Content deleted Content added
Combined points from narrative at end of article with the same points in the timeline and deleted the narrative as unnecessary and repetitive |
additional item and additional references |
||
Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
|valign=center align=right|'''1777''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1777''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Vermont declares its independence from New Hampshire and becomes the first colony to prohibit slavery in its constitution. The provision remains in effect when Vermont becomes the 14th state in the union of the United States in 1791.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. |
*Vermont declares its independence from New Hampshire and becomes the first colony to prohibit slavery in its constitution. The provision remains in effect when Vermont becomes the 14th state in the union of the United States in 1791.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57">Wagner, Margaret E., Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman. ''The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference''. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, Inc., 2009 edition. ISBN 978-1-4391-4884-6. First Published 2002. p. 57</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1780''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1780''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Pennsylvania passes gradual emancipation law. |
*Pennsylvania passes gradual emancipation law.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> |
||
*Massachusetts Constitution bans slavery. |
*Massachusetts Constitution bans slavery.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1783''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1783''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*New Hampshire Constitution bans slavery. |
*New Hampshire Constitution bans slavery.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1784''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1784''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Rhode Island and Connecticut pass gradual emancipation laws. |
*Rhode Island and Connecticut pass gradual emancipation laws.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> |
||
*Continental Congress rejects by one vote a provision in a law for the administration of territories that would prohibit slavery in the territory that would become the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi.<ref name=Hansen13>Hansen, Harry. ''The Civil War: A History''. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. {{OCLC|500488542}}. p. 13</ref> |
*Continental Congress rejects by one vote a provision in a law for the administration of territories that would prohibit slavery in the territory that would become the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi.<ref name=Hansen13>Hansen, Harry. ''The Civil War: A History''. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. {{OCLC|500488542}}. p. 13</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1787''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1787''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*July 13: The [[Continental Congress]] under the [[Articles of Confederation]] passed the [[Northwest Ordinance]] in 1787 to encourage and assist settlement in the territory north of the [[Ohio River]] that became the states of [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], [[Wisconsin]] and part of [[Minnesota]]. In the ordinance, Congress prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude in the territory and states to be formed from the territory but required that [[fugitive slaves]] found in the territory must be returned to their owners.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. |
*July 13: The [[Continental Congress]] under the [[Articles of Confederation]] passed the [[Northwest Ordinance]] in 1787 to encourage and assist settlement in the territory north of the [[Ohio River]] that became the states of [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], [[Wisconsin]] and part of [[Minnesota]]. In the ordinance, Congress prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude in the territory and states to be formed from the territory but required that [[fugitive slaves]] found in the territory must be returned to their owners.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> Anti-slavery Northerners cited the ordinance many times over the years as precedent for the limitation, if not the [[abolition]], of slavery in the United States. Southern-born settlers tried to introduce slavery into Indiana and Illinois despite the provisions of the ordinance.<ref name=Hansen13>Hansen, 1961, p. 13</ref><ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/><ref name=McPherson2>[[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52469-1, p. 2</ref> |
||
*In order to prevent southern states from rejecting the new United States Constitution, the northern states accepted several compromise provisions to protect slavery and the power of the southern states. The main provisions counted each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining the population basis in the lower house of Congress and in the electoral college (Article I, Section 2), a clause forbidding the passage of a law that would prohibit the importation of slaves for 20 years (Article I, Section 9) and a clause requiring the return of slaves who escaped to free states (Article I, Section 2).<ref name=McPherson2>[[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52469-1, p. 2</ref> |
