→Information cards: Removed irrelevant section per talk |
rv - 197 per CAIN and the BBC, got any sources for your figures? |
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=== Duties === |
=== Duties === |
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The primary function of the regiment was to assist the police by guarding key installations and providing patrols and vehicle checkpoints on public roads to hamper the activities of terrorist groups. The regiment was not permitted to engage in "crowd control" situations.{{ |
The primary function of the regiment was to assist the police by guarding key installations and providing patrols and vehicle checkpoints on public roads to hamper the activities of terrorist groups. The regiment was not permitted to engage in "crowd control" situations.{{fact|date=May 2008}} |
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As the force was initially predominantly part-time the presence of its members was mostly felt during evenings and weekends. The force was expected to answer to general call out and was indeed mobilised on a permanent basis on several occasions such as [[Operation Motorman]]<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=MOD Army|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/royalirish/history/the_ulster_defence_regiment.htm| accessdaymonth=[[25 April]]| accessyear=2008}}</ref> to provide manpower assistance to the police or army. |
As the force was initially predominantly part-time the presence of its members was mostly felt during evenings and weekends. The force was expected to answer to general call out and was indeed mobilised on a permanent basis on several occasions such as [[Operation Motorman]]<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=MOD Army|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/royalirish/history/the_ulster_defence_regiment.htm| accessdaymonth=[[25 April]]| accessyear=2008}}</ref> to provide manpower assistance to the police or army. |
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==Members killed== |
==Members killed== |
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Between 1 April 1970 and 30 June 1992, a total of 197 soldiers were killed as active servicemen |
Between 1 April 1970 and 30 June 1992, a total of 197 soldiers were killed as active servicemen. Another 61 members were killed after they had left the UDR.<ref>Five more were killed after amalgamation with the Royal Irish Rangers: [http://www.udrassociation.org/Roll%20of%20Honour/roll_of_honour_index1.htm UDR Association website]; [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/index.html#prof CAIN: Sutton index of deaths][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4736301.stm BBC]</ref> |
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Many UDR soldiers were killed in the line of duty, or because of their association with the regiment.<ref>See [http://www.army.mod.uk/royalirish/history/the_ulster_defence_regiment.htm Royal Irish Regiment webpage]</ref> |
Many UDR soldiers were killed in the line of duty, or because of their association with the regiment.<ref>See [http://www.army.mod.uk/royalirish/history/the_ulster_defence_regiment.htm Royal Irish Regiment webpage]</ref> |
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Two UDR soldiers were killed by the regular army, three by [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] paramilitaries, |
Two UDR soldiers were killed by the regular army, three by [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] paramilitaries, three others were killed as members of the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF)<ref>See the following quotes of 1975's chapter of Sutton chronology:[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1975.html] |
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*27 July 1975 William Hanna (46) Protestant Status: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Killed by: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) |
*27 July 1975 William Hanna (46) Protestant Status: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Killed by: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) |
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Also off duty Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) member. Shot outside his home, Houston Park, Mourneview, Lurgan, County Armagh. |
Also off duty Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) member. Shot outside his home, Houston Park, Mourneview, Lurgan, County Armagh. |
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*31 July 1975 Wesley Somerville (34) Protestant |
*31 July 1975 Wesley Somerville (34) Protestant |
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Status: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Killed by: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) |
Status: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Killed by: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) |
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Also Ulster Defence Regiment member. Killed in premature explosion while planting bomb on minibus belonging to Miami showband, Buskhill, near Newry, County Down. </ref> |
