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{{short description|Perso-Arabic-based alphabet for Urdu of 39 letters}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} |
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{{Infobox writing system |
{{Infobox writing system |
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|name=Urdu alphabet |
|name=Urdu alphabet |
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|altname={{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|اردو تہجی}}}} |
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|altname= {{font|size=130%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|اردو حروفتہجی}}}}}} <br/> <!-- zero width break spaces haruf taji more attractively, but feel free to re-add the space if you are more knowledgeable than i am about Urdu calligraphy --> <br/> {{font|size=100%|font=tahoma| Urdu harūf tahajī }} <br/> <br/> {{font|size=130%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| اردوتہجی }}}}}} <br/> <!-- there's a zero width break in there, even though it has no effect after wow و i don't think handwriting would leave extra space given the slant of taji? But it is two words and if you wish to re-add the space it belongs between ـو wow and تـ ta اردو (space) تہجی as two words --> <br/> {{font|size=100%|font=tahoma| Urdu tahajī }} |
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|type=Abjad |
|type=Abjad |
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|languages= [[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]] |
|languages= [[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Burushaski]], others |
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|sample= |
|sample=Urdu example.svg |
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|imagesize= |
|imagesize=120px |
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|caption= |
|caption=Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: ''Urdu'' |
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|time= |
|time= |
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|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]] |
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]] |
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[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br /> |
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]<br /> |
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[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF] |
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF] |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}} |
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[[File:Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg|thumb|300px|The Urdu alphabet, depicted with character names.]] |
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{{Contains Urdu text}} |
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The '''Urdu alphabet''' ({{lang-ur|{{uninastaliq| اردو حروفتہجی }}}} <!-- zero width break spaces haruf taji more attractively, but feel free to re-add the space if you are more knowledgeable than i am about Urdu calligraphy --> simplified [[nastaliq|script]]: {{font|font=tahoma|{{lang|ur|اردو حروف تہجی}}}} {{lang|ur|Urdu harūf tahajī}}, or {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|اردوتہجی}}}} {{lang|ur|Urdu tahajī}}) is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for the [[Urdu|Urdu language]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic alphabet]]. The Urdu alphabet has 39<ref name="kindle project fluency" /> or 40 letters<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm|title=Urdu alphabet, pronunciation and language|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> plus digraphs. The Urdu alphabet has no distinct letter cases, is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaliq script]], whereas [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is more commonly in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style. |
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'''Urdu''' is a standardized form of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] widely spoken in the [[Indian Subcontinent]]. The meaning of 'Urdu' is "camp (language)". The '''Urdu alphabet''' is the [[right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for the [[Urdu|Urdu language]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic alphabet]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 40 letters.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm|title=Urdu alphabet, pronunciation and language|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is more commonly in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style. |
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Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the [[Latin script]]. The [[National Language Authority]] of [[Pakistan]] has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} |
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the [[Latin script]]. The [[National Language Authority]] of [[Pakistan]] has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} |
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== History == |
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The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of [[Perso-Arabic script]]. [[Urdu]] script in its extended form is known as [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] script and is used for writing other [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of North [[Indian subcontinent]] like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Saraiki alphabet|Saraiki]] as well. |
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The [[Urdu language]] emerged as a distinct register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] well before the [[Partition of India]]. It is distinguished most by its extensive [[Persian language|Persian]] influences. This stands to reason: Persian was the official language of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal government]] and the most prominent [[lingua franca]] of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries before the solidification of British colonial rule during the 19th century. The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of [[Perso-Arabic script]]. [[Urdu]] script in its extended form is known as [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] script and is used for writing other [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of North [[Indian subcontinent]] like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Saraiki alphabet|Saraiki]] as well. |
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Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs. |
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<!-- If you want to address the distinction between Hindi and Urdu please add to the article "Hindustani language" or "Hindi Urdu controversy". In this article please use neutral unbiased language on the topic of whether Hindi and Urdu are the same language or not, e.g. refer to Hindi and Urdu as "mutually intelligible" (which seems to be undisputed) and say "Hindi and Urdu" instead of "the language" or "the two languages". --> |
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Urdu and [[Hindi]] are mutually intelligible as spoken languages, or when [[Roman Urdu | written in the Latin alphabet]]. The most obvious distinction between Hindi and Urdu is the script. Both scripts have religious connotations. |
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Urdu and [[Hindi language|Hindi]], an official federal language of [[India]], are different registers of the same language, and thus they are mutually intelligible and can use each other's script to write the other's language. Usage of script generally signifies the user's faith: Muslims generally use the Urdu (Perso-Arabic) script, while Hindus use the [[Devanagari]] script. In addition to Pakistan, the Urdu script is official in five states of India with a substantial percentage of Hindustani-speaking Muslims: [[Bihar]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Telangana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. |
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== Alphabet == |
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Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Pakistani diaspora|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and other places.<ref name="omniglot">[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm "Urdu"]. Omniglot.com.</ref> |
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The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from [[Perso-Arabic script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. The Urdu alphabet was standardized in 2004 by the [[National Language Authority]], which is responsible for standardizing Urdu in [[Pakistan]]. <!-- "Out of these 58, 39 are basic alphabet scripts and 18 are digraphs, which represent aspirated consonants of the basic consonants." from Fluency, Project. Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately (Urdu for Beginners, Learn Urdu, Urdu Language) (Kindle Locations 66-67). Kindle Edition. --> According to the National Language Authority{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}, Urdu has 58<ref name="kindle project fluency" /> letters of which 39<ref name="kindle project fluency" /> are basic letters while 18<ref name="kindle project fluency" /> are [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] to represent [[aspirated consonant]]s made by attaching basic consonant letters with a variant of [[He (letter)|He]] called do chashmi he.<ref name="kindle project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="alphabets">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref name="alphabets1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2007/corpus_based_urdu_lexicon_development.pdf|title=Corpus Based Urdu Lexicon Development |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="omniglot.com"/> |
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[[Tāʼ marbūṭah]] is also sometimes considered a letter though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from [[Arabic]]. |
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== Nastaʿlīq == |
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As an [[abjad]], the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. <!-- this bot following, probably needs to be moved down with vowels? -->While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which does not have the same luxury, hence necessitating more memorization. Urdu uses the vowels represented as full letters {{lang|ur| [[ا]] [[و]] [[ی]] [[ے]] }} more often than Arabic; there are fewer short vowels to omit. Also, Hamza {{lang|ur|[[ئ]]}} and the mada on Alif Mada {{lang|ur|[[آ]]}} are not omitted. Words in Urdu that differ only by ommitted short vowels are rarer in Urdu than Arabic, but the meanings are often far more divergent than Arabic words with the same root. |
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{{Main|Nastaʿlīq script}} |
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The Nastaʿlīq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of scripts [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]]. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in [[Pakistan]], and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] counterpart. |
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=== Letter names and phonemes === |
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== Alphabet == |
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The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is more ambiguous than the 26 in the English alphabet, the most commonly quoted numbers are 39{{citation needed | copy ref from intro|date=March 2020}} and 40{{citation needed | copy ref from intro|date=March 2020}}. The usual letter forms in Urdu [[Nastaliq]] are somewhat more diverse than for most Arabic-derived alphabets {{ref|letter_forms|[see below]}}. |
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The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from [[Perso-Arabic script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. The Urdu alphabet was standardized in 2004 by the [[National Language Authority]], which is responsible for standardizing Urdu in [[Pakistan]]. According to the National Language Authority, Urdu has 58 letters of which 39 are basic letters while 18 are [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] to represent [[aspirated consonant]]s made by attaching basic consonant letters with a variant of [[He (letter)|He]] called do chashmi he.<ref name="alphabets">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref name="alphabets1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2007/corpus_based_urdu_lexicon_development.pdf|title="Corpus Based Urdu Lexicon Development "|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="omniglot.com"/> [[Taw#T.C4.81.CA.BC marb.C5.AB.E1.B9.ADah|Tāʼ marbūṭah]] is also sometimes considered a letter though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from [[Arabic]]. |
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As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which does not have the same luxury, hence necessitating more memorization. |
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===== Letter names and phonemes table: ===== |
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{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
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=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] === |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | number in alphabet |
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Urdu has more letters added to the Persian base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added include: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} to represent [[voiceless retroflex stop|/ʈ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} to represent [[voiced retroflex stop|/ɖ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} to represent [[retroflex flap|/ɽ/]], {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} to represent [[nasal vowel|/◌̃/]], and {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} to represent [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]]. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed below. |
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! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Isolated<br/>Letter<br/>Form {{ref|Nastaliq_forms|[footnote]}} |
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{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
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! colspan=4 | Sound |
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|- |
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! colspan=3 | Name {{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}}<ref name=user.uni-hannover /> {{ref|letter_names|[glossary of key words below]}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan=2 | Unicode {{ref|unicode_shapes|[0]}} |
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!No. |
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|- |
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!colspan="2"|Name{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}} |
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! |
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!ALA-LC<ref name="LoC">{{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> |
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! <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |
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![[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]<ref name="Hunterian">Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref> |
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! ALA‑LC <ref name=LoC>{{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> |
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![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |
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! {{font|size=90%|[[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]}} <ref name=Hunterian>Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85.pdf No. 85] and [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/18th-gegn-docs/18th_gegn_WP85-ad1.pdf No. 85 Add. 1.]</ref> |
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!Isolated glyph |
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! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |
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|- |
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! style=font-size:90% | closest sound in English |
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| 1 |
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! [[Nastaliq]] <br/> {{ref|fonts_1|[footnote 1]}} |
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| {{Nastaliq|الف}} |
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! full diacritics <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |
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| ''alif'' |
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! {{font|size=90%|Romanizations}} <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/><ref name="kindle project fluency"/> |
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|colspan="2"| ā, – |
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|- <!-- U+0627 {{lang|ur| الِف }} || alif <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 1= ||=U+0627 - ا - alef - ALEF <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| {{IPA|/ɑː, ʔ, ∅/}} |
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| 1 |
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| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}} |
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| 1 |
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|- |
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| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ا ]]}}}} |
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| |
| 2 |
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| {{Nastaliq|بے}} |
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| |
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| ''bē'' |
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| {{IPA| /ɑː/ /ā/ <br/> /ʔ/ /–/ }} <br/> <small>{{citation needed|i don't think it can do anything by itself without a vowel attached اَ اِ اُ آ but i guess they don't write those? but if we're regarding every possible diacritic that could be implied, shouldn't this list be much longer? And include the first letter of اردو / اُردو as some variation of u?|date=February 2020}}</small> |
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|colspan="2"| ''b'' |
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| |
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| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|الف}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur| الِف }} |
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| ''alif'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''alef'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 U+0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |
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|- <!-- U+0622 {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }} || alif maddah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 1a || U+0622 - آ - alef with madda above <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| {{ref|mad_hamza|[footnote]}} |
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| 1a <!-- hannover ref = 1a= ||=U+0622 - آ - alef with madda above <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ آ ]]}}}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| الف مدہ }}}} |
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| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }} |
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| ''alif maddah'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <br/> ''alef with madda above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0622 U+0622 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0622 .] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| بے }} || bē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 2= ||=U+0628 - ب - beh - BEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| 2 |
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| 2 |
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| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ب]]}}}} |
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| colspan=2 | ''b'' |
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| {{IPA|/b/}} |
| {{IPA|/b/}} |
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| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}} |
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| |
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|- |
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| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|بے}}}} |
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| 3 |
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| {{lang|ur| بے }} |
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| {{Nastaliq|پے}} |
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| ''bē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''beh'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
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| ''pē'' |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0628 .] |
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|colspan="2"| ''p'' |
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|- <!-- {lang|ur| پـے }} || pē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 3= ||=U+067E - پ - peh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
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| 3 |
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| 3 |
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| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[پ]]}}}} |
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| colspan=2 | ''p'' |
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| {{IPA|/p/}} |
| {{IPA|/p/}} |
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| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}} |
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| |
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|- |
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| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|پے}}}} |
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| 4 |
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| {{lang|ur| پے }} |
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| {{Nastaliq|تے}} |
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| ''pē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''peh'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''pē''--> |
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| ''tē'' |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+067E .] |
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|colspan="2"| ''t'' |
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|- <!-- U+062A {{lang|ur| تے }} || tē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 4= ||=U+062A - ت - teh - TEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| {{IPA|/t/}} |
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| 4 |
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| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}} |
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| 4 |
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|- |
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| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ت]]}}}} |
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| 5 |
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| colspan=2 |''t'' |
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| {{Nastaliq|ٹے}} |
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| style=background:#f7ffef; |{{IPA|/t̪/}} |
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| ''ṭē'' |
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| |
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| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|تے}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur| تے }} |
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| ''tē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''teh'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''tē''--> |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062A .] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| ٹے }} || ṭē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 5= ||=U+0679 - ٹ - tteh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
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| 5 |
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| 5 |
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| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} |
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| ''ṭ'' |
| ''ṭ'' |
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| ''t'' |
| ''t'' |
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| {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |
| {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |
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| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} |
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| |
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|- |
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| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹے }}}} |
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| 6 |
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| {{lang|ur| ٹے }} |
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| {{Nastaliq|ثے}} |
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| ''ṭē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tteh'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ṭē''--> |
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| ''s̱ē'' |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0679 .] |
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| ''s̱'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+062B {{lang|ur| ثے }} <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 6= ||=U+062B - ث - theh - THEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 6 |
|||
| 6 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ث]]}}}} |
|||
| ''s̱'' |
|||
| ''s'' |
| ''s'' |
||
| |
| {{IPA|/s/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ثے }}}} |
|||
| 7 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| ثے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|جيم}} |
|||
| ''sē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''s̱ē'' |
|||
| ''jīm'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062B .] |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''j'' |
|||
|- <!-- jīm <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 7= ||=U+062C - ج - jeem - JEEM <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 7 |
|||
| 7 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ج]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''j'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| جيم }}}} |
|||
| 8 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| جِيم }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|چے}} |
|||
| ''jīm'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''jeem'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''jīm''--> |
|||
| ''cē'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062C .] <!-- jeem --> |
|||
|- <!-- {{lang|ur| چـے }} <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 8= ||=U+0686 - چ - tcheh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| 8 |
|||
| 8 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[چ]]}}}} |
|||
| ''c'' |
| ''c'' |
||
| ''ch'' |
| ''ch'' |
||
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چے }}}} |
|||
| 9 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| چے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|بڑی حے}} |
|||
| ''čē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''cē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tcheh'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
| ''baṛī ḥē'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0686 .] |
|||
|- <!-- {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }} || <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 9= ||=U+062D - ح - hah - HAH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 9 |
|||
| 9 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ح]]}}}} |
|||
| ''ḥ'' |
| ''ḥ'' |
||
| ''h'' |
| ''h'' |
||
| {{IPA|/ɦ/}} |
| {{IPA|/ɦ/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}} |
|||
| 10 |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|خے}} |
|||
| ''baṛī ħē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''baṛī ḥē'' |
|||
| ''k͟hē'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |
|||
|- <!-- hannover ref = 10= ||=U+062E - خ - khah - KHAH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 10 |
|||
| 10 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[خ]]}}}} |
|||
| ''k͟h'' |
| ''k͟h'' |
||
| ''kh'' |
| ''kh'' |
||
| {{IPA|/x/}} |
| {{IPA|/x/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خے }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| خے }} |
|||
| ''xē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''khē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <br/> ''khah'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''k͟hē'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062E .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+062F {{lang|ur| دال }} || dāl <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 11= ||=U+062F - د - dal - DAL <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 11 |
| 11 |
||
| {{Nastaliq|دال}} |
|||
| 11 |
|||
| ''dāl'' |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[د]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|colspan="2"| ''d'' |
||
| {{IPA|/d/}} |
| {{IPA|/d/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="2"| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|دال}}}} |
|||
| 12 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| دال }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|ڈال}} |
|||
| ''dāl'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''dal'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''dāl''--> |
|||
| ''ḍāl'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0688 {{lang|ur| ڈال }} || ḍāl <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 12= ||=U+0688 - ڈ - ddal <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| 12 |
|||
| 12 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} |
|||
| ''ḍ'' |
| ''ḍ'' |
||
| ''d'' |
| ''d'' |
||
| {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |
| {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڈال }}}} |
|||
| 13 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| ڈال }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|ذال}} |
|||
| ''ḍāl'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ddal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ḍāl''--> |
|||
| ''ẕāl'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0688 .] |
|||
| ''ẕ'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+0630 {{lang|ur| ذال }} || zāl <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 13= ||=U+0630 - ذ - thal - THAL <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
| ''z'' |
||
| {{IPA|/z/}} |
|||
| 13 |
|||
| |
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}} |
||
|- |
|||
| ''ẕ'' |
|||
| |
| 14 |
||
| {{Nastaliq|رے}} |
|||
| style=background:#dff7ff; |{{IPA|/z/}} |
|||
| ''rē'' |
|||
| |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''r'' |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ذال }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| ذال }} |
|||
| ''zāl'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ẕāl'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0630 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0631 {{lang|ur| رے }} || rē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 14= ||=U+0631 - ر - reh - REH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 14 |
|||
| 14 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ر]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''r'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/r/}} |
| {{IPA|/r/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| رے }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| رے }} |
|||
| ''rē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''reh'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''rē''--> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0691 {{lang|ur| ڑے }} || ṛē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 15= ||=U+0691 - ڑ - rreh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| 15 |
|||
| 15 |
| 15 |
||
| {{Nastaliq|ڑے}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} |
|||
| ''ṛē'' |
|||
| ''ṛ'' |
| ''ṛ'' |
||
| ''r'' |
| ''r'' |
||
| {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |
| {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڑے }}}} |
|||
| 16 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| ڑے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|زے}} |
|||
| ''ṛē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''rreh'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ṛē''--> |
|||
| ''zē'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0691 .] |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''z'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+0632 {{lang|ur| زے }} || zē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 16= ||=U+0632 - ز - zain - ZAIN <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| {{IPA|/z/}} |
|||
| 16 |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}} |
|||
| 16 |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ز]]}}}} |
|||
| 17 |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''z'' |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|ژے}} |
|||
| style=background:#dff7ff; |{{IPA|/z/}} |
|||
| ''zhē'' |
|||
| |
|||
| ''zh'' |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| زے }}}} |
|||
| ''zh'' |
|||
| {{lang|ur| زے }} |
|||
| ''zē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zey'' <!--''zē''--> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0632 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0698 {{lang|ur| ژے }} || ''žē'' / ''zhē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 17= ||=U+0698 - ژ - jeh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| 17 |
|||
| 17 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}} |
|||
| ''zh'' |
|||
| ''zh'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="2" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ژے }}}} |
|||
| 18 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| ژے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|سین}} |
|||
| ''žē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zhē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <!--''zhē''--> |
|||
| ''sīn'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0698 .] |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''s'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+0633 {{lang|ur| سِين }} || sīn <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 18= ||=U+0633 - س - seen - SEEN <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| {{IPA|/s/}} |
|||
| 18 |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}} |
|||
| 18 |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[س]]}}}} |
|||
| 19 |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''s'' |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|شین}} |
|||
| style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} |
|||
| ''shīn'' |
|||
| |
|||
| ''sh'' |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| سین }}}} |
|||
| ''sh'' |
|||
| {{lang|ur| سِين }} |
|||
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |
|||
| ''sīn'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''seen'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''sīn''--> |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |
|||
|- |
|||
|- <!-- U+0634 {{lang|ur| شِين }} || ''šīn'' / ''shīn'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 19= ||=U+0634 - ش - sheen - SHEEN <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
| 20 |
||
| {{Nastaliq|صاد}} |
|||
| 19 |
|||
| ''ṣwād'' |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ش]]}}}} |
|||
| ''sh'' |
|||
| ''sh'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| شین }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| شِين }} |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''šīn'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''shīn'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''sheen'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''shīn''--> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0634 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0635 {{lang|ur| صْواد }} || swād <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 20= ||=U+0635 - ص - sad - SAD <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 20 |
|||
| 20 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ص]]}}}} |
|||
| ''ṣ'' |
| ''ṣ'' |
||
| ''s'' |
| ''s'' |
||
| {{IPA|/s/}} |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| صاد }}}} |
|||
| 21 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| صْواد }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|ضاد}} |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''swād'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''sad'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''ṣwād'' |
|||
| ''ẓwād'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0636 {{lang|ur| ضْواد }} || żwād <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 21= ||=U+0636 - ض - dad - DAD <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 21 |
|||
| 21 |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ض]]}}}} |
|||
| ''ẓ'' |
| ''ẓ'' |
||
| ''z'' |
| ''z'' |
||
| |
| {{IPA|/z/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ضاد }}}} |
|||
| 22 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| ضْواد }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|طوے}} |
|||
| ''żwād'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ẓwād'' |
|||
| ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0636 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0637 {{lang|ur| طوئے }} || tō’ē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 22= ||=U+0637 - ط - tah - TAH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 22 |
|||
| 22 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ط]]}}}} |
|||
| ''t̤'' |
| ''t̤'' |
||
| ''t'' |
| ''t'' |
||
| {{IPA|/t/}} |
|||
| style=background:#f7ffef; | {{IPA|/t/}}<!--is this one also dental? as it is here it seems like it's the closest to European T, but they always translate English and German T as ٹ the retroflex --> |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| طوے }}}} |
|||
| 23 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| طوئے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|ظوے}} |
|||
| ''tō’ē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tah'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br/> ''tōē'' / ''t̤o'ē'' / ''toy'' |
|||
| ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |
|||
| ''z̤'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+0638 {{lang|ur| ظوئے }} || zō’ē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 23= ||=U+0638 - ظ - zah - ZAH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 23 |
|||
| 23 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}} |
|||
| ''z̤'' <br/> {{ref|too_many_zeds|[footnote]}} |
|||
| ''z'' |
| ''z'' |
||
| |
| {{IPA|/z/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظوے }}}} |
|||
| 24 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| ظوئے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|عین}} |
|||
| ''zō’ē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zōē'' / ''z̤o'ē'' |
|||
| ''{{okina}}ain'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0638 .] |
|||
|colspan="2"| {{okina}} |
|||
|- <!-- U+0639 {{lang|ur| عَيْن }} || ‘ain <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 24= ||=U+0639 - ع - ain - AIN <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| {{IPA|/ɑː, oː, eː, ʔ, ʕ, ∅/}} |
|||
| 24 |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}} |
|||
| 24 |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ع]]}}}} |
|||
| 25 |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''' {{okina}} / ‘ / ` / ' / ’ / {{hamza}} ''' <br/> {{ref|ayn|[footnote 3]}} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|غین}} |
|||
| {{IPA| /ɑː/ /oː/ /eː/ <br/> /ʔ/ /ʕ/ /∅/ }} |
|||
| ''g͟hain'' |
|||
| |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| عین }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| عَيْن }} |
|||
| ''‘ain'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ain'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''ayn'' <!--''‘ain''--> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+063A {{lang|ur| غَيْن }} || ğain <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 25 || U+063A - غ - ghain <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 25 |
|||
| 25 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[غ]]}}}} |
|||
| ''g͟h'' |
| ''g͟h'' |
||
| ''gh'' |
| ''gh'' |
||
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غین }}}} |
|||
| 26 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| غَيْن }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|فے}} |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''ğain'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ghain'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''g͟hain'' |
|||
| ''fē'' |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+063A .] |
