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:::::: Thirdly, multiple [[WP:RS]] state the accession was made in March,<ref name="LongSingh2015">{{cite book|author=Yaqoob Khan Bangash|editor=Roger D. Long|others=Ian Talbot, Gurharpal Singh, Yunas Samad|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|date=8 October 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-44820-4|pages=82–|chapter=Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan|quote=While it is impossible to go into the details of the whole negotiating process, it suffices to note that in the end Jinnah had to terminate his personal role in the process and turn over negotiations to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Februry 1948. This led to the civil servants literally dismembering the state by recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela and Kharan, and the district of Makran as independent states, which then immediately acceded to Pakistan. This move on 17 March 1948 left Kalat landlocked and with less than half its landmass. Further pressure on Ahmed Yar Khan, including false news on All-India Radio that Kalat wanted to join India, '''led him to sign the Instrument of Accession on 27 March 1948.'''}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Syed Iqbal Ahmad|title=Balochistan: its strategic importance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_BtAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Royal Book Co.|page=120|quote='''He decided to accede to Pakistan the same night as, he said, the announcement of All India Radio (which he declared was "absurd") was bound to create further complications. He requested the Quaid to arbitrate in the matter between him and the authorities of the Central Government of Pakis-tan. Finally the Khan of Kalat Mir Ahmed Yar Khan acceded unconditionally, and the Instrument of Accession was signed on 27th March 1948.''' Kalat was the last state to accede to Pakistan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mahomed Ali Jinnah|title=The Nation's Voice, Towards Consolidation: Speeches and Statements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh1uAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Academy|isbn=978-969-413-070-5|quote=The instrument of Accession was signed on 27 March 1948}}</ref> even the biased<ref>{{cite web|last1=Noorani|first1=Abdul Ghaffar|title=The taming of Kalat|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2601/stories/20090116260107400.htm|publisher=Frontline|quote=“Annexation” is surely a wrong word to use. It reveals the author’s approach, if not, indeed, his pro-Baloch bias.}}</ref> Axmann admits it.<ref name="Axmann2008">{{cite book|author=Martin Axmann|title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915-1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547645-3|quote=He was dismissed by Ahmad Yar '''upon Kalat's accession to Pakistan on 27 March 1948''' and replaced as vezir by Douglas Y. Fell, Kalat's deputy vezir and foreign minister.}}</ref> Duksha Saiyid states {{red|While the Instrument of Accession was signed by the Khan of Kalat on March 27, it was placed before Jinnah on March 31, 1948, who accepted it.}}. The Indian government also as a matter of fact did not deny that accession took place in March, even if they got the exact date wrong.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jawaharlal Nehru|title=Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnhDAAAAYAAJ|volume=5|year=1987|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund|page=299|quote=Kalat had acceded to Pakistan on 28 March 1948.}}</ref> Attiya Khanam, from the history department at the Multan University, also repeats that the accession took place on 27 March but it was announced late on 1 April.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khanam|first1=Attiya|title=An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States|journal=Journal of Historical Studies|date=January-June 2016|volume=2|issue=1|pages=97-98|quote='''On 27 March 1948''' Jinnah instructed his foreign secretary Ikramullah that “there should be no negotiations of any kind or any further discussion to create slightest impression that anything but accession is possible” A.S.B. Shah a joint secretary in the foreign office and Ambrose Dundas agent to the Governor General for Baluchistan were also asked to make it clear to Kalat to us his answer whether he is prepared to accede as promised by him more than once or not”. '''The same day the Khan somewhat dramatically decided to accede to Pakistan''' since Las Bela, Kharan and Mekran had already acceded. The decision announced on 1 April 1948, albeit belated was very welcome; the Dawn editorialized on 30 March 1948 irrespective of the manner of its making and the proceeding publicly known and unknown}} Regards,</ref> |
