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In the same month, a [[Freedom of information laws by country|Freedom of Information]] request by [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] [[councillor]] and Chair of Reading Borough Council’s Access & Disabilities Working Group, Pete Ruhemann, revealed that: "28 of the 140 medical assessment centres, or 20 percent, do not provide wheelchair access," and, "[m]any, including the larger centres, are on the second or third floor".<ref name=PrivateEye1340>{{cite journal|journal=Private Eye|date=17–30 May 2013|issue=1340|page=5}}</ref> Furthermore, the "great majority do not have associated parking".<ref name=Ruhemann>{{cite web|last=Ruhemann|first=Pete|title=Disabled adaptations at Reading Medical Assessment Centre are welcome, but the national picture is dire|url=http://www.readinglabour.org.uk/news/120407.html|work=Reading & District Labour Party website|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref> The councillor characterised this national situation as, "a disgrace".<ref name=Ruhemann /> It has been revealed that Atos has already made an [[Settlement (litigation)|out-of-court settlement]] with one user, "for disability discrimination […] over access."<ref name=PrivateEye1340 /> |
In the same month, a [[Freedom of information laws by country|Freedom of Information]] request by [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] [[councillor]] and Chair of Reading Borough Council’s Access & Disabilities Working Group, Pete Ruhemann, revealed that: "28 of the 140 medical assessment centres, or 20 percent, do not provide wheelchair access," and, "[m]any, including the larger centres, are on the second or third floor".<ref name=PrivateEye1340>{{cite journal|journal=Private Eye|date=17–30 May 2013|issue=1340|page=5}}</ref> Furthermore, the "great majority do not have associated parking".<ref name=Ruhemann>{{cite web|last=Ruhemann|first=Pete|title=Disabled adaptations at Reading Medical Assessment Centre are welcome, but the national picture is dire|url=http://www.readinglabour.org.uk/news/120407.html|work=Reading & District Labour Party website|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref> The councillor characterised this national situation as, "a disgrace".<ref name=Ruhemann /> It has been revealed that Atos has already made an [[Settlement (litigation)|out-of-court settlement]] with one user, "for disability discrimination […] over access."<ref name=PrivateEye1340 /> |
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Around the same time a doctor who had resigned from Atos after being told to change a report about an individual blew the whistle |
Around the same time a doctor who had resigned from Atos after being told to change a report about an individual blew the whistle to the BBC, pointing out that in certain circumstances "the General Medical Council makes it clear that doctors must not change a report and risk being disciplined for unprofessional conduct if they do".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jul/31/atos-fitness-work-test-greg-wood |title=Why I blew the whistle on Atos fitness-for-work test |first=Amelia |last=Gentleman |work=The Guardian |date= 31 July 2013 |accessdate=12 April 2015}}</ref> He also drew attention to widespread and unduly harsh misinterpretations of the assessment's system for awarding points, on key abilities such as mobility and manual dexterity, that were promulgated through the training programme for new WCA assessors<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22561006 |title=Disability benefit assessments 'unfair', says ex-worker |work=BBC News |date=16 May 2013}}</ref> – to which Atos replied that it was the DWP that was responsible for setting the curriculum for new assessors, not Atos.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/16/atos-doctor-claimants-biased-medical-assessments |first=Randeep |last=Ramesh |title=Atos benefit claimants face biased medical assessments, doctor alleges |work=The Guardian |date=16 May 2013 |accessdate=12 April 2015}}</ref> |
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==Atos exits the WCA contract== |
==Atos exits the WCA contract== |
Revision as of 17:01, 23 May 2015
The Work Capability Assessment (WCA) is the test designed and used by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) in the United Kingdom to determine whether disabled welfare claimants are entitled to Employment and Support Allowance. Atos Healthcare, part of the multinational company Atos, conducted the assessments until 1 March 2015, on which date the American firm Maximus - trading as the Centre for Health and Disability Assessments - took over.
The test has been criticised for the high proportion of those tested being found 'fit for work'.