Also Ulster Defence Regiment member. Killed in premature explosion while planting bomb on minibus belonging to Miami showband, Buskhill, near Newry, County Down. </ref>, and the remaining 192 by republican paramilitaries (mainly the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]). Three Greenfinches were killed during [[the Troubles]], Private Eva Martin, L/Cpl Jean Leggett and Pte Margaret A. Hearst. |
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During this time members of the UDR were responsible for the killing of six civilians and two members of the IRA.{{ |
During this time members of the UDR were responsible for the killing of six civilians and two members of the IRA.{{fact}} |
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==Structure== |
==Structure== |
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The Ulster Defence Regiment was also deployed by helicopters supplied by either the [[Royal Air Force]] or [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] for rapid insertion or for duties in border areas where it was unsafe or unwise to use wheeled transport. |
The Ulster Defence Regiment was also deployed by helicopters supplied by either the [[Royal Air Force]] or [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] for rapid insertion or for duties in border areas where it was unsafe or unwise to use wheeled transport. |
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==Music== |
==Music== |
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Each battalion had a number of pipers and these musicians participated in a centralised pipe band formally called the '''Pipes & Drums of the Ulster Defence Regiment'''. Their uniform followed the traditional military dress for Irish pipers, consisting of a saffron kilt, bottle green "Prince Charlie" jacket, bottle green cape and bottle green [[caubeen]] adorned with a double size cap badge. Unlike other Irish regiments in the British Army UDR pipers did not wear a [[hackle]]. |
Each battalion had a number of pipers and these musicians participated in a centralised pipe band formally called the '''Pipes & Drums of the Ulster Defence Regiment'''. Their uniform followed the traditional military dress for Irish pipers, consisting of a saffron kilt, bottle green "Prince Charlie" jacket, bottle green cape and bottle green [[caubeen]] adorned with a double size cap badge. Unlike other Irish regiments in the British Army UDR pipers did not wear a [[hackle]]. |
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==Attitudes and image== |
==Attitudes and image== |
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* The Long Service and Good Conduct Medal <ref>[http://www.lightinfantry.org.uk/graphix/medals/army_long_service_and_good_conduct_medal.htm]</ref> |
* The Long Service and Good Conduct Medal <ref>[http://www.lightinfantry.org.uk/graphix/medals/army_long_service_and_good_conduct_medal.htm]</ref> |
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Officers who are awarded the Ulster Defence medal (UD) may use the post-nominal letters UD{{ |
Officers who are awarded the Ulster Defence medal (UD) may use the post-nominal letters UD{{fact}}. |
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== Notable members == |
== Notable members == |
Revision as of 18:21, 15 July 2008
Ulster Defence Regiment | |
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File:Cap Badge of the Ulster Defence Regiment.jpg | |
Active | 1970-1992 |
Country | United Kingdom |
Branch | British Army |
Type | Militia |
Role | Internal Security |
Size | 11 battalions (at peak) |
Motto(s) | Quis separabit (Latin Who will separate us) |
March | (Quick) Garryowen. (Slow) Oft In The Stilly Night |
Commanders | |
Current commander | None |
The Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) was an infantry regiment of the British Army formed in 1970 to replace the B Specials in assisting with security duties within Northern Ireland.[1] It was the largest regiment in the British Army, formed with an initial seven battalions and an extra four added later.[2] The regiment consisted entirely of part-time volunteers until 1976 when a full time cadre was added. Due to recruiting from the local community at a time of intercommunal strife, it faced accusations of collusion through most of its term.[3] Even though intended to be non-partisan, and beginning with up to 18% Catholic recruits, the regiment's image problems with nationalists, including sectarianism amongst some Protestant soldiers, as well as IRA attacks on Catholic UDR soldiers.[4] resulted in the Catholic membership declining, with only 3% being Catholic when it amalgamated in 1992 with the Royal Irish Rangers, forming the Royal Irish Regiment. In 2007 the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross was awarded to the regiment for its service during Operation BANNER,[5] and the regiment is now allowed to use the postnominal letters CGC as part of its name (The Ulster Defence Regiment CGC).
