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This list is not exhaustive. For example, it does not include [[Mykola Zlochevsky]], owner of the infamous [[Burisma Holdings]] Limited.<ref>{{cite news |last1=James Risen |first1=James |title=Joe Biden, His Son and the Case Against a Ukrainian Oligarch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/09/world/europe/corruption-ukraine-joe-biden-son-hunter-biden-ties.html |accessdate= 2 Dec 2019 |work=New York Times}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 22:32, 2 December 2019
The Ukrainian oligarchs are a group of business oligarchs that quickly appeared on the economic and political scene of Ukraine after its independence in 1991, just as happened in neighboring post-Soviet state Russia.[1][2] In 2008, the combined wealth of Ukraine's 50 richest oligarchs was equal to 85% of Ukraine's GDP.[3] In November 2013 this number was 45% (of GDP).[4] By 2015, due to the Ukrainian crisis, the total net worth of the five richest and most influential Ukrainians (Rinat Akhmetov, Viktor Pinchuk, Ihor Kolomoyskyi, Henadiy Boholyubov and Yuriy Kosiuk) had dropped from $21.6 billion in 2014 to $11.85 billion in June 2015.[5] (In 2014 Ukrainian GDP fell by 7%; in 2015 it shrank 12%.[6])
Usage
Oligarchs are usually defined as businessmen having direct influence on both politics and economy. During the 1990s, the oligarchs emerged as politically-connected entrepreneurs who started from nearly nothing and got rich through participation in the market via connections to the corrupt, but democratically elected government of Ukraine during the state's transition to a market-based economy. Later numerous Ukrainian businesspeople have "taken over control" of political parties (examples of this are Party of Greens of Ukraine, Labour Ukraine and Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)[1]) or started new ones to gain seats and influence in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament).
The rise of the oligarchs has been connected to the processes of privatization of state-owned assets. These processes usually involved the distribution of property titles of such enterprises, land, and real estate, on equal base to the whole population of the country, through instruments such as privatization vouchers, certificates, and coupons. Given the different preferences of people in relation to risk-aversity, property titles were easily re-sold. Businessmen who could provide an initial investment capital to collect such property titles could thus easily arrive to the property of whole former public holdings.
The oligarchs' influence on the Ukrainian Government is extreme. In 2011 some analysts and Ukrainian politicians believed that some Ukrainian businesses tycoons, with "lucrative relations" with Russia, were deliberately hindering Ukraine's European Union integration.[7]
Most influential
In January 2001 only two people of this list were seen as being an oligarch by the general public (Lazarenko and Tymoshenko, topping a Kyiv International Institute of Sociology survey in January 2001).[8][improper synthesis?]
- Rinat Akhmetov is the wealthiest man in Ukraine.
- Petro Poroshenko, the fifth President of Ukraine.
- Viktor Yanukovych, the fourth President of Ukraine
- Leonid Chernovetskyi, one of the first bankers in Ukraine, former mayor of the capital Kyiv.
- Dmytro Firtash, the most important figure in the vital gas industry.
- Ihor Kolomoyskyi, the second/third richest person in Ukraine since at least 2006.[9]
- Viktor Pinchuk, the son-in-law of ex-president Leonid Kuchma who controls much of the nation's media.
