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'''Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army''' aka Polissian Sich (Poliska sich) - UPA. aka Ukrainian Insurgent Army
The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was a paramilitary formation of Ukrainian nationalists, nominally proclaimed in [[Olevsk]] region in December 1941 by [[Taras Bulba-Borovets|Taras Borovets]] by renaming an existing military unit known from July 1941 as the UPA-Polissian Sich (Poliska sich). It was a [[warlord]]
In order to
October 5 1943 it was nominally dissolved but some units were acted against Soviet administration by end of 1944. <ref> Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp.104-154 </ref>▼
==UPA-The Polissian Sich==
By the end of June 1941 [[Taras Bulba-Borovets|Taras Borovets]],
At the beginning of August Borovets made an attempts to obtain a military support from OUN fractions - Bandera’s OUN reject his proposal while [[OUN]] ([[Andriy Melnyk|Melnyk]] ) fraction agreed to provide some. Several related to OUN(M) military officials joined UPA-The Polissian Sich. The Sich's chief of staff was [[Petro Smorodsky]], formerly a lieutenant colonel of the UNR Army. After defeating a Soviet force at [[Olevsk]] on 21 August, Borovets established his headquarters there. From this time till mid of November 1941 Bulba formation in fact controlled huge territory of northern-west Ukraine which lay away from central roads. By autumn of 1941 it has 2-3 thousands of armed personnel. It has published official newspaper “Haydamaka”. Arms and ammunitions were supplied by Germans with which [[Taras Bulba-Borovets|Taras Borovets]] has a friendly relations. In November 1941 German administration began to disband nationalistic military formations, some of which were reformed into Ukrainian auxiliary police under direct German command. November 16 1941 UPA-The Polissian Sich was formally demobilized. <ref> Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp.104-154 http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/ </ref>▼
▲At the beginning of August, Borovets made an attempts to obtain
==Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) ==
In December 1941 [[Taras Bulba-Borovets|Bulba]] removed “The Polissian Sich” from his formation name (
By end of February 1943 Bandera wing of OUN (OUN-B) decided to create own military formation. While conducting negotiation with Borovets about cooperative actions (in fact lying under direct OUN-B control) in March 20 1943 OUN (Bandera wing) issued an order about own military formation creation “using bulba’s military personnel”. Such “formation” often involves forcible acquiring of Bulba units. Due the fact that Bulbas UPA was well known and popular amongst Polissya population commander of OUN-B military formation [[D.Klyachkivskyy]] issued an order about renaming OUN-B military detachments into UPA. ▼
▲By the end of February 1943, the Bandera wing of
▲
==The Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army==▼
From the beginning of the OUN-B military formation it started
▲==The Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army==
▲From the beginning of the OUN-B military formation it started ethnical cleaning of the Polish population. In order to distinct own military formation from such actions 20 (or 27) of July 1943 Bulba issued an order on renaming own UPA into Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army (name which OUN-B adopted in 1941 for future Ukrainian army in Bandera’s Ukraine) .
At the end of June 1943 the OUN-B issued an order
On 18 August 1943 Borovets and the UPRA
October 5 1943 Borovets issued order which claimed “new tactics of UPRA warfare” – move to a deep underground. But in fact it was an actual disband of Borovets peasants army. ▼
The steady loss of men to the rival UPA and the decline in peasant support prompted Borovets to rename his force the Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army. However some of UPRA detachments were active even later. In December 1943 they captured and released OUN-B senior officer. Later some soviet sources reported about clashes with UPRA units. In autumn 1944 soviet authorities reported what UPRA unit prevented wood-cutting activities in one [[Polissya]] county. <ref> Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp.104-154 http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/ </ref>▼
▲On October 5, 1943 Borovets issued an order which claimed “new tactics of UPRA warfare” – move
▲The steady loss of men to the rival UPA and the decline in peasant support prompted Borovets to rename his force the Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army. However some of UPRA detachments were active even later. In December 1943 they captured and released a senior OUN-B
==References==
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Revision as of 04:35, 9 December 2008
Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army aka Polissian Sich (Poliska sich) - UPA. aka Ukrainian Insurgent Army
The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was a paramilitary formation of Ukrainian nationalists, nominally proclaimed in Olevsk region in December 1941 by Taras Borovets by renaming an existing military unit known from July 1941 as the UPA-Polissian Sich (Poliska sich). It was a warlord-type military formation without a strict central command. From spring 1942 until the autumn of 1943 it acted against the German rural civil administration and warehouses, from spring 1943 it also fought against Soviet Partisans and some units against Poles; from July-August 1943 it clashed with OUN-B Bandera’s UPA and SB units.
In order to distinguish itself from Stepan Bandera's Ukrainian Insurgent Army which conducted the ethnic cleansing of Poles, on July 20, 1943 it was renamed the Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army. However, among the local population and Soviet partisans members of Bulba’s formation always known as “bulbovtsy”.
UPA-The Polissian Sich
By the end of June 1941 Taras Borovets, with support from German occupational forces officials, decided to create his own military formation. At the beginning of July 1941 he was nominated by Germans to the post of Ukrainian militia commander at Sarny district. By the beginning of August 1941 he obtained German permission to create an armed military formation which he named as “The Polissian Sich”. The main tasks of this newly created formation was “ by the order of German military command … establishing a self defense against Bolsheviks regular and partisan units”. Borovets' military formation obtained high praise from the Germans – they especially noted the cruel massacre of retreating Soviet Army soldiers which this formation had conducted earlier.