History
The regiment was formed in 1970 after recommendations from the Hunt Report (1969),[6] which suggested replacing the part time B Specials, "seen by many as a Protestant army",[7] with a force that would be "impartial in every sense and remove the responsibility of military style operations from the police force."[6] The first regimental commander was Brigadier Logan Scott-Bowden. [8] The first two soldiers reported as signing up were a 19 year old Catholic and a 47 year old Protestant.[9] Seven battalions were initially raised, making it the largest infantry regiment in the British Army. Two years later, four more battalions were added, taking the total to eleven. Until 1976 the full time cadre consisted only of a conrate [10][11]whose duties consisted of guarding UDR bases and carrying out administrative tasks. It was then decided to expand the role of the regiment by including a full time operational capability on a 24 hour basis. The first of these was raised at 2 UDR under the command of a sergeant. By the end of the 1970s the full time cadre had been raised to 16 platoons. As these "Operations Platoons" were expanded to company strength, eventually the conrate role was phased out with full time UDR soldiers undertaking their own guard duties and administration. The regiment was reduced to nine battalions in 1984, then to seven in 1991, at which point Tom King, the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, announced that as part of the restructuring of the armed forces the regiment would merge with the Royal Irish Rangers to form the Royal Irish Regiment. On 1 July 1992 the merger was officially complete. On 1 August 2007 the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross, the second highest British military honour, was awarded to the regiment for its service during Operation Banner.[12]
The UDR was presented to the entire community of Northern Ireland as a replacement for the paramilitary police reserve, the Ulster Special Constabulary, known as the B Specials. An almost exclusively Protestant force, regarded as biased against the local catholic community. [13] [14] With the catholic population of Northern Ireland standing at just under a third in 1969 [15] it was hoped that the recruitment figures for the regiment would reflect those numbers. Beginning with up to 18% Catholic recruits, this rapidly declined, with only 3% being Catholic when it amalgamated in 1992 with the Royal Irish Rangers.[16] Catholic members left due to intimidation from the IRA, their own community and hard line Protestants.[17].[18] [19]
To date it is the only unit in the history of the British Army to have been on operational deployment for its entire history, from the moment it was created until it was amalgamated with the Royal Irish Rangers in 1992. [9]
Duties
The primary function of the regiment was to assist the police by guarding key installations and providing patrols and vehicle checkpoints on public roads to hamper the activities of terrorist groups. The regiment was not permitted to engage in "crowd control" situations.[citation needed]
As the force was initially predominantly part-time the presence of its members was mostly felt during evenings and weekends. The force was expected to answer to general call out and was indeed mobilised on a permanent basis on several occasions such as Operation Motorman[20] to provide manpower assistance to the police or army.
As the regiment evolved into a predominantly full-time unit it assumed more duties previously assigned to the police or army in support of Operation Banner. By 1980 the full-time element had become the majority and the regiment's role had expanded to include tactical responsibility for 85% of Northern Ireland supporting the Royal Ulster Constabulary[21].
Members killed
Between 1 April 1970 and 30 June 1992, a total of 197 soldiers were killed as active servicemen. Another 61 members were killed after they had left the UDR.[22] Many UDR soldiers were killed in the line of duty, or because of their association with the regiment.[23]
Two UDR soldiers were killed by the regular army, three by loyalist paramilitaries, three others were killed as members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)[24], and the remaining 192 by republican paramilitaries (mainly the Provisional Irish Republican Army). Three Greenfinches were killed during the Troubles, Private Eva Martin, L/Cpl Jean Leggett and Pte Margaret A. Hearst.
During this time members of the UDR were responsible for the killing of six civilians and two members of the IRA.[citation needed]
Structure
By March 1970, when deputy Minister of Defence Roy Hattersley answered questions in the House of Commons, there had been 4791 applications to join, of which 946 were from Catholics and 2424 from current or former members of the B-Specials. 2440 had been accepted, including 1423 from current or former B-Specials.[25]
Initially, seven battalions were raised, immediately making it the largest regiment in the British Army. Within two years, a further four battalions were added, taking the total to eleven. To begin with, the regiment consisted entirely of part-time volunteers, before a full time cadre was added in 1976.
