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[[Image:The Philbrook Museum of Art and formal gardens.jpg|thumb|right|The Philbrook Museum, a former oil baron's estate, features extensive gardens and artwork.]] |
[[Image:The Philbrook Museum of Art and formal gardens.jpg|thumb|right|The Philbrook Museum, a former oil baron's estate, features extensive gardens and artwork.]] |
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Tulsa’s culture is apparent in the city’s most prominent art museums, the [[Philbrook Museum of Art]] and [[Gilcrease Museum]]. Philbrook Museum is located in the former estate of [[petroleum|oil]] pioneer [[Waite Phillips]]. Phillips and his wife, Genevieve, donated the 1927 [[Italian Renaissance]] "Villa Philbrook" and its 23 acres of landscaped grounds to the city of Tulsa in 1938. Considered one of the top 50 art museums in the U.S., it is one of only five to offer a combination of historic home, gardens, and art collection.<ref |
Tulsa’s culture is apparent in the city’s most prominent art museums, the [[Philbrook Museum of Art]] and [[Gilcrease Museum]]. Philbrook Museum is located in the former estate of [[petroleum|oil]] pioneer [[Waite Phillips]]. Phillips and his wife, Genevieve, donated the 1927 [[Italian Renaissance]] "Villa Philbrook" and its 23 acres of landscaped grounds to the city of Tulsa in 1938. Considered one of the top 50 art museums in the U.S., it is one of only five to offer a combination of historic home, gardens, and art collection.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ww3.visittulsa.com/general.asp?id=149| title= Philbrook Museum of Art| publisher= Tulsa Metro Chamber of Commerce | accessdate=2006-04-15}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Tulsa_Depot.jpg|thumb|left|Tulsa Union Depot houses the Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame in downtown Tulsa.]]Gilcrease Museum, located in the Osage Hills northwest of downtown Tulsa, houses the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.<ref |
[[Image:Tulsa_Depot.jpg|thumb|left|Tulsa Union Depot houses the Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame in downtown Tulsa.]]Gilcrease Museum, located in the Osage Hills northwest of downtown Tulsa, houses the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.travelok.com/atv/urban.asp | title= The All-Terrain Vacation| publisher= Travelok.com | accessdate=2006-04-12}}</ref> The Museum also offers an unparalleled collection of Native American art and artifacts, as well as historical manuscripts, documents and maps. Themed gardens, focused on various periods of North American history, have been developed on a large section of the museum's property. Another important Tulsa museum, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art, located in South Tulsa, contains a large collection of Jewish art and artifacts relevant to Judaism in Oklahoma, as well as remnants of the holocaust. The museum contains largest collection of [[Judaism|Judaica]] in the [[Southwest United States]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.jewishmuseum.net/ | title= Sherwin Miller Museum of Judaism| pages=1 | publisher= Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art | accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref> Other important museums include the Tulsa Air and Space Museum, the Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame, the Tulsa Geosciences Center, and the Greenwood Cultural Center, which houses a historical collection of artifacts and photography that preserves the history of [[The Black Wall Street]] prior to the [[Tulsa Race Riot]] of 1921. |
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Tulsa's performing arts community has had a significant influence in American pop culture history. [[Cain's Ballroom]], often considered the birthplace of [[Western Swing]]<ref name=" |
Tulsa's performing arts community has had a significant influence in American pop culture history. [[Cain's Ballroom]], often considered the birthplace of [[Western Swing]]<ref name="Selling Tulsa">{{cite web | date=[[2006-07-15]] | url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/business/article.aspx?articleID=060715_Bu_E1_Tulsa51913 | title= Selling Tulsa: Branded | first=John | last=Stancavage | publisher=[[Tulsa World]] | accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref> because it was the headquarters of [[Bob Wills]] and the [[Texas Playboys]], has played host to a number of famous musicians. The building is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="Selling Tulsa" /> Today, Tulsa contains several permanent dance, theater, and concert groups, including ballets, an orchestra, a chorus and opera company, and several large acting guilds. A group called Theatre Tulsa holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously operating [[community theatre]] company west of the [[Mississippi River]] and the first community theater in America to produce [[Our Town]] by [[Thornton Wilder]] in 1939.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theatretulsa.org/history/history.html| title= History of Theatre Tulsa| publisher=Theatre Tulsa | accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref> Most of these groups base themselves from the Tulsa Performing Arts Center in downtown Tulsa. “Discoveryland!”, an outdoor amphitheater located 12 miles west of Downtown Tulsa, is the official performance headquarters of the musical ''[[Oklahoma!]]''<ref>{{cite web | url= http://discoverylandusa.com/awards.shtml| title= Honors and Awards| publisher=Discoveryland!| accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref> and holds performances during the summer months. Another important performing arts venue includes the [[Brady Theater]], listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. Beginning in 2008, the 18,000-seat [[BOK Center]] will host large performing arts events. |
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[[Image:GoldenDriller.jpg|right|thumb|The iconic [[Golden Driller]], built in 1953 for the 1966 International Petroleum Expo,<ref name="Golden Driller">{{cite web |
[[Image:GoldenDriller.jpg|right|thumb|The iconic [[Golden Driller]], built in 1953 for the 1966 International Petroleum Expo,<ref name="Golden Driller">{{cite web | url=http://www.bestoftulsa.com/landmarks/golden_driller.shtml| title= Tulsa Landmarks| publisher=Best of Tulsa | accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref> now stands at the Tulsa County Fairgrounds.]] |
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=== Outdoor recreation === |
=== Outdoor recreation === |
Revision as of 14:51, 4 May 2007
Tulsa, Oklahoma | |
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![]() | |
Flag of Tulsa, Oklahoma Official seal of Tulsa, Oklahoma Seal | |
Nickname(s): Oil Capital of the World, America's Most Beautiful City | |
Location in the state of Oklahoma | |
Country | United States |
State | Oklahoma |
Counties | Tulsa, Osage, Wagoner, Rogers |
Government | |
• Mayor | Kathy Taylor (D) |
Population (2006) | |
• City | 387,807 |
• Metro | 937,815 |
Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
Website | www.cityoftulsa.org |
Tulsa is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. With an estimated population of 387,807 in 2000,[1] it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region home to 897,752 residents expected to grow to 1 million within three to five years.[2] The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, with 563,299 residents as of the 2000 census.
