas of Naples, who in 1409 sold Zara "his rights" on Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 ducats.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Zadar_PortaTerraferma.jpg/220px-Zadar_PortaTerraferma.jpg)
Republic of Venice (1409-1797)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dalmazia1560.png/200px-Dalmazia1560.png)
In the early 16th century the Ottoman Turks conquered its hinterland, the town became an important stronghold protecting Venetian trade in the Adriatic, as well as the administrative centre of the Venetian possessions in Dalmatia and a cultural centre.
From 1726-1733 a part of its territory was settled by Catholic Albanian refugees. That Albanian settlement is called "Arbanasi".
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Zadar.jpg/250px-Zadar.jpg)
Napoleonic era
After the fall of Venice (1797) with the Treaty of Campo Formio, Zara come under Austrian rule. In 1806 it was annexed to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, and in 1809 to the French ruled Illyrian Provinces. In 1813 all Dalmatia was reconquered and annexed by the Austrian Empire.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29.jpg/300px-Map_Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29.jpg)
During all this time, it remained the capital of Dalmatia.
During the Napoleonic era, the first Dalmatian newspaper (Il Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin), was published in Zara (1806-1810). It was published in Italian and in the local slavic dialect (the Croatian language was standardized shortly later). It was the first time that a south slavic language was used for a newspaper, so that the "Kraglski Dalmatin" is today remembered as the first Croatian newspaper.
Austrian Empire (1815-1918): the age of nationalism
After 1815 the Kingdom of Dalmatia (including Ragusa) was annexed to the Austrian Empire. The peaceful coexistence between the two historical components of Dalmatia (Italian and Slavic), resisted for the first decades of the Austrian rules.
Thus, after the 1848, both the Italian and Slavic nationalism raised.
Having a large Italian maiority, the city was one of the main centers of the Italian cultural and national revival in Dalmatia.[7]
Austrian census for the city of Zara [8]:
- 1890: Serbocroat 2652 (24,6%), Italian 7423 (68,7%), German, others 164, sum 10800
- 1900: Serbocroat 2551 (20,7%), Italian 9018 (73,3%), German 582, others 150, sum 12300
- 1910: Serbocroat 3532 (26,3%), Italian 9318 (69,3%), German 397, others 191, sum 13438
Italy
In November 1918 Zara was occupied by the Italian Army, like most of the coastal Dalmatia, under the Treaty of London. Being a city with a large Italian majority, it was annexed to Italy in 1920, under the Treaty of Rapallo (1920).
The Italian comune was quite different from the Austrian one; it included Zara and the localities of Borgo Erizzo (Arbanazi), Cerno (Cino), Boccagnazzo (Bokanjac), Puntamica (Puntamika) and the island Lagosta (Lastovo).
According to the (pre-fascist) census of 1921, this area included 18.623 people (Serbocroatians 2.538).
After the advent of the fascism many Croats left the city because of the policies of Italian government. It has been extimated that, during the time of Italian rule, a total 1600-1800 Yugoslavians left the area annexed by Italy. [9]
Their place were mainly taken by ethnic Italians, resettled from within Yugoslavian Dalmatia.
World War II
The Axis powers attacked the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. On April 17, the Yugoslavian government surrendered. Zara held a force of 9,000 commanded by General Emilio Gilioli that after bloody fighting on April 15 reached Sibenik and Split. Arriving in Dubrovnik and Mostar on April 17, they met troops that had started out from Albania.
All the civilians had been previously evacuated towards Ancona and Pola.
The Treaty of Rome in 1941 between the newly-formed Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Italy handed over a large part of northern Dalmatia to Italy (including Split and Knin).
The city became the center of a new Italian provincia.
After Mussolini was removed from power, the new government of Pietro Badoglio declared an armistice, and on September 8 1943, the Italian army collapsed. The NDH took advantage of this chaotic situation by proclaiming the Treaty of Rome to be void and occupying Italian Dalmatia with German support. However, the Germans entered Zara first, and on September 10 the German 114 Infantry Division took over. This avoided an occupation by Partisans, as happened in Split and Šibenik where several ethnic Italian civilians were executed.