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|colspan="2"| ''f'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+0641 {{lang|ur| فے }} || fē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 26= ||=U+0641 - ف - feh - FEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 26 |
|||
| 26 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ف]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''f'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/f/}} |
| {{IPA|/f/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| فے }}}} |
|||
| 27 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| فے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|قاف}} |
|||
| ''fē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''feh'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!-- ''fē'' --> |
|||
| ''qāf'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0641 .] |
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|colspan="2"| ''q'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+0642 {{lang|ur| قاف }} || qāf <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 27= ||=U+0642 - ق - qaf - QAF <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 27 |
|||
| 27 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ق]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''q'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/q/}} |
| {{IPA|/q/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|قاف}}}} |
|||
| 28 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| قاف }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|کاف}} |
|||
| ''qāf'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''qaf'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''qāf''--> |
|||
| ''kāf'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0642 .] |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''k'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+0643 - ك - kaf - KAF <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
|- <!-- U+06A9 {{lang|ur| کاف }} || kāf <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 28= ||=U+06A9 - ک - keheh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| 28 |
|||
| 28 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ک]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''k'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/k/}} |
| {{IPA|/k/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| کاف }}}} |
|||
| 29 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| کاف }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|گاف}} |
|||
| ''kāf'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''[[kāf]]'' |
|||
| ''gāf'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''g'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+06AF {{lang|ur| گاف }} || gāf <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 29= ||=U+06AF - گ - gaf <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |
|||
| 29 |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}} |
|||
| 29 |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[گ]]}}}} |
|||
| 30 |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''g'' |
|||
| {{ |
| {{Nastaliq|لام}} |
||
| ''lām'' |
|||
| |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''l'' |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گاف }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| گاف }} |
|||
| ''gāf'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''gaf'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''gāf''--> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06AF .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0644 || lām <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 30= ||=U+0644 - ل - lam - LAM <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 30 <br/> {{ref|lam_alif|[footnote]}} |
|||
| 30 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ل]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''l'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/l/}} |
| {{IPA|/l/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| لام }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| لام }} |
|||
| ''lām'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''lam'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''lām''--> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0645 {{lang|ur| مِيم }} || mīm <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 31= ||=U+0645 - م - meem - MEEM <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 31 |
|||
| 31 |
| 31 |
||
| {{Nastaliq|میم}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[م]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 |
| ''mīm'' |
||
|colspan="2"| ''m'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/m/}} |
| {{IPA|/m/}} |
||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| میم }}}} |
|||
| 32 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| مِيم }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|نون}} |
|||
| ''mīm'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''meem'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''mīm''--> |
|||
| ''nūn'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''n'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+0646 {{lang|ur| نُون }} || nūn <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 32= ||=U+0646 - ن - noon - NOON <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| {{IPA|/n, ɲ, ɳ, ŋ/}} |
|||
| 32 |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}} |
|||
| 32 |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ن]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | ''n'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/n/ /ɲ/ <br/> /ɳ/ /ŋ/}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|نون}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| نُون }} |
|||
| ''nūn'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''noon'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''nūn''--> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0646 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+06BA {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} || nūn-e ğunnah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 32a= ||=U+06BA - ں - noon ghunna <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| 33 |
|||
| 32a |
|||
| style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} |
|||
| style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٘ ]]}}}} |
|||
| ''ṉ'' |
|||
| ''n'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel| ◌̃ ]]/}} <!--leave the spaces so the brackets don't eat the diacritic --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| نون غنہ }}}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} |
|||
| ''nūn-e ğunnah'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <br/> ''noon ghunna'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br/> ''nūn g͟hunnah'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0648 {{lang|ur| واؤ }} || ''vāō'' / ''wāō'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 33= ||=U+0648 - و - waw - WAW <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| 34 |
|||
| 33 |
| 33 |
||
| {{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[و]]}}}} |
|||
| '' |
| ''nūn g͟hunnah'' |
||
| '' |
| ''ṉ'' |
||
| ''n'' |
|||
| {{IPA| /ʋ/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /oː/ /ɔː/ }} |
|||
| {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel|◌̃]]/}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style=font-size: |
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} |
||
|- |
|||
| {{lang|ur| واؤ }} |
|||
| 34 |
|||
| ''vāō'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''wāō'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <br/> ''waw'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''wā'o'' |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|واؤ}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] |
|||
| ''wā{{hamza}}o'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+06C1 {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }} || gōl hē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 34= ||=U+06C1 - ہ - heh goal <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| ''v'', ''ū'', ''u, o'', ''au'' |
|||
| rowspan=2 | 35 |
|||
| ''w'', ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au'' |
|||
| rowspan=2 | 34 |
|||
| {{IPA|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan="2" style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=3 colspan=2 | ''h / ā / e'' |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=3 | {{IPA| /ɦ/ /ɑː/ /e:/ }} |
|||
| 35 |
|||
| rowspan=3 | |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|چھوٹی ہے}}<br>{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گول ہے }}}} |
|||
| ''choṭī hē''<br>''gol hē'' |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| گول ہے }} |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''h, ā, e'' |
|||
| ''gōl hē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <br/> ''heh goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br/> ''gol hē'' |
|||
|{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C1 .] |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چھوٹی ہے }}}} |
|||
| 36 |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی ہے }} <!-- the Hannover ref uses the Arabic H {{lang|ur|چهوٹی هے}} But i think that's probably just a typesetting error, so i changed it to Urdu H like in the other ref, but čhōṭī hē might refer to the Arabic version according to Hanover ref, while gol he is specific to the Urdu version? --> |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 | ''čhōṭī hē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <br/> ''choṭī hē'' |
|||
| ''do-cashmī hē'' |
|||
|- <!-- hannover ref = 34a || U+0647 {{lang|ur| چهوٹی هے }} || ''čhōṭī hē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover /> --> |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''h'' |
|||
| Arabic <br/> {{ref|gol_choti_arabic|[footnote]}} |
|||
| {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}} |
|||
| 34a |
|||
| |
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}} |
||
|- |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چهوٹی هے }}}} |
|||
| 37 |
|||
| {{lang|ur| چهوٹی هے }} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647 .] <!--ARABIC LETTER HEH=||=U+0647 - ه - heh - HEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| ''hamzah'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+06BE {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }} || dō-čašmī hē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 34b=||=U+06BE - ھ - heh doachashmee <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
|colspan="2"| {{hamza}}, –, ''yi'' |
|||
| rowspan=2 | 36 |
|||
| {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 | 34b |
|||
| |
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" colspan="4" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}} |
||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ''h'' |
|||
| 38 |
|||
| rowspan=2 | {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 | |
|||
| ''choṭī yē'' |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}} |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''y'', ''ī'', ''á'' |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }} |
|||
| {{IPA|/j, iː, ɑː/}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''dō-čašmī hē'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <br/> ''do-cashmī hē'' <br/> ''heh doachashmee'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BE .] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 39 |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:ur: دو چشم ه | دو چشم ه ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur|[[:ur: دو چشم ه | دو چشم ه ]]}} |
|||
| ''baṛī yē'' |
|||
| ''do-cashm hē'' ? <br/> ''do-cashmi hē'' ? |
|||
|colspan="2"| ''ai, e'' |
|||
|- <!-- U+064A - ي - yeh - YEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| {{IPA|/ɛː, eː/}} |
|||
|- <!-- hannover ref = 35= ||=U+06CC - ی - farsi yeh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} |
|||
| 38 |
|||
| 35 <!-- hannover ref #35 --> |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ی]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | '' y / ī / á '' |
|||
| {{IPA| /j/ /iː/ /ɑː/ }} |
|||
| |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چھوٹی يے }}}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی يے }}<!--the reference used an Arabic choti-he {{lang|ur| چهوٹی يے }} but i swapped it for do-cashmi-he--> |
|||
| ''čhōṭī yē'' <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> <br/> ''choṭī yē'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06CC .] |
|||
|- <!-- {{lang|ur| بڑی يـے }} || baṛī yē ||=||=hannover ref = 35b= ||=U+06D2 - ے - yeh barree <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| 39 |
|||
| 35b |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 |''ai / e'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/ɛː/ /eː/}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بڑی يے }}}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| بَڑی يے }} |
|||
| ''baṛī yē'' <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> <br/> ''yeh barree'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D2 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0621 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref #0 || U+0626 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 35a= ||=U+0674 - ٴ - high hamza <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
! colspan=8 style=text-align:left; | Hamza |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|ہَمْزه}} |
|||
| ''hamza'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''hamzah'' |
|||
! colspan=8 | |
|||
|- <!-- U+0621 - ء - hamza - HAMZA <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| rowspan=4 | 37 |
|||
| rowspan=4 | 0 & 35 |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ء]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=4 colspan=2 | {{hamza}} / – / ''yi'' <br /> {{ref|hamza|[footnote 2]}} <!-- what is that dash supposed to mean? --> |
|||
| rowspan=4 | {{IPA|/ʔ/ /∅/}} |
|||
| rowspan=4 | |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
|||
| ''hamza'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br/> (hamza on the line) |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] <!-- U+0621 {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} || hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 0 --> |
|||
|- <!-- U+0674 - ٴ - high hamza <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٴ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
|||
| ''hamza diacritic'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0674 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0674 .] |
|||
[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0654 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0654 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0621 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref #0 || U+0626 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 35a= ||=U+0626 - ئ - yeh with hamza above - YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ئ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | <small>''yeh with hamza above''</small> <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br/> ''yē hamza'' |
|||
| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0626 .] <!-- U+0626 {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} || hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 35a --> |
|||
|- |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
|||
| ''alif hamza'' |
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|- <!-- U+06D3 - ۓ - yeh barree with hamza above <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
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| |
|||
| |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ۓ ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | <small>''yeh barree with hamza above''</small> <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br/> ''baṛī yē hamza'' |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D3 .] |
|||
|- <!-- hannover ref #33a || {{lang|ur| واوِ مَہْمُوز }} hannover ref = 33a |
|||
U+0676 - ٶ - high hamza waw <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
U+0624 - ؤ - waw with hamza above <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
|||
--> |
|||
| |
|||
| 33a |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ؤ ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| واوِ مَہْمُوز }} <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |
|||
| ''vāv-e mahmūz'' <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <br/> <small>''waw with hamza above''</small> <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0624 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0624 .] |
|||
[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0676 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0676 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+06C2 - ۂ heh goal with hamza above <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ۂ ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
|||
| <small>''heh goal with hamza above''</small> <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C2 .] |
|||
|- <!-- U+06C7 - ۇ - u <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
wow with mini-wow above as a single character --> |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=30 style=text-align:left | Ta marbuutah |
|||
|- <!-- Urdu= ||=U+06C3 - ۃ - teh marbuta goal <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Arabic <br/> {{ref|arabic_ta_marbut|[footnote]}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ۃ ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 | |
|||
| rowspan=2 | |
|||
| rowspan=2 | |
|||
| rowspan=2 | |
|||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur| ___ }} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''teh marbuta goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C3 .] <!-- TEH MARBUTA GOAL --> |
|||
|- <!-- Arabic= ||=U+0629 - ة - teh marbuta <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| colspan=2 style=font-size:150%; | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq|[[ ة ]]}}}} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ar| تاء مرظوطة }} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ar| تَاء مَرْظُوطَة }} |
|||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''teh marbuta'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <br/> [[taw | ''Tāʼ marbūṭah'']] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0629 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0629 .] <br/> <!-- ARABIC TEH MARBUTA --> |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
No Urdu word begins with {{rtl-lang|ur|ں}}, {{rtl-lang|ur|ھ}}, {{rtl-lang|ur|ڑ}} or {{rtl-lang|ur|ے}}. |
|||
===== Footnotes for letter names and phonemes: ===== |
|||
The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
|||
{{note|font|nastaliq| 0. }} [[Nastaliq]] Urdu has more forms of some letters than are typically found in Arabic. |
|||
| No. |
|||
| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC"/> |
|||
{{note|fonts_1| 1. }} This may display in a different style if you do not have a [[Nastaliq]] [[list of typefaces | font]] installed. {{ref|Nastaliq_endnote|[endnote]}} |
|||
| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/> |
|||
| '''IPA''' |
|||
| Example |
|||
In [[Urdu]], hamza {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ء]]}}}} is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamza-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamza'' {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ء]]}}}} in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster. Sometimes transliterated as "2" in [[Arabic chat alphabet|informal Arabic]] but not in Urdu |
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In [[Urdu]] words, Hamza {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ء]]}}}} is always attached {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ئ]]}}}} to a form resembling the Arabic {{lang|ar|{{font|size=100%|[[ى]]}}}} [[alef maksura]]{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}. Some fonts convert an isolated Hamza in this form to Hamza on the line. |
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Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ت]]}}}} Té and {{lang|ur|{{font|size=100%|[[ق]]}}}} Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral [[2]] [[two]]. |
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{{note|ayn| 3. }} Ayn <!--fonts included because the extension character used to show initial and final form clearly breaks in some fonts, including nastaliq-->{{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma,arial|[[ع]]}}}} in its initial {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma,arial|عـ}}}} and final {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma,arial|ـع}}}} position is usually silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel. When it appears in the middle of a word there are a few different, similar looking, characters used to represent it in the Latin alphabet: (`) the grave accent, (‘) the left single quotation mark, (') the apostrophe, or the Pacific ({{okina}}) [[ʻOkina|okina]], or it can be pronounced like Arabic [[hamza]] ({{hamza}}) and be transliterated as equivalent marks in the reverse direction such as (’) the right single quotation mark. {{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Sometimes transliterated as "3" in [[Arabic chat alphabet|informal Arabic]] but not in Urdu. |
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{{note|mad_hamza|4. }} Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in {{lang|ur| آزادی }} ([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C "āzādī"], {{ipa|ɑ:zɑ:d̪i}}, freedom<ref name=azadi>{{cite web |title=آزادی |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C |website=ur.oxforddictionaries.com |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref>) are distinguished in most contexts. |
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{{note|too_many_zeds|Z. }} These excess diacritics do not reflect any significant difference in pronunciation between the letters {{lang|ur| ذ ز ض ظ }} all shown as "z" in other systems{{citation needed | 2020-03-11 - I'll find one later, but if i don't get back to this please pick up where i left off|date=March 2020}}. |
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{{note|gol_choti_arabic|5. }} Gol He and do-cashmi-he diverged from the Arabic letter he, sometimes choti hey is used too refer to gol hey, while sometimes choti he refers to the Arabic version. The distinction is somewhat artificial, since gol he is an equivalent letter to the Arabic letter, but they have separate unicode characters. Some fonts make the Arabic hé look the same as gol hey or do-cashmi hé. |
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{{note|arabic_ta_marbuta|6. }} Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered a letter, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. |
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{{note|ta_marbut_as_ta|7. }} [[Ta mahbuta]] is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu té, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with gol he {{citation needed | 2020-03-11 - I'll find one later, but if i don't get back to this please pick up where i left off|date=March 2020}}. |
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{{note|unicode_shapes|[0.]}} These are illustrative only, in typing and typesetting the pre-combined characters in column 2 are used. Consonant diacritics are from unicode set "Arabic pedagogical symbols"<ref>{{cite web |title=Unicode Utilities: UnicodeSet Arabic pedagogical symbols |url=https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Arabic%20pedagogical%20symbols} |website=unicode.org |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref>. [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=25CC U+25CC] "DOTTED CIRCLE", [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=%C2%A0%D9%98+&B1=Show U+00A0] ''NO-BREAK SPACE'', and [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=%D9%80&B1=Show U+0640] "Arabic Tatweel Modifier Letter" are used to show diacritic positions. [[Tatweel]] doesn't work in [[Nastaliq]] fonts. <!-- |
|||
https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Arabic%20pedagogical%20symbols} |
|||
--> |
|||
{{note|rasm|Shapes: }} Skeleton characters that do not appear in the alphabet are ''"DOTLESS BEH"'' [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066E U+066E], ''"DOTLESS QAF"'' [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066F U+066F], and ''"DOTLESS FEH"'' [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A1 U+06A1]. These are not used in Urdu but we're used historically in [rasm | very early] versions of Arabic writing{{citation needed| i know a document exists explaining the need for dotless qaf anf beh, it's on the unicode website, SOMEWHERE.|date=March 2020}}. |
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<!-- U+0623 - أ - alef with hamza above - ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
<!-- U+0625 - إ - alef with hamza below - ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
<!-- U+06BB - ڻ - rnoon <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
<!-- U+06A5 - ڥ - feh with three dots below <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
<!-- U+06A4 - ڤ - veh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
<!-- U+0643 - ك - kaf - KAF <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
<!-- U+0690 - ڐ - dal with four dots above <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
<!-- U+0699 - ڙ - reh with four dots above <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
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<!-- U+067F - ٿ - teheh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
===== Variations ===== |
|||
{| cellpadding=2 style="background-color:#F1F3F5;" |
|||
|- style="background-color:#E3E6EB" |
|||
| colspan=4 | '''The Urdu alphabet isolated forms in 3 styles''' |
|||
|- |
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| colspan=3 style="text-align:right;font-size:95%;" | [[Nastaliq]] {{ref|alphabet_fonts|[footnote 1]}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';" <!-- the same fonts used by {{uninastaliq|}} template, but unmasked so people can see the list, and for a bit more flexibility with table formatting, the nastaliq tag reverses the direction so it won't match the image anymore, and the template can't be applied to a whole row --> | {{lang|ur|[[ے]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ی]]}} {{lang|ur|[[و]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ھ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ہ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ن]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ں]]}} {{lang|ur|[[م]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ل]]}} {{lang|ur|[[گ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ک]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ق]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ف]]}} {{lang|ur|[[غ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ع]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ظ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ط]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ض]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ص]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ش]]}} {{lang|ur|[[س]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ژ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ز]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ڑ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ر]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ذ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ڈ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[د]]}} {{lang|ur|[[خ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ح]]}} {{lang|ur|[[چ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ج]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ث]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ٹ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ت]]}} {{lang|ur|[[پ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ب]]}} {{lang|ur|[[آ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ا]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ئ]]}} {{lang|ur|[[ء]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=3 style="text-align:right;font-size:95%;" | simplified {{ref|modern_Arabic|[footnote 2]}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:125%;font-family: tahoma, 'Baloo Bhaijaan', 'Baloo Bhaijaan 2', 'noto sans arabic', 'noto sans arabic ui', 'calibri', 'Lemonada', 'El Messiri';" | {{lang|ur| ء ئ ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں ہ ھ و ی ے }} |
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|- |
|||
| colspan=3 style="text-align:right;font-size:95%;" | [[Naskh (script) | Naskh]] {{ref|naskh_Arabic|[footnote 3]}} |
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| colspan=1 style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:125%;font-family: Arial, 'times new roman', 'noto naskh arabic', Scheherazade, Lateef, 'markazi text'" | {{lang|ur| ء ئ ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں ہ ھ و ی ے }} |
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|- style="background-color:#E3E6EB" |
|||
| colspan=4 | '''The Urdu alphabet isolated forms in 17 [[List_of_typefaces#Non-Latin | fonts]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#000;background-color:#000000" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | [[noto fonts | Noto]] [[Nastaliq]] Urdu |
|||
| rowspan=18 | [[File:Urdu in 17 fonts 2020-03-23 1941 .png|741px|center]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#00007f;background-color:#00007f" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Urdu Typesetting |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#003399;background-color:#003399" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Scheherazade |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#00549a;background-color:#00549a" | • |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Lateef |
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|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#007670;background-color:#007670" | • |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | [[noto fonts | Noto]] [[Naskh (script) | Naskh]] Arabic |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#00b050;background-color:#00b050" | • |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Markazi Text |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#49da00;background-color:#49da00" | • |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | [[noto fonts | Noto]] [[sans serif | Sans]] Arabic |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#ffc900;background-color:#ffc900" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Baloo Bhaijaan |
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|- |
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| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#ff9800;background-color:#ff9800" | • |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | El Messiri |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#ff3300;background-color:#ff3300" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Lemonada |
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|- |
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| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#ff00aa;background-color:#ff00aa" | • |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Changa |
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|- |
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| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#c900ff;background-color:#c900ff" | • |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Mada |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#9933ff;background-color:#9933ff" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | [[noto fonts | Noto]] [[kufic | Kufi]] Arabic |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#6600ff;background-color:#6600ff" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Reem [[kufic | Kufi]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#1f00bf;background-color:#1f00bf" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Lalezar |
|||
|- |
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| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#00007f;background-color:#00007f" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Jomhuria |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size=75%;text-align:center;color:#00003f;background-color:#00003f" | • |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size=75%;white-space:nowrap;" | Rakkas |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|1 |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}} |
|||
'' |
| ''bh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}} |
|||
{{note|alphabet_fonts|Footnote 1.}} These styles may display in different styles, depending on which fonts you have installed on your device. Compare to the image, the first two lines of the image are in [[Nastaliq#Nastaliq_typesetting | Nastaliq]] [[List_of_typefaces#Non-Latin | fonts]]: "Noto [[Nastaliq]] Urdu" from [[Google]]'s [[Noto fonts]] collection and [[Nastaliq#Nastaliq_typesetting | "Urdu Typesetting"]] from [[Microsoft]]. |
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{{note|modern_Arabic|Footnote 2.}} Simplified geometric font styles are rarely used for Urdu, they are more commonly used for other languages such as [[Arabic]] and [[Farsi]], but many of these fonts support the full Urdu alphabet, such as [[List_of_typefaces#Non-Latin | "Baloo Bhaijaan"]] (yellow font in the image) which was specifically designed for Urdu by the [[India]]-based [[typeface foundry]] [[Ek Type]], and Microsoft's [[Tahoma font| "Tahoma"]]. |
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{{note|naskh_Arabic|[Footnote 3.}} [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] styles are usually not a first choice for Urdu publishing, but [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] [[List_of_typefaces#Non-Latin | fonts]] are often used where a more characteristic Urdu font is unavailable. [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] [[List_of_typefaces#Non-Latin | fonts]] have been available much longer than [[Nastaliq]] [[Nastaliq#Nastaliq_typesetting | fonts]], and [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] [[List_of_typefaces#Non-Latin | fonts]] than work better than [[Nastaliq#Nastaliq_typesetting | Nastaliq]] [[List_of_typefaces#Non-Latin | fonts]] where display sized or processing power are limited, such as on mobile phones or older computers.{{citation needed | there's probably some references on the nastaliq wiki page that would support this|date=March 2020}} |
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===== words from letter names ===== |
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<sup>{{note|letter_names|[back to table of letters]}}</sup> |
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{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|- |
|- |
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|2 |
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! colspan=3 | Letter(s) |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}} |
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! colspan=4 | Word |
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| ''ph'' |
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! colspan=3 | other uses |
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| {{IPA|[pʰ]}} |
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| {{Nastaliq|پھول}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|3 |
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! isolated <br/> form |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}} |
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! [[Urdu]] <br/> name |
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| ''th'' |
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! [[roman urdu|Romanised]] <br/> name |
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| {{IPA|[tʰ]}} |
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! [[Urdu]] |
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| {{Nastaliq|تھم}} |
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! [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] |
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! transliteration |
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! translation |
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! Urdu <br/> |
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! pronunciation |
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! translation |
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|- |
|- |
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|4 |
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| {{lang|ur|[[ ی ]]}} |
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| style=" |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}} |
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| ''ṭh'' |
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| čhōṭī yē |
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| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}} |
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| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی }} |
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| {{Nastaliq|ٹھیس}} |
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| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|tʃʰoːʈi }} <ref name="چھوٹی" /> |
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| rowspan=2 | choti |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%;width:20%" | small / minor / <br/> junior <ref name="چھوٹی">{{cite web |title=چھوٹی |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C |website=ur.oxforddictionaries.com |accessdate=10 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="چھوٹا">{{cite web |title=چھوٹا |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%25DA%2586%25DA%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%25B9%25D8%25A7 |website=ur.oxforddictionaries.com |accessdate=10 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| style="white-space:nowrap;"| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: چھوٹی آنت | چھوٹی آنت ]]}} |
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| <!-- choti ant --> |
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| [[ small intestine ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|5 |
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| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur|[[ ہ ]]}} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur| چھوٹی ہے }} |
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| ''jh'' |
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| čhōṭī hē |
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| {{ |
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}} |
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| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}} |
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| <!-- choti/a --> |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|6 |
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| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}} |
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| gōl hē |
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| ''ch'' |
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| {{lang|ur| گول }} |
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| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}} |
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| {{ipa| goːl }} <ref name="گول" /> |
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| {{Nastaliq|چھوکرا}} |
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| gōl |
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| style="font-size:90%" | round / spherical / vague / silly / obese <ref name="گول">{{cite web |title=گول |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84 |website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary |accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| style="white-space: nowrap" | {{lang|ur|[[:ur: گول گپے | گول گپے ]]}} |
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| ''gol gappay'' |
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| [[panipuri]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan=5 | {{lang|ur|[[ ھ ]]}} |
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| rowspan=5 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }} |
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| rowspan=5 <!-- style="white-space: nowrap" --> | dō-čašmī hē |
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| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی }} |
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| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| }} |
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| rowspan=2 | do-cashmī |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | <!-- two eyed? --> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: دو چشمی دوربین | دو چشمی دوربین ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[binoculars]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|7 |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: دوربین | دوربین ]]}} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}} |
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| |
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| ''dh'' |
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| [[Telescope]] |
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| {{IPA|[dʱ]}} |
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| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|8 |
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| {{lang|ur| دو }} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}} |
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| |
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| ''ḍh'' |
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| <!-- translit' --> |