Tulsa was first settled by the Creek Native American tribe after the forced removal of the five civilized tribes into Indian Territory and what would later become the state of Oklahoma. A rash of oil discoveries in the early 20th century made the city one of the most important hubs for the oil industry in the United States, but a decline in the industry and subsequent economic diversification altered this foundation, leading to an increase in the aviation, telecommunications and technology sectors.[3] The Tulsa Port of Catoosa aids the regional economy as one of the nation's largest seaports and the most inland river port in the United States,[4] while the city is home to two private NCAA Division 1 institutions of higher education, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University. In 2011, Tulsa will be the site of the world's largest free-standing statue, "The American," which will break ground in 2007.[5] The monument is anticipated by developers to be a national icon similar to the Gateway Arch, Mount Rushmore, and the Statue of Liberty.[6]
The city is located in northeast Oklahoma, a region of the state often referred to as "Green Country." It is considered the cultural and arts center of Oklahoma,[7] boasting two world-renowned art museums, full-time professional opera and ballet companies, and one of the nation's largest concentrations of art deco architecture.[8] In 2005, Tulsa was selected as one of "America's Most Livable Large Cities."[9] People from Tulsa are called Tulsans.
History
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Meadowgold.jpg/220px-Meadowgold.jpg)
What was to ultimately become Tulsa was originally part of Indian Territory and was first settled by the Lochapoka and Creek tribes in 1836.[10] They established a home under a large oak tree at the present day intersection of Cheyenne Avenue and 18th Street, and named their new settlement "Tallasi," meaning "old town" in the Creek language, which later became "Tulsa."[10] On January 18 1898, Tulsa was officially incorporated and elected its first mayor, Edward Calkins.[11]
Tulsa was a small town near the banks of the Arkansas River in 1901. Its first oil well, named Sue Bland No. 1,[11] was established that year. By 1905, the discovery of a large oil pool near the town of Glenpool had prompted thousands of businessmen to seek claims to some of the area's growing number of oil fields. The town's 1900 population was estimated at 1,390, but by 1930, the number had swelled to over 140,000.[12] An immense economic surge from the burgeoning oil industry earned the city the nickname "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century.[13] The success of oil barons and their patrons prompted an increase in construction, as newly acquired fortunes were used to construct skyscrapers and residential estates in the popular Art Deco style of the time. Profits from the oil industry continued well into the depression, helping Tulsa's economy fare much better than most cities in the United States during the 1930's.[14]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cains_Ballroom_Tulsa.jpg/220px-Cains_Ballroom_Tulsa.jpg)
In the 1910's and 20's, Tulsa was home to a large "Black Wall Street," one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States at the time.[16] Located in the Greenwood neighborhood of North Tulsa, it was the site of the a large race riot in 1921. Known as the Tulsa Race Riot, the violence that spread into the Greenwood district was one of the nation's worst acts of racial violence and large-scale civil disorder.[16] From May 31 to June 1, 1921, in 16 hours of rioting, 39 people were officially reported killed, over 800 people were admitted to local hospitals with injuries, an estimated 10,000 were left homeless, 35 city blocks composed of 1,256 residences were destroyed by fire, and $1.8 million was caused in property damage.[16] Confined mainly to the segregated Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, the riot was responsible for wiping out nearly all of the prosperity and success that Black Wall Street had achieved until the area was partially rebuilt.
For the remainder of the mid-20th century, oil profits and an increasing aviation industry propelled the city to another economic surge. The new prosperity led to the development of a master plan for the city, which used a growing economy as the means to fund numerous parks, churches, museums, rose gardens, improved infrastructure, and increased national advertising. Following World War II, Tulsa became an important maintenance center for American Airlines and numerous other aviation related businesses that continued to pour money into the city's revitalization efforts. In the 1950's, Time magazine dubbed Tulsa "America's Most Beautiful City."[13]
The efforts of Tulsa businessman Cyrus Avery, known the "Father of Route 66,"[17] further aided the 20th century growth. Avery began his campaign to create a road linking Chicago to California in Tulsa through the 1920's, and earned the city the nickname "Birthplace of Route 66."[18] Once completed, Route 66 took an important role in Tulsa's development as the city served as a popular rest stop for travelers, who were greeted by area Route 66 icons such as the Meadow Gold Sign and the Blue Whale. During this period, Bob Willis and his group The Texas Playboys began their long performing stint at a small ballroom in downtown Tulsa. In 1935, Cain's Ballroom became the base for the group,[15] which is largely credited for creating Western Swing music. As a result, Cain's Ballroom became a hub for the new kind of music. The venue continued to attract famous musicians throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, and is still in operation today.[15]
In 1982, a national recession greatly effected Tulsa's economy, as areas of Texas and Oklahoma heavily dependant on oil witnessed freefall in gas prices and a mass exodus of oil industries. By 1987, national natural gas prices had dropped over 32% while crude oil prices had plummeted 46%.[19] Tulsa, heavily dependant on the oil industry, was one of the hardest hit cities by the fall of oil prices.[19] By 1992, the state's economy had fully recovered,[19] but leaders would attempt to expand into sectors unrelated to oil and energy.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BOK_Center_Construction_Nov06_TulsaOK.jpg/220px-BOK_Center_Construction_Nov06_TulsaOK.jpg)
