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The '''Warsaw Ghetto Hunger Study''' was a study taken up by Jewish doctors imprisoned in the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] in 1942. The [[Nazi]]s, intent on starving the ghetto within months,<ref name=" |
The '''Warsaw Ghetto Hunger Study''' was a study taken up by Jewish doctors imprisoned in the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] in 1942. The [[Nazi]]s, intent on starving the ghetto within months, allowed no more than 180 calories per prisoner<ref name="USHMM">{{Cite book| publisher = Indiana University Press ; In association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum| isbn = 978-0-253-35328-3| others = Geoffrey P. Megargee, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (eds.)| title = The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum encyclopedia of camps and ghettos, 1933-1945| location = Bloomington, Washington, D.C.| date = 2009 |volume=2-B |chapter=Warsaw |pages=456-460}}</ref> – less than 1/10th the recommended caloric intake for a healthy human being,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/food-and-diet/what-should-my-daily-intake-of-calories-be/ |title=What should my daily intake of calories be? |date=2018-06-27 |website=NHS |language=en |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> while withholding vaccines and medicine that would be necessary to prevent the spread of disease in the dense ghetto.<ref name="Winick 2014" /> This resulted in a thriving [[black market]], which supplied about 80% of the ghetto's food,<ref name="USHMM" /> and a network of soup kitchens which had served, at one time, as many as 100,000 meals per day.<ref name="USHMM" /> |
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In February 1942 a group of Jewish doctors headed by [[Israel Milejkowski]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.infocenters.co.il/gfh/notebook_ext.asp?book=118384&lang=eng |title=Dr. Israel Milejkowski, a Jewish physician and civic activist in Warsaw |website=Ghetto Fighters House Archives |access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref> decided to use the famine, which was out of their control, to study the physiological and psychological effects of hunger.<ref name="Engelking 2002">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741690863 |title=Holocaust and memory : the experience of the Holocaust and its consequences : an investigation based on personal narratives |last=Engelking |first=Barbara |publisher=Leicester University Press, in association with the European Jewish Publication Society |year=2002 |isbn=9780567342775 |location=London |pages=110–111 |oclc=741690863}}</ref> Using [[Judenrat]] resources to |
In February 1942 a group of Jewish doctors headed by [[Israel Milejkowski]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.infocenters.co.il/gfh/notebook_ext.asp?book=118384&lang=eng |title=Dr. Israel Milejkowski, a Jewish physician and civic activist in Warsaw |website=Ghetto Fighters House Archives |access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref> decided to use the famine, which was out of their control, to study the physiological and psychological effects of hunger.<ref name="Engelking 2002">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741690863 |title=Holocaust and memory : the experience of the Holocaust and its consequences : an investigation based on personal narratives |last=Engelking |first=Barbara |publisher=Leicester University Press, in association with the European Jewish Publication Society |year=2002 |isbn=9780567342775 |location=London |pages=110–111 |oclc=741690863}}</ref> Using [[Judenrat]] resources<ref name="Winick 2005" /> to smuggle medical supplies,<ref name="Winick 2005" /><ref name="Winick 2014" /> they commenced on a deep study of the various aspects of hunger: metabolic, cardiovascular, ophthalmological and even immune system changes, to name a few. Despite the lack of resources, the risk of execution (Jews being prohibited by the Nazis from scientific work) and their own poor physical conditions, the 28 doctors<ref name="Winick 2005" /> managed to keep a strict [[Protocol (science)|study protocol]] including [[Isolation (health care)|isolation]], [[glycemic load]] testing, and even [[Autopsy|post-mortem pathology]].<ref name="Haaretz 2019-09-25" /> |
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By the end of the study in August 1942 in the ''[[Grossaktion Warsaw]]'', the doctors had studied 20 patients.<ref name="Winick 2005"/> The study manuscript was smuggled out of the ghetto and kept by the Polish doctor {{ill|Witold Eugeniusz Orłowski|pl|Witold Eugeniusz Orłowski}}. Immediately after the end of the war it was published in Polish and French (1946),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/choroba-godowa-badania-kliniczne-nad-godem-wykonane-w-getcie-warszawskim-z-roku-1942/oclc/474722783?referer=di&ht=edition |title=Choroba głodowa: Badania kliniczne nad głodem wykonane w getcie warszawskim z roku 1942 |last=Apfelbaum |first=Emil |date=1946 |publisher=American Joint Distribution Committee |location=Warsaw |language=Polish |oclc=474722783}}</ref> and then in English in 1979 by [[Myron Winick]] of [[Columbia University]].<ref name="Winick |