:::::: Thirdly, multiple [[WP:RS]] state the accession was made in March,<ref name="LongSingh2015">{{cite book|author=Yaqoob Khan Bangash|editor=Roger D. Long|others=Ian Talbot, Gurharpal Singh, Yunas Samad|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|date=8 October 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-44820-4|pages=82–|chapter=Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan|quote=While it is impossible to go into the details of the whole negotiating process, it suffices to note that in the end Jinnah had to terminate his personal role in the process and turn over negotiations to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Februry 1948. This led to the civil servants literally dismembering the state by recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela and Kharan, and the district of Makran as independent states, which then immediately acceded to Pakistan. This move on 17 March 1948 left Kalat landlocked and with less than half its landmass. Further pressure on Ahmed Yar Khan, including false news on All-India Radio that Kalat wanted to join India, '''led him to sign the Instrument of Accession on 27 March 1948.'''}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Syed Iqbal Ahmad|title=Balochistan: its strategic importance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_BtAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Royal Book Co.|page=120|quote='''He decided to accede to Pakistan the same night as, he said, the announcement of All India Radio (which he declared was "absurd") was bound to create further complications. He requested the Quaid to arbitrate in the matter between him and the authorities of the Central Government of Pakis-tan. Finally the Khan of Kalat Mir Ahmed Yar Khan acceded unconditionally, and the Instrument of Accession was signed on 27th March 1948.''' Kalat was the last state to accede to Pakistan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mahomed Ali Jinnah|title=The Nation's Voice, Towards Consolidation: Speeches and Statements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh1uAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Academy|isbn=978-969-413-070-5|quote=The instrument of Accession was signed on 27 March 1948}}</ref> even the biased<ref>{{cite web|last1=Noorani|first1=Abdul Ghaffar|title=The taming of Kalat|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2601/stories/20090116260107400.htm|publisher=Frontline|quote=“Annexation” is surely a wrong word to use. It reveals the author’s approach, if not, indeed, his pro-Baloch bias.}}</ref> Axmann admits it.<ref name="Axmann2008">{{cite book|author=Martin Axmann|title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915-1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547645-3|quote=He was dismissed by Ahmad Yar '''upon Kalat's accession to Pakistan on 27 March 1948''' and replaced as vezir by Douglas Y. Fell, Kalat's deputy vezir and foreign minister.}}</ref> Duksha Saiyid states {{red|While the Instrument of Accession was signed by the Khan of Kalat on March 27, it was placed before Jinnah on March 31, 1948, who accepted it.}}. The Indian government also as a matter of fact did not deny that accession took place in March, even if they got the exact date wrong.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jawaharlal Nehru|title=Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnhDAAAAYAAJ|volume=5|year=1987|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund|page=299|quote=Kalat had acceded to Pakistan on 28 March 1948.}}</ref> Attiya Khanam, from the history department at the Multan University, also repeats that the accession took place on 27 March but it was announced late on 1 April.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khanam|first1=Attiya|title=An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States|journal=Journal of Historical Studies|date=January-June 2016|volume=2|issue=1|pages=97-98|quote='''On 27 March 1948''' Jinnah instructed his foreign secretary Ikramullah that “there should be no negotiations of any kind or any further discussion to create slightest impression that anything but accession is possible” A.S.B. Shah a joint secretary in the foreign office and Ambrose Dundas agent to the Governor General for Baluchistan were also asked to make it clear to Kalat to us his answer whether he is prepared to accede as promised by him more than once or not”. '''The same day the Khan somewhat dramatically decided to accede to Pakistan''' since Las Bela, Kharan and Mekran had already acceded. The decision announced on 1 April 1948, albeit belated was very welcome; the Dawn editorialized on 30 March 1948 irrespective of the manner of its making and the proceeding publicly known and unknown}} Regards,</ref> |
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Mar4d, first of all, you can stop shouting. We have been discussing calmly until you joined us. I asked yesterday what was the date of the accession. Now we have the answer: 27 March 1948. Unfortunately, this doesn't settle the matter. You can see from the long list below that there are plenty of scholars who refuse to take this date at face value. They include, believe it or not, Professor Riaz Ahmad, the Quaid-e-Azam Chair at the Quaid-e-Azam University [http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/About_Book_all_india_muslim.html]. If you think you can railroad all these sources, fat chance! |
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I have ordered the Axmann book. You are welcome to go and look up the Bangash book. And then we will see who says what. -- [[User:Kautilya3|Kautilya3]] ([[User talk:Kautilya3|talk]]) 15:41, 5 May 2018 (UTC) |
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Balochistan
@Mar4d: You say "factually incorrect position" regarding the three states of Balochistan. Would you care to explain what is incorrect? -- Kautilya3 (talk) 11:28, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
- The text, which was unsourced, said Makran, Kharan, and Las Bela opted for independence. Which is not correct; only the ruler of Kalat chose that option. The former three acceded to Pakistan. I've replaced it with references. Mar4d (talk) 11:31, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
- Your source says they acceded to Pakistan in 1947, which is obviously incorrect and contradicts Princely states of Pakistan. I think this source is unreliable and should be thrown out.