Following the recession, the title of "Oil Capital of the World" was relinquished to Houston, and Tulsa city leaders worked to diversify from a largely petroleum-based economy to one based on energy, telecommunications, technology, education, and aviation. Efforts by city leaders led to the passage of the "Vision 2025" program in 2003 with the purpose of enhancing and revitalizing Tulsa's infrastructure and tourism industry. The keystone project of Vision 2025 was the construction of the BOK Center in downtown Tulsa. The multi-purpose arena, designed by famed architect Cesar Pelli, is intended to be a home for the city's minor league hockey and arena football teams, as well as a venue for major concerts and conventions. Groundbreaking on the structure occurred in 2005 and completion is expected in 2008.[20]
In 2004, Tulsa was selected as the site of "The American," the world's largest free-standing statue, to be constructed on Holmes Peak near downtown.[5] Originally slated for completion in 2007, developers have recently announced a new expected unveiling in 2011, with construction beginning in 2007.[5] The statue will eventually stand 217 feet, or about 60 feet taller than the Statue of Liberty in New York City,[21] and attract an expected 1.5 million visitors to Tulsa annually.[5] The 21-story monument of a native american man stretching his hand to an eagle is anticipated by developers to be a national icon.[6]
Law and government
Tulsa is the county seat of Tulsa County, and has a mayor-council form of government. This form of government has been in place since 1989, at which time Tulsa converted from a city commission form of government.[22] The mayor is elected to a four-year term by plurality voting. There are nine city councilors and each hold a two year term. The city of Tulsa lies mostly within Oklahoma's 1st Congressional District, with its far northwestern areas within Oklahoma's 3rd Congressional District.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tulsa_County_Courthouse.jpg/220px-Tulsa_County_Courthouse.jpg)
A city wide election decides Tulsa's mayor. The present mayor of Tulsa is Kathryn Taylor, who previously served as Secretary of Commerce and Tourism for the state of Oklahoma. Taylor, a Democrat, unseated William LaFortune, a Republican, in April 2006. A former Tulsa mayor, Jim Inhofe, now represents Oklahoma in the United States Senate. The city's legislative body is the Tulsa City Council, which serves to pass laws, approve the city budget, and manage efficiency in city government. Roscoe Turner of district three currently serves as the council chairman along with Vice Chairman John Eagleton of district seven. Each of the nine city councilors are elected from their own respective districts based on pluarality voting. Tulsa's city auditor is elected independently of the city council and mayor to ensure that the auditor can act in an objective manner. This position serves a term of two years, and the current auditor is Phil Wood, a Democrat.
Law in Tulsa is enforced by the Tulsa Police Department, an organization that has about 770 officers as of 2006.[23] In 2005, Tulsa's total crime per 100,000 people was 6513.5,[24] which is about 1.5 times the national average.[25] There were 61 murders, 891 robberies, and 6,403 burglaries in 2004.[26]
Sister cities
In accordance with Sister Cities International, an organization which began under President Dwight Eisenhower in 1956, Tulsa has been given eight international sister cities in an attempt to foster cross-cultural understanding:
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Geography
Tulsa is located in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma, situated between the edge of the Great Plains and the foot of the Ozark Mountains in a generally forested region of rolling hills. The city touches the eastern extent of the Cross Timbers, an ecoregion of forest and prairie transitioning from the drier plains of the west to the wetter forests of the east.[27] Tulsa serves as the gateway to "Green Country," a popular and official designation for northeast Oklahoma that stems from the region's green vegetation and relatively high amount of hills and lakes compared to central and western areas of Oklahoma,[28] which lie largely in the Great Plains region of the Central United States. Northeastern Oklahoma is the most topographically diverse part of the state, containing seven of Oklahoma's 11 ecosystems[29] and more than half of its state parks.[30] The region encompasses 30 lakes or reservoirs[31] and borders the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas. The geographic coordinates of the city of Tulsa are 36°7′53″N 95°56′14″W / 36.13139°N 95.93722°WInvalid arguments have been passed to the {{#coordinates:}} function (36.131294, -95.937332)Template:GR, with an elevation of 213 meters (700 ft) above sea level.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tulsa_satellite_poster.jpg/220px-Tulsa_satellite_poster.jpg)
Topography
The city is split by the prominent Arkansas River, which flows in a wide, sandy-bottomed channel. Its flow through the Tulsa area is controlled by upstream flood-control reservoirs, but its width and depth can vary widely throughout the year, such as during periods of high rainfall or severe drought. However, a low-water dam maintains a full channel at all times in the area adjacent to downtown Tulsa.[32] Heavily wooded and with abundant parks and water areas, the city holds several prominent hills with names such as "Shadow Mountain" and "Turkey Mountain," which create varied terrain within the city itself, especially in its southern portions. While the city's central and northern sections are generally flat to gently undulating, the Osage Hills extension into the northwestern part of the city further varies the landscape. Holmes Peak, the future site of The American monument in the northwest corner of the city, is the tallest point in five counties at 1030 ft (314 m).[33]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 483.9 square kilometers (186.8 mi²). 473.1 square kilometers (182.6 mi²) of it is land and 10.9 square kilometers (4.2 mi²) of it (2.24%) is water.