*In order to prevent southern states from rejecting the new United States Constitution, the northern states accepted several compromise provisions to protect slavery and the power of the southern states. The main provisions counted each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining the population basis in the lower house of Congress and in the electoral college (Article I, Section 2), a clause forbidding the passage of a law that would prohibit the importation of slaves for 20 years (Article I, Section 9) and a clause requiring the return of slaves who escaped to free states (Article I, Section 2).<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/><ref name=McPherson2>[[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52469-1, p. 2</ref> |
||
* |
* |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
|valign=center align=right|'''1791''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1791''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Vermont joins the union as a free state. |
*Vermont joins the union as a free state.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1792''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1792''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Kentucky joins the union as a slave state. |
*Kentucky joins the union as a slave state.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1793''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1793''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Congress passes a fugitive slave law based on Article IV, Section 2 of the Constitution of the United States.<ref name="Hansen13"/> |
*Congress passes a fugitive slave law based on Article IV, Section 2 of the Constitution of the United States.<ref name="Hansen13"/><ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> |
||
*The invention of the cotton gin makes possible the large-scale production of short-stem cotton, increasing the demand for slaves.<ref name=Klein38>>Klein, Maury. ''Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44747-4. p. 38</ref> |
*The invention of the cotton gin makes possible the large-scale production of short-stem cotton, increasing the demand for slaves.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/><ref name=Klein38>>Klein, Maury. ''Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44747-4. p. 38</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1796''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1796''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Tennessee joins the union as a slave state. |
*Tennessee joins the union as a slave state.<ref name="Wagner, Margaret E. 2009. p. 57"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1798''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1798''' |
||
Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
|valign=center align=right|'''1800''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1800''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*[[Gabriel (rebel)|Gabriel Plot]] frightens whites in [[Virginia]] by planning to take over the armory at Richmond, Virginia and then to take over the city. Gabriel, a literate slave blacksmith, plans a revolt to secure freedom. The plot is discovered and Gabriel, along with at least twenty-six members of the revolt, perhaps as many as forty persons in total, are executed.<ref>Rubin, 1977, pp. 85–86</ref> |
*[[Gabriel (rebel)|Gabriel Plot]] frightens whites in [[Virginia]] by planning to take over the armory at Richmond, Virginia and then to take over the city. Gabriel, a literate slave blacksmith, plans a revolt to secure freedom. The plot is discovered and Gabriel, along with at least twenty-six members of the revolt, perhaps as many as forty persons in total, are executed.<ref>Rubin, 1977, pp. 85–86</ref><ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58">Wagner, 2009, p.58</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1803''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1803''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*The United States purchases the [[Louisiana Purchase|Louisiana Territory]] from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the country. Both Spain and France had permitted slavery in the territory. |
*The United States purchases the [[Louisiana Purchase|Louisiana Territory]] from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the country. Both Spain and France had permitted slavery in the territory.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/> |
||
*Ohio enters the union as a free state. |
*Ohio enters the union as a free state.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1804''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1804''' |
||
Line 85: | Line 85: | ||
|valign=center align=right|'''1812''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1812''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Louisiana joins the union as a slave state. |