The city was prevented from joining the NDH on the grounds that Zara itself was not subject to the conditions of the Treaty of Rome, whether it was void or not. Despite this, the NDH's leader Ante Pavelić designated Zara as the capital of the Sidraga-Ravni Kotari County, although its prefect was prevented from entering the city. Zara remained under local Italian administration.
Zara was bombed by the Allied air forces, with heavy civilian casualties. The greater part of the city was destroyed many civilians escaped to Italy to avoid the bombs.
In 1944 Tito's partisans entered in the town. In the following years nearly all the remaining population left the city, and their place were mainly taken by Croats, resettled from inland.
It became a part of Yugoslavia.
Recent history
Since World War II the city has developed as a strong economic and tourist center. During the Croatian War of Independence, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) (under Serbian president Slobodan Milošević's control) along with Serb paramilitaries converged on the city and subjected it to artillery bombardment. Along with other Croatian towns in the area, Zadar was shelled for years, damaging buildings and homes as well as UNESCO protected buildings. Attacks in nearby cities and villages occurred, the most brutal being the Škabrnja massacre, where 86 people were murdered. Connections with the capital Zagreb were severed for over a year, the only link between the north and south of the country was via the island of Pag. The siege of the city lasted from 1991 until January 1993 when Zadar and the surrounding area came under the control of Croatian forces in Operation Maslenica. Attacks on the city continued until the end of the war in 1995.
Main sights
Architecture
Zadar gained its urban structure in Roman times; during the time of Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus, the town was fortified and the city walls with towers and gates were built. On the western side of the town were the forum, the basilica and the temple, while outside the town were the amphitheatre and cemeteries. The aqueduct which was supplying the town with water has been partly preserved. Inside the ancient town, a medieval town had developed, when a series of churches and monasteries had been built.
During the Middle Ages, Zadar had fully gained its urban aspect, which has been maintained until today. In the 16th century, Venice fortified the town with a new system of defensive walls on the side facing land. In the first half of the 16th century, architectural building in the Renaissance style was continued. Defence trenches were built also (Foša), which were completely buried during the Italian occupation. In 1873 under Austrian rule the ramparts of Zadar were converted from fortifications into elevated promenades commanding extensive views to seaward and to landward, wall lines thus being preserved ; of its four old gates one, the Porta Marina, incorporates the relics of a Roman arch, and another, the Porta di Terraferma, was designed in the 16th century by the Veronese artist Sanmichele. In the bombardments during the Second World War, entire blocks were destroyed, but some of the structures were preserved.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Zadar_-_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Donat.jpg/250px-Zadar_-_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Donat.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zadar.St.Stosija.j1.jpg/250px-Zadar.St.Stosija.j1.jpg)
Most important landmarks:
- Roman Forum - the largest on the eastern side of the Adriatic, founded by the first Roman Emperor Augustus, to which two stone inscriptions about its completion dating from the 3rd century testify.
- Most of the Roman remains were used in the construction of the fortifications, but two squares are embellished with lofty marble columns; a Roman tower stands on the east side of the town; and some remains of a Roman aqueduct may be seen outside the ramparts.
The chief interest of Zadar lies in its churches.
- St. Donatus' Church - the monumental round building in the pre Romanesque style, traditionally but erroneously said to have been erected on the site of a temple of Juno, from the 9th century is the most important structure of its period preserved in Dalmatia; the massive dome of the rotunda is surrounded by a vaulted gallery in two stories which also extends around the three apses to the east. The church treasury contains some of the finest Dalmatian metal-work; notably the silver ark or reliquary of St Simeon (1380), and the pastoral staff of Bishop Valaresso (1460).
- St. Anastasia's Cathedral (Croatian: Sv. Stošija), basilica in Romanesque style built in the 12th to 13th century (high Romanesque style), the largest cathedral in Dalmatia.
- The churches of St. Chrysogonus and St. Simeon are also in the Romanesque style.