History
Before 1995, entitlement to Invalidity Benefit was decided by an adjudication officer but largely based on the opinion of the claimant's general practitioner.
In that year, Invalidity Benefit was replaced by Incapacity Benefit and the Department of Social Security began commissioning its own medical assessments using a procedure called a Personal Capability Assessment (PCA). The change came about partly as a result of the view that a clinical assessment by a person's GP would not necessarily reflect functional capacity. It has also been noted that obstacles to work such as pain and fatigue are difficult to gauge objectively.[1]
In 2007 the New Labour government passed the Welfare Reform Act[2] which - for fresh claims - replaced Incapacity Benefit with Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) and the Personal Capability Assessment with the new Work Capability Assessment (WCA). The aim was to make the test for people applying for out-of-work sickness benefits more stringent and also to take into account new disability legislation, changes in the workplace and developments in occupational health.
Professor Malcolm Harrington, an academic with a background in occupational health, was appointed to review the WCA system. In November 2010, he published an initial report that included 25 recommendations.[3] The second year of his review was to include refining the criteria relating to people with mental health problems and conditions that can fluctuate in severity from day to day.[4]
In early 2011, the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government expanded the scope of the programme to assess once again the 2.5 million people whom the DWP had previously judged, before the introduction of the WCA, to be entitled to Incapacity Benefit. At the same time, the DWP made changes to the framework of the WCA to make the eligibility criteria even more stringent (an example being requiring the use of a manual wheelchair for those who have difficulty walking, if reasonably practicable).
The DWP has described the WCA as a means of helping disabled people "off benefits and into work".
The assessment process
When the New Labour government introduced the 'fit for work' test, it contracted out the medical to its existing partner for disability assessments: Atos Healthcare, which was already conducting assessments on people claiming a range of other disability benefits, including Disability Living Allowance and Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit.[5][6] On 1 March 2015, Maximus assumed responsibility for carrying out the assessments.
Ideally, the intention of the process is to first decide whether or not the claimant has 'Limited Capability for Work' i.e. whether they are entitled to ESA at all; if they are, the process then tries to decide whether they have 'Limited Capability for Work-Related Activity' i.e. whether they are able to participate in pre-employment training.
In practical terms, this constitutes healthcare professionals scrutinizing the paperwork and deciding whether further evidence from claimants' medical attendants is needed. If the evidence shows that a claimant probably has both limited capability for work and limited capability for work-related activity, the claimant does not normally require a face-to-face assessment and ESA is usually granted. Otherwise, the healthcare professional arranges a face-to-face assessment - usually in an examination centre, but occasionally in the person's home.
At face-to-face assessments, the assessors, who are doctors, nurses or physiotherapists, use a computer-based points system and a semi-structured interview technique - designed in conjunction with the DWP - in an attempt to gauge the impact of the disability on the person's daily life and to assess the person's fitness for work. There may also be a short physical examination and general observations of the claimant's mobility, speech, hearing, etc. are made. After the interview a report is sent electronically to the DWP that concludes with a points score that aims to reflect the level of disability, together with a recommendation on fitness for work.
These assessments have been criticised for their repetitive impersonal style, while the reports have been criticised for several aspects of their overall quality and for the accuracy of their recommendations.[7][8]
Upon receipt of the WCA report a civil servant makes the final decision on entitlement to ESA, taking into account non-medical aspects of social security legislation and any other available medical evidence, such as sick-notes or the findings from similar assessments, e.g. Disability Living Allowance reports.