The full-time element of the regiment eventually expanded to encompass more than half the total personnel. The UDR was also the first infantry regiment in the British Army to fully integrate women into its structure, when Greenfinches (so-called because of the code-name used to identify them by radio) took over clerical and signals duties, which allowed male members of the regiment to return to patrol duties. Greenfinches also accompanied many patrols so that female suspects could be searched[26].
Battalions
- 1st (County Antrim) Battalion [1970-1984]
- 1st/9th (County Antrim) Battalion [1984-1992]
- 2nd (County Armagh) Battalion [1970-1991]
- 2nd/11th (Craigavon) Battalion [1991-1992]
- 3rd (County Down) Battalion [1970-1992]
- 4th (County Fermanagh) Battalion [1970-1991]
- 4th/6th (County Fermanagh and County Tyrone) Battalion [1991-1992]
- 5th (County Londonderry) Battalion [1970-1992]
- 6th (County Tyrone) Battalion [1970-1991]
- 7th (City of Belfast) Battalion [1970-1984]
- 7th/10th (City of Belfast) Battalion [1984-1992]
- 8th (County Tyrone) Battalion [1971-1992]
- 9th (Country Antrim) Battalion [1972-1984]
- 10th (City of Belfast) Battalion [1972-1984]
- 11th (Craigavon) Battalion [1972-1991]
Uniform
On operational duty male members of the regiment dressed in a similar fashion to regular army units. Camouflage jackets were worn and headgear was a distinctive green beret with a gold coloured "Maid of Erin" style harp, surmounted by the Royal crown (in later years this was dulled down by blackening). Female "Greenfinch" members wore rifle green skirts and jackets with the UDR beret and cap badge. For ceremonial occasions the men wore the standard British Army No 2 Dress uniform (also called Service Dress). The female "best dress" was exactly the same as their patrol uniform. The beret was retained as headgear.
Weaponry and vehicles
The most familiar weapon associated with the regiment was the standard issue L1A1 Self Loading Rifle, referred to as the "SLR". Other weaponry was available however such as; the 9 mm Browning pistol, the Sterling sub machine gun, the L4A4 Light Machine Gun and the L7A2 General Purpose Machine Gun. Small stocks of Riot Guns were also kept. These were used to fire plastic bullets to knock down doors and other obstacles during search operations.
The regiment later exchanged its SLRs (as did all infantry units in the army) for the SA80.
The standard patrol vehicle was the 3/4 ton Land Rover used extensively throughout the British armed forces. Following withdrawal from police service a number of Shorland armoured cars were allocated to the regiment but these were rarely used after initial service because the turret was designed to hold a General Purpose Machine Gun which was deemed unsuitable for urban use due to its rapid rate of fire and tendency to be inaccurate. The Shorland was not popular with the soldiers who used it due to its instability on the road because of the heavy turret. 3 ton and 4 ton Bedford trucks were used for large troop movements.
A range of unmarked civilian cars and vans was also used for staff, administration and covert activities.
The Ulster Defence Regiment was also deployed by helicopters supplied by either the Royal Air Force or Army Air Corps for rapid insertion or for duties in border areas where it was unsafe or unwise to use wheeled transport.
Music
Each battalion had a number of pipers and these musicians participated in a centralised pipe band formally called the Pipes & Drums of the Ulster Defence Regiment. Their uniform followed the traditional military dress for Irish pipers, consisting of a saffron kilt, bottle green "Prince Charlie" jacket, bottle green cape and bottle green caubeen adorned with a double size cap badge. Unlike other Irish regiments in the British Army UDR pipers did not wear a hackle.
Attitudes and image
- Approximately 50% of the UDR's initial recruits were former B-Specials.
- The popular Catholic perception of the UDR was a "sectarian reincarnation" of the B-Specials. This, and IRA intimidation prevented them from joining. [citation needed]
- In a late 1980s poll 89% of Catholics were opposed to any extension of the UDR's role.
- In the mid-1980s the SDLP said the UDR "has by far the worst record for serious sectarian crimes of any Regiment presently in service with the British Armed Forces".