- St. Krševan's Church - monumental Romanesque church of very fine proportions and refined Romanesque ornaments.
- St. Elijah's Church (Croatian: Sv. Ilija)
- St. Francis' Church, gothic styled church, site of the signing of the Zadar Peace Treaty 1358
- Five Wells Square
- St. Mary's Church which retains a fine Romanesque campanile of 1105 belongs to a Benedictine Convent founded in 1066 by a noblewoman of Zadar by the name of Cika with The Permanent Ecclesiastical Art Exhibition "The Gold and Silver of Zadar"
Other architectual acivments:
- Citadel - built in 1409, southwest of the Land gate, it has remained the same to this day.
- The Land Gate - built according to a layout of the Venetian architect Michele Sanmicheli in 1543
- The uniqe sea organ[1]
- The Great Arsenal [2]
- Among the other chief buildings are (were?) the Loggia del Comune, rebuilt in 1565, and containing a public library; the old palace of the priors, now the governor's residence; and the episcopal palaces.
Culture
The first university of Zadar is mentioned in 1396 and it was a part of the Dominican monastery. It closed in 1807.
Zadar was, along with Dubrovnik, one of the centres of development of Croatian literature.
The 15th and the 16th centuries were marked by important activities of Croatian writers writing in the national language: Jerolim Vidolić, Petar Zoranić (who wrote first Croatian novel, Mountains), Brne Krnarutić, Juraj Barakovic, Šime Budinić.
During the French rule (1806–1810), the first Dalmatian newspaper Il Regio Dalmata-Kraglski Dalmatin was published in Zadar. It was printed in Italian and Croatian; this last used for the first time in a newspaper.
In the second half of the 19th century, Zadar was a centre of the movement for the cultural and national revivals in Dalmatia (Italian and Croatian).
Today Zadar's cultural institutions include:
- The Croatian Theatre House
- The National Museum
- The Archaeological Museum (established in 1830)
- The University of Zadar (refounded in 2003)
- The Maritime Museum
- Permanent Exhibition of Sacral Art
- Croatian Singing Musical Society Zoranić (established 1885)
- Musical Evenings in St. Donatus [3] (established 1961)
- International Choirs Competition (established 1997)
- Arsenal Zadar [4]
Economy
Major industries include tourism, traffic, seaborne trade, agriculture, fishing and fish farming activities, metal manufacturing and mechanical engineering industry, chemicals and non-metal industry and banking. The headquarters of the following companies are located in Zadar:
- Maraska (food industry)
- Luxardo (the original Maraschino)
- Adria, Mardešić (fish production)
- Tankerska plovidba Zadar (shipping company)
- SAS (machine tools)
- Aluflexpack
- Arsenal Holdings [5] (Tourism)
The farmland just northeast of Zadar, Ravni Kotari, is a well known source of marasca cherries. Distilleries in Zadar have produced Maraschino since the 16th century.
Science
In 1998, Zadar hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI).
Sports
The local basketball club is KK Zadar, and the football club NK Zadar. The bowling club Kuglački klub Zadar is also very successful.