Serious concerns expressed over accuracy
The Work Capability Assessment has been widely and publicly criticised: in the media,[9][10] in Parliament,[11] by the Church,[12] by the medical profession,[13] and by protest groups.[14][15][16] MPs didn't debate Atos Healthcare in relation to the Work Capability Assessment in Westminster Hall until 4 September 2012.[17] Since then, there has been considerable pressure applied to Iain Duncan Smith, the minister for the DWP, by many including Michael Meacher[18] and Tom Greatrex[19][20] who have campaigned for the reform of the fitness to work assessment. Greatrex has also written to the Prime Minister to demand an investigation of allegations made by a former Atos assessor that Work Capability Assessments are biased against the claimant.[21]
Controversially, patients with serious conditions such as brain damage,[22] terminal cancer, severe multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's Disease have been found fit for work.[23] On 24 April 2013, a woman who was a double heart and lung transplant patient died in her hospital bed only days after she was told, after a Work Capability Assessment, that her allowance was being stopped and that she was fit for work.[24][25]
At a meeting in June 2012 British Medical Association doctors voted that the Work Capability Assessment should be ended ‘with immediate effect and be replaced with a rigorous and safe system that does not cause unavoidable harm to some of the weakest and vulnerable in society’.[26] The vote has not been acknowledged by Atos or by the UK Government, although it was reported in the media at the time.
In 2013 the Public Accounts Committee made up of MPs and chaired by Margaret Hodge, heard that in 2011/12 Atos was paid £112.4 million to carry out 738,000 assessments. 38% of appeals against the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) were successful. The Committee declared the Work Capability Assessments resulted in too many wrong decisions being overturned. Whilst Atos are paid to make the assessments, it is the government who pays for the tribunal appeals, with £500 million being the cost to the taxpayer for these appeals.[27] "The Department's got to get a grip of this contract", concluded Margaret Hodge,[28] saying "We saw no evidence that the Department was applying sufficient rigour or challenge to Atos given the vulnerability of many of its clients, the size of the contracts and its role as a near monopoly supplier. We are concerned that the profitability of the contract may be disproportionate to the limited risks which the contractor bears."[29]
Also in 2013, the UK Statistics Authority challenged Grant Shapps' claim that 878,300 benefit claimants dropped their claims rather than be assessed by Atos. Andrew Dilnot, chairman of UKSA, found that the figure appears to "conflate" new claims, where the claimant might simply have recovered, with established claimants coming up for reassessment.[30] Therefore, Shapps had no conclusive evidence to back up his assertion.[31]
Criticism has been directed at the test over the ability of assessors to deal with complex mental health problems and conditions whose symptoms vary with time.[32] In August 2012, Atos Healthcare claimed they had appointed 60 Mental Function Champions to provide additional training.[6]
On 22 May 2013, a decision in a judicial review brought by two individuals with mental health problems ruled that the Work Capability Assessments were not fair to people with cognitive impairments and other mental health issues, because the upper tier tribunal felt that these claimants were at a disadvantage when attempting to gather and present evidence to support their own claims.[33]
In the same month, a Freedom of Information request by Reading councillor and Chair of Reading Borough Council’s Access & Disabilities Working Group, Pete Ruhemann, revealed that: "28 of the 140 medical assessment centres, or 20 percent, do not provide wheelchair access," and, "[m]any, including the larger centres, are on the second or third floor".[34] Furthermore, the "great majority do not have associated parking".[35] The councillor characterised this national situation as, "a disgrace".[35] It has been revealed that Atos has already made an out-of-court settlement with one user, "for disability discrimination […] over access."[34]
Around the same time a doctor who had resigned from Atos after being told to change a report about an individual blew the whistle to the BBC, pointing out that in certain circumstances "the General Medical Council makes it clear that doctors must not change a report and risk being disciplined for unprofessional conduct if they do".[36] He also drew attention to widespread and unduly harsh misinterpretations of the assessment's system for awarding points, on key abilities such as mobility and manual dexterity, that were promulgated through the training programme for new WCA assessors[37] – to which Atos replied that it was the DWP that was responsible for setting the curriculum for new assessors, not Atos.[38]