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| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}} |
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| style="font-size:90%" | 2 / two |
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| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{lang|ur| چَشْمی }} |
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| |
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| <!-- translit' --> |
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| style="font-size:90%" | |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{lang|ur| چشم }} |
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| {{ipa| /tʃəʃm/ }} <ref name="چشم"/> |
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| <!-- translit' --> |
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| style="font-size:90%" | the eye / hope / expectation <ref name="چشم">{{cite web |title=چشم Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85 |website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary |accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{lang|ur|[[ ح ]]}} |
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| {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }} |
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| baṛī ħē |
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| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur| بَڑی }} |
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| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| bəɽi }} <ref name="بَڑی" /> |
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| rowspan=2 | baṛī / <br/> bari |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | big / elder <ref name="بَڑی">{{cite web |title=بَڑی |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%A8%DA%91%DB%8C |website=ur.oxforddictionaries.com |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: بڑی آنت | بڑی آنت ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ large intestine ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|9 |
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| {{lang|ur|[[ ے ]]}} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur| بَڑی يـے }} |
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| ''rh'' |
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| baṛī yē |
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| {{ |
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}} |
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| No example? |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|10 |
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| {{lang|ur|[[ ں ]]}} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} |
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| ''ṛh'' |
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| nūn-e ğunnah |
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| {{ |
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}} |
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| {{Nastaliq|کڑھنا}} |
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| {{ipa| ɣʊnnɑ }} <ref name="غُنّہ" /> |
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| ğunnah{{nbsp}}/ g͟hunnah |
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| style="font-size:90%" | nasal sound <br/> or twang <ref name="غُنّہ" >{{cite web |title=غُنّہ |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%81 |website=oxforddictionaries |accessdate=13 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|11 |
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| {{lang|ur|[[ آ ]]}} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }} |
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| ''kh'' |
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| alif maddah |
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| {{ |
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}} |
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| {{Nastaliq|کھولنا}} |
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| |
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| maddah |
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| style="font-size:90%" | |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|12 |
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| {{lang|ur|[[ ؤ ]]}} |
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| style=" |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}} |
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| ''gh'' |
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| vāv-e mahmūz |
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| {{ |
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}} |
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| {{Nastaliq|گھبراہٹ}} |
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| {{ipa|mæhmuːz}} <ref name="مہموز" /> |
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| mahmūz |
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| style="font-size:90%" | defective / improper <ref name="مہموز">{{cite web |title=مہموز |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D9%85%DB%81%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2 |website=ur.oxforddictionaries |accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|13 |
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| colspan=3 rowspan=4 style="white-space: wrapped;font-size:130%" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ب ج چ خ ح د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں و ہ ھ ی ے ء }}}} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur| _____ }} |
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| ''lh'' |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{IPA|[lʱ]}} |
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| <!-- haruf taji --> |
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| No example? |
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| style="font-size:90%" | <!-- alphabet --> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{lang|ur| حَرْف }} |
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| {{ipa| /hərf/ }} <ref name="حرف" /> |
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| <!-- haruf --> |
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| style="font-size:85%" | "letter of the alphabet" / handwriting / statement / blame / stigma <ref name="حرف">{{cite web |title=حرف |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81 |website=ur.oxforddictionaries. |accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{lang|ur| حُرُوف }} <!--{{lang|ur| حَرْف }} i don't know if this is an alt spelling or if i just accidentally deleted a letter ah, i think it's just singular...--> |
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| {{ipa| /hʊruːf/ }} <ref name="حُرُوف" /> |
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| <!-- haruf --> |
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| style="font-size:90%" | letters (plural) <ref name="حُرُوف">{{cite web |title=حُرُوف |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81 |website=ur.oxforddictionaries |accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{lang|ur| _____ }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| <!-- taji --> |
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| style="font-size:90%" | <!-- sequence --> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|14 |
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| colspan="3" style="background:#e3e6ee;"| |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur| اشْكال }} |
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| ''mh'' |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{IPA|[mʱ]}} |
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| <!-- translit --> |
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| No example? |
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| style="font-size:90%" | <!-- forms (as in letter forms) --> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|15 |
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| colspan="3" style="background:#e3e6ee;"| |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur| اِسْم }} |
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| |
| ''nh'' |
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| {{IPA|[nʱ]}} |
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| <!-- translit --> |
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| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}} |
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| style="font-size:90%" | <!-- translate --> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|16 |
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| colspan="3" style="background:#e3e6ee;"| |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur| _____ }} |
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| ''wh'' |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}} |
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| <!-- translit --> |
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| No example? |
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| style="font-size:90%" | <!-- translate --> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| [[ ]] |
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|}<!-- |
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حروفِ تہجی کی ترتیب |
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(ترتیبِ تہجی) |
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alphabetical order |
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https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8 |
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ترتیبِ تہجی |
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کا ترجمہ ترتیبِ تہجی انگریزی میں |
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alphabetical order |
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https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C |
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--> |
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== Nastaliq == |
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{{Main|Nastaliq}} |
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The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style (sometimes spelled Nastaʿlīq) began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of scripts [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]]. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal conquest]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in [[Pakistan]], and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] counterpart. |
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=== Letter forms === |
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{{note|letter_forms|[back to letter names and phonemes]}} |
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For the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word. Though obviously [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity. But for the [[Nastaliq]] style in which Urdu is written, even in the most mundane or informal documents, uses more than three general forms for many letters. |
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[[File:Annotation 2020-03-12 062454.png|544px|center|thumb| The names of 10 Urdu letters to show the variable letter forms in context. First and fourth rows: isolated letters, second and fifth rows: the names of those letters, third and sixth rows: the letter names broken up into individual letters.]] |
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==== Letter construction ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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! colspan=4 | [[Nastaliq]] isolated forms |
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| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ء ]]}}}} |
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| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ا ]]}}}} |
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| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ے ]]}}}} |
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| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ى ]]}}}} |
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| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ں ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٮ ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ح ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ س ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ص ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ط ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ع ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ڡ ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٯ ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ک ]]}}}} |
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| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ل ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ م ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ د ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ر ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ و ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ھ ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ہ ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=1 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ه ]]}}}} |
|||
! rowspan=2 | isolated forms |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan=5 colspan=2 | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] forms |
|||
! colspan=2 | isolated |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ا }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ے }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ى }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ں }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٮ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ح }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| س }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ص }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ط }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ع }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ڡ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٯ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ک }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ل }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| م }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| د }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ر }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| و }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ھ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ہ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ه }} |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=2 | start |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ا }} |
|||
| |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ىـ }}<!-- |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ںـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٮـ }}--> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| حـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| سـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| صـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| طـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| عـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ڡـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٯـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| کـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| لـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| مـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| د }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ر }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| و }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ھـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ہـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| هـ }} |
|||
! start |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=2 | mid |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـا }} |
|||
| |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـىـ }}<!-- |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـںـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٮـ }}--> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـحـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـسـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـصـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـطـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـعـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـڡـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٯـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـکـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـلـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـمـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـد }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـر }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـو }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـھـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـہـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـهـ }} |
|||
! mid |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|17 |
|||
! colspan=2 | end |
|||
| style="font-size:150% |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}} |
||
| ''yh'' |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـا }} |
|||
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـے }} |
|||
| No example? |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـى }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـں }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٮ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـح }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـس }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـص }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـط }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـع }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـڡ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٯ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـک }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـل }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـم }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـد }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـر }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـو }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـھ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـہ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـه }} |
|||
! end |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=2 | uniode {{ref|illustrative_only|(i)}} |
|||
| <!-- ء --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] |
|||
| <!-- ا --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |
|||
| <!-- ے --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 06D2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D2 .] |
|||
| <!-- ى --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649 0649 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0649 .] |
|||
| <!-- ں --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |
|||
| <!-- ٮ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066E 066E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066E .] |
|||
| <!-- ح --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D 062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |
|||
| <!-- س --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |
|||
| <!-- ص --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |
|||
| <!-- ط --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |
|||
| <!-- ع --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] |
|||
| <!-- ڡ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A1 06A1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A1 .] |
|||
| <!-- ٯ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066F 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066F .] |
|||
| <!-- ک --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |
|||
| <!-- ل --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |
|||
| <!-- م --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |
|||
| <!-- د --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F 062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |
|||
| <!-- ر --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |
|||
| <!-- و --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 0648.][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] |
|||
| <!-- ھھھ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE 06BE .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BE .] |
|||
| <!-- ہہہ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 06C1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C1 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL --> |
|||
| <!-- ههه -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 0647 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH --> |
|||
! unicode {{ref|illustrative_only|(i)}} |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=4 | [[i'jam]] |
|||
! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! |
|||
! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! |
|||
! |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | nūn ghūnna {{ref|nun-ghunna|(ii)}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٘ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ــ٘ـ }} |
|||
| || || || |
|||
| {{font|size=180%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٘ }} }} }}<!-- <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 0658 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0658 .] <br/> {{font|size=160%|{{lang|ur| ں }} }}<br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 0658 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0658 .] diacritic nūn ghūnna |
|||
| || || || |
|||
| <!-- diacritic --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 0658 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0658 .] <!-- <br/> {{font|size=160%|{{lang|ur| ں }} }}<br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=4 | none |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ا }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ے }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D2 .] |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـی ی }} <br/>[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC 06CC .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06CC .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ں }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |
|||
| none |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ح }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| س }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ص }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ط }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ع }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ک }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ل }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| م }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| د }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ر }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| و }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ھـ ـھـ ـھ }}}} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BE .] |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہـ ـہـ ـہ }}}} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utilty/character.jsp?a=06C1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C1 .] |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| هـ ـهـ ـه }}}} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647 .] |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ا }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ے }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D2 .] |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـی ی }} <br/>[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC 06CC .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06CC .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ں }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |
|||
| none |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ح }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| س }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ص }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ط }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ع }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ک }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ل }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| م }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| د }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ر }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| و }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ھـ ـھـ ـھ }}}} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BE .] |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہـ ـہـ ـہ }}}} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utilty/character.jsp?a=06C1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C1 .] |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| هـ ـهـ ـه }}}} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647 .] |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=4 | none |
|||
| <!-- ء --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] |
|||
| <!-- ا --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |
|||
| <!-- ے --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 06D2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D2 .] |
|||
| <!-- ى --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649 0649 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0649 .] |
|||
| <!-- ں --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |
|||
| <!-- ٮ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066E 066E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066E .] |
|||
| <!-- ح --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D 062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |
|||
| <!-- س --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |
|||
| <!-- ص --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |
|||
| <!-- ط --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |
|||
| <!-- ع --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] |
|||
| <!-- ڡ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A1 06A1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A1 .] |
|||
| <!-- ٯ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066F 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066F .] |
|||
| <!-- ک --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |
|||
| <!-- ل --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |
|||
| <!-- م --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |
|||
| <!-- د --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F 062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |
|||
| <!-- ر --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |
|||
| <!-- و --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 0648.][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] |
|||
| <!-- ھھھ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE 06BE .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BE .] |
|||
| <!-- ہہہ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 06C1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C1 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL --> |
|||
| <!-- ههه -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 0647 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH --> |
|||
! |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | tōē above |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﯀ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ﯀ }} |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٹ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0679 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ڈ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0688 .] --> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ڑ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0691 .] --> |
|||
| || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%;" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBC0 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBC0 .] tōē above |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ٹ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0679 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ڈ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0688 .] --> |
|||
| <!-- ڑ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0691 .] |
|||
| || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮳ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮳ }} |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ب }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0628 .] --> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ج }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062C .] jeem --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB3 .] one dot below |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ب --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0628 .] |
|||
| <!-- ج --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062C .] <!-- jeem --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
|||
| || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ن }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0646 .] |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| خ }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062E .] |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ض }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0636 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ظ }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0638 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| غ }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+063A .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ف }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0641 .] |
|||
| || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ذ }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0630 .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ز }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0632 .] |
|||
| || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB2.] one dot above |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮵ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮵ }} |
|||
| || || |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| یـ ـیـ }} |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB5 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB5 .] two dots below <br/> (in initial and middle positions only) |
|||
| || || |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC 06CC .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06CC .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮴ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮴ }} |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ت }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062A .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ق }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0642 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـۃ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C3 .] ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL --> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـة }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0629 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0629 .] ARABIC TEH MARBUTA --> |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB4 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB4 .] two dots above |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ت --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062A .] |
|||
| || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ق --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0642 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ـۃ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C3 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL --> |
|||
| <!-- ـة --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0629 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0629 .] <!-- ARABIC TEH MARBUTA --> |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮹ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮹ }} |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| پ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+067E .] --> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| چ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0686 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB9 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB9 .] three dots below <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB7 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB7 .] pointing down |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| پ }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+067E .] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| چ }} <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0686 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮶ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮶ }} |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ث }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062B .] --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ش }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0634 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ژ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0698 .] --> |
|||
| || || || |
|||
| three dots above |
|||
|- style="text-align:left;font-size:70%;" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB6 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB6 .] three dots above |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ث --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062B .] |
|||
| |
|||
| <!-- ش --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0634 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ژ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0698 .] |
|||
| || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | line above |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ‾ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ar| ‾ }} |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| گ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06AF .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=203E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+203E .] Overline |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- گ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06AF .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | [[Arabic_diacritics#Maddah | madda]] |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۤ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ۤ }} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| آ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0622 0622 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0622 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06E4 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06E4 .] small high <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0653 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0653 .] non spacing |
|||
| |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0622 0622 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0622 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | [[Hamza]] |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٴ }}}} <!-- {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ◌ٔ }}}} --> |
|||
| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ــٔـ }} |
|||
| || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ۓ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D3 06D3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D3 .] --> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ئ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 0626 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0626 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ؤ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0624 0624 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0624 .] --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ۂ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C2 06C2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C2 .] --> |
|||
| |
|||
|- style="font-size:70%;" |
|||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:left;white-space=nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0674 0674 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0674 .] High Hamza <br/> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0654 0654 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0654 .] Hamza above |
|||
| || |
|||
| <!-- ۓ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D3 06D3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D3 .] |
|||
| <!-- ئ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 0626 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0626 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ؤ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0624 0624 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0624 .] |
|||
| |
|||
| <!-- ۂ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C2 06C2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C2 .] |
|||
| |
|||
! unicode |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== Retroflex letters === |
|||
{{note|illustrative_only|i.}} The ijam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the colonies characters in the middle of the table are used. |
|||
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]] |
|||
Old Hindustani used four dots over three Arabic letters to represent retroflex consonants: {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ٿ}}}}, {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ڐ}}}}, {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|ڙ}}}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots was often written like a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots&redir_esc=y|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> (It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of its being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes. In modern Urdu {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a dental, not a retroflex.) |
|||
{{note|nun-ghunna|ii.}} Nūn Ghūnna in the middle of a word is often an ommitted diacritic. |
|||
==== Letter forms table: ==== |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan=3 | name |
|||
! colspan=9 | Letter forms {{ref|Nastaliq_forms|[footnote]}} |
|||
! rowspan=3 | name |
|||
! colspan=5 | Shape {{ref|unicode_shapes|[0]}} {{ref|rasm|[Rasm]}} |
|||
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | Unicode {{ref|unicode_shapes|[0]}} {{ref|rasm|[Rasm]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan=2 | Isolated<br/>glyph |
|||
! colspan=3 | [[zero width joiner | zwj]] |
|||
! colspan=1 | end<br/>after |
|||
! colspan=2 | mid<br/>between |
|||
! colspan=2 | start<br/>before |
|||
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | [[Nastaliq]] <br /> {{ref|Nastaliq_display|[fonts]}} |
|||
! colspan=3 | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! end |
|||
! mid |
|||
! start |
|||
! {{lang|ur|[[ ٮ ]]}} |
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! {{lang|ur| ٮ ا }} |
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! {{lang|ur| ٮ ی }} |
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! {{lang|ur|[[ ا ]]}} |
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! {{lang|ur|[[ ی ]]}} |
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! base |
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! dots |
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! Letter |
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! Letter |
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! dots <!-- if you know a better name for this please change it --> |
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! base <!-- if you know a better name for this please change it --> |
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|- <!-- U+0627 {{lang|ur| الِف }} || alif <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 1 --><!-- U+0627 - ا - alef - ALEF <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ا ]]}}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ا }}}} |
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| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ا }}}} |
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| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮا }}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ا }}}} |
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| ''alif''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''alef''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
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| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ا ]]}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ا ]]}} |
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| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ا ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 U+0627] |
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| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
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| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 U+0627] |
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|- <!-- U+0622 {{lang|ur| الِف مَدّه }} || alif maddah <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 1a--><!-- U+0622 - آ - alef with madda above <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ آ ]]}}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| آ }}}} |
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| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| آ }}}} |
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| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮآ }}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| آ }}}} |
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| ''alif maddah''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''"alef with madda above"''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۤ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ۤ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ آ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0622 U+0622] |