Climate
Tulsa is situated near the heart of Tornado Alley, and has a temperate climate typical of the continental variety, with a yearly average temperature of 61°F.[34] As is typical for the temperate zones, Tulsa's climate varies throughout the seasons and experiences occasional extremes.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lightning_over_Tulsa.jpg/220px-Lightning_over_Tulsa.jpg)
Summer temperatures of 40 °C (100 °F) or higher are often observed from July to early September.[35] These are usually accompanied by high humidity caused by warm air from the Gulf of Mexico brought in by southerly winds. Between May and September, Tulsa also experiences an "Ozone Season," caused by a combination of factors including climate and hydrocarbon emissions. During this season, Tulsa frequently issues "Ozone Alerts," encouraging all parties to do their part in complying with the Clean Air Act and E.P.A. standards.[35] Winter temperatures, while generally mild, also occasionally experience extremes below -20 °C (0 °F) while annual snowfall averages about 9 inches.[34] The Autumn season is usually short, consisting of a brief period of pleasant, sunny days followed by cool nights.[35] Primarily in the spring and early summer months, the Tulsa area is often subjected to severe thunderstorms, some of which contain large hail, damaging winds and, not infrequently, small tornadoes.[36] Severe weather is not limited, though, to this season. On December 5 1975, for example, Tulsa experienced a tornado.[36] The spring and early summer thunderstorm pattern also provides the area with a disproportionate share of its annual rainfall, with yearly totals averaging around 99 centimeters (39. in).[37] Due to frequent flooding in past decades, Tulsa now has one of the most extensive flood control systems in the nation. In 2000, FEMA honored Tulsa as leading the nation in flood plain management.[38]
Climate data for Tulsa, Oklahoma | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Source: Weatherbase[37] |
Cityscape
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Philtower_in_Tulsa.jpg/220px-Philtower_in_Tulsa.jpg)
A building boom in the early 20th century made Tulsa one of the largest concentrations of Art Deco architecture in the United States.[39] The city's art deco is most commonly in the zigzag and streamline styles[14] and dotted throughout older neighborhoods, including downtown and midtown. In 2001, Tulsa served as the host city for the International Art Deco Congress, a semiannual event to promote art deco internationally.[40] Building booms in the 1970's and 80's created a more contemporary architectural scene. The BOK Tower, built during this period, is the tallest building in any of the five "Frontier States" of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota.[41] The city also has the second tallest building in the state, the Cityplex Tower in south Tulsa.[42] The 18,000-seat BOK Center, which began construction in 2005, is intended to be an architectural icon for the city, incorporating Native American architecture, art deco architecture, and contemporary architecture.[43]
Neighborhoods
Downtown Tulsa is an area of approximately 1.4 square miles surrounded by an inner-dispersal loop created by Interstate 244, Interstate 444, and Highway 75.[44] The area serves as Tulsa's financial and business district, and is the topic of a large initiative to draw tourism, which includes plans to capitalize on the area's historic architecture. Much of Tulsa's convention space is located in downtown, such as the Tulsa Performing Arts Center and the Tulsa Convention Center, and beginning in 2008, the BOK Center. Prominent downtown sub-districts include the Blue Dome District, the Brady Arts district, and the Greenwood Historical District.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BostonAvenueMethodist.jpg/220px-BostonAvenueMethodist.jpg)
The large area between 61st Street and 121st Street is considered South Tulsa. This area was developed since the 1970's and contains a heavy concentration of chain retail stores, particularly along the 71st Street corridor. Mostly suburban in nature, South Tulsa contains large schools, neighborhood parks, and one of the state's largest shopping malls, Woodland Hills Mall. South Tulsa is particularly hilly and heavily wooded, and holds many of the city's most expensive and secluded homes. Southern Hills Country Club, and Oral Roberts University are located in the area. East of Highway 169, East Tulsa is an area comprised mostly of modest residential neighborhoods developed since the 1960's. The area contains a diverse racial makeup, including a large Asian population and a "Little Mexico" district, in which large numbers of Hispanic immigrants have established a vibrant community centered around the Plaza Santa Cecelia near East 21st Street and Garnett Road. Areas of light industry and manufacture are also found in East Tulsa and the Harvey Young Airport, a public commuter airport, is located on the eastern edge of the area.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tulsa_River_Skyline.jpg/220px-Tulsa_River_Skyline.jpg)
Areas of Tulsa west of the Arkansas River are called West Tulsa. This area has some of the city's largest parks and wilderness reserves. As a testament to Tulsa's history in the oil industry, West Tulsa still contains several large oil refineries. In An area stretching from the north side of West Tulsa eastward and north of Interstate 244, North Tulsa is home to a large percentage of Tulsa's African-American community. The area's Booker T. Washington High School, one of Tulsa’s African-American high schools during the segregation era and now a magnet school, was judged in 2005 to be the 58th best high school in the United States by Newsweek Magazine.[45] Included in the region is the Greenwood Historic District and the adjacent campus of Oklahoma State University-Tulsa, the internationally famous Gilcrease Museum, the Tulsa International Airport, the Tulsa Zoo, the Tulsa Air and Space Museum, and the nation's third-largest municipal park, Mohawk Park.[46] Many of the city's manufacturing and industrial areas are located in North Tulsa.
The largely residential district occupying land just south and east of Downtown and Uptown from the east bank of the Arkansas River to approximately Yale Avenue and 51st Street is known as Midtown Tulsa. This area, Tulsa's historical residential core, consists mostly of large upscale neighborhoods built in the early 1900s with architecture ranging from art deco to Greek Revival. The area contains many of the grandiose estates of former oil barons, including the Philbrook Museum mansion. The University of Tulsa, the Swan Lake neighborhood, and the upscale shopping districts of Utica Square, Cherry Street, and Brookside are located in Midtown.
Economy
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jenks_riverwalk.jpg/220px-Jenks_riverwalk.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BOK_Tower.jpg/220px-BOK_Tower.jpg)
For most of the 20th century, oil refinery and oil corporations dominated Tulsa's economy. Like the rest of Oklahoma, an oil bust in the 1980s severely compromised that economic foundation. Since then, city and county officials have been leading massive undertakings to diversify Tulsa's economy. Today, Tulsa is still an important energy and oil center, but other sectors have driven economic growth in recent years, such as aerospace, finance, technology, telecommunications, high tech, and manufacturing.[3] The Tulsa International Airport (TUL) and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa, the nation's most inland seaport, connect Tulsa with international trade and transportation. The Tulsa International Airport is also home to a large American Airlines maintenance center, and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa contains an extensive industrial park.