By the end of the study in August 1942 in the ''[[Grossaktion Warsaw]]'', the doctors had studied 20 patients.<ref name="Winick 2005" /> The study manuscript was smuggled out of the ghetto and kept by the Polish doctor {{ill|Witold Eugeniusz Orłowski|pl|Witold Eugeniusz Orłowski}}. Immediately after the end of the war it was published in Polish and French (1946),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/choroba-godowa-badania-kliniczne-nad-godem-wykonane-w-getcie-warszawskim-z-roku-1942/oclc/474722783?referer=di&ht=edition |title=Choroba głodowa: Badania kliniczne nad głodem wykonane w getcie warszawskim z roku 1942 |last=Apfelbaum |first=Emil |date=1946 |publisher=American Joint Distribution Committee |location=Warsaw |language=Polish |oclc=474722783}}</ref> and then in English in 1979 by [[Myron Winick]] of [[Columbia University]].<ref name="Winick 2014" /> |
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According to Winick: |
According to Winick: |
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{{quote|...some of the findings were lost, but what remains is still the most extensive investigation of starvation ever carried out. The physicians described the clinical findings in such detail that their description remains the clearest to date... [It] remains a major building block in our understanding of the effects of severe malnutrition on both adults and children. But it is more than that. It is a glimpse into the character of some of the physicians in the Warsaw ghetto.<ref name="Winick 2014" />}} |
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{{quote|[The study] was the first time that semi-starvation of this magnitude was studied in such detail. The study began to connect the dots that have led to a detailed understanding of the overall adaptation the body makes to a lack of sufficient food. But historically there is, in my mind, an even more important place for this study. As far as I can tell, it is the only study of a lethal disease carried out in detail by a group of doctors all of whom were suffering from the same disease. And finally, perhaps most important of all, I believe that the performance of these physicians, all of whom knew that they were unlikely to survive, should go down in history as one of medicine's finest hours... [The study] remains the most detailed study of semi-starvation ever carried out. It has had a profound influence on the way we treat this disease.<ref name="Winick 2005"/>}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist| |
{{reflist| |
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<ref>{{Cite book |title=The martyrdom of Jewish physicians in Poland |last=Falstein |first=Louis |date=1964 |publisher=The Medical Alliance – Association of Jewish Physicians from Poland, by Exposition Press |language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="Falstein 1964">{{Cite book |title=The martyrdom of Jewish physicians in Poland |last=Falstein |first=Louis |date=1964 |publisher=The Medical Alliance – Association of Jewish Physicians from Poland, by Exposition Press |language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="USHMM">{{Cite book| publisher = Indiana University Press ; In association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum| isbn = 978-0-253-35328-3| others = Geoffrey P. Megargee, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (eds.)| title = The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum encyclopedia of camps and ghettos, 1933-1945| location = Bloomington, Washington, D.C.| date = 2009 |volume=2-B |chapter=Warsaw |pages=456-460}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Winick 2005">{{Cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/epic/pdf/winick_lecture_2005.pdf |title=Hunger Disease: Studies by the Jewish Physicians in the Warsaw Ghetto, Their Historical Importance and Their Relevance Today |last=Winick |first=Myron |date=2005-10-27}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Winick 2014">{{Cite book| publisher = Berghahn Books| isbn = 978-1-78238-417-5| editors = Michael A. Grodin (ed.)| last = Winick| first = Myron| title = Jewish medical resistance in the Holocaust| chapter = Jewish medical resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto| location = New York ; Oxford| date = 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Haaretz 2019-09-25">{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/ayelet-shani/.premium-MAGAZINE-1.7900573 |title=המומחים הישראלים נדהמו: רופאים יהודים ערכו מחקר סודי על רעב בגטו ורשה |last=שני |first=איילת |date=2019-09-25 |work=Haaretz |access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref> |
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}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* {{Cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/epic/pdf/winick_lecture_2005.pdf |title=Hunger Disease: Studies by the Jewish Physicians in the Warsaw Ghetto, Their Historical Importance and Their Relevance Today |last=Winick |first=Myron |date=2005-10-27}} |