- Between 1970 and 1985 seventeen UDR members were convicted of murder or manslaughter, 99 of assault, and "others" (no exact figure) were convicted of charged or convicted of armed robbery, weapons offences, bombing, intimidation and attacks on Catholics, kidnapping, and membership in the UVF.
- Only a small fraction were involved in such crime, but the proportion was higher than for the regular British Army or RUC.[27]
Collusion with paramilitaries
Throughout the UDR's history, allegations were made of members covertly aiding the loyalist paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland. In 2004 the British Government released documents that showed overlapping membership between British Army units like the UDR and loyalist paramilitary groups was a wider problem than a "few bad apples" as was often claimed. The documents include a classified 1973 report titled "Subversion in the UDR" which detailed the problem:[3]
- an estimated 5-15% of UDR soldiers were directly linked to loyalist paramilitary groups,
- it was believed that the "best single source of weapons, and the only significant source of modern weapons, for Protestant extremist groups was the UDR",
- it was feared UDR troops were loyal to "Ulster" alone rather than to "Her Majesty's Government",
- the British Government knew that UDR weapons were being used by loyalist paramilitaries, including the killing of a Roman Catholic civilian and other attacks.[3][28]
Despite knowing that the UDR had problems and that over 200 weapons had been passed from British Army hands to loyalist paramilitaries by 1973,[28] the British Government went on to increase the role of the UDR in maintaining order in Northern Ireland. This was part of the wider "Normalisation, Ulsterisation, and Criminalisation" strategy to quell the violence of the IRA.[29]
Two UDR soldiers, who were also members of the Ulster Volunteer Force, were convicted of the 1975 killing of three members of the pop group the Miami Showband in a UVF attack.[30]
In 1989, 28 UDR soldiers were arrested by the Royal Ulster Constabulary as part of the Stevens Inquiry into security force collusion with paramilitaries.[31] Six of those arrested were later awarded damages over their arrests.[32]
In 1999 David Jordan, a former UDR soldier, allegedly broke down in a bar and admitted to being part of a patrol that killed nationalist councillor Patsy Kelly in 1974. Jordan also implicated former Democratic Unionist Party Northern Ireland Assembly member Oliver Gibson in the murder [33]
Awards, honours & decorations
The most notable award to the Ulster Defence Regiment was the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross made by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second in 2007. This unit citation confers the right of the regiment to be known as The Ulster Defence Regiment CGC [34] During the award ceremony in Belfast the Queen paid tribute to the regiment by saying "Your contribution to peace and stability in Northern Ireland is unique." "Serving and living within the community had required "uncommon courage and conviction". "The regiment had never flinched despite suffering extreme personal intimidation. Their successes had "come at a terrible price, many gave their lives. Today you have cause to reflect on the fine achievements, while remembering the suffering". "The Home Service Battalions of the RIR and the UDR which had preceded them won the deepest respect throughout the land." So that their actions would always be remembered, the CGC was awarded to the RIR/UDR "as a mark of the nation's esteem" with the citation, "This award is in recognition of the continuous operational service and sacrifice of the Ulster Defence Regiment and the Royal Irish Regiment in Northern Ireland during Operation Banner."
A number of individual town councils in Northern Ireland honoured the regiment with "Freedom of the Borough" awards, most notably that given to the 7/10th (City of Belfast) Battalion where in addition to the Freedom of the City" the Wilkinson Sword of Peace[35] was awarded for "community relations work"[36]. This prestigious award was also later given to the 8th (County Tyrone) Battalion of the Royal Irish Regiment, successor to the 6th & 8th (Co Tyrone) Battalions of the Ulster Defence Regiment.
Many individuals received awards through the British honours system however for most UDR soldiers the presentation of decorations assumed the form of "service" or campaign" medals including:
- The General Service Medal with "Northern Ireland" bar.
- The Ulster Defence Medal[37]
- Northern Ireland Home Service Medal [38]
- The Accumulated Campaign Service Medal[39]
- The Long Service and Good Conduct Medal [40]
Officers who are awarded the Ulster Defence medal (UD) may use the post-nominal letters UD[citation needed].