In 2001, with a national recession, the city witnessed an economic downturn similar to that of the 1980's. In response, a comprehensive economic and tourism development initiative, Vision 2025, was approved by voters. The initiative promised to recreate recently lost jobs and rapidly increase job development and economic growth. Projects spurred by the initiative promised urban revitalization, infrastructure improvement, tourism development, riverfront retail development, and further diversification of the economy. The crown jewel of Vision 2025 projects, the BOK Center, is a multi-purpose 18,000-seat arena currently under construction in downtown Tulsa, which was designed to be an architectural icon of the city. Along with other Vision 2025 projects, leaders hope the arena will spur downtown development and tourism. The initiative has led to a significant economic development and investment surge,[47] and as of 2006, employment levels in the city have surpassed pre-recession heights.[48]
A number of large financial corporations are headquartered in Tulsa, the largest being the BOK Financial Corporation, the parent company to the Bank of Oklahoma, the Bank of Texas, the Bank of Arkansas, the Bank of Albuquerque, the Bank of Arizona, Colorado State Bank and Trust, and the Bank of Kansas City.[49] The semi-national gas station chain Quik Trip, the national car rental companies of Vanguard and Dollar Thrifty Automotive, and Mazzio's semi-national pizza chain also call Tulsa home. Many international oil and gas-related companies have headquarters in Tulsa, including Williams Companies, SemGroup, Syntroleum, and Excel Energy. Meanwhile, there are 30 companies in Tulsa that employ more than 1,000 people,[50] though small businesses make up more than 80% of the city's companies.[51]
In 2006, Forbes magazine rated Tulsa as second in the nation in income growth, and one of the best cities to do business in the country.[52] Usually among the lowest cities in the nation in terms of cost of doing business, Tulsa has, in recent years, been officially recognized for it. The Tulsa Metropolitan Area has been rated among the five lowest Metropolitan Areas in the United States for cost of doing business.[53]
In 2001, Tulsa's total gross product was in the top one-third of metropolitan areas, states, and countries globally, with more than $29 billion in total goods, expected to grow at a rate of nearly $500 Million every two years.[54]
Education
There are three primary public school districts in the city of Tulsa. Tulsa Public Schools, with over 41,000 students, is the largest school district in Oklahoma.[55] Each with one upper high school, Jenks and Union schools are the two other primary districts, covering the southern portion of the city near the towns of Jenks and Broken Arrow. The Catholic Diocese of Tulsa supports a private school system that includes Bishop Kelly High School and Cascia Hall Preparatory School,[56] and most other private schools have religious affiliations with various Jewish and Protestant denominations. In 2006, there were more than 90,000 students attending Tulsa County's public schools.[57]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U_Tulsa_McFarlin_Library.jpg/220px-U_Tulsa_McFarlin_Library.jpg)
The largest library system in the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, the Tulsa City-County Library, contains 1.7 million volumes in 25 library facilities.[58] The library is active in the community, holding events and programs at most branches, including free computer classes, children's story-times, business and job assistance, and scholarly databases with information on a variety of topics.[58] The McFarlin Library at the University of Tulsa is a federal depository library holding over three million items.[59] Founded in 1930, the library is known for its collection of Native American works and the original works of Irish author James Joyce.[59] The Tulsa City-County Library and the University of Tulsa's Law Library are also federal depository libraries, making Tulsa the only city in Oklahoma with more than two federal depository libraries.[60]
Higher education
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Learning_Resource_Center_-_Graduate_Center_on_the_campus_of_Oral_Roberts_University.jpg/220px-Learning_Resource_Center_-_Graduate_Center_on_the_campus_of_Oral_Roberts_University.jpg)
Tulsa has 14 institutions of higher education, including two NCAA Division 1 universities: the University of Tulsa, a private school founded in 1894; and Oral Roberts University, a private school founded by evangelist Oral Roberts in 1963. The University of Tulsa has an enrollment of 4,125 undergraduate and graduate students[61] and is ranked among the best 123 Western Colleges by thePrinceton Review, which also ranks the school in the top ten schools nationally for quality of life, overall happiness of students, and relationship with the community.[62] Oral Roberts University, a charismatic Christian university, has an enrollment of 5,109 undergraduate and graduate students.[63] The school has been rated by the Princeton Review as among the 123 best in the Western United States, and among the nation's top 50 schools for graduate programs by U.S. News and World Report.[64] In addition, Oklahoma State University operates Oklahoma State University - Tulsa in downtown Tulsa, which accommodates upper-level courses. The OSU Center for Health Sciences and the OSU College of Osteopathic Medicine are also located near downtown. The University of Oklahoma has a graduate campus in Tulsa, known as the Schusterman Center, located in the Midtown region of Tulsa. Rogers State University, located in the suburb of Claremore, is the Tulsa area's only public four-year university, although Tulsa Community College and OSU-Tulsa have a partnership allowing students to complete four-year Bachelor's degrees between the two campuses.[65] The largest community college in Oklahoma, Tulsa Community College, operates four campuses spread across the area as well as a conference center in Midtown.[66]
Culture
Tulsa's history has produced a diverse population of southern settlers, northern oilmen, western ranchers, and Native American tribes. The city's culture has been shaped correspondingly by this blend of diverse driving forces. Today, Tulsa is host to museums, cultural centers, performing arts venues, a large array of ethnic festivals, and extensive park systems containing a zoo, wildlife preserves, and outdoor concert venues.
Arts and theatre
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Philbrook_Museum_of_Art_and_formal_gardens.jpg/220px-The_Philbrook_Museum_of_Art_and_formal_gardens.jpg)
Tulsa’s culture is apparent in the city’s most prominent art museums, the Philbrook Museum of Art and Gilcrease Museum. Philbrook Museum is located in the former estate of oil pioneer Waite Phillips. Phillips and his wife, Genevieve, donated the 1927 Italian Renaissance "Villa Philbrook" and its 23 acres of landscaped grounds to the city of Tulsa in 1938. Considered one of the top 50 art museums in the U.S., it is one of only five to offer a combination of historic home, gardens, and art collection.[67]
Gilcrease Museum, located in the Osage Hills northwest of downtown Tulsa, houses the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.[68] The Museum also offers an unparalleled collection of Native American art and artifacts, as well as historical manuscripts, documents and maps. Themed gardens, focused on various periods of North American history, have been developed on a large section of the museum's property. Another important Tulsa museum, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art, located in South Tulsa, contains a large collection of Jewish art and artifacts relevant to Judaism in Oklahoma, as well as remnants of the holocaust. The museum contains largest collection of Judaica in the Southwest United States.[69] Other important museums include the Tulsa Air and Space Museum, the Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame, the Tulsa Geosciences Center, and the Greenwood Cultural Center, which houses a historical collection of artifacts and photography that preserves the history of The Black Wall Street prior to the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.