- If 17 March 1948 is the date of accession (stated as 21 March by Siddiqi, perhaps the date when the accesion was accepted), then between 14 August 1947 and March 1948, they were technically independent. Further Siddiqi says they acceded under Pakistani pressure (p.60). So, the claim that they "opted for independence" is believable. There is also the claim that they were under the suzerainty of Kalat, the "pre-1876 position" that was agreed to by Jinnah (p.58). So, I admit that things are nebulous regarding the other three states. But the old version is closer to the truth than the new version. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 11:49, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
- See the references supplied. The accession was unanimous amongst Kharan, Makran and Lasbela.[1][2][3][3] You are correct about the Kalat situation, which is noted in the text. Actually the revolt was instigated by the Khan's younger brother who did not agree with the decision to accede after the Khan acquiesced to Pakistan's demands. Mar4d (talk) 12:02, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
- Also if you read the Siddiqi reference, the other three princely states were never subservient to Kalat. Kalat was the most influential one amongst them however. Thus when the former didn't side with Kalat's quest for independence, it significantly weakened Kalat's position which had been vying for Baloch unity. Mar4d (talk) 12:08, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
- See the references supplied. The accession was unanimous amongst Kharan, Makran and Lasbela.[1][2][3][3] You are correct about the Kalat situation, which is noted in the text. Actually the revolt was instigated by the Khan's younger brother who did not agree with the decision to accede after the Khan acquiesced to Pakistan's demands. Mar4d (talk) 12:02, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
- Well, your own source says:
This lead to the civil servants literally dismembering the state by recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela and Kharan, and the district of Mekran as independent states, which then immediately acceded to Pakistan.[4]: 82
- So, according to Bangash (vetted by Long et al.), the declared independence of Kalat includes all its feudatory states as well. It is mistake to talk of them as separate princely states. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 12:50, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
- @Kautilya3: Your revert here also removed my edits, and really comes across as a red herring. You've replaced four academic references I added with a piece of text which, as it currently stands, is replete with unsourced WP:OR and grammatical mistake/s. Since you've reinstated that text, the onus of responsibility falls on you to provide reliable sources backing your claim. I'm going to wait until you do that and it's satisfactory. Here is the current version:
- During the period of the British Raj, there were four Princely states in Balochistan: Makran, Kharan, Las Bela and Kalat. These states initially refused to acceed to Pakistan and opted instead to resume the independence they had enjoyed prior to becoming British protectorates.[citation needed]
- This is an exceptional claim which contradicts princely states of Pakistan, insurgency in Balochistan and all the WP:HISTRS written on the subject. It is immaterial if Kharan, Lasbela or Makran were feudatory states. The fact is, the rulers of those princely states did not pursue independence like Kalat but acceded to Pakistan on their own. The academic WP:RS support this, and are supplied. Paul's and Cheema's sources are point blank clear that the accession was unanimous, willful, and based on a referendum. Siddiqi goes a step further:
"...When it came to the question of joining Pakistan, the Marris and Bugtis did not side with the Khan of Kalat who was vying for independence and instead opted for union with the Pakistani state"
; and states their lack of subservience created problems for Kalat. Your text above is claiming the exact opposite. If you have reliable sources contradicting what we have, then you should show it. Until then, this claim appears groundless. Mar4d (talk) 14:19, 28 June 2017 (UTC)- Reverting to WP:STATUSQUO is what is recommended when there is a dispute and edit-warring is going on. It does not mean that I support the old content, merely that it is the old content. The thing to do is to arrive at new consensus text.