At the beginning of August, Borovets made an attempts to obtain military support from the two rival factions of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Stepan Bandera's OUN-B rejected his proposal while the OUN-M under Andriy Melnyk fraction agreed to provide support. Several military officials affiliated to the OUN-M joined the UPA-Polissian Sich. The Sich's chief of staff was Petro Smorodsky, formerly a lieutenant colonel of the UNR Army. After defeating a Soviet force at Olevsk on 21 August, Borovets established his headquarters there. From this time till the middle of November 1941, the Bulba formation controlled a large territory of northern-west Ukraine which lay away from central roads. By the autumn of 1941 it had 2,000-3,000 armed personnel and published an official newspaper, “Haidamaka”. Arms and ammunition were supplied by Germans with which Taras Borovets maintained friendly relations. In November 1941 the German administration began to disband nationalistic military formations, some of which were reformed into Ukrainian auxiliary police under direct German command. On November 16, 1941 UPA-The Polissian Sich was formally demobilized. [1]
Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)
In December 1941 Bulba removed “The Polissian Sich” from his formation name (numbering by this time only 300 persons), calling his formation the “Ukrainian Insurgent Army”. In February 1942, he made an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate with the Germans for the renewal of his formation. The winter of 1941/42 was spent by Taras Bulba-Borovets at the General Government, while his formation was inactive. In March 1942, the Germans activated their program of the brutal exploitation of Ukraine. As a reaction to such measures, military units controlled by Borovets rapidly expanded with volunteers. These included Soviet POWs, local peasants, different type of nationalists from the OUN which had not adopted official line. At this time Borovets' force became an anti-German force. However, its activities were limited to actions that interfeed with the economical exploitation of selective regions by local German administrations. In general, its activities were limited to passive self defense of several rural areas and attacks on German food warehouses. On 19 August, 1942 Bulba’s detachments at Shepetivka captured 4 railway coaches with military equipment. Throughout the summer and autumn Taras Bulba-Borovets tried to find a compromise with German administration and even Nazi security police and SIPO representatives met several time with Borovets' UPA to negotiate future cooperation. However, such meetings did not have any known results. During the autumn and winter of 1942 Borovets also conducted negotiations with Soviet partisans and reached tricky “non-aggression” agreement, which lasted until February 1943.
By the end of February 1943, the Bandera wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists(OUN-B) decided to create its own military formation. While conducting negotiations with Borovets about cooperative actions (in fact demanding that Borovets' units be placed under direct OUN-B control) in March 20 1943 OUN (Bandera wing) issued an order about own military formation creation “using Bulba’s military personnel”. Such “formation” often involved forcible acquiring of Bulba units. Due the fact that Bulbas UPA was well known and popular amongst the local population, the commander of the OUN-B military formation Dmytro Klyachkivsky issued an order renaming the OUN-B military detachments as UPA.
Thus, from May 1943 two antagonistic Ukrainian nationalistic forces shared a common name, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, without merging into one army. [2]
The Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army
From the beginning of the OUN-B military formation it started the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population. In order to seperate his own military formations from such actions on the 20th (or 27th) of July 1943 Bulba issued an order renaming his own UPA into the Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army (the name which OUN-B hadadopted in 1941 for future Ukrainian army in Bandera’s Ukraine).
At the end of June 1943 the OUN-B issued an order according to which all Ukrainian nationalistic formation must follow the command of the OUN-B. That order lead to military actions of UPA/OUN-B against UPRA. In August, many of Bulba’s units were absorbed, disarmed or disbanded, and many commanders were killed by UPA Security Service – SB.
On 18 August 1943 Borovets and the UPRA headquarters was surrounded and ambushed by several UPA battalions. Some of UPRA command were captured, some killed – including Borovet’s wife. Borovets and a few of his staff escaped.
On October 5, 1943 Borovets issued an order which claimed “new tactics of UPRA warfare” – move deep underground. In reality, this was the actual disbandment of Borovets' peasants army. The steady loss of men to the rival UPA and the decline in peasant support prompted Borovets to rename his force the Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army. However some of UPRA detachments were active even later. In December 1943 they captured and released a senior OUN-B officer. Later, some sSviet sources reported about clashes with UPRA units. In autumn 1944 Soviet authorities reported that an UPRA unit prevented wood-cutting activities in one Polissya county. [3]
References
- ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp.104-154 http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/
- ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp.104-154 http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/
- ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp.104-154 http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/
Sources
- http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/ Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія Chapter 3 p.104-154
Borovets’, T. Armiia bez derzhavy: slava i trahediia ukraïns’koho povstans’koho rukhu (Winnipeg 1981)
- Son of Polissia
- Army without country
- Taras Borovetz History of the UIA
- Taras Borovetz - Our opinion of Russia and General Vlasov
- Володимир Дзьобак. Тарас Боровець і “Поліська Січ”, "З архівів ВУЧК-ГПУ-НКВД-КГБ", №1/2(2/3), 1995. LCC JN6635.A55 I679