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| <!--<small>small high</small>-->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=%DB%A4 U+06E4]<br/><!--<small>non‑spacing<sup></sup></small>-->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0653 U+0653] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| بے }} || bē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 2 --><!-- U+0628 - ب - beh - BEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ب]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ب }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ب }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ب }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮب }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮبا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮبی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| با }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بی }}}} |
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| ''bē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''beh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮳ }}}} |
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| rowspan=5 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٮ ]]}}}} |
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| rowspan=5 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٮ ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮳ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ب ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 U+0628] |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB3 U+FBB3] |
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| rowspan=5 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066E U+066E] <!-- ARABIC LETTER DOTLESS BEH --> |
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|- <!-- {lang|ur| پـے }} || pē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 3 --><!-- U+067E - پ - peh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[پ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| پ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| پ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| پ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮپ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮپا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮپی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| پا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| پی }}}} |
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| ''pē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''peh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''pē'' |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮹ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮹ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ پ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E U+067E] |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB9 U+FBB9] |
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|- <!-- U+062A {{lang|ur| تے }} || tē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 4 --><!-- U+062A - ت - teh - TEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ت]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ت }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ت }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ت }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮت }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮتا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮتی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| تا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| تی }}}} |
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| ''tē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''teh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''tē'' |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮴ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮴ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ت ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A U+062A] |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB4 U+FBB6] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| ٹے }} || ṭē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 5 --> <!-- U+0679 - ٹ - tteh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮٹ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮٹا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮٹی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹی }}}} |
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| ''ṭē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''tteh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''ṭē'' |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﯀ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﯀ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٹ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 U+0679] |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBC0 U+FBC0] |
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|- <!-- U+062B {{lang|ur| ثے }} <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 6 --><!-- U+062B - ث - theh - THEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ث]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ث }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ث }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ث }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮث }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮثا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮثی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ثا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ثی }}}} |
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| ''sē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> ''s̱ē'' |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮶ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮶ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ث ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B U+062B] |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB6 U+FBB6] |
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|- <!-- || jīm <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 7 --><!-- U+062C - ج - jeem - JEEM <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ج]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ج }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ج }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ج }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮج }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮجا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮجی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| جا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| جی }}}} |
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| jīm <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''jeem''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''jīm'' |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮳ }}}} |
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| rowspan=4 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ح ]]}}}} |
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| rowspan=4 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ح ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮳ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ج ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C U+062C] <!-- jeem --> |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB3 U+FBB3] |
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| rowspan=4 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D U+062D] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| چـے }} <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 8 --><!-- U+0686 - چ - tcheh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[چ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮچ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮچا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮچی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چی }}}} |
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| ''čē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> ''cē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> ''tcheh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮹ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ar| ﮹ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ چ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 U+0686] |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB9 U+FBB9] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }} || <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 9 --><!-- U+062D - ح - hah - HAH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ح]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ح }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ح }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ح }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮح }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮحا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮحی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| حا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| حی }}}} |
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| ''baṛī ħē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> ''baṛī ḥē'' |
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| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
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| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ح ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D U+062D] |
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| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
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|- <!-- hannover ref = 10 --> <!-- U+062E - خ - khah - KHAH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[خ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮخ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮخا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮخی }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خا }}}} |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خی }}}} |
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| ''xē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> ''khē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> ''khah''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''k͟hē'' |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ خ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E U+062E] |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 U+FBB2] |
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|- <!-- U+062F {{lang|ur| دال }} || dāl <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 11 --><!-- U+062F - د - dal - DAL <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
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| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[د]]}}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| د }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| د }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮد }}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| د }}}} |
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| ''dāl''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''dal''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''dāl'' |
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| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
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| rowspan=3 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ د ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=3 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ د ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ د ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F U+062F] |
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| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
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| rowspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F U+062F] |
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|- <!-- U+0688 {{lang|ur| ڈال }} || ḍāl <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 12 --><!-- U+0688 - ڈ - ddal <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
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| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڈ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڈ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮڈ }}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڈ }}}} |
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| ''ḍāl''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''ddal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''ḍāl'' |
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| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﯀ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﯀ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ڈ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 U+0688] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBC0 U+FBC0] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0630 {{lang|ur| ذال }} || zāl <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 13 --><!-- U+0630 - ذ - thal - THAL <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
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| |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ذ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ذ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮذ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ذ }}}} |
|||
| ''zāl''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''ẕāl'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ذ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630 U+0630] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 U+FBB2] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0631 {{lang|ur| رے }} || rē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 14 --><!-- U+0631 - ر - reh - REH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ر]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ر }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ر }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮر }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ر }}}} |
|||
| ''rē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''reh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''rē'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=4 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ر ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=4 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ر ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ر ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 U+0631] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=4 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 U+0631] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0691 {{lang|ur| ڑے }} || ṛē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 15 --><!-- U+0691 - ڑ - rreh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڑ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڑ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮڑ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڑ }}}} |
|||
| ''ṛē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''rreh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''ṛē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﯀ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﯀ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ڑ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 U+0691] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBC0 U+FBC0] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0632 {{lang|ur| زے }} || zē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 16 --><!-- U+0632 - ز - zain - ZAIN <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ز]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ز }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ز }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮز }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ز }}}} |
|||
| ''zē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''zē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ز ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632 U+0632] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 U+FBB2] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0698 {{lang|ur| ژے }} || ''žē'' / ''zhē'' <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 17 --><!-- U+0698 - ژ - jeh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ژ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ژ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮژ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ژ }}}} |
|||
| ''žē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''zhē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''zhē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮶ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮶ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ژ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 U+0698] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB6 U+FBB6] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0633 {{lang|ur| سِين }} || sīn <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 18 --><!-- U+0633 - س - seen - SEEN <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[س]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| س }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| س }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| س }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮس }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮسا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮسی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| سا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| سی }}}} |
|||
| ''sīn''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''seen''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''sīn'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ س ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ س ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ س ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 U+0633] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 U+0633] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0634 {{lang|ur| شِين }} || ''šīn'' / ''shīn'' <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 19 --><!-- U+0634 - ش - sheen - SHEEN <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ش]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ش }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ش }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ش }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮش }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮشا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮشی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| شا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| شی }}}} |
|||
| ''šīn''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''shīn''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''sheen''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''shīn'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮶ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮶ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ش ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 U+0634] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB6 U+FBB6] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0635 {{lang|ur| صْواد }} || swād <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 20 --><!-- U+0635 - ص - sad - SAD <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ص]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ص }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ص }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ص }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮص }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮصا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮصی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| صا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| صی }}}} |
|||
| ''swād''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''sad''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''ṣwād'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ص ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ص ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ص ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 U+0635] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan="2" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 U+0635] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0636 {{lang|ur| ضْواد }} || żwād <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 21 --><!-- U+0636 - ض - dad - DAD <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ض]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ض }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ض }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ض }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮض }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮضا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮضی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ضا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ضی }}}} |
|||
| ''żwād''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''ẓwād'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ض ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636 U+0636] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 U+FBB2] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0637 {{lang|ur| طوئے }} || tō’ē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 22 --><!-- U+0637 - ط - tah - TAH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ط]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ط }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ط }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ط }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮط }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮطا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮطی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| طا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| طی }}}} |
|||
| ''tō’ē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''tah''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''t̤o'ē'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ط ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ط ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ط ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 U+0637] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 U+0637] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0638 {{lang|ur| ظوئے }} || zō’ē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 23 --><!-- U+0638 - ظ - zah - ZAH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮظ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮظا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮظی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظی }}}} |
|||
| ''zō’ē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''z̤o'ē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ظ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638 U+0638] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 U+FBB2] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0639 {{lang|ur| عَيْن }} || ‘ain <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 24 --><!-- U+0639 - ع - ain - AIN <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ع]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ع }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ع }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ع }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮع }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮعا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮعی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| عا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| عی }}}} |
|||
| ''‘ain''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''ain''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''‘ain'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ع ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ع ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ع ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 U+0639] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 U+0639] |
|||
|- <!-- U+063A {{lang|ur| غَيْن }} || ğain <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 25 || U+063A - غ - ghain <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[غ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮغ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮغا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮغی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غی }}}} |
|||
| ''ğain''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> ''ghain''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''g͟hain'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ غ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A U+063A] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 U+FBB2] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0641 {{lang|ur| فے }} || fē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 26 --><!-- U+0641 - ف - feh - FEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ف]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ف }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ف }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ف }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮف }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮفا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮفی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| فا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| فی }}}} |
|||
| ''fē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''feh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''fē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ڡ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ڡ ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ف ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641 U+0641] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 U+FBB2] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A1 U+06A1] <!-- |
|||
U+06A1 - ڡ - dotless feh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
|- <!-- U+0642 {{lang|ur| قاف }} || qāf <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 27 --><!-- U+0642 - ق - qaf - QAF <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ق]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ق }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ق }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ق }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮق }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮقا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮقی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| قا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| قی }}}} |
|||
| ''qāf''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''qaf''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''qāf'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮴ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٯ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٯ ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ar| ﮴ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ق ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 U+0642] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB4 U+FBB4] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066F U+066F] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0643 - ك - kaf - KAF <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
|- <!-- U+06A9 {{lang|ur| کاف }} || kāf <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 28 --><!-- U+06A9 - ک - keheh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ک]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ک }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ک }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ک }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮک }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮکا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮکی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| کا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| کی }}}} |
|||
| ''kāf''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''[[kāf]]'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ک ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ک ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ک ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 U+06A9] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 U+06A9] |
|||
|- <!-- U+06AF {{lang|ur| گاف }} || gāf <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 29 --><!-- U+06AF - گ - gaf <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[گ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮگ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮگا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮگی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گی }}}} |
|||
| ''gāf''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''gaf''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''gāf'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ‾ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ar|[[ ‾ ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ گ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF U+06AF] |
|||
| <small>Overline</small> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=203E U+203E] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0644 || lām <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 30 --><!-- U+0644 - ل - lam - LAM <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| Lam <br/> {{ref|lam_alif|[footnote]}} <!-- --> |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ل]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ل }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ل }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ل }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮل }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮلا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮلی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| لا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| لی }}}} |
|||
| ''lām''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''lam''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''lām'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ل ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ل ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ل ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 U+0644] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 U+0644] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0645 {{lang|ur| مِيم }} || mīm <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 31 --><!-- U+0645 - م - meem - MEEM <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[م]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| م }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| م }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| م }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮم }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮما }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮمی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ما }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| می }}}} |
|||
| ''mīm''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''meem''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''mīm'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ م ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ م ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ م ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 U+0645] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 U+0645] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0646 {{lang|ur| نُون }} || nūn <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 32 --><!-- U+0646 - ن - noon - NOON <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ن]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ن }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ن }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ن }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮن }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮنا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮنی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| نا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| نی }}}} |
|||
| ''nūn''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''noon''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''nūn'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ں ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ں ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ن ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646 U+0646] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 U+FBB2] |
|||
| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=%DA%BA U+06BA] |
|||
|- <!-- U+06BA {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} || nūn-e ğunnah <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 32a --><!-- U+06BA - ں - noon ghunna <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ں]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ں }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٘ ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{ref|never_starts|[footnote]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮں }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٘ ]]}}}} <!--i'm not sure how to depict this, i put it over dotless beh, but that seemed artificial and cnfusing?--> |
|||
| colspan=2 | never<br/>starts |
|||
| ''nūn-e ğunnah''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''noon ghunna''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''nūn g͟hunnah'' |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٘ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ــ٘ـ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ں ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA U+06BA] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 U+0658] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0648 {{lang|ur| واؤ }} || ''vāō'' / ''wāō'' <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 33 --><!-- U+0648 - و - waw - WAW <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[و]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| و }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| و }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮو }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| و }}}} |
|||
| ''vāō''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''wāō''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''waw''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''wā'o'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ و ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ و ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ و ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 U+0648] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 U+0648] |
|||
|- <!-- U+06C1 {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }} || gōl hē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 34 --><!-- U+06C1 - ہ - heh goal <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮہ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮہا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮہی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہی }}}} |
|||
| ''gōl hē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''heh goal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''gol hē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہہہ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ہ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ہ ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ہہہ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ہ ]]}} |
|||
| colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 U+06C1] |
|||
|- <!-- hannover ref = 34a || U+0647 {{lang|ur| چهوٹی هے }} || ''čhōṭī hē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> --> |
|||
| <br/> {{ref|gol_choti_arabic|[footnote]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ه ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ه }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ه }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ه }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮه }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮها }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮهی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ها }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| هی }}}} |
|||
| ''čhōṭī hē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> <br/> ''choṭī hē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ههه }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ه ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ه ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ههه }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ه ]]}} |
|||
| colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 U+0647] <!--ARABIC LETTER HEH--><!-- U+0647 - ه - heh - HEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
|- <!-- U+06BE {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }} || dō-čašmī hē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 34b--><!-- U+06BE - ھ - heh doachashmee <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| ''do-cashmī hē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ھ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ھ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ھ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮھ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮھا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮھی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ھا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ھی }}}} |
|||
| ''dō-čašmī hē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> ''heh doachashmee''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''do-cashmī hē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ھھھ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ھ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ھ ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ھھھ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ھ ]]}} |
|||
| colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE U+06BE] |
|||
|- <!-- U+064A - ي - yeh - YEH <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
|- <!-- hannover ref = 35 --><!-- U+06CC - ی - farsi yeh <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ی]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮیا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮیی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| یا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| یی }}}} |
|||
| ''čhōṭī yē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / ''choṭī yē'' |
|||
| style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮵ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ی ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| یــیــی ی }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮵ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ی ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC U+06CC] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB5 U+FBB5] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a= ] |
|||
|- <!-- {{lang|ur| بڑی يـے }} || baṛī yē ||--><!-- hannover ref = 35b --><!-- U+06D2 - ے - yeh barree <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ے }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ے }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮے }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ے }}}} |
|||
| ''baṛī yē'' |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ے ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ے ]]}} |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ے ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 U+06D2] |
|||
| style="background-color:#eef" | none |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 U+06D2] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0621 <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref #0 || U+0626 <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 35a --><!-- U+0674 - ٴ - high hamza <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
! colspan=30 style="text-align:left;" | Hamzah |
|||
|- <!-- U+0621 - ء - hamza - HAMZA <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ء]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ء }}}} |
|||
| colspan=5 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ء }}}} |
|||
| ''hamza''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <small>(hamza on the line)</small> |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ء ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ar|[[ ء ]]}} |
|||
| colspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 U+0621] <!-- U+0621 {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} || hamzah <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 0 --> |
|||
|- <!-- U+0674 - ٴ - high hamza <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٴ ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٴ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=5 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٴ }}}} |
|||
| ''<small>(hamza diacritic)</small>'' |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٴ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ar| ــٔـ }} <!-- U+0640 - ـ - tatweel - ARABIC TATWEEL <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| colspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0674 U+0674] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0654 U+0654] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0621 <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref #0 || U+0626 <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 35a --><!-- U+0626 - ئ - yeh with hamza above - YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ئ ]]}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ئ }}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ئ }}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ئ }}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮئ }}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮئا }}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮئی }}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ئا }}}} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ئی }}}} |