- The fact that the other three states were feudatory states means that they didn't need to declare anything. The Khan of Kalat had the power to declare on their behalf. Since he declared independence in August 1947 (certainly by 15 August, though other sources give earlier dates), they were independent along with it. Siddiqi says
Pakistan pressured the two states of the Kalat confederacy, Kharan and Lasbela and the district of Makran, to join Pakistan. The rulers of the states of Kharan, Makran and Lasbela announced their decision to join the Pakistan dominion on 21 March 1948 and their respective rulers signed the official documents.[58]
Your text claiming that they acceded to Pakistan in 1947 is blatantly false, according to multiple reliable sources, including your own source, Bangash. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 16:08, 28 June 2017 (UTC) - More explicit mentions here:
The Khan argued that these territories—Las Bela and Kharan in particular—had never been independent states but districts of Kalat—and that the Pakistanis had elevated their status to those of equal states with the Kalat State in violation of the Standstill Agreement which recognized the Khan's sovereignty over the entire territory of the Khanate—i.e., Kalat, Las Bela, Kharan, and Makkuran (Axmann 2007, 232)[5]
References
- ^ Pervaiz I Cheema; Manuel Riemer (22 August 1990). Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-349-20942-2.
- ^ Farhan Hanif Siddiqi (2012). The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements. Routledge. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-0-415-68614-3.
- ^ a b T.V. Paul (February 2014). The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World. OUP USA. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-0-19-932223-7.
- ^ Bangash, Yaqub Khan (2015), "Constructing the state: constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan", in Roger D. Long; Gurharpal Singh; Yunas Samad; Ian Talbot (eds.), State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security, Routledge, pp. 76–100, ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4
- ^ Amirali, Alia (2015), "Balochistan: A Case Study of Pakistan's Peacemaking Praxis (Volumem III)", in Rita Manchanda (ed.), SAGE Series in Human Rights Audits of Peace Processes, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-93-5150-213-5
Kalat
There are three sources given for this inaccurate statement. But none of their authors are historians. Farhan Hanif Sidiqi has no qualifications in history.[1] Adeel Khan is a lecturer in health management.[2] There is also no evidence that Selig S Harrison was a historian, his expertise seems to be US relations and it is unclear what his BA was in.
Now lets take a look at what the real historians say. Yaqoob Khan Bangash, a real historian and professor at the Department of History at Forman Christian College,[3] has this to say ″Further pressure on Ahmad Yar Khan, including false news on All-India Radio that Kalat wanted to join Indian, led him to sign the Instrument of Accession on 27 March 1948.″
.[1]
NadirAli's sources
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The historian Bangash again says What's more, another professional historian, professor at the Department of History in the University of Punjab,[4] Dr Iqbal Chawla, says So with the qualified historians telling us that there was no forced annexation of Kalat to Pakistan, it is pointless to write that Kalat was annexed to Pakistan based on the non-historian sources. But then what was the purpose of writing into the lead in the first place that Kalat was annexed into Pakistan? Fortunately the historians have made it easier for us to know. They tell us |
So its a POV statement which is unfit for inclusion.--NadirAli نادر علی (talk) 23:31, 5 April 2018 (UTC)
- I am sorry but just assuming that the particular authors have no degrees in history doesn't just discount the entire reference as trash. Clearly you are really pushing hard for POV edits on neutral wikipedia. Here[5] is a major newspaper article regarding annexation of Kalat. Now will you again trash it as gossip magazine? The Redefined Dimensions of Baloch Nationalist Movement page 292 By Malik Siraj Akbar clearly states that Kalat was annexed; I am guessing he will again be discounted some way or other according to you. Remember we at Wikipedia keep things neutral; state the facts, we don't delete it just because it we don't like it. At most add more reference tags. Vin9 | Email 22:50, 30 April 2018 (UTC)
- Here is another source[6] from Dawn (newspaper) "In its present context, it can be traced back to Aug 11, 1947, when the Khan of Kalat, Ahmad Yar Khan, declared Kalat’s independent status." and "Khan did what was asked of him but not in a cordial atmosphere: Ahmad Yar Khan signed the instrument of accession only after some army contingents were sent to the Khan. His brother, Prince Abdul Karim Khan, did not agree with what had happened." which while not explicitly stating annexation defines so in such words. Vin9 | Email 22:59, 30 April 2018 (UTC)
- So you turn up 3 weeks later to add something without consensus? The WP:ONUS is now on you to gain consensus to re-add contentious content. The sources you provided are newspaper/non-scholarly sources which as I have pointed above contradict the historians. We prefer historians to non-historians when they contradict. And the historians are explicitly saying there was no annexation. Malik Siraj Akbar and Shaikh Aziz are not historians. Cheema and Bangash are.--NadirAli نادر علی (talk) 00:50, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
- WP:HISTRS says to prefer historians over non-historians. Of course non-historian scholarly sources (not that Akbar and Shaikh are even scholars either) can be used when historians are not available for a certain point. But when they explicitly contradict each other, like in this case, then the historians get preference.--NadirAli نادر علی (talk) 00:54, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
- Oh, my. I thought Bangash was a respectable scholar. Little did I know that he rants on ISPR magazines about "baseless Indian propaganda". Just because the Khan called it "false propaganda" (what else would the poor man do?), Bangash has to rant about it? Some historian!