- Serhiy Tihipko, a multi-millionaire with a long career in Ukrainian politics.[10]
- Hennadiy Korban[11]
List
An economic study distinguishes 35 oligarchic groups within 2000s – 2010s[12]:
Oligarch group | Owners (members) | Notes |
---|---|---|
System Capital Management | Rinat Akhmetov | Akhmetov is the wealthiest man in Ukraine |
Smart Holding | Vadym Novynskyi, Andriy Klyamko | |
Energy Standard | Kostiantyn Hryhoryshyn | |
Industrial Union of Donbas | Serhiy Taruta, Oleh Mkrtchian, Vitaliy Haiduk | |
Energo | Viktor Nusenkis, Leonid Baisarov | |
Privat Group | Ihor Kolomoyskyi, Henadiy Boholyubov, Oleksiy Martynov | |
Group DF | Dmytro Firtash, Serhiy Lyovochkin, Yuriy Boyko | Firtash is the most important figure in the vital gas industry |
Universal Investment Group | Vitaliy Antonov | |
Azovmash | Yuriy Ivanyushchenko, Arsen Ivanyushchenko | |
Kernel | Andriy Verevskyi | |
Motor Sich | Vyacheslav Bohuslayev | |
Ukrprominvest/Roshen | Petro Poroshenko, Yuriy Kosiuk, Oleksiy Vadaturskyi | Poroshenko is the fifth President of Ukraine |
Nord | Valentyn Landyk | |
Finance and Credit | Kostyantyn Zhevago, Oleksiy Kucherenko | |
Astarta | Viktor Ivanchyk, Valeriy Korotkov | |
Dynamo | Hryhoriy Surkis, Ihor Surkis, Viktor Medvedchuk | |
Interpipe | Victor Pinchuk | Pinchuk is the son-in-law of ex-president Leonid Kuchma who controls much of the nation's media |
TAS | Serhiy Tihipko | |
Konti/APK-Invest | Borys Kolesnikov | |
Obolon | Oleksandr Slobodyan | |
Ukrinterproduct | Oleksandr Leshchinskyi | |
Stirol | Mykola Yankovskyi | |
Creativ Group | Stanislav Berezkin | |
Development Construction Holding | Oleksandr Yaroslavskyi | |
AVK | Volodymyr Avramenko, Valeriy Kravets | |
Concern AVEC | Oleksandr Feldman | |
Aval | Fedir Shpig | |
Ukrsotsbank | Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi | |
Pravex | Leonid Chernovetskyi and his family | Chernovetskyi is one of the first bankers in Ukraine, former mayor of the capital Kyiv |
Forum Group | Leonid Yurushev | |
Uvercon | Eduard Prutnik | |
Continuum | Ihor Yeremeyev, Serhiy Lahur, Stepan Ivakhiv | |
EpiCentre K | Oleksandr Hereha, Halyna Hereha | |
Cascade Investment | Vitaliy Khomutynnik | |
Neftegazobycha | Nestor Shufrych, Mykola Rudkovskyi |
This list is not exhaustive. For example, it does not include Mykola Zlochevsky, owner of the infamous Burisma Holdings Limited.[13]
See also
- Russian oligarchs
- Business magnate
- History of post-Soviet Russia#Rise of the oligarchs
- Oligarchy
- Robber baron (industrialist)
References
- ^ a b Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, Andrew Wilson, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-09545-7
- ^ Ukraine's New Rulers: What Do They Want?, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (June 03, 2010)
- ^ Kuzio, Taras (1 July 2008). "OLIGARCHS WIELD POWER IN UKRAINIAN POLITICS". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 5 (125).
- ^ http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR_160_SURVIVAL_OF_THE_RICHEST-_HOW_OLIGARC1_BLOCK_REFORM_IN_UKRAINE.pdf
- ^ "A Decisive Turn? Risks for Ukrainian Democracy After the Euromaidan". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. February 3, 2016.
- ^ https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2016/01/lviv-not-donetsk
- ^ EU Hopes Fade As Gas Lobby Triumphs, Kyiv Post (16 December 2011)
- ^ Democratic Revolution in Ukraine: From Kuchmagate to Orange Revolution by Taras Kuzio, Routledge, 2009, ISBN 0415441412 (chapter 4)
- ^ "President v oligarch". The Economist. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ Tihipko gains strength as decisive day arrives, Kyiv Post (January 14, 2010)
- ^ Top-100 the richest Ukrainians 2013 - Gennadiy Korban, site of the Forbes-Ukraine magazine, October, 15, 2013
Ukrop party will run in local elections across Ukraine, Kyiv Post (July 27, 2015) - ^ Chernenko, Demid (2018). "Capital structure and oligarch ownership" (PDF). Economic Change and Restructuring: 1–29. doi:10.1007/S10644-018-9226-9.
- ^ James Risen, James. "Joe Biden, His Son and the Case Against a Ukrainian Oligarch". New York Times. Retrieved 2 Dec 2019.
External links
- Chernovetsky enters Wprost list of 100 richest people by Kyiv Post (October 22, 2008)
- To Catch an Oligarch by Jasen Felch and Justin Kane, Center for Investigative Reporting (October 4, 2004)