Twinning
Zadar maintains cultural, economic and educational ties with:
Dundee, Scotland
Reggio Emilia, Italy
Romans-sur-Isère, France
Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
Székesfehérvár, Hungary
Padua, Italy
Iquique, Chile
Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
Famous people from Zadar
From the foundation to 1850
- Pope John IV
- Jelena of Zadar - Croatian queen from 10th century
- Giorgio Orsini (circa 1410 - 1473), architect and sculptor
- Luciano Laurana(c.1420 – 1479), painter
- Francesco Laurana (c. 1430 – 1502), sculptor and medallist
- Giovanni Francesco Fortunio (dead 1517), linguist and writer
- Donatus - saint
1800 - 1950
- Georg Ritter von Trapp - Austrian Navy officer and head of the Trapp family singers
- Baron Giovanni De Ghetaldi military and diplomat (son of Baron Biagio de Ghetaldi)
- Simeone Duca - (Šime Duka) mecenat and priest
- Simone Stratico - Scientist
- Calebotta Antonio (1930) - footbal player
- Ottavio Missoni - fashion designer; owner of the Missoni fashion brand
- Girolamo Luxardo - founder of the Original Marischino brand, Luxardo
- Conte Antonio Cippico (1877 - 1935) - Italian politcman and patriot [6]
- Spiridione Brusina - scientist
1950 - present days
- Sasa Bjelanovic - Croatian international football player
- Krešimir Ćosić - member of the Basketball Hall of Fame
- Goranko Fižulić - former Croatian economy minister
- Giuseppe Giergia - (G. Đerđa) basketball player and coach
- Ante Gotovina - Croatian Army general, alleged war criminal
- Mladen Grdović - singer
- Božidar Kalmeta - current Croatian Minister of Traffic and Tourism
- Ive Livljanić - diplomat
- Budimir Lončar - diplomat
- Duško Lokin - singer
- Korina Longin - top model
- Gianni Maršan - diplomat and composer
- Ivica Maštruko - diplomat
- Luka Modric- Croatian football international
- Antun Nalis - actor
- Dado Pršo - football player
- Riva - pop band, 1989 Eurovision Song Contest winners
- Joso Škara - former Croatian Labour and Healthcare Minister
- Josip Skoblar - football player, 1974 Golden boot
- Joso Špralja - artist
- Ana Lovrin- Croatian minister of law, former mayor of Zadar
- Zoran Primorac- Croatian prize winning table tennis player
- Arijan Komazec- Noted Croatian basketball player
- Stojko Vranković- Famous Croatian basketball player
- Krist Novoselic- Nirvana bassist, went to school in Zadar
- Petar Zoranić - Writer of the first Croatian novel
- Brne Karnarutić- Croatian Renaissance writer
- Vladan Desnica - writer
- Natko Nodilo - Founder of the oldest running Croatian newspaper Narodni list
- Mark Viduka- Australian football international (father from Zadar)
- David Zdrilic- Australian football international (father from Zadar)
- Teddy Lucic- Swedish football international (father from Zadar)
- Zlatan Ibrahimović- Swedish football international (mother from Zadar)
- Jason Culina- Australian football international (father from Zadar)
- Ivica Jerak - Former U.S. Army Delta Force Operator, killed in Iraq in 2005.
- Jason Culina- Australian football international (father from Zadar)
- Agim Çeku- Kosovo prime minister (lived in Zadar for long time period)
See also
- Archdiocese of Zadar
- Bombing of Zara
- History of Croatia
- History of Yugoslavia
- History of Italy
- Republic of Venice
- The "ethnic cleansing" of the Italians (italian)
Sources
- the "Miroslav Krleža" Lexicographic Institute text about Zadar.
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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References
- ^ http://www.dzs.hr/default.htm
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica 1011
- ^ Dalmatia under French and Austria
- ^ Austrian census "According to the spoken language"
- ^ Olinto Mileta Mattiuz. "Popolazioni dell'Istria, Fiume, Zara e Dalmazia (1850-2002). Ipotesi di quantificazione demografica" Associazione Amici e Discendenti degli Esuli Giuliani Istriani Fiumani e Dalmati, 2005
External links
- Zadar Tourist Board
- About Zadar County
- History of Zara (italian)
- City of Zadar (Croatian)
- Zadar Airport
- ZadarOnLine - web directory
- Satellite map of Zadar
- Zadar Maps
- The University of Zadar
- Zadar City Map
- Info Zadar
- eZadar News Portal
- 057Info Radio News Portal
- sights of Zadar surandings
- All names of Zadar (Croatian)
- About Zadar (Croatian)
- Zadar in your pocket
- Croatian National Tourist Board
- Zadar history
- Zadar Population Development (Croatian/English)
- [7]
Gallery
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St. Donat's Church and Roman Forum
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Roman Forum in Zadar
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St. Anastasia Cathedral/sv. Stošija in Zadar
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St. Mary's Church
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St. Simeon's Church
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St. Simeon/sv. Šimun
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Morska vrata/Porta marina
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University of Zadar (1396)