- Here is some news for you:
[2] In an aide-memoire on Junagadh and Kashmir, submitted on 26 February 1948, para 6, Mountbatten informed the King that "a large State which had obvious geographical compulsion to accede to Pakistan — Kalat — approached the Government of India for political relationship but was refused". See Enclosure to PS-238. Abdus Samad Achakzai, Baluchistan Congress leader, had visited India about the end of November. "I think ... he was urging the Khan to accede to India.[4]
- It was by no means "propaganda". It is was V. P. Menon that told AIR about the approach from Kalat, and he also told them that India had refused, and AIR announced it. All of this was apparently unauthorised. Nehru denied it in the Parliament the next day. He was a gentleman. Bangash seems quite the opposite. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 01:32, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
- And, as for the Khan of Kalat "voluntarily" acceding to Pakistan:
Kautilya3's sources
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- So, there goes the history degree of your Iqbal Chawla down the tube. Not to mention his complete blindness towards what Pakistan did to Kashmir. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 02:14, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
- Kautilya3 you were already warned by MPS1992 [7] to not analyse the credibility of sources by picking them apart yourself. You have brought nothing except synthesised conclusions, contradicted by historians, drawn from your erroneous, synthesized and biased interpretation of primary sources. Harrison and Wilcox are not historians. Insulting the historians Iqbal Chawla and Yaqoob Khan Bangash because of your pro-India reading glasses (unfortunately and truly!) adds to the evidence of your WP:TE. I do not see how further argumentation along such lines, including name-calling of historians and praising Indian politicians, cannot taken and reported as WP:TE. Mar4d (talk) 10:25, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
- Look Mar4d, the "historians" that you are bringing to the table are ranting against India. That immediately destroys their credibility. Bangash titles his article with "Baseless Indian Progaganda". And Chawla says Jinnah didn't try to force princely states as was "happening in India at the bayonet". But they haven't checked their facts. Bangash is disproved by little footnotes in the Jinnah Papers volume, which he should have before propounding his theories. And Chawla forgot all about Kashmir. In any case, coming back to the topic, whether to call it "annexation" or not boils down to a judgement call, and I am sure different scholars will put it differently. But, your new found love for "historians" is admirable. I don't want to damage it. So I will look for historians. Meanwhile, I hope you will get busy trying to find "historians" that say that Hyderabad was annexed. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 21:18, 2 May 2018 (UTC)
- Kautilya3 you were already warned by MPS1992 [7] to not analyse the credibility of sources by picking them apart yourself. You have brought nothing except synthesised conclusions, contradicted by historians, drawn from your erroneous, synthesized and biased interpretation of primary sources. Harrison and Wilcox are not historians. Insulting the historians Iqbal Chawla and Yaqoob Khan Bangash because of your pro-India reading glasses (unfortunately and truly!) adds to the evidence of your WP:TE. I do not see how further argumentation along such lines, including name-calling of historians and praising Indian politicians, cannot taken and reported as WP:TE. Mar4d (talk) 10:25, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
- So, there goes the history degree of your Iqbal Chawla down the tube. Not to mention his complete blindness towards what Pakistan did to Kashmir. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 02:14, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