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* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153582010 |title=Final stamp : the Jewish doctors in the Warsaw ghetto |last=Winick |first=Myron |year=2007 |publisher=Authorhouse |isbn=9781425975432 |location=Bloomington, IN |oclc=153582010}} |
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153582010 |title=Final stamp : the Jewish doctors in the Warsaw ghetto |last=Winick |first=Myron |year=2007 |publisher=Authorhouse |isbn=9781425975432 |location=Bloomington, IN |oclc=153582010}} |
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Revision as of 10:01, 20 November 2019
The Warsaw Ghetto Hunger Study was a study taken up by Jewish doctors imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1942. The Nazis, intent on starving the ghetto within months, allowed no more than 180 calories per prisoner[1] – less than 1/10th the recommended caloric intake for a healthy human being,[2] while withholding vaccines and medicine that would be necessary to prevent the spread of disease in the dense ghetto.[3] This resulted in a thriving black market, which supplied about 80% of the ghetto's food,[1] and a network of soup kitchens which had served, at one time, as many as 100,000 meals per day.[1]
In February 1942 a group of Jewish doctors headed by Israel Milejkowski[4] decided to use the famine, which was out of their control, to study the physiological and psychological effects of hunger.[5] Using Judenrat resources[6] to smuggle medical supplies,[6][3] they commenced on a deep study of the various aspects of hunger: metabolic, cardiovascular, ophthalmological and even immune system changes, to name a few. Despite the lack of resources, the risk of execution (Jews being prohibited by the Nazis from scientific work) and their own poor physical conditions, the 28 doctors[6] managed to keep a strict study protocol including isolation, glycemic load testing, and even post-mortem pathology.[7]
By the end of the study in August 1942 in the Grossaktion Warsaw, the doctors had studied 20 patients.[6] The study manuscript was smuggled out of the ghetto and kept by the Polish doctor Witold Eugeniusz Orłowski . Immediately after the end of the war it was published in Polish and French (1946),[8] and then in English in 1979 by Myron Winick of Columbia University.[3]
According to Winick:
...some of the findings were lost, but what remains is still the most extensive investigation of starvation ever carried out. The physicians described the clinical findings in such detail that their description remains the clearest to date... [It] remains a major building block in our understanding of the effects of severe malnutrition on both adults and children. But it is more than that. It is a glimpse into the character of some of the physicians in the Warsaw ghetto.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d "Warsaw". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum encyclopedia of camps and ghettos, 1933-1945. Vol. 2-B. Geoffrey P. Megargee, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (eds.). Bloomington, Washington, D.C.: Indiana University Press ; In association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2009. pp. 456–460. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "What should my daily intake of calories be?". NHS. 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
- ^ a b c d e Winick, Myron (2014). "Jewish medical resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto". Jewish medical resistance in the Holocaust. New York ; Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78238-417-5.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|editors=
ignored (|editor=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Dr. Israel Milejkowski, a Jewish physician and civic activist in Warsaw". Ghetto Fighters House Archives. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
- ^ Engelking, Barbara (2002). Holocaust and memory : the experience of the Holocaust and its consequences : an investigation based on personal narratives. London: Leicester University Press, in association with the European Jewish Publication Society. pp. 110–111. ISBN 9780567342775. OCLC 741690863.
- ^ a b c d e Winick, Myron (2005-10-27). "Hunger Disease: Studies by the Jewish Physicians in the Warsaw Ghetto, Their Historical Importance and Their Relevance Today" (PDF).
- ^ a b שני, איילת (2019-09-25). "המומחים הישראלים נדהמו: רופאים יהודים ערכו מחקר סודי על רעב בגטו ורשה". Haaretz. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
- ^ Apfelbaum, Emil (1946). Choroba głodowa: Badania kliniczne nad głodem wykonane w getcie warszawskim z roku 1942 (in Polish). Warsaw: American Joint Distribution Committee. OCLC 474722783.
- ^ Falstein, Louis (1964). The martyrdom of Jewish physicians in Poland. The Medical Alliance – Association of Jewish Physicians from Poland, by Exposition Press.
See also
- Winick, Myron (2005-10-27). "Hunger Disease: Studies by the Jewish Physicians in the Warsaw Ghetto, Their Historical Importance and Their Relevance Today" (PDF).
- Winick, Myron (2007). Final stamp : the Jewish doctors in the Warsaw ghetto. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse. ISBN 9781425975432. OCLC 153582010.