|||
| ''"yeh with hamza above"''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''yē hamza'' |
|||
| rowspan=6 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٴ }}}} <br/> {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٔ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ی ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ی ]]}} |
|||
| rowspan=6 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ٴ }} <br/> ◌ٔ <!-- this works better with no lang tag --> <br/> {{lang|ur| ــٔـ }} |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ar|[[ ئ ]]}} <br/> {{lang|ar| ئـ ـئـ ـئ }} |
|||
| rowspan=2 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 U+0626] <sup>YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE</sup> <!-- U+0626 {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} || hamzah <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> number in Hannover ref = 35a --> |
|||
| rowspan=6 | <small>High Hamza</small> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0674 U+0674] <small>non‑spacing Hamza above</small> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0654 U+0654] <small>on dotted circle</small> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=25CC U+25CC] <small>and Tatweel</small> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0640 U+0640] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC U+06CC] <br/> <sup>Farsi Yeh</sup> |
|||
|- |
|||
| ''alif hamza'' |
|||
| ''alif hamza'' |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ى ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ى ]]}} |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649 U+0649] <br/> <sup>Alef Masksura</sup> <!-- U+0649 - ى - alef maksura - ALEF MAKSURA <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
|- <!-- U+06D3 - ۓ - yeh barree with hamza above <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ۓ ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۓ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۓ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮۓ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۓ }}}} |
|||
| ''"yeh barree with hamza above"''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> ''baṛī yē hamza'' |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ے ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ے ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ۓ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D3 U+06D3] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 U+06D2] |
|||
|- <!-- hannover ref #33a || {{lang|ur| واوِ مَہْمُوز }} hannover ref = 33a |
|||
U+0676 - ٶ - high hamza waw <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
U+0624 - ؤ - waw with hamza above <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
|||
--> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ؤ ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ؤ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ؤ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮؤ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ؤ }}}} |
|||
| ''vāv-e mahmūz''<ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> ''"waw with hamza above"''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ و ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ و ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ؤ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0624 U+0624] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 U+0648] |
|||
|- <!-- U+0676 - ٶ - high hamza waw <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٶ ]]}}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٶ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=1 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٶ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮٶ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٶ }}}} |
|||
| ''"high hamza waw"''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ و ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ و ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٶ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0676 U+0676] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 U+0648] |
|||
|- <!-- U+06C2 - ۂ - heh goal with hamza above <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ۂ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۂ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۂ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۂ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮۂ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮۂا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮۂی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۂا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۂی }}}} |
|||
| ''"heh goal with hamza above"''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ہ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ہ ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ۂ ]]}} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C2 U+06C2] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 U+06C1] |
|||
|- <!-- U+06C0 - ۀ - heh with yeh above <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
|- <!-- U+06C7 - ۇ - u <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=30 style="text-align:left" | Ta marbuutah |
|||
|- <!-- Urdu --><!-- U+06C3 - ۃ - teh marbuta goal <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |
|||
| Arabic <br /> {{ref|arabic_ta_marbut|[footnote]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ۃ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۃ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۃ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۃ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮۃ }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۃ }}}} |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''teh marbuta goal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
|||
| rowspan=3 style="font-size:175%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮴ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ـہ }} |
|||
| rowspan=3 style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ar| ﮴ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ـۃ }} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C3 U+06C3] <!-- ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL --> |
|||
| rowspan=3 | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB4 U+FBB4] |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 U+06C1] <!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL --> |
|||
|- <!-- Arabic --> <!-- U+0629 - ة - teh marbuta <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq|[[ ة ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ة }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ة }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ة }}}} |
|||
| colspan=3 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮة }}}} |
|||
| colspan=2 style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ة }}}} |
|||
| ''teh marbuta''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> [[taw | ''Tāʼ marbūṭah'']] |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ه }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ـه }} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur| ـة }} |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0629 U+0629] <br/> <!-- ARABIC TEH MARBUTA --> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 U+0647] <br/> <!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH --> |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq|[[ت]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ت }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ت }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ت }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮت }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮتا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٮتی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| تا }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| تی }}}} |
|||
| ''teh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''[[Tāʼ]]'' |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ٮ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٮ ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:145%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ت ]]}} |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A U+062A] <br/> <small>(see above)</small> |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066E U+066E] <!-- ARABIC LETTER DOTLESS BEH --> |
|||
|} |
|||
===== Footnotes on letter forms: ===== |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="text-align:center;" | illustration |
|||
! style="text-align:center;" | illustrated text |
|||
! style="text-align:left;" | note |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
| style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%" | <br/> {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[nastaliq | نستعلیق ]] }}}} <br/> |
|||
| {{note|nastaliq_display| Nastaliq: }} This may not display as [[Nastaliq]] style, depending on which fonts you have installed on your device. {{ref|nq_font_display|[end note]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
| style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[ں]] ◌٘ [[ھ]] [[ڑ]] [[ے]] }}}} |
|||
| {{note|never_starts| Start forms vs staring words: }} No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ے]]}}}} , {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ھ]]}}}} , {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ڑ]]}}}} , or {{lang|ur|{{font|font=arial| ◌٘ }}}} / {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|[[ں]]}}}} but some of these forms appear following a non-joining letter {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ا و د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ }}}} in the middle of a word. |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
| style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[ے]] }}}} |
|||
| {{note|greater_ye| Baṛī ye: }} "greater yē" '''({{lang|ur|بڑی يے}})''' is used only at the end of a word<ref name="Fun Dictionary">{{cite book |last1=Zaki |first1=Meekal |title=Urdu Dictionary - Roman URDU To English Fun Dictionary - Searchable . |isbn= |edition=Kindle Edition.}}</ref>. <!-- |
|||
"bari ye : y, Remarks: Occurs only at the end of a word and stands for e or ai." |
|||
Zaki, Meekal. Urdu Dictionary - Roman URDU To English Fun Dictionary - Searchable . Kindle Edition. |
|||
--> |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
| style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[ک]] [[گ]] }}}} |
|||
| {{note|kaf_gaf| Kaf and Gaf before tall letters: }} Simpler fonts, including early [[list of fonts | fonts]] developed for Arabic, usually have just two or three forms of each letter. But in Urdu's usual [[nasta'liq|Nastaliq]] script, letters can have more than three position forms depending on which letters they are attached to. This is sometimes simplified by digital fonts - even modern Urdu Nastaliq fonts - which do not perfectly replicate the nuance of handwriting, but in the case of Gāf and Kāf it is prominent. <ref>{{cite web |last1=FWP |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |website=www.columbia.edu |accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Scanned table">{{cite web |title=The chart below gives the different positional variants of some of the significantly different letters. (scanned document) |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |website=Linked by www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/section00.html#00_01 |accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
| style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:180%" | |
|||
{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[ لا ]] }}}} {{lang|ar|{{font|font=arial| [[لا]] }}}} |
|||
| {{note|lam_alif_lig| Lam Alef ligature: }} Lam '''{{lang|ar|{{font|font=arial| [[ ل ]] }}}}''' followed by Alif '''{{lang|ar|{{font|font=arial| [[ ا ]] }}}}''' forms a specific ligature {{lang|ar|{{font|font=arial| لا }}}} in most Arabic writing styles but this is less dramatic in Urdu script. |
|||
|} |
|||
== Vowels == |
== Vowels == |
||
The [[Urdu]] language has |
The [[Urdu]] language has 10 vowels and 10 nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent [[Arabic alphabet]], Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. [[Aleph|Alif]], [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], [[Yodh|Ye]], [[He (letter)|He]] and their variants are used to represent vowels. |
||
=== Vowel chart === |
=== Vowel chart === |
||
Urdu |
Urdu doesn't have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (''a'', ''i'', ''u'') are represented by optional diacritics (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh'') upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (''alif'', ''ain'', or ''hamzah'') if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants ''alif'', ''ain'', ''ye'', and ''wa'o'' as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (''zabar'', ''zer'', ''pesh''), whereas some are not (''madd'', ''hamzah''). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels: |
||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
||
|- |
|||
!Romanization |
!Romanization |
||
![[International Phonetic Alphabet| |
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]] |
||
!Final |
!Final |
||
!Middle |
!Middle |
||
Line 2,351: | Line 484: | ||
|{{IPA|/ə/}} |
|{{IPA|/ə/}} |
||
|N/A |
|N/A |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَ}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَ}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|ā |
|ā |
||
|{{IPA|/aː/}} |
|{{IPA|/aː/}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَا}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|آ}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|i |
|i |
||
|{{IPA|/ɪ/}} |
|{{IPA|/ɪ/}} |
||
|N/A |
|N/A |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِ}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِ}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|ī |
|ī |
||
|{{IPA|/iː/}} |
|{{IPA|/iː/}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِى}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِيـ}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِی}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|e |
|e |
||
|{{IPA|/eː/}} |
|{{IPA|/eː/}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـے}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـيـ}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اے}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|ai |
|ai |
||
|{{IPA|/ɛː/}} |
|{{IPA|/ɛː/}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَے}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَيـ}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَے}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|u |
|u |
||
|{{IPA|/ʊ/}} |
|{{IPA|/ʊ/}} |
||
|N/A |
|N/A |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُ}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُ}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|ū |
|ū |
||
|{{IPA|/uː/}} |
|{{IPA|/uː/}} |
||
|colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـُو}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اُو}} |
||
|- |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|o |
|o |
||
|{{IPA|/oː/}} |
|{{IPA|/oː/}} |
||
|colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـو}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|او}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|au |
|au |
||
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}} |
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}} |
||
|colspan=2 style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَو}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَو}} |
||
|} |
|} |
||
=== ''Alif'' === |
=== ''Alif'' === |
||
''Alif'' |
''Alif'' is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, ''alif'' can be used to represent any of the short vowels: {{Nastaliq|اب}} ''ab'', {{Nastaliq|اسم}} ''ism'', {{Nastaliq|اردو}} ''Urdū''. For long ''ā'' at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: {{Nastaliq|آپ}} ''āp'', but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: {{Nastaliq|بھاگنا}} ''bhāgnā''. |
||
=== '' |
=== ''Wāʾo'' === |
||
''Wāʾo'' is used |
''Wāʾo'' is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the [[labiodental approximant]], [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant ''k͟hē ({{Nastaliq|خ}}''), can ''wāʾo'' render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in {{Nastaliq|خود}}, "<u>''kh''</u>''ud''" - ''myself''), or not pronounced at all (such as in ''{{Nastaliq|خواب}}'', "<u>''kh''</u>''aab''" - ''dream''). |
||
=== ''Ye |
=== ''Ye'' === |
||
''Ye'' is divided into two variants: ''choṭī ye'' ("little ye") and ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("big ye"). |
|||
''Ye'' has a variant called ''[[baṛī ye]]'' ("greater ye") for which the regular [[Perso-Arabic alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] ''ye'' ({{uninastaliq|ی}}) is called ''choṭī ye'' ("lesser ye"), which is used, as a consonant/semivowel, for "y" ({{IPA|/j/}}) and, as a vowel, for long "i" ({{IPA|/iː/}}), long "e" ({{IPA|/eː/}}) and the monophthongized diphthong "ai" ({{IPA|/ɛː/}}). |
|||
''Choṭī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}}) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y". |
|||
''Baṛī ye'' ({{uninastaliq|ے}}) is however used to render the word-final long "e" and "ai" especially to distinguish prepositions and other single syllable words. ''Baṛī ye'' is never used as a consonant. |
|||
''Baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" ({{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} respectively). ''Baṛī ye'' is distinguishable in writing from ''choṭī ye'' only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, ''Baṛī ye'' is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike ''choṭī ye''. |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan=2 | Letter's name |
|||
! colspan=4 | [[Nastaliq]] |
|||
! colspan=4 | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="column-width:6em" | Final<br/>Form |
|||
! style="column-width:4em" | Middle<br/>Form |
|||
! style="column-width:4em" | Initial<br/>Form |
|||
! style="column-width:5em" | Isolated<br/>Form |
|||
! style="column-width:6em" | Final<br/>Form |
|||
! style="column-width:4em" | Middle<br/>Form |
|||
! style="column-width:4em" | Initial<br/>Form |
|||
! style="column-width:5em" | Isolated<br/>Form |
|||
|- |
|||
|align=center|{{font|size=130%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|بڑی يے}}}}}} <br/> Baṛī yē |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|‍ے}}}} |
|||
|colspan=2 style="font-size: 100%" |[none] |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ے ]]}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|‍ے}}}} |
|||
|colspan=2 style="font-size: 100%" |[none] |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|[[ ے ]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|align=center|{{font|size=130%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چھوٹی يے }}}}}} <br/> Chotī yē |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|‍ی}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|‍ی‍}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ی‍}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ی ]]}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|‍ی}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|‍ی‍}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|ی‍}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|[[ ی ]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|align=center|{{font|size=150%|{{lang|ar| يَاء }}}} <br /> [[Arabic alphabet | Arabic]] ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Yāʾ}}'' |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|‍ي}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|‍ي‍}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ي‍}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[ ي ]]}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|‍ي}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|‍ي‍}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ur|{{uninaskh|ي‍}}}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 180%" |{{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[ ي ]]}}}} |
|||
|} |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
=== Nasal ''Nun'' === |
|||
!Letter's name |
|||
[[Nasal vowel|Vowel nasalization]] is indicated by placing a ''nūn'' ({{uninastaliq|ن}}) after the vowel and removing the supralinear dot ( {{uninastaliq|ں}} , always in word-final position) or placing a V-shaped or U-shaped diacritic called ''maghnoona'' or ''ulta jazm'' on top ({{uninastaliq|ن٘}}). This is known as ''nūn g͟hunnā'' or ''nūn-e-g͟hunnā'' ("nūn of nasalization"). For example, the nasalized form of the word {{uninastaliq|ہَے}} (''hai'', /ɦɛː/) is written {{uninastaliq|ہَیں}} (''ha͠i'', /ɦɛ̃ː/). Word-medially it is also present for the [[homorganic]] nasalization in digraphs with velar and retroflex consonants, such as in {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ٹان٘گ}}}} (''ṭā'''ṅg''''', /ʈɑːŋɡ/) or {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|گھن٘ٹہ}}}} (''gha'''ṇṭ'''ā'', /ɡʱəɳʈɑː/), where the ''maghnoona'' or ''ulta jazm'' is often ignored unless disambiguation is necessary (as with Arabic-script diacritics in general). |
|||
!Final Form |
|||
!Middle Form |
|||
===== Examples: ===== |
|||
!Initial Form |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
|||
!Isolated Form |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | Position |
|||
! colspan=2 | Urdu |
|||
! rowspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | Transcription / Transliteration |
|||
! rowspan=2 style="font-size:110%" | IPA |
|||
! rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | spelling for [[Hindustani language|Hindi equivalent]] |
|||
! rowspan=2 | Translation |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}<br />Choṭī ye |
|||
! [[Nastaliq|Nasta'lyq]] |
|||
|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ـی}} |
|||
! [[Arial font]] {{ref|arial_nun|[A]}} |
|||
|rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ـیـ}} |
|||
|rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|یـ}} |
|||
|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ی}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}<br />Baṛī ye |
|||
| Orthography |
|||
| |
|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ـے}} |
||
| |
|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ے}} |
||
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}} |
|||
| {{IPA|/ ◌̃ /}} {{font|size=85%|(diacritic on a vowel)}} e.g. {{IPA|/ɛ̃ː/ /æ̃:/}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" |{{lang|hi| ँ ं }} |
|||
| style="background:#c0c6d2;"| |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=3 | End<br/>form |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{Nq|مَیں}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{font|font=arial|مَیں}}}} |
|||
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}} {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ma͠i''}} |
|||
| {{IPA|/mæ̃:/}} <ref name="میں" /> [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA {{ipa|/mɛ̃ː/}}] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|hi|मैं}} |
|||
| style="font:Tahoma" | I {{font|size=85%|(first person singular pronoun)}} or egotism <ref name="میں">{{cite web |title=میں |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B/1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA |website=ur.oxforddictionaries |accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{font|font=arial|میں}}}} |
|||
| mẽ |
|||
| {{IPA|/mẽ:/}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" |{{lang|hi| में }} |
|||
| style="font:Tahoma" | in / within / among / between / at <ref name="میں" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{Nq| ہَیں }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{font|font=arial| ہَیں }}}} |
|||
| ''ha͠i'' |
|||
| {{IPA|/ɦɛ̃ː/ /hæ̃:/}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font:Tahoma" | "are" {{font|size=85%|(auxiliary verb)}} <ref> {{cite web |title=are ہَیں Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA |website=ur.oxforddictionaries.com | accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=4 | Middle<br/>form {{ref|medial_nun|[M]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|{{font|font=arial|کن٘ول}}}} |
|||
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|'' kaṉwal ''}} {{citation needed|date=February 2020}} |
|||
| {{IPA|/kə̃vəl/}} <ref name="oxford lotus" /> |
|||
| |
|||
| {{font|font=Tahoma|[[Lotus flower]]}} <ref name="oxford lotus" >{{cite web |title=Lotus کنول Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84 |website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary |accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
| style="font-size:150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq| گھن٘ٹہ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%"|{{lang|ur|{{font|font=arial| گھن٘ٹہ }}}} |
|||
| ''gha'''ṇṭ'''ā'' |
|||
| {{IPA| ɡʱəɳʈɑː }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE#Hindi {{lang|hi| घंटा }}] |
|||
| style="font=tahoma;font-size:90%" | [[ghanta]] ritual bell<ref name="گھنٹہ" />, hour<ref name="گھنٹہ" />, clock<ref name="گھنٹہ" />, slang for penis<ref name="گھنٹہ">{{cite web | title=گھنٹہ | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%81 |website=ur.oxforddictionaries |accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>, or vague non-specific expletive<ref name="Urban Dictionary: ghanta">{{cite web |title=Urban Dictionary: ghanta |url=https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=ghanta |website=Urban Dictionary |accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size:150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq| ٹان٘گ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%"|{{lang|ur|{{font|font=arial| ٹان٘گ }}}} |
|||
| ''ṭā'''ṅg''''' |
|||
| {{IPA| /ʈɑːŋɡ/ }} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF {{lang|hi|टांग}}] |
|||
| {{font|font=Tahoma|the leg}}<ref name="ٹانگ">{{cite web |title=ٹانگ |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF |website=ur.oxforddictionaries | accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size:150%"|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| پن٘جابی }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%"|{{lang|ur|{{font|font=arial| پن٘جابی }}}} |
|||
| Punjabi |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | |
|||
{{IPA-ur|pəndʒɑ:bi|lang}} <ref name="پنجابی ur.oxford">{{cite web |title=پن٘جابی |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C | website=ur.oxforddictionaries |accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref> |
|||
<br/> {{IPA-pa|pənˈdʒaːbːi|lang}} |
|||
| {{lang-pa|{{font|size=130%|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}}} <br/> {{lang-hi|{{font|size=130%|पंजाबी}}}} |
|||
| {{font|font=Tahoma| Punjabi }} / {{font|font=Tahoma| Panjabi }} |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="7" style="font-size:100%;text-align:left" | '''Footnotes:''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="7" style="font-size:90%;text-align:left" | {{note|arial_nun|[A]}} Arial is a popular font for writing [[Arabic]], it is included for readers who are not familiar with the letters in the Nasta'liq style. |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="7" style="font-size:90%;text-align:left" | {{note|medial_nun|[M]}} For the medial form, the maghnoona or ulta jazm is often ignored unless disambiguation is necessary. |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== |
=== ''The 2 he's'' === |
||
''He'' is divided into two variants: ''gol he'' ("round he") and ''do-cashmī he'' ("two-eyed he"). |
|||
<!--technically the dots on base letters are kinda diacritics --> |
|||
''Gol he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/e:/}}), which also alters its form slightly (it is worth noting that on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two ''he's'' consecutively). |
|||
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{uninastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{uninastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from [[Arabic]]. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamzah-e-izafat'' are described in the next section. |
|||
''Do-cashmī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words. |
|||
Other than common diacritics, [[Urdu]] also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', ''maghnoona'', ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only ''maghnoona'' is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title=Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode|publisher=}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
|||
== The two ''He's'' == |
|||
!Letter's name |
|||
!Final Form |
|||
''He'' has two variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cashmī he'' ("two-eyed he"). |
|||
!Middle Form |
|||
!Initial Form |
|||
''Gol he'' ({{uninastaliq|ہ}}) is the primary letter for the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound but word-finally is pronounced as a long "a" or "e" ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/e:/}}). |
|||
!Isolated Form |
|||
''Do-cashmī he'' ({{uninastaliq|ھ}}), which is written as a looped medial or initial hāʾ, is used to orthographically produce [[aspirated consonant| aspiration]] and [[breathy voice]] and sometimes to write Arabic words. |
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Gol He and do-cashmi-he diverged from the Arabic letter he, sometimes choti hey is used too refer to gol hey, while sometimes choti he refers to the Arabic version. The distinction is somewhat artificial, since gol he is an equivalent letter to the Arabic letter, but they have separate unicode characters. Some fonts make the Arabic he look the same as gol hey or do-cashmi he. |
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===== depictions of hey ===== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|+ He in very different fonts [[Nastaliq]] (N), [[Arial font|Arial]] (A), and [[Tahoma font|Tahoma]] (T) {{ref|fonts_N_A_T|[footnote]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}<br />Gol he |
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! rowspan=2 | Letter name <br/> and unicode |
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|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ـہ}} |
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! colspan=3 | Isolated Form |
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ـہہ |
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! colspan=3 | Final Form |
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|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ـہـ}} |
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! colspan=3 | Middle Form |
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|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ہـ}} |
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! colspan=3 | Initial Form |
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|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ہ}} |
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|- |
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! style="background:#d5d9e1;"| [[Nasta'liq|N]] |
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! [[Arial font|A]] |
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! [[Tahoma font|T]] |
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! style="background:#d5d9e1;"| [[Nasta'liq|N]] |
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! [[Arial font|A]] |
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! [[Tahoma font|T]] |
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! style="background:#d5d9e1;"| [[Nasta'liq|N]] |
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! [[Arial font|A]] |
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! [[Tahoma font|T]] |
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! style="background:#d5d9e1;"| [[Nasta'liq|N]] |
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! [[Arial font|A]] |
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! [[Tahoma font|T]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}<br />Do-cashmī he |
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| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | {{font| size=120%| {{uninastaliq| گول ہے}}}} <br/> ''Gol he'' <br/> '''U+06C1'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Unicode Utilities: Character Properties 06C1 | url=https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 | website=unicode.org | accessdate=2 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| |
|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ـھ}} |
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|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ـھـ}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ہ }}}} |
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|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ھـ}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ہ }}}} |
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| |
|style="font-size: 150%" align=center|{{lang|ur|ھ}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ـہ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ـہ }}}} |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq| ‍ہ‍ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ـہـ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ـہـ }}}} |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq| ہ‍ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ہـ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ہـ }}}} |
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|- |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Gol hey isolated 2020-04-01.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Gol hey end 2020-04-01.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Gol hey mid 2020-04-01.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Gol hey start 2020-04-01.png|120px|center]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے}}}} <br/> ''Do-cashmī he'' <br/> '''U+06BE'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Unicode Utilities: Character Properties 06BE | url=https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE&B1=Show | website=unicode.org | accessdate=2 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq|[[ ھ ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ھ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ہ }}}} |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq| ‍ھ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ـھ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ـہ }}}} |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq| ‍ھ‍ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ـھـ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ـہـ }}}} |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq| ھ‍ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ھـ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ہـ }}}} |
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|- |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Do cashmi hey isoated 2020-04-01 11am.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Do cashmi hey end 2020-04-01 11am.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Do cashmi hey mid 2020-04-01 11am.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Do cashmi hey start 2020-04-01 11am.png|120px|center]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | Arabic Letter Heh <br/> '''U+0647'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Unicode Utilities: Character Properties 0647 | url=https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647&B1=Show | website=unicode.org | accessdate=2 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq|[[ ه ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ه }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ه }}}} |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq| ‍ه }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ـه }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ـه }}}} |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq| ‍ه‍ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| ـهـ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| ـهـ }}}} |
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| style="background:#eaecf0;font-size:240%;"| {{lang|ur|{{nq| ه‍ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=Arial|size=200%| هـ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|font=tahoma|size=160%| هـ }}}} |
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|- |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Ha isolated 2020-04-01 11am.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Ha end 2020-04-01 11am.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Ha mid 2020-04-01 11am.png|120px|center]] |
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| colspan=3 | [[File:Ha start 2020-04-01 11am.png|120px|center]] |
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|- |
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|} |
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'''Footnotes:''' {{note|fonts_N_A_T|}} |
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* This may display in different fonts to those listed if you do not have Arial, Tahoma, and a Nastaliq font installed. |
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* [[Nasta'liq]] is the style used for almost everything written in Urdu, from official documents to web memes. This will only display in Nastaliq if you have a Nastaliq font installed on your system, such as Urdu Typesetting (on Windows), Google's Noto Nastaliq Urdu,<ref name="Noto Nastaliq">{{cite web | title=Google Noto Fonts | url=https://www.google.com/get/noto/ | website=www.google.com | accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> or [[SIL International]]'s Awami Nastaliq.<ref name="Awami Nastaliq">{{cite web | title=Awami Nastaliq |url=https://software.sil.org/awami/ | website=software.sil.org | accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> |
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* [[Arial font|Arial]] is a font commonly used for Arabic, but it also includes the Urdu letters. |
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* [[Tahoma font|Tahoma]] has an extensive and distinctive Arabic character set, particularly for Hey. |
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==== Aspirated and breathy voiced consonants ==== |
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===== Table of digraphs: ===== |
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<!-- |
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"Aspirated sonorants may be represented as conjuncts/ligatures with ह ha: म्ह mha, न्ह nha, ण्ह ṇha, व्ह vha, ल्ह lha, ळ्ह ḷha, र्ह rha." |
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari |
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--> |
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{| class=" wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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! colspan=5 | corresponding single-letter consonants |
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! colspan=11 | "aspirated" consonants, "breathy voiced" consonants, "aspirated sonorants", and other [[Digraph (orthography) | digraphs]] <ref name="omniglot.com"/><ref name="LoC"/><ref name="user.uni-hannover"/><ref name="Hindi alphabet www.omniglot.com"> {{cite web | title=Hindi alphabet, pronunciation and language | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm | website=www.omniglot.com | accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate">{{cite book | last1=Kashani | first1=Aabid | title=Urdu: The Ultimate Beginners Learning Guide: Master The Fundamentals Of The Urdu Language | date=2019 | publisher=Dirk Alan Llorens? | edition=Kindle}}</ref><ref name="github UWSS">{{cite web | title=Urdu writing system summary | url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arabic/urdu#consonants | website=r12a.github.io | accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration"/> |
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|- |
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! Urdu Letter |
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! colspan=2 | {{font|size=90%|[[Devanagari]]}} |
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! colspan=2 | [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]]<big>{{ref|schwa|[ə]}}</big> |
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! colspan=2 | Urdu [[Digraph (orthography)|Digraphs]] |
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! colspan=2 | Urdu Name(s) <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/><ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate"/> |
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! Romanised name(s) |
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! colspan=2 | {{font|size= 90%| [[Devanagari]]}} <ref name="Hindi alphabet www.omniglot.com"/><ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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! Hindi name <ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration"/> |
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! ALA‑LC <ref name="LoC"/> |
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! colspan=2 | [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]]<big>{{ref|schwa|[ə]}}</big> <!--<ref name=" github UWSS" />--> |
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|- <!-- U+0647 {{lang|ur| چهوٹی هے }} || čhōṭī hē -- hannover ref = 34a --> |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ھ]]}}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="background:#dfefff;" | (none) |
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| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[ʱ]]}} / {{IPA|[[ʰ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| colspan=2 style="background:#dfefff;" | (below) |