Atos exits the WCA contract
On 22 July 2013, the barrage of criticism of the Work Capability Assessment appeared to be vindicated when the DWP announced that it had directed Atos to put in place a "quality improvement plan" - as part of which, all WCA assessors would be obliged to undergo complete retraining - and said it would be bringing in new providers to carry out assessments, at this point supposedly in addition to Atos. The move followed a retrospective audit of 400 Atos reports produced over a six-month period in which the DWP claimed that it had found 164 that were unsatisfactory - yet the DWP said that these "unsatisfactory" reports had nevertheless come up with the correct recommendation on fitness to work.[39][40]
At the same time, the Coalition's attitude towards the WCA underwent a sea-change. PricewaterhouseCoopers were called in to audit undisclosed quality issues and in the autumn reshuffle the Prime Minister ordered the incumbent of the ministerial post with responsibility for the WCA to return to the backbenches.[41] In December, in a statement to the Work and Pensions Committee, the new Disabilities Minister criticised the test and blamed the Labour government which introduced it, describing the assessment process as a "mess" that the Coalition had been obliged to pick up when it came to power - a mess so vast it was "astronomical".[42]
Meanwhile Atos abruptly backtracked on a promising arrangement to carry out fitness-to-work assessments for Incapacity Benefit on the Isle of Man[43] and began to secretly negotiate an early exit from its contract – worth half a billon pounds – in the United Kingdom,[44] later publicly citing death threats to its staff, criticism from Labour MPs and Atos's own opinion that the WCA itself was "not working" as its reasons for wanting to leave.[45]
In March 2014, when responding to Dr Paul Litchfield's review of the WCA's performance for the DWP published the previous year,[46] the Disabilities Minister poured more scorn on the WCA process and once again blamed the previous Labour government. The minister said: "...the system we inherited from the previous administration was not fit for purpose. The process was riddled with problems..." and declared that as well as extending the testing process to the 2.5 million people already on Incapacity Benefit, ministers had been trying to fix the problems since coming to power.[47]
At the same time, the Minister told Parliament that the contract with Atos was in the process of being brought to a premature close, with Atos paying a "substantial financial settlement" to the DWP as part of a mutual agreement to terminate the contract early (but which was erroneously presented by some of the media as Atos being 'sacked' owing to the poor quality of its reports).[48] [49]
Over the summer, it emerged that there was a growing backlog of hundreds of thousands of ESA claims.[50]
Maximus wins the WCA contract
At the end of October 2014, the DWP announced that the US firm Maximus would take over the WCA contract from Atos in March 2015, five months short of the planned termination date of the five year Atos contract.[51] Maximus would be paid £595m to carry out the work capability assessments over a three year period.[52] On signing the contract, Maximus said that it would improve evidence-gathering prior to a face-to-face assessment, introduce specialist assessors for particular types of disability and communicate more effectively with claimants.[53] However, concerns were expressed about whether this was truly the start of a new chapter when it emerged that the assessments would continue to take place in buildings that were often difficult for disabled people to access and that substantial numbers of key Atos staff were transferring over to the new provider.[54]
Economic effectiveness
A government study published in 2012 found that one-half of the people identified as "fit for work" by the Work Capability Assessment in the UK remained unemployed and without income.[55][56]
More recently, the National Institute of Economic and Social Research analysed the effectiveness of the WCA process in reducing the IB/ESA claimant count. It found that the long downward trend in the number of people claiming out-of-work sickness benefits continued at a faster pace from 2011, only for the trend to abruptly reverse in the second half of 2013.[57]
In October 2014, the government's fiscal watchdog found that between 2010 and 2014 no savings at all had been made from the IB/ESA budget, which remained at £13billion a year.[58]
Jonathan Portes, formerly a senior economic adviser to the DWP and later the Chief Economist at the Cabinet Office, has described the post-2010 incapacity benefits reforms as "the biggest single social policy failure of the last fifteen years".[59]