Tulsa's performing arts community has had a significant influence in American pop culture history. Cain's Ballroom, often considered the birthplace of Western Swing[70] because it was the headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys, has played host to a number of famous musicians. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[70] Today, Tulsa contains several permanent dance, theater, and concert groups, including ballets, an orchestra, a chorus and opera company, and several large acting guilds. A group called Theatre Tulsa holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously operating community theatre company west of the Mississippi River and the first community theater in America to produce Our Town by Thornton Wilder in 1939.[71] Most of these groups base themselves from the Tulsa Performing Arts Center in downtown Tulsa. “Discoveryland!”, an outdoor amphitheater located 12 miles west of Downtown Tulsa, is the official performance headquarters of the musical Oklahoma![72] and holds performances during the summer months. Another important performing arts venue includes the Brady Theater, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Beginning in 2008, the 18,000-seat BOK Center will host large performing arts events.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/GoldenDriller.jpg/220px-GoldenDriller.jpg)
Outdoor recreation
The City of Tulsa manages 140 parks spread over 6,000 acres (24 km²).[74] Most notably, Woodward Park is a popular 45 acre tract located in midtown Tulsa, which doubles as a botanical gardens featuring the Tulsa Municipal Rose Garden and contains more than 6,000 rose plants in 250 varieties.[75] Along the Arkansas River, a linear park system called River Parks runs through more than 10 miles of shore with 20 miles of hard-surfaced biking and running trails.[76] This park features a large "festival park" with an amphitheater and floating stage used for festivals and concerts. On the West bank of the Arkansas River, an undeveloped region called "Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderness Area" straddling the summit of Turkey Mountain covers 300 acres of wooded bluff and features hiking, biking, and horseback riding trails with scenic vistas overlooking the Arkansas River and downtown Tulsa.[77]
The city's zoo, the Tulsa Zoo and Living Museum, was named in 2005 "America's Favorite Zoo" by Microsoft Game Studios in connection with a national promotion of their "Zoo Tycoon 2" computer game.[78] Doubling as a museum that documents the cultures and history of various climates in North America, the zoo encompasses a total of 78 acres with approximately 1,500 animals and 436 species.[79] Mohawk Park, on the north side of the city of Tulsa, is the third largest municipal park in the United States[46] and contains the Tulsa Zoo, several golf courses, and a planned BMX track and skate park.[80] On the south side of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, the new Oklahoma Aquarium is the state’s only freestanding aquarium, and contains over 200 exhibits, including a walk-through shark tank.[81] It is located on the west bank of the Arkansas River in the suburb of Jenks, Oklahoma.
Various groups, including the City of Tulsa, operate a large number of festivals throughout the year. Most notably, the Tulsa State Fair, operating in late September and early October, attracts over 1 million people during its 10 day run at Expo Square in midtown Tulsa.[82] Also, Tulsa’s Oktoberfest was recently named one of the top 10 Oktoberfests in the world by USA Today, while Bon Appetit magazine calls it one of the top German food festivals in the nation.[83]
Tulsa currently has one main amusement park attraction, Big Splash Water Park, located at Expo Square in midtown. The water park features several multi-story water-slides and a large wave pool. Until 2006, Expo Square was home to Bell's Amusement Park, a Coney Island-style amusement park featuring "Zingo," Oklahoma’s largest wooden Roller Coaster. The park also featured an antique ferris wheel until it was severely damaged beyond repair in a storm in the summer of 2006. Due to its location, Bell's rides were incorporated into the midway during the annual Tulsa State Fair. Bell's Amusement Park was closed following the 2006 season after Tulsa County officials declined to renew the park's lease agreement.[84] Most of Bell's equipment had been removed by early 2007 and the owner of Bell's was reported to be discussing relocation of the park with other cities in the Tulsa metropolitan area.[85]
Sports
The "Vision 2025" program, approved by voters in 2003, called for the construction of a major multi-purpose arena. The 18,000-seat BOK Center is intended to be a home for the city's minor league hockey and arena football teams.[86] Groundbreaking on the structure occurred in 2005 and completion is expected in 2008. Currently, the city hosts four professional sports teams, playing in basketball, arena football, baseball, and hockey. The city also contains one of the nation's top rated golf courses, Southern Hills Country Club, which is among only two courses to host six majors: three PGA Championships and three U.S. Opens, the most recent in 2001.[87] The course has held five amateur championships[87] and will host its fourth PGA Championship and seventh major overall in 2007. The LPGA's regular tour stop for the John Q. Hammonds Hotel Classic is played at Cedar Ridge Country Club.
Tulsa has two universities that compete at the NCAA Division I level: the University of Tulsa Golden Hurricane, and the Oral Roberts University Golden Eagles. The University of Tulsa's basketball program has reached the Sweet Sixteen three times, won the NIT championship in 1981 and 2001, and made an appearance in the Elite Eight in 2000.[88] Thirteen bowl games have been played by the school in football.[89] Oral Roberts University's basketball team reached the Elite Eight in 1974, and most recently, won the Mid-Continent Conference title three straight years, from 2005 to 2007.[90] At the secondary level, the Tulsa area is home to several high school athletic programs that are frequently ranked among the best nationally.