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| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| dō‑čašmī hē |
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| colspan=2 style="background:#dfefff;" | (none) |
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| |
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| h |
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| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[ʱ]]}} / {{IPA|[[ʰ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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|- <!-- <ref name=" user.uni-hannover" /> |
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{{lang|ur| بهے }} bhē |
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{{lang|ur| بهے }} || bhē -- hannover ref = 2h |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| بھ }} bʱ |
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<ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
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{{lang|ur| بھ }} {{ipa| bʱ }} |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
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bʱ bʰ bh |
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--> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ب]]}} |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ब]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|بھ}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بھے }}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| bhē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[भ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| bh |
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| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[b]][[ʱ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| پهے }} || phē -- hannover ref = 3h |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| پھ }} pʰ |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
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pʰ pʰ ph |
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--> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[پ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[प]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|پھ}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| پھے }}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| phē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[फ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| ph |
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| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[pʰ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| تهے }} || thē - hannover ref = 4h |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| تھ }} t̪ʰ |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
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t̪ʰ tʰ th |
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--> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ت]]}} |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[त]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|تھ}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھے }}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| thē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[थ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| th |
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| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[t̪]][[ʰ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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|- <!-- <ref name=" user.uni-hannover" /> |
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{{lang|ur| ٹهے }} || ṭhē - hannover ref = 5h |
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{{lang|ur| ٹهے }} ṭhē |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| ٹھ }} ʈʰ |
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<ref name=" github UWSS" /> {{lang|ur| ٹھ }} --> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ٹ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ट]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq| ٹھ }} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹھے }}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| ṭhē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ठ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| ṭh |
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| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[ʈ]][[ʰ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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|- <!-- <ref name=" user.uni-hannover" /> |
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{{lang|ur| جهے }} jhē - hannover ref = 7 |
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{{lang|ur| جهے }} jhē |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| جھ }} d͡ʒʰ |
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<ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| یھ }} jʱ |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
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d͡ʒʰ ʤʰ jh |
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--> |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ج]]}} |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ज]]}} |
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| rowspan=2 style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|جھ}} |
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| rowspan=2 style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| جھے }}}} |
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| rowspan=2 style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| rowspan=2 | jhē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[झ]]}} |
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| rowspan=2 style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 | jh |
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| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[d͡ʒ]][[ʱ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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|- |
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| style="font-size:130%" | {{ipa| jʱ }} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| چهے }} || čhē / chē -- hannover ref = 8h |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| چھ }} t͡ʃʰ |
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--> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[چ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[च]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|چھ}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| چھے }}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| čhē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / chē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / chhē |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[छ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| ch |
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| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[t͡ʃ]][[ʰ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| دهے }} || dhē -- hannover ref = 11h |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| ڈھ }} ɖʱ |
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--> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[د]]}} |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[द]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|دھ}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| دھے }}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
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| dhē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
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| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ध]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| |
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| dh |
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| style="font-size:130%" | {{ipa|[[d̪]][[ʱ]]}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> <!-- |
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old version {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[d]][[ʱ]]}} }} |
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--> |
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|- <!-- <ref name=" user.uni-hannover" /> |
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{{lang|ur| ڈهے }} ḍhē |
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{{lang|ur| ڈهے }} ḍhē -- hannover ref = 12h > |
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<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| دھ }} d̪ʱ |
|||
<ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| ڈھ }} {{ipa| ɖʱ }} --> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ڈ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ड]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|ڈھ}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈھے }}}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
|||
| ḍhē<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ढ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| ḍh |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[ɖ]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| رھ }} {{ipa| rʱ }} |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| رھ }} rʱ |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
rʱ rʰ ṛh |
|||
--> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ر]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[र]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|رھ}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| }}}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| __ |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[r]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name=" user.uni-hannover" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| ڑھے }} ṛhē = r.hē |
|||
{{lang|ur| ڑهے }} ṛhē |
|||
{{lang|ur| ڑهے }} || ṛhē -- hannover ref = 15h |
|||
<ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| ڑھ }} {{ipa| ɽʱ }} |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| ڑھ }} ɽʱ |
|||
--> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ڑ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ड़]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|ڑھ}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڑھے }}}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| ṛhē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ढ़]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| ṛh |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[ɽ]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name=" user.uni-hannover" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| کهے }} khē |
|||
{{lang|ur| کهے }} khē -- hannover ref = 28h |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| کھ }} kʰ |
|||
<ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| کھ }} {{ipa| kʰ }} |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ख KHA Kaaf-Hay |
|||
--> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ک]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[क]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|کھ}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| کھے }}}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| khē |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ख]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| kh |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[k]][[ʰ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
|- <!-- {{lang|ur| گهے }} || ghē - hannover ref = 29h |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| گھ }} ɡʱ |
|||
<ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| گھ }} {{ipa| ɡʱ }} --> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[گ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ग]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|گھ}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| گھے }}}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
|||
| ghē <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[घ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| gh |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[ɡ]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| نھ }} nʱ --> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ن]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[न]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|نھ}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|न्ह}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| nh |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[n]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| مھ }} mʱ --> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[م]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[म]] [[ह]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|مھ}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|म्ह}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| mh |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[m]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| لھ }} {{ipa| lʱ }} |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| لھ }} lʱ |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
lʱ lʰ lh |
|||
--> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ل]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ल]] [[ळ]] [[ह]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq| لھ }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | |
|||
{{lang|hi|[[ ऴ ]]}} <!-- Drops --> |
|||
{{lang|hi| ल्ह }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[l]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name=" github UWSS" /> |
|||
{{lang|ur| یھ }} {{ipa| jʱ }} |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
jʱ yʰ yh |
|||
--> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ ی ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ य ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq| یھ }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi| य्ह }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[j]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| وھ }} ʋʱ |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
ʋʱ vʰ wh |
|||
--> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ و ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ व ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq| وھ }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi| व्ह }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[ʋ]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
|- <!-- <ref name="github UWSS"/> {{lang|ur| هھ }} hʱ --> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ ه ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ ह ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq| هھ }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi| }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | {{IPA|[[h]][[ʱ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
|- <!-- {{lang|ur| لام الِف }} || lām alif || hannover ref = 30a --> |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ ل ]][[ ا ]]}} |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi|[[ल]] [[आ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="font-size:150%" | {{uninastaliq|[[ لا ]]}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| لام الِف }}}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
|||
| lām alif |
|||
| style="font-size:140%" | {{lang|hi| ला }} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> |
|||
| |
|||
| la |
|||
| style="font-size:130%" | |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== ''Ayn'' === |
|||
'Footnote:' |
|||
''Ayn'' in its initial and final position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel. |
|||
{{note|schwa|ə}}. The Devanagari equivalents all add a schwa {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ə]]}}}} vowel to the IPA. |
|||
=== ''Nun Ghunnah'' === |
|||
Nasalized vowels are represented by ''nun ghunnah'' written after their non nasalized versions, for example: ''{{Nastaliq|ہَے}}'' when nasalized would become ''{{Nastaliq|ہَیں}}''. In middle form ''nun gunnah'' is written just like ''nun'' and is differentiated by a diacritic called ''maghnoona'' or ''ulta jazm'' which is a [[superscript]] V symbol above the {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}. |
|||
Examples: |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
|'''Form''' |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
|'''Urdu''' |
|||
d̪ʱ dʰ dh |
|||
| '''Transcription''' |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
ʈʰ ʈʰ ṭh |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
ɖʱ ɖʰ ḍh |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
kʰ kʰ kh |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
ɡʱ gʰ gh |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
t͡ʃʰ čʰ ch |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
hʱ هʰ hh |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
mʱ mʰ mh |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
IPA - Transliterate - LOC |
|||
nʱ nʰ nh |
|||
<ref name="github UWSS"/> |
|||
ɽʱ ɽʰ ṛh |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
<!-- NOTES to add |
|||
===== ASP ===== |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ख KHA Kaaf-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
घ GHA Gaaf-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
छ CHA Chay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
झ JHA Jeem-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ठ TTHA Ttay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ढ DDHA Ddaal-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
थ THA Tay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ध DHA Daal-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
फ PHA Pay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
भ BHA Bay-Hay |
|||
===== Check ===== |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
न NA Noon |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ण NNA |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ञ NYA |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ङ NGA Noon |
|||
===== ALL ===== |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
क KA Kaaf |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ख KHA Kaaf-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ग GA Gaaf |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
घ GHA Gaaf-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ङ NGA Noon |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
च CA Chay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
छ CHA Chay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ज JA Jeem |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
झ JHA Jeem-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ञ NYA |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ट TTA Ttay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ठ TTHA Ttay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ड DDA Ddaal |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ढ DDHA Ddaal-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ण NNA |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
त TA Tay/ Toay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
थ THA Tay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
द DA Daal |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ध DHA Daal-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
न NA Noon |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
प PA Pay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
फ PHA Pay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ब BA Bay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
भ BHA Bay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
म MA Meem |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
य YA Bari-Yeh |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
र RA Ray |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ल LA Laam |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
व VA Wow |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
श SHA Sheen |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ष SSA Sheen |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
स SA Seen/ Saay/ Suad |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ह HA b Hay |
|||
--> |
|||
=====Examples of digraph usage:===== |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=2 | corresponding <br/> single-letters |
|||
! colspan=3 | [[Digraph (orthography) | digraphs]] |
|||
! colspan=6 | Example |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|Orthography |
|||
! Urdu <br/> Letter |
|||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}} |
|||
! [[international phonetic alphabet | '''IPA''']] |
|||
| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}} |
|||
! Urdu <br/> [[Digraph (orthography)|Digraphs]] <br/> <ref name="LoC"/><ref name="omniglot.com" /><ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate"/> |
|||
! colspan=2 | [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] |
|||
! colspan=2 | Urdu |
|||
! with <br/> diacritics |
|||
! [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] |
|||
! Latin Alphabet |
|||
! style="width:20em" | translation |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ب}}}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=3 | |
|||
| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|بھ}}}}}} |
|||
| rowspan=3 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[b]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: بھارت | بھارت ]]}}}}}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| {{ipa|/bʰɑ:rət̪/}} <br/> <ref name="بھارت" /> |
|||
| |
|||
| [[India]] <ref name="بھارت">{{cite web | title=بھارت | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA | website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary |accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> |
|||
|-<!-- {{lang|ur|بھ}} --> |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| بھالو }}}}}} |
|||
| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
|||
| |
|||
| {{ipa| // }} |
|||
| bhalo <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[]] |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھاری}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa| bʰɑ:ri }} |
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| style="font-size:90%" | heavy / fat / bulky / loud / difficult / important / wealthy <ref name="بھاری">{{cite web |title=بھاری |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C |website=oxforddictionaries |accessdate=13 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| پھے || phē --> |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|پ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|پھ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[pʰ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| پھول }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| phul <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[ ]] |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|پھول}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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|- <!--{{lang|ur| تھے || thē --> |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ت}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|تھ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[t]][[ʰ]]}}}} {{ref|translit_th|[footnote]}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|تھم}}}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھال }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| thal <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[ ]] |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: لتھیم | لتھیم ]]}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| Lithium |
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| [[Lithium]] |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ٹ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹھ }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA| [[ʈ]][[ʰ]] }}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹھوس }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ʈʰo:s/}} <br/> <ref name="ٹھوس" /> |
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| |
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| solid / compact / firm / true / dull <ref name="ٹھوس">{{cite web |title=ٹھوس |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B3 |website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary |accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹھیلا }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| thela <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[ ]] |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹھیس }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| جھے || jhē --><!-- <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> {{lang|ur|جھ}} jh {{lang|ur|جھول}} jhol --> |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ج}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| جھ }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[d͡ʒ]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| جھاڑی }}}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| }}}}}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|چ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چھ }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[t͡ʃ]][[ʰ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| چھری }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| chhuri <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| چھوکرا }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| دھے || dhē --> |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|د}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 | |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|دھ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[d]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| دھم }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| dham <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: گندھک | گندھک ]]}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/gənd̪ʰək/}} <br/> <ref name="گندھک" /> |
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| |
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| [[sulphur]] / [[wikt:brimstone|brimstone]] <ref name="گندھک">{{cite web | title=گندھک | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DA%A9 | website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary | accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|دھوبی}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ڈ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ڈھ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ɖ]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈھال }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| dhal <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|ڈھول}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ر }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| رھ }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ ]][[ ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| }}}}}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ڑ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ڑھ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ɽ]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| گڑھ }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| garh <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|کڑھنا}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| کھے || khē --><!--{{lang|ur|کھ}} kh {{lang|ur|}} --> |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ک}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 | |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|کھ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[k]][[ʰ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|کھولنا}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| کھانا }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| |
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| {{ipa|/kʰɑ:nɑ:/}} <br/> <ref name="کھانا" /> |
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| khana <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| food / meal / banquet <ref name="کھانا">{{cite web |title=کھانا Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7 |website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary |accessdate=21 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| دکھائی }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="BBC دکھائی + خلا">{{cite web | title=خلا سے انڈیا کی فضا الگ کیوں دکھائی دیتی ہے؟ | url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/science-44609717 | website=BBC News اردو | accessdate=21 March 2020 | language=ur | date=27 June 2018}}</ref> |
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| {{ipa|/d̪ɪkʰɑ:i:/}} <br/> <ref name="دِکھائی" /> |
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| |
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| inspection / appearance / showing / show <ref name="دِکھائی">{{cite web | title=دِکھائی Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%D8%AF%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%DB%8C | website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary | accessdate=21 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|گ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|گھ}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ɡ]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| گھر }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| ghar <br/> <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|گھبراہٹ}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ن}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| نھ }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[n]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|ننّھا}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/nənnʰɑ:/}} <br/> <ref name="ننّھا" /> |
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| |
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| small / tiny <br/> <ref name="ننّھا" >{{cite web | title=ننّھا | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D9%86%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7 | website=oxford dictionaries | accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ___ }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| [[ ]] |
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|End form |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|م}}}}}} |
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| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}} |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| مھ }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[m]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|تمھیں}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="تُمھیں">{{cite web | title=تُمھیں | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%BA/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C/%D8%AA%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%BA | website=Oxford Dictionaries | accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref> |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] (alternative of {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|تُمہیں}}}}) |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ___ }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| [[ ]] |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|و}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| وھ }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ ]]}}}} |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| }}}}}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|ل}}}}}} |
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| rowspan=2 | |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|لھ}}}}}} <br/><ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[l]][[ʰ]]}}}} <br/> <ref name="دُولھا" /> |
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| rowspan=2 | {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[l]][[ʱ]]}}}} <br/> <ref name="github UWSS" /> |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| دولھا }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> |
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| {{lang|ur| دُولھا }} <br/> <ref name="دُولھا" /> |
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| {{ipa|/d̪u:lʰɑ:/}} <br/> <ref name="دُولھا" /> |
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| |
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| [[bridegroom]] <ref name="دُولھا">{{cite web | title=دُولھا Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DA%BE%D8%A7 | website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary | accessdate=25 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{ipa|/ /}} |
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| [[ ]] |
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|- <!-- {{lang|ur| لام الِف || lām alif --> |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=120%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ل ا }}}}}} |
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| rowspan=3 | |
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| rowspan=3 | {{font|size=150%|{{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| لا }}}}}} <br/> {{ref|nastaliq_lam_alif|[footnote]}} |
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| rowspan=3 colspan=2 | |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: خلا | خلا ]]}}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="BBC دکھائی + خلا"/> |
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| |
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| {{ipa|/xəlɑ:/}} <br/> <ref name="خلا" /> |
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| |
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| [[outer space]], vacuum, vacant place, absence <ref name="خلا">{{cite web | title=خلا Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7 | website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary | accessdate=21 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ملاعین }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | <ref name="ملاعین" /> |
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| |
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| {{ipa|/məlɑ:ʔi:n/}} <br/> <ref name="ملاعین" /> |
|||
| |
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| accursed persons <ref name="ملاعین">{{cite web |title=ملاعین Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86 |website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary |accessdate=25 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{font|size=120%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| علاج }}}}}} |
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| style="border-left: solid transparent;" | |
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| {{lang|ur| عِلاج }} |
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| {{ipa|/ɪlɑ:dʒ/}} <ref name="عِلاج"/> |
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| |
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| cure / remedy / antidote / relief <ref name="عِلاج">{{cite web | title=عِلاج Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC | website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary | accessdate=25 March 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|Middle form |
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|style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}} |
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| {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}} |
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|} |
|} |
||
== Hamza == |
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{{note|nastaliq_lam_alif|Lam Alif: }} |
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In [[Urdu]], ''hamza'' is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamza-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamza'' in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster. |
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This ligature is much mote prominent in Arabic styles than it is in Urdu's usual Nastaliq. |
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== Diacritics == |
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{{note|translit_th|Transliteration of "th":}} |
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Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} , Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from [[Arabic]]. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamza-e-izafat'' are described in the next section. |
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The digraph {{lang|ur| تھ }} is often used to transliterate "th" in European words, e.g. {{lang|ur|[[:ur: لتھیم | لتھیم ]]}} [[Lithium]] <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" > {{cite web | title=Urdu: Periodic Table | url=http://www.biscuitcitypress.com/Periodic_Tables/inc_ur_PT_Urdu.html | website=www.biscuitcitypress.com | accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref>. |
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Other than common diacritics, [[Urdu]] also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', ''maghnoona'', ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only ''maghnoona'' is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title="Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode"|publisher=}}</ref> |
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== Comparison to related languages == |
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=== Differences from the [[Persian alphabet]] === |
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Urdu has more letters added to the Persian base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added include: |
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* ṭē {{lang|ur|{{font|size=140%|{{uninastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}}}} to represent [[voiceless retroflex stop]] {{ipa|/ʈ/}} |
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* ḍāl {{lang|ur|{{font|size=140%|{{uninastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}}}} to represent [[voiced retroflex stop]] {{ipa|/ɖ/}} |
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* ṛē {{lang|ur|{{font|size=140%|{{uninastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}}} to represent [[retroflex flap]] {{ipa|/ɽ/}} |
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* nūn-e ğunnah {{lang|ur|{{font|size=140%|{{uninastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}}} to represent [[nasal vowel]] {{ipa|/◌̃/}} |
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* a separate do-cashmi-[[He (letter)|hē]] letter {{lang|ur|{{font|size=140%|{{uninastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}}}} exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant]] {{ipa|/ʰ/}} or a [[murmured voice]] {{ipa|/ʱ/}}. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed below. |
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* and baṛī yē {{lang|ur|{{font|size=140%|{{uninastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}}} is used to represent a [[long vowel | long]] [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] {{ipa|/ɛː/}} or a [[long vowel | long]] [[close-mid front unrounded vowel]] {{ipa|/eː/}} at the end of a word, is a derivative of Persian letter yē {{lang|fa| ی یـ ـیـ ـی }} - which in Urdu is called čhōṭī yē. (The Persian and Urdu versions differ from the [[arabic alphabet | Arabic]] version {{lang|fa| يـ ـيـ ـي ي }} by omitting the dots in the final and isolated forms.) |
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=== Retroflex letters === |
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{{note|origin_of_mini_toh|(back)}} |
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[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]] |
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Old Hindustani used four dots over three Arabic letters to represent retroflex consonants: <!-- tagged two as Sindhi because these letters are used in modern Sindhi, might help them display better? ~~~~ --> {{lang|sd|[[ٿ]]}}, {{lang|ar|[[ڐ]]}} and {{lang|sd|[[ڙ]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots was often written like a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> (It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ''{{citation needed|is that the right name? this doesn't quite make sense.|date=March 2020}} itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of its being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes. In modern Urdu {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}}, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a dental, not a retroflex. |
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<!-- |
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| style="font-size:200%;" | {{lang|ur| ﯀ }} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBC0 U+FBC0] |
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--> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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! colspan=5 | modern Urdu |
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! colspan=3 | [[Sindhi language | Sindhi]] retroflex [[consonant]] |
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! colspan=2 | old Urdu form |
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! rowspan=2 | [[Sindhi language | Sindhi]] [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] for {{lang|sd|[[ٿ]] [[ڐ]] [[ڙ]]}} |
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|- |
|||
! alphabet |
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! [[Arabic_script_in_Unicode | Unicode]] |
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! colspan=2 | name |
|||
! [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] |
|||
! colspan=2 | [[Sindhi_language#Phonology | alphabet]] |
|||
! [[Arabic_script_in_Unicode | Unicode]] |
|||
! [[Sindhi_language#Perso-Arabic_script | alphabet]] |
|||
! [[Arabic_script_in_Unicode | Unicode]] |
|||
|- <!-- U+067D ٽ {{lang|ur| ٹے }} || ṭē || U+067F --> |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٹ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 U+0679] |
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| {{lang|ur| ٹے }} |
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| ṭē |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{IPAslink|ʈ}} |
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| style="background-color:#dff7ff;font-size:150%" | {{lang|sd|[[ٽ]]}} |