Notable members
Politicians
- Major Ken Maginnis
- Colonel Alan Brooke
- Captain Frederick Michael Alexander Torrens-Spence DSO, DSC, AFC
- Colonel (Reginald) Harvey Bicker OBE TD
- Major Samuel (Sam) Foster CBE
- Oliver Gibson
- Lieutenant Michael Copeland
- Danny O'Connor
- Tom Elliott
- Willie Frazer
- Jeffrey Donaldson
Others
References
Notes
- ^
"BBC ON THIS DAY". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
{{cite web}}
: Text "10" ignored (help); Text "1969: Ulster's B Specials to be disbanded" ignored (help) - ^
"BBC NEWS". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
{{cite web}}
: Text "Chequered history of Irish regiment" ignored (help); Text "Northern Ireland" ignored (help) - ^ a b c CAIN Archive:Public Records: Subversion in the UDR Although initially written in 1973, the report was only declassified in 2004. Cite error: The named reference "caindoc" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture, W. J. McCormack, Blackwell Publishing 1999, pp578
- ^ "The Regimental Association of The Ulster Defence Regiment". www.udrassociation.org. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ a b "CAIN: HMSO: Hunt Report, 1969". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
- ^ On This Day, BBC
- ^ http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_S01.html
- ^ A Testimony to Courage - the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969 - 1992, Major John Furniss Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0850528194
- ^ A Testimony to Courage - the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969 - 1992, Major John Furniss Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0850528194
- ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1972/feb/03/ulster-defence-regiment#S5CV0830P0-02514
- ^ Queen awards RIR gallantry cross, BBC, 6 October 2006
- ^ Northern Ireland: A comparative analysis, Frank Wright p154
- ^ Devolution in Britain today, Colin Pilkington, p86
- ^ Census figures by religion
- ^ http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/irish_news/arts2006/mar6_UDR_inherits_legacy__RGarland.php
- ^ http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2007-07-31-2102214044_x.htm
- ^ The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture, W. J. McCormack, Blackwell Publishing 1999, p 578.
- ^ A Testimony to Courage - the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969 - 1992, Major John Furniss Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0850528194
- ^ "MOD Army".
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|accessdaymonth=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=
ignored (|access-date=
suggested) (help) - ^ "MOD Army".
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|accessdaymonth=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=
ignored (|access-date=
suggested) (help) - ^ Five more were killed after amalgamation with the Royal Irish Rangers: UDR Association website; CAIN: Sutton index of deathsBBC
- ^ See Royal Irish Regiment webpage
- ^ See the following quotes of 1975's chapter of Sutton chronology:[1]
- 27 July 1975 William Hanna (46) Protestant Status: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Killed by: Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
- 31 July 1975 Harris Boyle (22) Protestant
- 31 July 1975 Wesley Somerville (34) Protestant
- ^ Hansard, 23 March 1970, reproduced in millbanksystems.com[2]
- ^ "MOD Army".
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|accessdaymonth=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=
ignored (|access-date=
suggested) (help) - ^ Transforming Settler States: Communal Conflict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe, Ronald Weitzer, University of California Press, 1990. Page 208. ISBN 9780520064904.
- ^ a b May 2, 2006 edition of the Irish News available here.
- ^ Paisley by Ed Moloney & Andy Pollak Poolbeg Press Ltd., 1986 P.363-402
- ^ 1976: UDR men jailed for Showband killings
- ^ "A Chronology of the Conflict - 1989". CAIN. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- ^ "Collusion - Chronology of Events in the Stevens Inquiries =". CAIN. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
- ^ See reference here
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ "UDR Association".
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|accessdaymonth=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=
ignored (|access-date=
suggested) (help) - ^ [6]
- ^ [7]
- ^ [8]
Bibliography
- A Testimony to Courage - the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969 - 1992, Major John Furniss Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0850528194