*Louisiana joins the union as a slave state.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1816''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1816''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*[[American Colonization Society]] is formed to send freed slaves to [[Liberia]]. About 10,000 are sent. Society is led by [[James Monroe]], [[Henry Clay]], [[Bushrod Washington]] and other prominent slave owners.<ref>McPherson, 1982, pp. 39–40. Wagner, p. 58 gives the year as 1817.</ref> |
*[[American Colonization Society]] is formed to send freed slaves to [[Liberia]]. About 10,000 are sent. Society is led by [[James Monroe]], [[Henry Clay]], [[Bushrod Washington]] and other prominent slave owners.<ref>McPherson, 1982, pp. 39–40. Wagner, 2009, p. 58 gives the year as 1817.</ref> |
||
*African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first black denomination in the United States, is established in Philadelphia. |
*African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first black denomination in the United States, is established in Philadelphia.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 84">Wagner, 2009, p.84</ref> |
||
*Indiana joins the union as a free state. |
*Indiana joins the union as a free state. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1817''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1817''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Mississippi joins the union as a slave state. |
*Mississippi joins the union as a slave state.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1818''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1818''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Illinois joins the union as a free state. |
*Illinois joins the union as a free state.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/> |
||
*When [[Missouri]] petitioned Congress for admission to the union of the [[United States of America|United States]] as a slave state in 1818, it threatened to upset the balance between the eleven [[free states]] and the eleven [[slave states]]. Three years of debate ensued.<ref name=Wagner106>Wagner, 2009, pp. 106–107</ref> |
*When [[Missouri]] petitioned Congress for admission to the union of the [[United States of America|United States]] as a slave state in 1818, it threatened to upset the balance between the eleven [[free states]] and the eleven [[slave states]]. Three years of debate ensued.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/><ref name=Wagner106>Wagner, 2009, pp. 106–107</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1819''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1819''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*Alabama joins the union as a slave state. |
*Alabama joins the union as a slave state.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/> |
||
*[[Missouri]] again petitions for admission to the union. |
*[[Missouri]] again petitions for admission to the union.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/> |
||
*Representative [[James Tallmadge]] of New York moves an amendment prohibiting further introduction of slaves into Missouri and providing that all children of slave parents should be free at the age of twenty-five.<ref name="Klein38"/><ref name=Hansen19>Hansen, 1961, p. 19</ref> |
*Representative [[James Tallmadge]] of New York moves an amendment prohibiting further introduction of slaves into Missouri and providing that all children of slave parents should be free at the age of twenty-five.<ref name="Klein38"/><ref name=Hansen19>Hansen, 1961, p. 19</ref> |
||
*Representative [[Thomas W. Cobb]] of Georgia threatens disunion if Tallmadge persists.<ref name=Hansen20>Hansen, 1961, p. 20</ref> |
*Representative [[Thomas W. Cobb]] of Georgia threatens disunion if Tallmadge persists.<ref name=Hansen20>Hansen, 1961, p. 20</ref> |
||
Line 113: | Line 113: | ||
| |
| |
||
*Slave population in Census: 1,538,000. |
*Slave population in Census: 1,538,000. |
||
*With Congress deadlocked on the matter, in 1820, [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Henry Clay]] came up with a compromise that became known as the [[Missouri Compromise]].<ref name=Wagner106>Wagner, 2009, pp. 106–107</ref> Missouri would be admitted to the Union as a slave state while the northern counties of [[Massachusetts]] would be admitted to the Union as the State of [[Maine]], a free state. In addition, slavery otherwise would be prohibited north of 36°30' of latitude, which was approximately the southern boundary of Missouri.<ref name=McPherson2>[[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52469-1, p. 2</ref> Maine was admitted to the Union on March 15, 1820. Missouri was admitted to the Union on August 10, 1821. Many Southerners argued it was wrong to exclude slavery from such a large area of the country and were troubled by the criticism of slavery during the debate.<ref name="Wagner106"/> The restriction slavery north of 36° 30' line of latitude will be abrogated by the [[popular sovereignty]] voting provision of the [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]] of 1854, which will allow the residents of a territory to vote on whether it will be slave or free when it is organized.<ref name=Hansen20>Hansen, 1961, p. 20</ref><ref name=Klein40>Klein, 1997, p.40</ref> |