However, after the General Election in May 2015, a spokesperson for the new Conservative government said welfare reform was about creating "a complete shift in welfare culture" and pointed to the large number of jobless people who had found work since 2010. [60]
Reliability of outcomes
Government statistics reveal that between January 2010 and January 2011, 10,600 sick and disabled people died within six weeks of being assessed.[61] Government statistics also revealed that of those who had been put into the 'Work Related Activity Group' (which prepares claimants for future work), 1,300 died within six weeks.[62] However, the existence of a link has been questioned.[63]
In 2012, the Independent newspaper reported that 43 complaints against Atos doctors and nurses were being investigated by the General Medical Council or Nursing and Midwifery Council.[6]
In 2014, an MP asked the UK Statistics Authority to explain the high overturn rate, on appeal, of initial fit-for-work decisions (both by independent tribunals and by the DWP itself at the intermediate 'Reconsideration' stage).[64]
When giving its reasons for exiting the contract, Atos said: "In its current form, the WCA is not working for claimants, for DWP or for Atos Healthcare".[65]
References
- ^ Ogus, AI; Barendt, EM; Buck, TG; Lynes, T (1988). The Law of Social Security (3 ed.). London: Butterworhs. p. 135. ISBN 0406633703.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ "Welfare Reform Act 2007". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
- ^ Ramesh, Randeep (23 November 2010). "Incapacity benefit tests face overhaul after damning report". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ Gentleman, Amelia (6 September 2011). "No turning back on fit-to-work test". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ McCue, Andy (16 March 2005). "Atos Origin wins £500m government BPO deal". silicon.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012.
- ^ a b c Lakhani, Nina (29 August 2012). "Paralympic sponsor engulfed by disability tests row". The Independent (London). Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ Crichton, Torcuil (10 May 2013). "Bungling Atos Rake in £500million of taxpayers' cash from botched fitness-to-work tests". Daily Record.
- ^ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmworpen/302/30203.htm
- ^ White, Alan (23 January 2013). "The Shadow State: the "dehumanizing, degrading" treatment of disabled people". New Statesman. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ "All about Atos". Daily Record. 7 February 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ Gentleman, Amelia (15 January 2013). "Atos comes under attack in emotional Commons debate | Society | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
- ^ Taylor, David (7 June 2013). "Archbishop Tartaglia joins chorus of protests against Atos assessments which 'trample on human dignity'". Daily Record. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ Pilkington, Anna (4 January 2013). "This brutal new system': a GP's take on Atos and work capability assessments". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ Fine Atos when it fails. 38 Degrees
- ^ "Atos protest groups: Disability rights groups target firm". BBC News]. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ 'War on Welfare' petition tops 5,000 in less than 48 hours
- ^ Westminster Hall debate on Atos Healthcare, Parliament UK, retrieved 30 September 2012
- ^ Huffington Post. 16 March 2013
- ^ Crichton, Torcuil (10 May 2013). "Bungling Atos rake in £500million of taxpayers' cash from botched fitness-to-work tests". Daily Record.
- ^ Hutchinson, Sophie (17 May 2013). "Disability benefit assessments 'unfair', says ex-worker". BBC News.
- ^ Serious Allegations against Atos should be investigated. Atos Victims Group. May 2013
- ^ Masters, Sam (24 March 2013). "Brain-damaged amputee fit for work, says Atos". The Independent. London. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
- ^ Amelia Gentleman (22 February 2011). "New Disability Test is a Complete Mess". London: Guardian. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ Daily Mirror. "Linda Wootton: Double heart and lung transplant dies nine days after she has benefit stopped". 26 May 2013
- ^ "Atos Assessments: Widower claims system 'unfair'". BBC News. 30 May 2013.
- ^ "News from the BMA Annual representative meeting: Scrap Work Capability Assessment, doctors demand". British Medical Association (BMA). Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ The Express. "£500 million bill for appeal battles over benefits" 19 May 2013
- ^ "MPs criticise disability benefits tests". BBC News. 8 February 2013.
- ^ Parliament UK. Public Accounts Committee. Report on the Department for Work and Pensions: Contract management of medical services
- ^ "Incapacity benefit test claims 'conflated figures' - watchdog". BBC News. 30 May 2013.