Common in Tulsa, Indian gaming venues offer a variety of gabling options. As a result of compacts between the state and various Native American tribes, tribal gaming facilities that were previously limited to bingo now offer table card games and slot machines.[91] Cherokee Casino and Resort, Creek Nation Casino, and Osage Million Dollar Elm, are the largest casinos in the Tulsa Metro area. Horse racing is also a popular gambling draw, both at Fair Meadows race track, and at Will Rogers Downs in nearby Claremore. Fair Meadows also has a large off-track betting center.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg/220px-2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg)
Along with Oklahoma City and several other U.S. and Canadian sites, Tulsa has been mentioned as a possible home for the National Hockey League's Pittsburgh Penguins should the NHL club opt to leave Pittsburgh.[92] Although Tulsa is scheduled to open a new indoor arena in 2008, a major sports franchise is considered a long-shot since the metro area is still under one million people.
Demographics
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As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2006, there were 387,807 people, 165,743 households, and 99,114 families residing in the city. The population density was 830.9/km² (2,152.0/mi²). There were 179,405 housing units at an average density of 379.2/km² (982.3/mi²). In 2006, the racial makeup of the city was 70.09% Caucasian, 15.47% African American, 4.72% Native American, 1.82% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.45% from other races, and 4.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race formed at least 7.15% of the population with possibly more unregistered persons living within the city.
There were 165,743 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 33.9% of all households are made up of only one person, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 people and the average family size was 2.98. In the city, the population is spread-out with 24.8% of the population under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,316, and the median income for a family was $44,518. Males had a median income of $32,779 versus $25,587 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,534. About 10.9% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.
Metropolitan area
The Tulsa Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) consists of seven counties in northeastern Oklahoma: Tulsa, Rogers, Osage, Wagoner, Okmulgee, Pawnee, and Creek. The 2006 US Census Estimate shows the Tulsa MSA to have 897,752 residents, with a population expected to reach 1 million in three to five years.[2]
The Tulsa-Bartlesville Combined Statistical Area (CSA), is created by adding the nearby Bartlesville, Oklahoma micropolitan area which consists of Washington County in Northeastern Oklahoma.
The 2006 US Census Estimate shows the Tulsa-Bartlesville CMSA to have 946,993 residents. Cities and towns in this area include (in no particular order):
- North: Dewey, Bartlesville, Pawhuska, Barnsdall, Skiatook, Collinsville, Owasso, Nowata
- West: Pawnee, Bristow, Cleveland, Kellyville, Sand Springs, Mannford, Sapulpa
- East: Claremore, Catoosa, Broken Arrow, Wagoner, Coweta, Inola
- South: Jenks, Glenpool, Bixby, Mounds, Beggs, Okmulgee, Henryetta
Green Country
Green Country is a popular term used in different scenarios to describe different aspects of the Greater Tulsa Region, but may also refer specifically to the official Tulsa MSA. Each usage of the term is derived from its official meaning as the tourism designation for all of Northeastern Oklahoma. Its name was devised in the 1960s by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation as one of six travel destination regions within the state, but is the most historically significant of all of them, as the name's usage can be traced to the early part of the 20th century.[94] While the Tulsa MSA only officially occupies a section of Green Country as it is defined by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation, the entire region is sometimes referred to as the Greater Tulsa Area. On the same accord, the term "Green Country" often applies to the immediate Tulsa urban area or the city of Tulsa proper, but neither of these are technically the proper use for the term.
Infrastructure
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Downtown_Tulsa_Bus_Stop.jpg/220px-Downtown_Tulsa_Bus_Stop.jpg)
Transportation in Tulsa is aided by a bus network of 97 vehicles[95] and two primary airports, while a seaport provides transportation of goods and industry through international trade routes. Though internal transportation is largely dependent on automobiles, the city is consistently ranked in the five lowest metropolitan areas for average price of gas at the pump.[96] As reported by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation in 2005, Tulsa's busiest freeway is US 169 with about 106,000 vehicles daily between 51st and 61st Streets, and its second busiest freeway is Interstate 44 with about 88,000 vehicles between Yale and Sheridan Avenues.[97]
The Tulsa International Airport (TUL) and Richard L. Jones, Jr. Airport (RVS) are Tulsa's primary airport venues. The Tulsa International Airport is home to eleven commercial airlines, seven cargo carriers, and several charter airlines which serve nearly 3 million travelers annually with almost 80 departures every day.[98] The airport has completed most of a recent expansion project, which included an expansion of terminal size, the addition of restaurants and shops, as well as expanded seating areas, restrooms, and real time flight and weather displays.[99] The impact of airport operations on the surrounding community is nearly $3.2 billion annually.[100] RVS, also known as Riverside airport, is located in Tulsa. The airport saw 285,484 takeoffs and landings in 2004, making it the busiest airport in the state of Oklahoma.[101] The airport also hosts six flights schools that operate over 500 aircraft, helping RVS operations to contribute over $3.2 million to the economy annually.[101] East of Tulsa, in Catoosa, the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the head of navigation for the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, connecting barge traffic from Tulsa to the Mississippi River. The port is one of the nation's largest, and is the most inland port in the United States.[4]
Through its entire duration through Tulsa, historic Route 66 is a drivable road with motels and restaurants reminiscent of the route's heyday era. Interstate 44 and the Skelly Drive Bypass crosses Tulsa through midtown from east and west, while its sister highways, Interstate 244 and Interstate 444, make up the inner-dispersal loop surrounding downtown and wrap through the northern part of the city, reconnecting to Interstate 44 in the east and southwest parts of the city. U.S. Route 412 leaves the city from its most eastern and western points, but through most of its duration in Tulsa it is primarily designated as Interstate 244. U.S. Route 64 forms the Broken Arrow Expressway to the east, going as far as the Keystone Expressway to the west. U.S. Route 75 traverses West Tulsa through downtown going north and south, while U.S. Route 169, also called the Mingo Valley Expressway or the Pearl Harbor Memorial Expressway, generally traverses the city in its eastern areas in a north/south direction. State Highway 11 serves the Tulsa International Airport, connecting from Interstate 244 and Highway 75. The Creek Turnpike splits away from Highway 169 from the South and Interstate 44 from the East, bypassing most of the city of Tulsa and the suburb of Broken Arrow, eventually reconnecting with Interstate 44 in Catoosa to the east and Jenks to the west.