*With Congress deadlocked on the matter, in 1820, [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Henry Clay]] came up with a compromise that became known as the [[Missouri Compromise]].<ref name=Wagner106>Wagner, 2009, pp. 106–107</ref> Missouri would be admitted to the Union as a slave state while the northern counties of [[Massachusetts]] would be admitted to the Union as the State of [[Maine]], a free state. In addition, slavery otherwise would be prohibited north of 36°30' of latitude, which was approximately the southern boundary of Missouri.<ref name=McPherson2>[[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52469-1, p. 2</ref> Maine was admitted to the Union on March 15, 1820. Missouri was admitted to the Union on August 10, 1821. Many Southerners argued it was wrong to exclude slavery from such a large area of the country and were troubled by the criticism of slavery during the debate.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/><ref name="Wagner106"/> The restriction slavery north of 36° 30' line of latitude will be abrogated by the [[popular sovereignty]] voting provision of the [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]] of 1854, which will allow the residents of a territory to vote on whether it will be slave or free when it is organized.<ref name=Hansen20>Hansen, 1961, p. 20</ref><ref name=Klein40>Klein, 1997, p.40</ref> |
||
*African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church is founded in New York City. |
*African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church is founded in New York City.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 84"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1821''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1821''' |
||
Line 122: | Line 122: | ||
|valign=center align=right|'''1822''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1822''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*[[Denmark Vesey|Vesey Plot]] frightens whites in [[South Carolina]], who believe there was a plot for a slave uprising. Thirty-five of his followers are hanged. |
*[[Denmark Vesey|Vesey Plot]] frightens whites in [[South Carolina]], who believe there was a plot for a slave uprising. Thirty-five of his followers are hanged.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 58"/> |
||
|- |
|||
|valign=center align=right|'''1824''' |
|||
| |
|||
*Charles G. Finney of Connecticut begins preaching and helps initiate the Second Great Awakening, a Protestant Evangelical movement that inspires many social reformers, including abolitionists.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 59">Wagner, 2009, p. 59</ref> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1826''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1826''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*New Jersey, followed by Pennsylvania, pass the first personal liberty laws, which require a judicial hearing before an alleged fugitive slave can be removed from the state. |
*New Jersey, followed by Pennsylvania, pass the first personal liberty laws, which require a judicial hearing before an alleged fugitive slave can be removed from the state.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 59"/> |
||
*South Carolina lawyer and [[South Carolina College]] (University of South Carolina) President publishes ''On the Constitution'', which expressed the view that the Constitution strictly limited the federal government from interfering with the sovereign states in matters affecting their immediate welfare.<ref name=Hansen15>Hansen, 1961, p. 15</ref> |
*South Carolina lawyer and [[South Carolina College]] (University of South Carolina) President publishes ''On the Constitution'', which expressed the view that the Constitution strictly limited the federal government from interfering with the sovereign states in matters affecting their immediate welfare.<ref name=Hansen15>Hansen, 1961, p. 15</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 140: | Line 144: | ||
|valign=center align=right|'''1829''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1829''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*[[David Walker (abolitionist)|David Walker]], a freed slave from North Carolina living in Boston, publishes ''Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World'' calling on slaves to revolt. |
*[[David Walker (abolitionist)|David Walker]], a freed slave from North Carolina living in Boston, publishes ''Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World'' calling on slaves to revolt.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 59"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|valign=center align=right|'''1830''' |
|valign=center align=right|'''1830''' |
||
| |
| |
||
*David Walker dies under mysterious circumstances. |
*David Walker dies under mysterious circumstances.<ref name="Wagner, 2009, p. 59"/> |
||
*[[Daniel Webster]] delivers a memorable ''Reply to Hayne'', denouncing the notion expressed by Senator [[Robert Y. Hayne]] of South Carolina that Americans must choose between liberty and union. Webster closed: "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"<ref name=Hansen22>Hansen, 1961, p. 22</ref> |
*[[Daniel Webster]] delivers a memorable ''Reply to Hayne'', denouncing the notion expressed by Senator [[Robert Y. Hayne]] of South Carolina that Americans must choose between liberty and union. Webster closed: "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"<ref name=Hansen22>Hansen, 1961, p. 22</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
Revision as of 00:46, 20 February 2011
This is a list of events leading to the American Civil War. See also Origins of the American Civil War.