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| style="background-color:#dff7ff;" | |
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| style="background-color:#dff7ff;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067D U+067D] |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٿ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067F U+067F] |
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| style="background-color:#dff7ff;font-size:120%" | {{IPAslink|tʰ}} or {{IPAslink|t͡ɕʰ}} |
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|- <!-- U+0688 ڈ U+068A ڊ -- sindhi ɖ ڊ -- U+0690 {{lang|ur| ڐال }} ḍāl --> |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|[[ ڈ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 U+0688] |
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| {{lang|ur| ڈال }} |
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| ḍāl |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{IPAslink|ɖ}} |
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| style="background-color:#dff7ff;font-size:150%" | {{lang|sd|[[ ڊ ]]}} |
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| style="background-color:#dff7ff;" | |
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| style="background-color:#dff7ff;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=068A U+068A] |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|[[ ڐ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0690 U+0690] |
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| style="background-color:#ddf;font-size:90%" | [https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%90 none] |
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|- <!-- U+0691 ڑ U+0699 ɽ ڙ {{lang|ur| ڙے }} || ṛē --> |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|[[ ڑ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 U+0691] |
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| {{lang|ur| ڑے }} |
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| ṛē |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{IPAslink|ɽ}} |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|sd|[[ ڙ ]]}} |
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| |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0699 U+0699] |
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| style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|ur|[[ ڙ ]]}} |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0699 U+0699] |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{IPAslink|ɽ}} |
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|} <!-- |
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U+0690 ڐ Arabic Letter Dal With Four Dots Above |
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U+0691 ڑ Arabic Letter Rreh |
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U+0688 ڈ Arabic Letter Ddal |
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U+068A ڊ Arabic Letter Dal With Dot Below |
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U+067D ٽ Arabic Letter Teh With Three Dots Above Downwards |
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--> |
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==== Converting to and from the English alphabet ==== |
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<!-- i do mean specifically English, not just Latin, don't change it unless you are adding examples and explanation applicable to other languages in the Latin alphabet --> |
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Conversion between the Urdu and English alphabets does not work the same way in both directions. In English when converting Urdu script to the Latin alphabet, the letters {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|د}}}} and {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|ت}}}} are often shown as "d" and "t", respectively, including in IPA, the most precise depiction of these letters is {{ipa|d̪}} and {{ipa|t̪}} but they are often simplified to {{ipa|d}} and {{ipa|t}}.<!--add links to relevant wiki IPA pages--> Whereas the corresponding retroflexed versions of these letters {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|ڈ}}}} and {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|ٹ}}}} are the letters most often used for "d" and "t" in European loan words and transliterations of [[proper nouns]]. These letters are rarer in Urdu, to the that where European [[loan words]] like (doctor) and (tomato) are often the examples given when teaching Children the Urdu alphabet.<!--cite examples, nag me, user: irtapil--> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | [[Hindi]] [[Devanagari#Consonants | devanagari]] equivalent <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[ त ]]}} <!-- त TA ت ط Tay / Toay --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[ट]]}} <!-- ट TTA ٹ Ttay --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[थ]]}} <!-- थ THA تھ Tay-Hay --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[ठ]]}} <!-- ठ TTHA ٹھ Ttay-Hay --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[द]]}} <!-- द DA د Daal dāl द --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[ड]]}} <!-- ड DDA ڈ Ddaal ḍāl ड --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[ध]]}} <!-- dhē ध --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[ढ]]}} <!-- ḍhē ढ --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[र]]}} <!-- = ر = ر rē र --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[ड़]]}} <!-- = ڑ = ڑ ṛē ड़ --> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | {{lang|hi|[[ढ़]]}} <!-- = ڑھ = ڑھ ṛhē ढ़ --> |
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! |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | Urdu letters and digraphs |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ط ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ت ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;background-color:#efe;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ٹ ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;background-color:#efe;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹھ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ د ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;background-color:#efe;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ڈ ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| دھ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;background-color:#efe;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈھ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ر ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;background-color:#efe;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ڑ ]]}}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;background-color:#efe;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڑھ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| رھ }}}} |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | Urdu [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| t }} <!-- is this one also dental? ط --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| t̪ }} <!-- ت --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| ʈ }} <!-- ٹ --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| t̪ʰ }} <!-- تھ --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| ʈʰ }} <!-- ٹھ --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{ipa|[[ d ]]}} / {{ipa|[[ d̪ ]]}} <!-- د --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| ɖ }} <!-- ڈ --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| d̪ʱ }} <!-- دھ --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| ɖʱ }} <!-- ڈھ --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| r }} <!-- ر --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| ɽ }} <!-- ڑ --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{IPAslink| ɽʱ }} <!-- ڑھ --> |
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| style="font-size:140%;" | {{ref|RH|(i)}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan=2 | English spellings <br/> for Urdu words |
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! ALA‑LC<ref name="LoC"/> |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;" | t |
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| style="font-size:120%;background-color:#ffc;" | [[ṭ]] |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | th |
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| style="font-size:120%;background-color:#ffc;" | ṭh |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | d |
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| style="font-size:120%;background-color:#ffc;" | [[ḍ]] |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | dh |
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| style="font-size:120%;background-color:#ffc;" | ḍh |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | r |
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| style="font-size:120%;background-color:#ffc;" | [[ṛ]] |
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| style="font-size:120%;background-color:#ffc;" | ṛh |
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! |
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|- |
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! [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]<ref name="Hunterian"/> |
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| style="font-size:120%;" colspan=3 | t |
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| style="font-size:120%;" colspan=2 | th |
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| style="font-size:120%;" colspan=2 | d |
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| style="font-size:120%;" colspan=2 | dh |
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| style="font-size:120%;" colspan=2 | r |
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| style="font-size:120%;" | rh |
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! |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | English words and names <!-- don't change this to something more general, add specific other languages if you are adding content applicable to them and they have the same patterns, or add extra rows and columns to contrast. --> |
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| colspan=3 style="font-size:120%;" | [[t]] |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;" | th |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;" | [[d]] |
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! colspan=2 | |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;" | [[r]] |
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! colspan=2 | |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | English [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] |
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| colspan=3 style="font-size:125%;" | [[t]] |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:125%;" | [[θ]] / [[ð]] |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:125%;" | [[d]] |
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! colspan=2 | |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:125%;" | {{ref|English_R|(ii)}} |
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! colspan=2 | |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | Urdu for English <br/> words and names |
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| colspan=3 style="font-size:180%;background-color:#efe;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ٹ ]]}}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:180%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[थ | تھ ]]}}}} |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:180%;background-color:#efe;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ڈ ]]}}}} |
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! colspan=2 | |
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| colspan=2 style="font-size:180%;" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ ر ]]}}}} |
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! colspan=2 | |
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|- |
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|} |
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{{note|RH|i.}} rare letter combination in Urdu. |
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{{note|English_R|ii.}} English R varies by [[rhoticity| dialect]]. |
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===== Examples: ===== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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! letters |
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! English spelling <br/> {{ref|BB|[footnote]}} <!--don't change this to "Latin" or "Romanised" unless you are adding examples from other languages in the Latin alphabet--> |
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! English <br/> pronunciation <!-- [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] --> |
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! Urdu <br/> pronunciation <!-- [[international phonetic alphabet | IPA]] --> |
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! Urdu spelling |
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! simplified <br/> script |
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! (re)transliteration |
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! origin |
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! alternate spelling |
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|- |
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| T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} |
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| [[Tomato#Etymology | tomato]] |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tomato {{ipa|tʰə̥ˈmɑːtʰəʊ}} ] |
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| [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1#Urdu {{ipa|ṭamāṭar}}] |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: ٹماٹر | ٹماٹر ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: ٹماٹر | ٹماٹر ]]}} |
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| |
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| {{lang-es|[[:es:tomate|tomate]]}} <br/> {{IPA|[t̪oˈmat̪e]}} <br/> {{lang-pt|[[:pt:tomate|tomate]]}} <br/> [[Portugal]] {{IPA|/tuˈma.tɨ/}} <!--Is the Urdu word via English or Portugiese?--> |
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| |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} |
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| [[physician | doctor]] |
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| [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doctor {{ipa| /ˈdɒktə/ }}] |
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| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{ipa| /ɖɑːkʈər/ }} <ref name="ڈاکٹر" /> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: ڈاکٹر | ڈاکٹر ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: ڈاکٹر | ڈاکٹر ]]}} |
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| |
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| English <ref name="ڈاکٹر">{{cite web | title=ڈاکٹر Urdu to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1 | website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary | accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
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| {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ست }}}}→ST |
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| [[Pakistan]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: پاکستان | پاکستان ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{font|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: پاکستان | پاکستان ]]}}}} |
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| |
|||
| |
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| style="text-size:110%" | {{lang-sd|[[:sd: پاڪستان | پاڪستان]]}} |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[Donald Trump]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ | ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ | ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[Elizabeth II]] |
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| "Elizabeth the second" |
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| Elizabeth dovam <ref name="دوم" >{{cite web |title=Urdu dictionary |url=https://www.rekhta.org/urdudictionary?keyword=%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85 |website=Rekhta |accessdate=22 April 2020}}</ref> |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: ایلزبتھ دوم | ایلزبتھ دوم ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: ایلزبتھ دوم | ایلزبتھ دوم]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[_]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[Women Democratic Front]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ویمن ڈیموکریٹک فرنٹ }}}} |
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| {{lang|ur| ویمن ڈیموکریٹک فرنٹ }} |
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| |
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| a Pakistani feminist organisation <ref>{{cite web |title=عورت آزادی مارچ کا مقصد کیا ہے؟ |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/31006/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%93%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7-%DB%81%DB%92%D8%9F |website=Independent Urdu |accessdate=16 April 2020 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ویمن ڈیموکریٹک فرنٹ کا اجتماع کیوں روکا گیا؟ |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/9986/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86-%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DA |website=Independent Urdu |language=ur}}</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
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| T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} |
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| [[Portsmouth]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: پورٹسماؤتھ | پورٹسماؤتھ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: پورٹسماؤتھ | پورٹسماؤتھ ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} ST→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| سٹ }}}} |
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| [[Australia]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: آسٹریلیا | آسٹریلیا ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: آسٹریلیا | آسٹریلیا ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹھ }}}}→TH <br/> {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}}→T |
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| [[Thatta]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: ٹھٹہ | ٹھٹہ ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: ٹھٹہ | ٹھٹہ ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| style="text-size:110%" | {{lang-sd|ٺٽو}} |
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|- |
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| T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[Rockhampton]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: راکہیمپٹن | راکہیمپٹن ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: راکہیمپٹن | راکہیمپٹن ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} |
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| [[Queensland]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: کوئنزلینڈ | کوئنزلینڈ ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: کوئنزلینڈ | کوئنزلینڈ ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| ST→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| سٹ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[Australia]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: آسٹریلیا | آسٹریلیا ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: آسٹریلیا | آسٹریلیا ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} |
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| [[Lithium]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: لتھیم | لتھیم ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: لتھیم | لتھیم ]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} |
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| [[Bismuth]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: بسمتھ | بسمتھ ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: بسمتھ | بسمتھ ]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} |
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| [[Cobalt]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: کوبالٹ | کوبالٹ ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: کوبالٹ | کوبالٹ ]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} ST→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| سٹ }}}} |
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| [[Tungsten]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: ٹنگسٹن | ٹنگسٹن ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: ٹنگسٹن | ٹنگسٹن ]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[Nitrogen]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: نائٹروجن | نائٹروجن ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: نائٹروجن | نائٹروجن ]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[Hydrogen]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: ہائیڈروجن | ہائیڈروجن ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: ہائیڈروجن | ہائیڈروجن ]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} |
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| [[Rockhampton]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: راکہیمپٹن | راکہیمپٹن ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: راکہیمپٹن | راکہیمپٹن ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} QU→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| کو }}}} S→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ز }}}} |
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| [[Queensland]] |
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| {{IPA|ˈkwiːnzlænd}} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: کوئنزلینڈ | کوئنزلینڈ ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: کوئنزلینڈ | کوئنزلینڈ ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| QU→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| کو }}}} |
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| [[Queanbeyan]] |
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| {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|iː|n|b|i|ən}} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: کوینبیان | کوینبیان ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: کوینبیان | کوینبیان ]]}} |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} W→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| و }}}} |
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| [[Darwin]] |
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| {{IPA|ˈdɑːrwɪn}} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: ڈارون | ڈارون ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: ڈارون | ڈارون ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[Bathurst, New South Wales]] |
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| {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|θ|ər|s|t}} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: باتھرسٹ، نیو ساؤتھ ویلز | باتھرسٹ ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: باتھرسٹ، نیو ساؤتھ ویلز | باتھرسٹ ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[_]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[_]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} |
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| [[_]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|} |
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{{note|BB|Footnote:}} Some of these names originated in other languages, but they are the English spellings of the words, or are names of people or places from regions where English is the main (or only) language. <!-- |
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|-- |
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| Cu |
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| {{ipa|/t̪ɑ̃:bɑ:/}} <ref>{{cite web |title=تانبا |url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/urdu-english/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7 |website=Oxford Urdu Living Dictionary |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref> ([[copper]]) |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: تانبا | تانبا]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: تانبا | تانبا]]}} |
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|- |
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|- |
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| R→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ر }}}} TH→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھ }}}} |
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| [[Ruthenium]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: روتهنيم | روتهنيم]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: روتهنيم | روتهنيم]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| D→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈ }}}} |
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| [[Cadmium]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: کیڈمیئم | کیڈمیئم]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: کیڈمیئم | کیڈمیئم]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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| T→{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹ }}}} |
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| [[Protactinium]] |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| {{ipa| }} |
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| style="font-size:120%" | {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[:ur: پروٹیکٹینیم | پروٹیکٹینیم]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: پروٹیکٹینیم | پروٹیکٹینیم]]}} <ref name="biscuitcity Periodic Table" /> |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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--> |
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=== Comparison to [[Hindi]] [[Devanagari]] and [[Arabic]] === |
|||
Urdu and [[Hindi]] are mostly [[mutually intelligible]], to the point that they are sometimes considered to be one language,<ref name="Why Hindi-Urdu is one language and Arabic is several">{{cite web |last1=Carreiro |first1=Heather |title=Why Hindi-Urdu is one language and Arabic is several - May 28, 2010 |url=https://matadornetwork.com/abroad/why-hindi-urdu-is-one-language-and-arabic-is-several/ |website=Matador Network |accessdate=}}</ref> but this distinction is controversial ([[Hindi Urdu controversy]]). One of the biggest differences is the script; Hindi is usually written in [[Devanagari]]. Transliteration between the two scripts is neither simple nor unambiguous.<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration">{{cite journal |last1=Jawaid |first1=Bushra |last2=Ahmed |first2=Tafseer |title=Hindi to Urdu Conversion: Beyond Simple Transliteration |journal=Proceedings of the Conference on Language & Technology 2009 |date=2009 |url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper4.pdf |accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref> There are many cases where one character in Devanagari Hindi corresponds to multiple redundant characters in Persianised Urdu <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web |title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref> or [[vice versa]] {{citation needed|date=March 2020}} (see table below). in many of these cases the letters had different pronunciations in [[arabic phonology|Arabic]], from which the Urdu alphabet is derived (via the [[Persian alphabet]]). For example, the letters representing the [[emphatic consonants]] from Arabic, {{lang|arz|ط}} and {{lang|arz|ص}} are pronounced the same way as the corresponding non-emphatic consonants {{lang|arz|ت}} and {{lang|arz|س}} in Urdu. Though, when pronouncing [[Arabic]] words, particularly in a religious context, native speakers of Urdu go to great effort to pronounce the Arabic sounds unambiguously {{citation needed|2020-02-25: i have heard this from multiple anecdotal sources, i intend to find a decent reference myself, but if you know of one please add it|date=February 2020}}. |
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==== Redundancy and ambiguity of consonants: ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | Arabic phoneme for letter in [[international Phonetic Alphabet|ⅠPA]] <br/> {{ref|arabic_ⅠPA|[footnote]}} |
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! rowspan=2 | [[arabic alphabet|Arabic letter name]] |
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! rowspan=2 | Arabic Letter <br/> {{ref|arabic_letter|[footnote]}} |
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! rowspan="2" | Urdu letter name <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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! colspan=2 | Urdu letter |
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! rowspan=2 style="width:8%;" | Urdu & Hindi [[international phonetic alphabet|ⅠPA]]{{ref|schwa|[ə]}} <ref name="omniglot.com - Urdu alphabet, pronunciation...">{{cite web |title=Urdu alphabet, pronunciation and language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm |website=www.omniglot.com |accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref> |
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! rowspan=2 | {{font|size=100%|[[Hindi]] [[Devanagari]]}} <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /><ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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! rowspan=2 | Hindi letter name <ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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! colspan=2 | Arabic letter for [[phoneme]] <br/> {{ref|arabic_spelling|[footnote]}} |
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|- |
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! [[modern standard Arabic|MSA]] |
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! [[Classical Arabic|CA]] |
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! [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] <br/> {{ref|Naskh|(footnote)}} |
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! [[Nasta'liq]] |
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! [[modern standard Arabic|MSA]] |
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! [[Classical Arabic|CA]] |
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|- |
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| colspan=2 | {{ipa|s}} |
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| sin |
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| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%|[[س]]}}}} |
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| Seen |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[س]]}}}} |
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| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[س]]}}}}}} |
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| style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|[[s]]}}}} |
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| style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|[[स]]}}}} |
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| style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=3 | SA |
|||
| style="background: #dff7ff;" colspan=2 rowspan=3 | {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|[[س]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| {{ipa|sˤ}} |
|||
| {{ipa|sˠ}} |
|||
| sod |
|||
| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%|[[ص]]}}}} |
|||
| Suad |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ص]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ص]]}}}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | {{ipa|θ}} |
|||
| tha |
|||
| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%|[[ث]]}}}} |
|||
| Saay |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ث]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ث]]}}}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | {{ipa| t / t̪ }} |
|||
| ta |
|||
| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%|[[ت]]}}}} |
|||
| Tay |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ت]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ت]]}}}}}} |
|||
| style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|[[ t̪ ]]}}}} |
|||
| style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|[[त]]}}}} |
|||
| style="background: #dff7ff;" rowspan=2 | TA |
|||
| style="background: #dff7ff;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| {{ipa|tˤ}} |
|||
| {{ipa|tˠ}} |
|||
| toh |
|||
| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%|[[ط]]}}}} |
|||
| Toay |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ط]]}}}} |
|||
|{{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ط]]}}}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=4 style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent |
|||
| Ttay |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ٹ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}}}} |
|||
|| {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|[[ʈ]]}}}} |
|||
|| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|[[ट]]}}}} |
|||
|| TTA |
|||
| colspan=2 style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=4 style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent |
|||
| Daal (ḍāl) |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ڈ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}}}} |
|||
| {{ipa|{{font|size=120%|[[ɖ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|[[ड]]}}}} |
|||
| DA |
|||
| colspan=2 style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=4 colspan=4 style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent <br/> {{ref|arabic_dotless_nun|[footnote]}} |
|||
| nūn-e ğunnah |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ ں ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ ں ]]}}}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|[[ ँ ]]}}}} |
|||
| {{font|size=90%|[[Chandrabindu]]}} |
|||
| style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|ـني}}}} <br/> {{ref|arabic_nasal|[footnote]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| kaf |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ك]]}}}} |
|||
| kāf |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ک]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ک]]}}}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|[[क]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| colspan=2 | {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|[[ ك ]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Voiced palatal approximant|{{ipa|/j/}}]] <br/> {{ref|Y_W|[footnote]}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ya |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ي]]}}}} |
|||
| čhōṭī yē |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[ی]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[ی]]}}}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|[[य]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| colspan=2 | {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|[[ ي ]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Voiced palatal approximant|{{ipa|/w/}}]] <br/> {{ref|Y_W|[footnote]}} |
|||
| |
|||
| wow |
|||
| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%|[[و]]}}}} |
|||
| vāō / wāō |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial|[[و]]}}}} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|[[و]]}}}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%|[[व]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|[[ڤ]]}}}} {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|[[ڥ]]}}}} |
|||
{{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}}} |
|||
{{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}}} |
|||
<br/> {{ref|arabic_w_v|[footnote]}} |
|||
| style="background: #cfdfff;" | absent <br/>{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| <!--Arabic Name--> |
|||
| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| <!-- Urdu Name --> |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq| [[ ]] }} }} }} |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| <!--Hindi Name--> |
|||
| {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| <!--Arabic Name--> |
|||
| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| <!-- Urdu Name --> |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq| [[ ]] }} }} }} |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=130%| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| <!--Hindi Name--> |
|||
| {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| |
|||
|- <!-- style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|ھ}} |
|||
| colspan=2 | {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }}}}}} <br/> dō‑čašmī hē |
|||
| colspan="2" style="background:#dfefff; color:#003fff;"| (none) |
|||
| ''h'' |
|||
| style="font-size: 140%"| {{IPA|[[ʱ]]}} / {{IPA|[[ʰ]]}} --> |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| <!--Arabic Name--> |
|||
| {{lang|ar|{{font|size=130%| ـهـ }}}} {{ref|hindi_asp|[footnote]}} |
|||
| dō‑čašmī hē |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=130%|font=arial| [[ ھ ]] }} }} |
|||
| {{lang|ur|{{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq| [[ ھ ]] }} }} }} |
|||
| {{ipa| }} |
|||
| colspan=2 | {{ref|hindi_asp|[footnote]}} |
|||
| {{font|size=200%|font=arial|{{lang|ar| [[ ]] }} }} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
{{note|hindi_asp|Hindi aspirated consonants:}} see aspirated consonants. |
|||
<!-- =====Table of digraphs:===== |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"| {{uninastaliq|ب}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ब]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|بھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| بھے }}}}}} |
|||
| style="column-width:5em" | bhē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[भ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''bh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[b]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| پھے || phē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|پ}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[प]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|پھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| پھے }}}}}} |
|||
| phē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[फ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''ph'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[pʰ]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|ت}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[त]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|تھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| تھے }}}}}} |
|||
| thē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[थ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''th'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[t]][[ʰ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| ٹھے || ṭhē = t.hē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|ٹ}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ट]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|ٹھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ٹھے }}}}}} |
|||
| ṭhē / t.hē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ठ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''ṭh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ʈ]][[ʰ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| جھے || jhē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|ج}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ज]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|جھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| جھے }}}}}} |
|||
| jhē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[झ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''jh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[d͡ʒ]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| چھے || čhē = chē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|چ}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[च]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|چھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| چھے }}}}}} |
|||
| čhē / chē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[छ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''ch'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[t͡ʃ]][[ʰ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| دھے || dhē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|د}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[द]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|دھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| دھے }}}}}} |
|||
| dhē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ध]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''dh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[d]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| ڈھے || ḍhē = d.hē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|ڈ}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ड]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|ڈھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڈھے }}}}}} |
|||
| ḍhē / d.hē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ढ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''ḍh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ɖ]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| ڑھے || ṛhē = r.hē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|ڑ}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|ड़}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%" | {{uninastaliq|ڑھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| ڑھے }}}}}} |
|||
| ṛhē / r.hē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|ढ़}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''ṛh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ɽ]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| کھے || khē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|ک}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[क]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|کھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| کھے }}}}}} |
|||