Media
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tulsa_World.jpg/220px-Tulsa_World.jpg)
Tulsa's leading newspaper is the daily Tulsa World, the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma with a Sunday circulation of 189,789.[102] Urban Tulsa, another important publication, is a weekly newspaper featuring such staples as local commentary, feature stories, classifieds, restaurant reviews, and entertainment listings. Covering primarily economic events and stocks, the Tulsa Business Journal caters to Tulsa's business sector. Other important publications include, the Oklahoma Indian Times, the Tulsa Daily Commerce and Legal News, the Tulsa Beacon, the Tulsa Free Press, and Coffee News of Metro Tulsa.
Tulsa is also served by television and radio broadcasting networks. All major U.S. television networks are represented in Tulsa. Cable television service in the area is provided by Cox Communications. As in most major American cities, local radio stations in the Tulsa area are controlled by a small handful of large broadcasting companies.
Tulsa in popular media
Popular music has been shaped considerably by musicians from Tulsa or people and groups that started their musical careers in Tulsa, including Garth Brooks, Brooks and Dunn, Carrie Underwood, Hanson, Gene Autry, and Bob Willis.[103] A musical style, The Tulsa Sound, involves a fusion of Rockabilly, Blues and Rock'n'Roll that influenced many musicians such as Eric Clapton during the 1960s and 70's.[104] While musicians have dominated the city's popular cultural influence, the city has been featured or mentioned in books, film, songs, and on television throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
Important books include, The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton, Rumble Fish by S. E. Hinton, Tex by S. E. Hinton, The Keys to Tulsa by Brian Fair Berkey, and That Was Then, This Is Now, by S.E. Hinton. Tulsa has also been the topic or the setting of several movies, most notably, The Outsiders, Keys to Tulsa (1997), The Tulsa Lynching of 1921: A Hidden Story(2000), Rumble Fish (1983), Take Me Back to Tulsa (1944), Tex (1982), Tulsa, Toyko, and Middle of Nowhere (1997), Tulsa (1949), The Tulsa Kid (1940), Twister (1996), and UHF (1989).
In comic books, Dan Piraro of the comic strip Bizarro went to school in Tulsa, Mike Doonesbury, the main character of the Pulitzer Prize winning comic strip, Doonesbury, is from Tulsa, and Doc Samson, a supporting character of the Incredible Hulk, was born in Tulsa.
Television has also seen many references to Tulsa. On Friends, the character Chandler Bing was sent to Tulsa for one season, Rodney, an ABC sitcom, was based in Tulsa and starred Tulsa comedian Rodney Carrington, an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit featured ADA Alexandra Cabot's new identity in the Witness Protection Program as being from Tulsa, several episodes of 21 Jump Street saw Johnny Depp and Peter Deluise go undercover as brothers from Tulsa, an episode of I Love Lucy saw Tulsa mentioned, the character Maurice J. Minnifield, played by Barry Corbin in the series Northern Exposure was from Tulsa, Ned Flanders of The Simpsons recevied his college degree from Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, and the oil company responsible for extraction of the Clampett's oil on the Beverly Hillbillies was headquartered in Tulsa.
Tulsa has been the topic of many songs, inluding, "24 Hours from Tulsa" by Gene Pitney, "Don't Make Me Come to Tulsa" and "The Day She Left Tulsa" by Wade Hayes, "Headin' Out For Tulsa" by Jeremy Castle, "Last Trip to Tulsa" by Neil Young, Jack Straw by the Grateful Dead, "Tulsa Tango" by Stewart Copeland, "Take me Back to Tulsa" by Bob Wills, "Tell Me Something Bad About Tulsa" by George Strait, "Tulsa County Blue" by The Byrds, "Tulsa Time" by Don Williams, "The Tulsa Trap" by Aqueduct, "Tampa to Tulsa" by The Jayhawks, "Tulsa Telephone Book" by Calexico, "Tulsa County" by Taj Mahal and the Rising Sons & Son Volt, "Tulsa" by Dwight Twilley, "Streets Of Tulsa" by Tony Romanello, "Tulsa Calling" by The Red Alert, "To Tulsa and Back" by J.J. Cale, "Tulsa Queen" by Emmylou Harris, "Tulsa" by Rufus Wainwright, "Rodeo" by Garth Brooks, and "Homesweet Oklahoma" by Leon Russell.
See also
References
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(help) - ^ "Bell's Amusement Park Looking to Move". KOTV. 1-27-2007. p. 1. Retrieved 2006-04-15.
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(help) - ^ "In The Loop, 2nd Quarter 2007" (PDF). Tulsa Downtown Unlimited. 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
- ^ a b "Southern Hills Country Club is rich in History". PGA. 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 2006-04-20.
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- ^ "USBASKET - Oral Roberts University". USBASKET. 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 2006-04-25.
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- ^ "Oklahoma has interest in Pens". CanWest News Service. The Province. 2007-01-10. p. 1. Retrieved 2006-04-15.
- ^ "Census Data 1910/1920: Tulsa, OK" (web). McFarlin Library. 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ "Vision of the Future Now, Part 3". David Arnett. Tulsa Today. 9-15-2003. p. 1. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
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(help) - ^ "Tulsa Airport Expansion". Oklahoma Department of Transportation. p. 1. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
- ^ Nichols, Bill (2005-11-23). "Pump prices dip below $2 in some states; still up from '04". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
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(help) - ^ "2005 Annual Average Daily Traffic" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-15.
- ^ "Tulsa International Airport". Tulsa Airport Authority. 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
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- ^ "2006 Top 100 Daily Newspapers in the U.S. by Circulation" (PDF). BurrellesLuce. 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
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(help) - ^ "Famous Musicians from Tulsa". Tulsa City-County Library. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
- ^ "The 2006 Tulsa Sound Homecoming and the 20th Anniversary Leon Russell Birthday Bash!". Brady Theater. Retrieved 2007-04-29.