1619 |
|
1777 |
|
1780 | |
1783 |
|
1784 | |
1787 |
|
1789 |
|
1790 |
|
1791 |
|
1792 |
|
1793 | |
1796 |
|
1798 |
|
1799 |
|
1800 |
|
1803 |
|
1804 |
|
1808 |
|
1812 |
|
1816 |
|
1817 |
|
1818 |
|
1819 |
|
1820 |
|
1821 |
|
1822 |
|
1824 |
|
1826 |
|
1827 |
|
1828 |
|
1829 |
|
1830 |
|
1831 |
|
1832 |
|
1833 |
|
1834 |
|
1835 |
|
1836 |
|
1837 |
|
1839 |
|
1840 |
|
1842 |
|
1843 |
|
1844 |
|
1845 |
|
1846 |
|
1848 |
|
1849 |
|
1850 |
|
1851 |
|
1852 |
|
1853 |
|
1854 |
|
1855 |
|
1856 |
|
1857 |
|
1858 |
|
1859 |
|
1860 |
|
1861 |
Incomplete entries for the May 18 - July 21 period:
|
See also
- Timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement
- North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society
Notes
- ^ Rubin, Louis, D. Virginia, a History. New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 1977. ISBN 0-393-05630-9. p. 9
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wagner, Margaret E., Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman. The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, Inc., 2009 edition. ISBN 978-1-4391-4884-6. First Published 2002. p. 57
- ^ a b c Hansen, Harry. The Civil War: A History. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. OCLC 500488542. p. 13 Cite error: The named reference "Hansen13" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c McPherson, James M. Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52469-1, p. 2
- ^ Hansen, 1961, pp. 13–14
- ^ a b >Klein, Maury. Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44747-4. p. 38
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 12
- ^ Rubin, 1977, pp. 85–86
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wagner, 2009, p.58
- ^ McPherson, 1982, pp. 39–40. Wagner, 2009, p. 58 gives the year as 1817.
- ^ a b Wagner, 2009, p.84
- ^ a b c Wagner, 2009, pp. 106–107
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 19
- ^ a b c d e Hansen, 1961, p. 20
- ^ a b Klein, 1997, p.40
- ^ a b c d Wagner, 2009, p. 59
- ^ a b c Hansen, 1961, p. 15
- ^ Hansen, 1961, pp. 14&ndash15
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 22
- ^ Rubin, 1977, pp. 112&ndash113
- ^ Rubin, 1977, p. 114
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 17
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 18
- ^ a b Klein, 1997, p.39
- ^ Klein, Maury. Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44747-4. p. 31
- ^ Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny: 1847–1852. Vol. I. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947. ISBN 684-10423-7. p. 9
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 25
- ^ a b Klein, 1997, p.41
- ^ Hansen, 1961, pp. 20–21
- ^ Klein, 1997, p.42
- ^ Klein, 1997, p.45
- ^ a b c d Klein, 1997, p.47
- ^ Klein, 1997, p.46
- ^ a b c d Hansen, 1961, p. 23
- ^ a b c d Klein, 1997, p.50
- ^ Klein, 1997, p.49
- ^ Klein, 1997, p.48
- ^ Klein, 1997, p.57
- ^ Klein, 1997, pp. 51–52
- ^ a b Klein, 1997, p.53
- ^ a b Klein, 1997, p.54
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 28
- ^ Klein, 1997, p.54–57
- ^ a b Klein, 1997, p.58
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 25–27
- ^ Klein, 1997, p.60
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 31
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 32
- ^ All information on events from November and December 1860 is from Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123. pp. 2–18. Any citations in footnotes accompanying an item for an event that occurred during these months are additional references.
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 38
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Hansen, 1961, p. 34
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 10
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 39
- ^ All information on events on specific days in 1861 is from Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123. pp. 19–84. Any citations in footnotes accompanying an item for an event are additional references.
- ^ Swanberg, W.A., First Blood: The story of Fort Sumter p. 127. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957. 475770
- ^ a b c d Hansen, 1961, p. 35
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 94
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 51
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 41
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 52
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 42
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 46
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 48
- ^ Hansen, 1961, pp. 49–50
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 67
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 49
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 68
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 34 gives date as April 27.
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 69
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 53
- ^ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 95
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 72
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 60
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 70
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 55
- ^ Hansen, 1961, p. 56–59
- ^ a b c Hansen, 1961, p. 71
References
- Hansen, Harry. The Civil War: A History. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. OCLC 500488542.
- Klein, Maury. Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44747-4.
- Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123.
- McPherson, James M. Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52469-1.
- Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny: 1847–1852. Vol. I. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947. ISBN 684-10423-7.
- Rubin, Louis, D. Virginia, a History. New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 1977. ISBN 0-393-05630-9.
- Swanberg, W.A., First Blood: The story of Fort Sumter. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957. 475770.
- Wagner, Margaret E., Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman. The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, Inc., 2009 edition. ISBN 978-1-4391-4884-6. First Published 2002.