- ^ Huffington Post. "878,300 aren't cheating benefits". Stef Benstead
- ^ Cooper, Edward S (22 February 2011). "Letters: Getting welfare to work: Health professionals' advice: the ethics". BMJ. 342: d1155. doi:10.1136/bmj.d1155.
- ^ Gentleman, Amelia (22 May 2013). "Fitness-for-work tests unfair on people with mental health problems, court says". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ a b Private Eye (1340): 5. 17–30 May 2013.
{{cite journal}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b Ruhemann, Pete. "Disabled adaptations at Reading Medical Assessment Centre are welcome, but the national picture is dire". Reading & District Labour Party website. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ Gentleman, Amelia (31 July 2013). "Why I blew the whistle on Atos fitness-for-work test". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ "Disability benefit assessments 'unfair', says ex-worker". BBC News. 16 May 2013.
- ^ Ramesh, Randeep (16 May 2013). "Atos benefit claimants face biased medical assessments, doctor alleges". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hoban-taking-action-to-improve-the-work-capability-assessment
- ^ Wintour, Patrick (22 July 2013). "Disabled benefits claimants test: Atos reports found 'unacceptably poor'". The Guardian. London.
- ^ http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/10723860.Fareham_MP_Mark_Hoban_tells_of_disappointment_at_losing_job_as_work_minister/
- ^ http://www.parliamentlive.tv/Main/Player.aspx?meetingId=14440
- ^ http://www.manxradio.com/newsread.aspx?id=66339
- ^ "Atos seeks early exit from fit-to-work tests contract". BBC News. 21 February 2014.
- ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5abc8d36-9a28-11e3-8232-00144feab7de.html#axzz3AqVFhyaB
- ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/265351/work-capability-assessment-year-4-paul-litchfield.pdf
- ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/296328/wca-review-year-4-response.pdf
- ^ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm140327/wmstext/140327m0002.htm
- ^ Franklin, Kaliya; Bourlet, Gary (27 March 2014). "For disabled people, and those with learning disabilities, the 'sacking' of Atos won't change anything". The Independent. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ "Hundreds of thousands hit by benefits backlog". BBC News. 11 June 2014.
- ^ "US firm Maximus 'awarded contract to assess fitness-to-work'". BBC News. 29 October 2014.
- ^ Atkinson, Carolyn (24 February 2015). "Work capability assessments: One million disability checks planned". BBC News.
- ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/maximus-appointed-to-carry-out-health-assessments-for-the-department-for-work-and-pensions
- ^ http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jan/18/after-hated-atos-quits-will-maximus-make-work-assessments-less-arduous
- ^ Ferguson, John (26 September 2012). "Atos Scandal: Benefits bosses admit over half of people ruled fit to work ended up destitute". The Daily Record. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
- ^ Brown, Jonathan (25 September 2012). "Atos assessor 'forced to judge disabled fit for work'". The Independent. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
- ^ http://www.niesr.ac.uk/blog/welfare-savings-and-incapacity-benefits#.VVxfDqZH3x4
- ^ http://budgetresponsibility.org.uk/welfare-trends-report-october-2014/
- ^ http://www.niesr.ac.uk/blog/welfare-savings-and-incapacity-benefits#.VVxfDqZH3x4
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3075985/Iain-Duncan-Smith-wins-battle-complete-welfare-reforms-PM-ignores-critics-allow-Work-Pensions-Secretary-stay-job.html
- ^ "Incapacity Benefit: Deaths of Recipients" (PDF). Department of Work and Pensions, UK Government. 9 July 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ^ Gentleman, Amelia (17 January 2013). "Atos comes under attack in emotional Commons debate". The Guardian. London.
- ^ http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tomchiversscience/100279306/the-10600-people-died-within-six-weeks-of-being-declared-fit-to-work-by-atos-stat-is-simply-wrong/
- ^ http://www.sheilagilmore.co.uk/campaigns/my-work-on-esa/statistics-reconsiderations/
- ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5abc8d36-9a28-11e3-8232-00144feab7de.html#axzz3aUkljiPv