| khē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ख]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''kh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[k]][[ʰ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| گھے || ghē --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|گ}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ग]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|گھ}} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| گھے }}}}}} |
|||
| ghē |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[घ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''gh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[ɡ]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|ن}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[न]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|نھ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|न्ह}}}}<br/>{{font|size=70%|{{citation needed| not in the ref for the column|date=February 2020}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''nh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[n]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq|م}} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[म]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq|مھ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|म्ह}}}}<br/>{{font|size=70%|{{citation needed| not in the ref for the column|date=February 2020}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| ''mh'' |
|||
| {{font|size=120%|{{IPA|[[m]][[ʱ]]}}}} |
|||
|- --><!-- {{lang|ur| لام الِف || lām alif --><!-- |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{uninastaliq| ل ا }} |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%|[[ल]] [[आ]]}}}} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size: 180%"|{{uninastaliq| لا }} |
|||
| {{font|size=150%|{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| لام الِف }}}}}} |
|||
| lām alif |
|||
| {{lang|hi|{{font|size=150%| ला }}}} <ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> |
|||
| |
|||
| ''la'' |
|||
| |
|||
|} --><!-- |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
क KA Kaaf |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ख KHA Kaaf-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ग GA Gaaf |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
घ GHA Gaaf-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ङ NGA Noon |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
च CA Chay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
छ CHA Chay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ज JA Jeem |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
झ JHA Jeem-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ञ NYA |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ट TTA Ttay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ठ TTHA Ttay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ड DDA Ddaal |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ढ DDHA Ddaal-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ण NNA |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
त TA Tay/ Toay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
थ THA Tay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
द DA Daal |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ध DHA Daal-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
न NA Noon |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
प PA Pay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
फ PHA Pay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ब BA Bay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
भ BHA Bay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
म MA Meem |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
य YA Bari-Yeh |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
र RA Ray |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ल LA Laam |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
व VA Wow |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
श SHA Sheen |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ष SSA Sheen |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
स SA Seen/ Saay/ Suad |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ह HA b Hay |
|||
=====other alphabets===== |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
क KA Kaaf |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ख KHA Kaaf-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ग GA Gaaf |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
घ GHA Gaaf-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ङ NGA Noon |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
च CA Chay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
छ CHA Chay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ज JA Jeem |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
झ JHA Jeem-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ञ NYA |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ट TTA Ttay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ठ TTHA Ttay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ड DDA Ddaal |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ढ DDHA Ddaal-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
ण NNA |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
त TA Tay/ Toay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
थ THA Tay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
|||
द DA Daal |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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ध DHA Daal-Hay |
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<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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न NA Noon |
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<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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प PA Pay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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फ PHA Pay-Hay |
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<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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ब BA Bay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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भ BHA Bay-Hay |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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म MA Meem |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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य YA Bari-Yeh |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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र RA Ray |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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ल LA Laam |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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व VA Wow |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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श SHA Sheen |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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ष SSA Sheen |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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स SA Seen/ Saay/ Suad |
|||
<ref name="Beyond Simple Transliteration" /> |
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ह HA b Hay |
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--> |
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===== Footnotes: ===== |
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{{note|Naskh|Naskh - }} [[arial font|Arial]] |
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{{note|schwa|Hindi IPA ə - }} The [[Devanagari]] [[Hindi]] equivalents all add a [[schwa]] '''[[ə|{{ipa|ə}}]]''' vowel to the ⅠPA. |
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{{note|arabic_ⅠPA| Arabic ⅠPA -}} The ⅠPA pronunciation of the letter in [[classical Arabic|Classical]] and [[Modern Standard Arabic]]. |
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{{note|arabic_letter| Arabic Letter - }} There are a lot of differences between Arabic and Urdu writing even when there is a direct one to one correspondence between the letters, some of these differences are reflected in different unicode characters - {{lang|ar| [[ك]] }} {{lang|ur| [[ک]] }} and {{lang|ar| [[ي]] }} {{lang|ur| [[ی]] }} - while sometimes the differences are only reflected in font choice and hand writing styles. |
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{{note|arabic_spelling| Arabic spelling -}} The spelling for the Urdu [[phoneme]] in [[classical Arabic|Classical]] and [[Modern Standard Arabic]]. |
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{{note|arabic_dotless_nun| Arabic dotless nun -}} Arabic does sometimes use a dotless nun {{lang|ar|font=arial| ں }} historically in the [[rasm]] <!--does this need a capital R?--> script, but this is just a different way to write nun {{lang|ar| ن }} not historically or phonetically equivalent to Urdu nūn-e ğunnah. The Rasm script omits dots from all other letters (e.g. {{font|font=arial|{{lang|ar| ٮ ڡ ٯ }}}}- qaf, fa, and ba/ta/tha) rendering many letters indistinguishable. |
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{{note|arabic_nasal| Arabic nasal vowel -}} [[Nasal vowel|Nasalized vowels]] occur in Classical Arabic but not in contemporary speech or Modern Standard Arabic. There is no orthographic way to denote the nasalization, but it is systematically taught as part of the essential rules of tajwid, used to read the Qur'an. Nasalization occurs in recitation, usually when nūn is followed by a yā’ {{lang|ar|ـني}} at the end of a word. {{citation needed| this was on the page for Nasal_vowel but that page is a bit sparse on references. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_vowel |date=February 2020}} |
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{{note|Y_W|Letters that can be consonants or vowels - }} This is the IPA for ye {{lang|ur| [[ی]] }} and wow {{lang|ur| [[و]] }} as consonants, for their vowel pronunciations, see vowel table below. The Urdu and Arabic {{lang|ur| ی }} and {{lang|ur| و }} can be a consonant or vowel depending on context like English Y. |
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{{note|arabic_w_v|W and V.}} In Arabic {{lang|ar|[[ و ]]}} says W. For the sound V, letters from related alphabets are often used {{lang|ar|[[ ڤ ]] [[ ڥ ]]}} or the Arabic letter {{lang|ar|[[ ف ]]}} (which normally says "F", as it does in Urdu). |
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==== comparison to neighbouring languages ==== |
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== Iẓāfat == |
== Iẓāfat == |
||
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly-formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq| ِ}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=99–100}} |
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''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly-formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{uninastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{uninastaliq| ِ}}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{uninastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{uninastaliq|ی}} or {{uninastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{uninastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{uninastaliq|ۂ}} or {{uninastaliq|ئ}} or {{uninastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{uninastaliq|ا}} or {{uninastaliq|و}}), then ''baṛī ye'' ({{uninastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{uninastaliq|ئے}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=99–100}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
|- |
|||
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning |
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ــِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher'''-e''' Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī'''-ye''' kāmil''||perfect saint |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="font-size: 150%" rowspan=2 |
| style="font-size: 150%" rowspan="2"|{{Nastaliq|ئے}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}||''rū'''-ye''' zamīn''|| the surface of the Earth |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{ |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}||''sadā'''-ye''' buland''||a high voice |
||
|} |
|} |
||
== Romanization standards and systems == |
|||
[[File:Roman Urdu Bible.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Christian Bible|Bibles]] in [[Roman Urdu]], such as this one published by the [[Bible Society of India]], are used by many Christians from the Indian subcontinent.]] |
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{{main|Roman Urdu}} |
|||
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by [[National Language Authority]]. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref> |
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[[Roman Urdu]] also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states. |
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== Computers and the Urdu alphabet == |
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet == |
||
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid 1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT) <ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title="Urdu Zabta Takhti"|publisher=}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet. |
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In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid 1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{uninastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT) <ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title=Urdu Zabta Takhti|publisher=}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet. |
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=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode === |
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode === |
||
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | accessdate=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (India). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref name="shakespearDictionary_bharat">{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he''). |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | accessdate=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (India). Searching for the string "{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref name="shakespearDictionary_bharat">{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he''). |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script |
|+ Confusable glyphs in Urdu and Arabic script |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 4,794: | Line 662: | ||
! Characters in Arabic |
! Characters in Arabic |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| {{nq|{{lang|ur|ہ}}}} (U+06C1), {{nq|{{lang|ur|ھ}}}} (U+06BE) || {{lang|ar|ه}} (U+0647) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| {{nq|{{lang|ur|ی}}}} (U+06CC) || {{nq|{{lang|ur|ى}}}} (U+0649), {{lang|ar|ي}} (U+064A) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| {{nq|{{lang|ur|ک}}}} (U+06A9) || {{lang|ar|ك}} (U+0643) |
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|} |
|} |
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Line 4,804: | Line 672: | ||
=== Software === |
=== Software === |
||
The ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref> |
The ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in ''Nasta{{okina}}liq'' by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Microsoft Office 2007]] are available in Urdu through [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ur&productID=38DF6AB1-13D4-409C-966D-CBE61F040027 |title=:مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows |publisher=Microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aasims.wordpress.com/tag/ubuntu-in-urdu/ |title=Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner |publisher=Aasims.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=18 December 2011}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Urdu language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s in its [[iOS 8]] update in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776214/e-urdu-how-one-mans-plea-for-nastaleeq-was-heard-by-apple/|title=E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple|date=16 October 2014|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref> |
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== Romanization standards and systems == |
|||
{{main|Roman Urdu}} |
|||
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by [[National Language Authority]]. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref> |
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[[Roman Urdu]] also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and [[North India]]. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Rajasthan]] in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman [[Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu|Urdū Bibles]] that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states. |
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Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911{{citation needed | i have read this somewhere other than Wikipedia, but i forget where? i presume the typewriter was Arabic style with a few extra letters? NOT nadtaliq? the British colonialists tried to make a nastaliq typewriter but it didn't work?|date=March 2020}}, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s {{citation needed | please don't delete this bit unless you find references that actually contradict it, it's a fascinating story, but it really needs references|date=March 2020}}. The [[pakistan | Pakistani]] [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''[[Nastaliq]]'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs. |
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===== Keyboard ===== |
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The Urdu keyboard is usually available on all major platforms such as Android, iOS and Windows however they can vary for instance Android and iOS devices usually use the phonetics keyboard whereas Windows machines use the UZT machines, although the Phonetics version is also available for Windows. MacOS machines use the same Phonetics keyboard as iOS devices. |
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===== Font ===== |
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As of April 2020, iOS and MacOS are the only platforms to use the Nastaliq font as standard for the Urdu language. |
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==== Use of Urdu keyboard layout for other languages ==== |
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Windows 10 uses the Urdu keyboard for the Arabic script versions of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] languages, despite the Urdu keyboard missing several Sindhi letters {{lang|sd|(ڪ ڳ ڱ ڦ ٺ ٻ ڀ ڊ ڍ ڌ ڏ ڇ ڄ ڃ ي ڻ ۽ ۾}} and the Urdu versions of {{lang|sd|ٹ ڑ}} which in Sindhi are written as {{lang|sd|(ٿ ڙ}}{{ref|origin_of_mini_toh|(see below)}}.{{citation needed|my own factual observations, I'm not sure where to find refs for it? there's probably some Windows documentation we can link?|date=March 2020}}''' |
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See also: [[Urdu keyboard]] <!--how do i do this properly?--> |
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== Geographic distribution == |
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In addition to Pakistan, the Urdu language is official in five states of India: [[Bihar]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Telangana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]{{citation needed | this actually originally said "the urdu script" but i have been working on the page about India and i can find nothing at all specifying official scripts, only languages?|date=March 2020}}. |
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Other than the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Urdu script is also used by [[Pakistani diaspora|Pakistan's large diaspora]], including in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and other places.<ref name="omniglot">[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm "Urdu"]. Omniglot.com.</ref> |
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Many Urdu speakers living outside of Pakistan use the [[romanised Urdu | Latin alphabet]] to write Urdu do to limited availability of software for writing Urdu {{citation needed | 2020-03-11 I'll find one later, if i don't get back to this please pick up where i left off|date=March 2020}}. |
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== Distinction from Hindi == |
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<!-- The section previously called "History", had two contradictory very biased paragraphs, neither of which had any references. I moved the more neutral stuff to other sections, and renamed the biased leftovers "Distinction from Hindi". --> |
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There are conflicting points of view about the division between Hindi and Urdu. (Main article: [[Hindi Urdu controversy]].) |
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Some people hold the view that the distinction is old and intrinsic to the languages. The [[Urdu language]] emerged as a distinct register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] well before the [[Partition of India]]{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}. It is distinguished most by its extensive [[Persian language|Persian]] influences{{citation needed | Hindi also contains many Persian loan words, and i have seen in a few sources that some of the differences are due to Hindi fairly recently replacing Persian words with Sanskrit alternatives|date=March 2020}}. <!--the phrasings in this bit so not sound like it was writing by someone in the 21st century, possibly this section is plagiarised from an old book?--> This stands to reason: Persian was the official language of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal government]] and the most prominent [[lingua franca]] of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries before the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]] in the 17th and 18th centuries. |
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Others claim that the difference is recent, and artificial, and more related to extrinsic cultural factors than it is too the language(s) themselves. The two languages are often collectively referred to as "[[Hindustani language | Hindustani]]", but generally only by outsiders, and term is regarded by some sources as outdated{{citation needed | Ideally a simple dictionary definition|date=March 2020}}. |
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Urdu and [[Hindi language|Hindi]], an official federal language of [[India]], are different registers of the same language, and thus they are mutually intelligible and can use each other's script to write the other's language. Usage of script generally signifies the user's faith: Muslims generally use the Urdu (Perso-Arabic) script, while Hindus use the [[Devanagari]] script {{citation needed|date=March 2020}}. |
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In addition to Pakistan, the Urdu script {{citation needed | i have been working on the page about India and i can find nothing at all specifying official scripts, only languages?|date=March 2020}} is official in five states of India with a substantial percentage of Hindustani-speaking Muslims: [[Bihar]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Telangana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. |
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== Endnotes == |
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{{note|nq_font_display|Note:}} Some of the Nastaliq text on this page will probably show in a different style if you do not have a Nastaliq font installed. If this {{lang|ur| نستعلیق }} and this {{lang|fa| نستعلیق }} looks like these four {{nq|{{lang|ur| نستعلیق }}}} {{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur| نستعلیق }}}} {{nq|{{lang|fa| نستعلیق }}}} {{uninastaliq|{{lang|fa| نستعلیق }}}} then you are probably seeing it written in a modern Arabic style. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[ |
* [[Nasta{{okina}}liq script]] |
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* [[Persian alphabet]] |
* [[Persian alphabet]] |
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* [[Urdu Wikipedia]] |
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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== Sources == |
== Sources == |
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* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ|ref=harv |
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}} |
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}} |
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* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=http://rishida.net/scripts/urdu/}} |
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=http://rishida.net/scripts/urdu/}} |
Revision as of 08:40, 28 April 2020
Urdu alphabet اردو تہجی | |
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Script type | Abjad
|
Languages | Urdu, Balti, Burushaski, others |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Unicode | |
U+0600 to U+06FF U+0750 to U+077F | |
Urdu alphabet |
---|
ا (آ) ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن (ں) و ہ (ھ) ء ی ے |
Extended Perso-Arabic script |
Urdu is a standardized form of Hindustani widely spoken in the Indian Subcontinent. The meaning of 'Urdu' is "camp (language)". The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. The Urdu alphabet has up to 40 letters.[1] With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style.
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.[citation needed]
History
The Urdu language emerged as a distinct register of Hindustani well before the Partition of India. It is distinguished most by its extensive Persian influences. This stands to reason: Persian was the official language of the Mughal government and the most prominent lingua franca of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries before the solidification of British colonial rule during the 19th century. The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script and has its origins in 13th century Iran. It is closely related to the development of the Nastaʻliq style of Perso-Arabic script. Urdu script in its extended form is known as Shahmukhi script and is used for writing other Indo-Aryan languages of North Indian subcontinent like Punjabi and Saraiki as well.
Despite the invention of the Urdu typewriter in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as katibs or khush-navees until the late 1980s. The Pakistani national newspaper Daily Jang was the first Urdu newspaper to use Nastaʿlīq computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.
Urdu and Hindi, an official federal language of India, are different registers of the same language, and thus they are mutually intelligible and can use each other's script to write the other's language. Usage of script generally signifies the user's faith: Muslims generally use the Urdu (Perso-Arabic) script, while Hindus use the Devanagari script. In addition to Pakistan, the Urdu script is official in five states of India with a substantial percentage of Hindustani-speaking Muslims: Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh.
Other than the Indian subcontinent, the Urdu script is also used by Pakistan's large diaspora, including in the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia, and other places.[2]
Nastaʿlīq
The Nastaʿlīq calligraphic writing style began as a Persian mixture of scripts Naskh and Ta'liq. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan, and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.
Alphabet
The Urdu script is an abjad script derived from Perso-Arabic script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script. The Urdu alphabet was standardized in 2004 by the National Language Authority, which is responsible for standardizing Urdu in Pakistan. According to the National Language Authority, Urdu has 58 letters of which 39 are basic letters while 18 are digraphs to represent aspirated consonants made by attaching basic consonant letters with a variant of He called do chashmi he.[3][4][1] Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered a letter though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic.
As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an Indo-European language, which does not have the same luxury, hence necessitating more memorization.
Differences from Persian alphabet
Urdu has more letters added to the Persian base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added include: ٹ to represent /ʈ/, ڈ to represent /ɖ/, ڑ to represent /ɽ/, ں to represent /◌̃/, and ے to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-he letter, ھ, exists to denote a /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed below.
No. | Name[5] | ALA-LC[6] | Hunterian[7] | IPA | Isolated glyph | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | الف | alif | ā, – | /ɑː, ʔ, ∅/ | ا | ||||
2 | بے | bē | b | /b/ | ب | ||||
3 | پے | pē | p | /p/ | پ | ||||
4 | تے | tē | t | /t/ | ت | ||||
5 | ٹے | ṭē | ṭ | t | /ʈ/ | ٹ | |||
6 | ثے | s̱ē | s̱ | s | /s/ | ث | |||
7 | جيم | jīm | j | /d͡ʒ/ | ج | ||||
8 | چے | cē | c | ch | /t͡ʃ/ | چ | |||
9 | بڑی حے | baṛī ḥē | ḥ | h | /ɦ/ | ح | |||
10 | خے | k͟hē | k͟h | kh | /x/ | خ | |||
11 | دال | dāl | d | /d/ | د | ||||
12 | ڈال | ḍāl | ḍ | d | /ɖ/ | ڈ | |||
13 | ذال | ẕāl | ẕ | z | /z/ | ذ | |||
14 | رے | rē | r | /r/ | ر | ||||
15 | ڑے | ṛē | ṛ | r | /ɽ/ | ڑ | |||
16 | زے | zē | z | /z/ | ز | ||||
17 | ژے | zhē | zh | zh | /ʒ/ | ژ | |||
18 | سین | sīn | s | /s/ | س | ||||
19 | شین | shīn | sh | sh | /ʃ/ | ش | |||
20 | صاد | ṣwād | ṣ | s | /s/ | ص | |||
21 | ضاد | ẓwād | ẓ | z | /z/ | ض | |||
22 | طوے | t̤oʼē | t̤ | t | /t/ | ط | |||
23 | ظوے | z̤oʼē | z̤ | z | /z/ | ظ | |||
24 | عین | ʻain | ʻ | /ɑː, oː, eː, ʔ, ʕ, ∅/ | ع | ||||
25 | غین | g͟hain | g͟h | gh | /ɣ/ | غ | |||
26 | فے | fē | f | /f/ | ف | ||||
27 | قاف | qāf | q | /q/ | ق | ||||
28 | کاف | kāf | k | /k/ | ک | ||||
29 | گاف | gāf | g | /ɡ/ | گ | ||||
30 | لام | lām | l | /l/ | ل | ||||
31 | میم | mīm | m | /m/ | م | ||||
32 | نون | nūn | n | /n, ɲ, ɳ, ŋ/ | ن | ||||
33 | نون غنّہ | nūn g͟hunnah | ṉ | n | /◌̃/ | ں | |||
34 | واؤ | wāʼo | v, ū, u, o, au | w, ū, u, o, au | /ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/ | و | |||
35 | چھوٹی ہے گول ہے |
choṭī hē gol hē |
h, ā, e | /ɦ, ɑː, e:/ | ہ | ||||
36 | دو چشمی ہے | do-cashmī hē | h | /ʰ/ or /ʱ/ | ھ | ||||
37 | ہمزہ | hamzah | ʼ, –, yi | /ʔ/, /∅/ | ء | ||||
38 | چھوٹی يے | choṭī yē | y, ī, á | /j, iː, ɑː/ | ی | ||||
39 | بڑی يے | baṛī yē | ai, e | /ɛː, eː/ | ے |
No Urdu word begins with Template:Rtl-lang, Template:Rtl-lang, Template:Rtl-lang or Template:Rtl-lang. The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows.
No. | Digraph[6] | Transcription[6] | IPA | Example |
1 | بھ | bh | [bʱ] | بھاری |
2 | پھ | ph | [pʰ] | پھول |
3 | تھ | th | [tʰ] | تھم |
4 | ٹھ | ṭh | [ʈʰ] | ٹھیس |
5 | جھ | jh | [d͡ʒʱ] | جھاڑی |
6 | چھ | ch | [t͡ʃʰ] | چھوکرا |
7 | دھ | dh | [dʱ] | دھوبی |
8 | ڈھ | ḍh | [ɖʱ] | ڈھول |
9 | رھ | rh | [rʱ] | No example? |
10 | ڑھ | ṛh | [ɽʱ] | کڑھنا |
11 | کھ | kh | [kʰ] | کھولنا |
12 | گھ | gh | [ɡʱ] | گھبراہٹ |
13 | لھ | lh | [lʱ] | No example? |
14 | مھ | mh | [mʱ] | No example? |
15 | نھ | nh | [nʱ] | ننھا |
16 | وھ | wh | [ʋʱ] | No example? |
17 | یھ | yh | [jʱ] | No example? |
Retroflex letters
Old Hindustani used four dots over three Arabic letters to represent retroflex consonants: ٿ, ڐ, ڙ.[8] In handwriting those dots was often written like a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter ط.[9] (It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ṭāʾ itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of its being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes. In modern Urdu ط, called to'e is always pronounced as a dental, not a retroflex.)
Vowels
The Urdu language has 10 vowels and 10 nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent Arabic alphabet, Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. Alif, Waw, Ye, He and their variants are used to represent vowels.
Vowel chart
Urdu doesn't have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (a, i, u) are represented by optional diacritics (zabar, zer, pesh) upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (alif, ain, or hamzah) if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants alif, ain, ye, and wa'o as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (zabar, zer, pesh), whereas some are not (madd, hamzah). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:
Romanization | Pronunciation | Final | Middle | Initial |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | /ə/ | N/A | ـَ | اَ |
ā | /aː/ | ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ | ـَا | آ |
i | /ɪ/ | N/A | ـِ | اِ |
ī | /iː/ | ـِى | ـِيـ | اِی |
e | /eː/ | ـے | ـيـ | اے |
ai | /ɛː/ | ـَے | ـَيـ | اَے |
u | /ʊ/ | N/A | ـُ | اُ |
ū | /uː/ | ـُو | اُو | |
o | /oː/ | ـو | او | |
au | /ɔː/ | ـَو | اَو |
Alif
Alif is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, alif can be used to represent any of the short vowels: اب ab, اسم ism, اردو Urdū. For long ā at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: آپ āp, but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: بھاگنا bhāgnā.
Wāʾo
Wāʾo is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the labiodental approximant, [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant k͟hē (خ), can wāʾo render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in خود, "khud" - myself), or not pronounced at all (such as in خواب, "khaab" - dream).
Ye
Ye is divided into two variants: choṭī ye ("little ye") and baṛī ye ("big ye").
Choṭī ye (ی) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".
Baṛī ye (ے) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" (/eː/ and /ɛː/ respectively). Baṛī ye is distinguishable in writing from choṭī ye only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, Baṛī ye is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike choṭī ye.
Letter's name | Final Form | Middle Form | Initial Form | Isolated Form |
---|---|---|---|---|
چھوٹی يے Choṭī ye |
ـی | ـیـ | یـ | ی |
بڑی يے Baṛī ye |
ـے | ے |
The 2 he's
He is divided into two variants: gol he ("round he") and do-cashmī he ("two-eyed he").
Gol he (ہ) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" (/ɦ/) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels (/ɑː/ or /e:/), which also alters its form slightly (it is worth noting that on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two he's consecutively).
Do-cashmī he (ھ) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.
Letter's name | Final Form | Middle Form | Initial Form | Isolated Form |
---|---|---|---|---|
گول ہے Gol he |
ـہ
ـہہ |
ـہـ | ہـ | ہ |
دو چشمی ہے Do-cashmī he |
ـھ | ـھـ | ھـ | ھ |
Ayn
Ayn in its initial and final position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel.
Nun Ghunnah
Nasalized vowels are represented by nun ghunnah written after their non nasalized versions, for example: ہَے when nasalized would become ہَیں. In middle form nun gunnah is written just like nun and is differentiated by a diacritic called maghnoona or ulta jazm which is a superscript V symbol above the ن٘.
Examples:
Form | Urdu | Transcription |
Orthography | ں | ṉ |
End form | میں | maiṉ |
Middle form | کن٘ول | kaṉwal |
Hamza
In Urdu, hamza is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as hamza-e-izafat. The main use of hamza in Urdu is to indicate a vowel cluster.
Diacritics
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in Arabic based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses Persian names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are zabar (Arabic fatḥah), zer (Arabic kasrah), pesh (Arabic dammah) which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. Jazam (ـْـ , Arabic sukun) is used to indicate a consonant cluster and tashdid (ـّـ, Arabic shaddah) is used to indicate a gemination, although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include khari zabar (Arabic dagger alif), do zabar (Arabic fathatan) which are found in some common Arabic loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. Zer-e-izafat and hamza-e-izafat are described in the next section.
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include kasrah-e-majhool, fathah-e-majhool, dammah-e-majhool, maghnoona, ulta jazam, alif-e-wavi and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only maghnoona is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.[10]
Iẓāfat
Iẓāfat is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. This construction was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly-formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ʿain (ع), it may be written as zer ( ِ) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in choṭī he (ہ) or ye (ی or ے) then hamzā (ء) is used above the last letter (ۂ or ئ or ۓ). If the first word ends in a long vowel (ا or و), then baṛī ye (ے) with hamzā on top (ئے) is added at the end of the first word.[11]
Forms | Example | Transliteration | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
ــِ | شیرِ پنجاب | sher-e Panjāb | the lion of Punjab |
ئ | ولئ کامل | walī-ye kāmil | perfect saint |
ئے | روئے زمین | rū-ye zamīn | the surface of the Earth |
صدائے بلند | sadā-ye buland | a high voice |
Computers and the Urdu alphabet
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any code page. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.[12] Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were Windows-1256 and MacArabic encoding both of which date back to the mid 1990s. In Unicode, Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by National Language Authority is called Urdu Zabta Takhti (اردو ضابطہ تختی) (UZT) [13] which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.
Encoding Urdu in Unicode
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.[14] Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the University of Chicago's electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"[15] includes the word 'بهارت' (India). Searching for the string "بھارت" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "بهارت" returns the correct entry.[16] This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter do chashmi he (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter hāʾ (U+0647; phonetic value /h/). In Urdu, the /h/ phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called gol he (round he), or chhoti he (small he).
Characters in Urdu | Characters in Arabic |
---|---|
ہ (U+06C1), ھ (U+06BE) | ه (U+0647) |
ی (U+06CC) | ى (U+0649), ي (U+064A) |
ک (U+06A9) | ك (U+0643) |
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)[17]—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte UZT encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.[18] This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.
Software
The Daily Jang was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in Nastaʻliq by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is InPage Desktop Publishing package. Microsoft has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both Windows Vista and Microsoft Office 2007 are available in Urdu through Language Interface Pack[19] support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.[20] Apple implemented the Urdu language keyboard across Mobile devices in its iOS 8 update in September 2014.[21]
Romanization standards and systems
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic English orthography. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is ALA-LC romanization, which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.[22]
Roman Urdu also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and North India. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of Karachi and Lahore in present-day Pakistan and Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman Urdū Bibles that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.
See also
- Nastaʻliq script
- Persian alphabet
- Urdu Wikipedia
- Urdu keyboard
- Urdu Braille
- Urdu Informatics
- Romanization of Urdu
References
- ^ a b "Urdu alphabet, pronunciation and language". www.omniglot.com.
- ^ "Urdu". Omniglot.com.
- ^ "Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet". DAWN.COM. 15 June 2009.
- ^ ""Corpus Based Urdu Lexicon Development "" (PDF).
- ^ Delacy 2003, p. XV–XVI.
- ^ a b c "Urdu romanization" (PDF). The Library of Congress.
- ^ Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers No. 85 and No. 85 Add. 1.
- ^ Ballantyne, James Robert (1842). A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects. Madden & Company. p. 11.
- ^ Berggren, Olaf (2002). Scripts. Bibliotheca Alexandrina. p. 108.
- ^ ""Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode"" (PDF).
- ^ Delacy 2003, p. 99–100.
- ^ "IBM 868 code page"
- ^ ""Urdu Zabta Takhti"" (PDF).
- ^ "Arabic" (PDF). unicode.org. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ "A dictionary, Hindustani and English". Dsal.uchicago.edu. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "A dictionary, Hindustani and English". Dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing". Crulp.org. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ Archive index at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ":مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows". Microsoft.com. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner". Aasims.wordpress.com. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple". The Express Tribune. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف : نبلٰی پیرزادہ". nlpd.gov.pk.
Sources
- Delacy, Richard (2003). Beginner's Urdu Script. McGraw-Hill.
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(help) - Delacy, Richard (2010). Read and write Urdu script. McGraw-Hill.
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(help) - "Urdu romanization" (PDF). The Library of Congress.
- Ishida, Richard. "Urdu script notes".