Your response about Bangash and Chawla is nothing more than personal POV and OR, for which you can be reported. The historian Yaqoob Khan Bangash has written an entire chapter on the accession of Kalat in his book on the integration of the princely states on Pakistan (described as a 'masterly account' of the accessions of princely states to Pakistan, by reviewer Ravi Kandamath) and Iqbal Chawla has also written an entire journal article on the accession of Kalat. So they have specialized in this specific topic. The sources you have added (Jalal and Samad) are just sweeping by Kalat in passing as their works from which you picked out their quotes are specialising on other more general topics (General Pakistani history and wider Balochistan insurgency respectively) and would have not done a thorough investigation of the circumstances of Kalat's accession unlike Bangash and Chawla. Passing references can not be considered equal with those who have done in-depth studies. Ironically even Yunus Samad cited Bangash for his claim, even though Bangash says the exact opposite! There goes your diatribe against Bangash down the drain. Also see Brittanica's description where Indian annexations of Hyderabad and Junagadh are described as invasions while Kalat is described as an accession. There is an encyclopedic convention for this according to Fowler. Leading South Asia historian Ian Talbot also while mentioning Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir as violent affairs does not cast Kalat into the same category. Numerous responsible editors including Fowler&fowler have previously expressed concerns at your style of editing where you simply find any source that seemingly supports your favorite prejudice and add it without regard to WP:DUE in that not all sources specialize equally in everything. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 03:07, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
- There was no "invasion" unless you are engaging in deliberate cherrypicking. Your editing and clear lack of WP:CIR is concerning. Providing a fake balance for allowing you to right great wrongs isn't what we are supposed to do. D4iNa4 (talk) 04:44, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
- Your comment in general and your WP:CIR taunts in particular (which probably stem from my filing of SPI against Capitals00 in which his reference of competence/incompetence was used as evidence) do not add value to the discussion and speaks volumes about your own incompetence. You should refrain from such off track comments when there is serious discussion in procession and focus on content. Whatever minimal you blurted about the content is mere WP:COATRACK. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 12:13, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
- Replicating my comments about you for signifying your gross incompetence won't do any favor for you. I have been telling you about your disruption for years. Who else will call this new faulty version a "WP:STATUSQUO"? Only a person with gross incompetence like you would. Then you ran to canvass other editors to support your version.[8] That's a case of gross incompetence. Misrepresenting statements of other editors to counter sensible argument above is another example of your incompetence. Didn't the same editor criticized you for using "nonsensical third rate sources"? There was no "invasion", get over the facts. D4iNa4 (talk) 03:18, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
- You are trying to derail an otherwise constructive discussion by making personal attacks. If you continued to make personal attacks at the talk thread of WP:ARBIPA sanctioned page, I will have to report you and seek a topic ban for you in this area. I do not remember much interaction with you in the past so when you say you have been telling me some thing for years what do you mean by that?
- Replicating my comments about you for signifying your gross incompetence won't do any favor for you. I have been telling you about your disruption for years. Who else will call this new faulty version a "WP:STATUSQUO"? Only a person with gross incompetence like you would. Then you ran to canvass other editors to support your version.[8] That's a case of gross incompetence. Misrepresenting statements of other editors to counter sensible argument above is another example of your incompetence. Didn't the same editor criticized you for using "nonsensical third rate sources"? There was no "invasion", get over the facts. D4iNa4 (talk) 03:18, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
- Your comment in general and your WP:CIR taunts in particular (which probably stem from my filing of SPI against Capitals00 in which his reference of competence/incompetence was used as evidence) do not add value to the discussion and speaks volumes about your own incompetence. You should refrain from such off track comments when there is serious discussion in procession and focus on content. Whatever minimal you blurted about the content is mere WP:COATRACK. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 12:13, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
- You also need to read up on WP:CANVASS, Winged Blades of Godric is a neutral and uninvolved editor and WP:CANVASS allows inviting any uninvolved editor who does not have a prejudice to one side or another. Again, what I said in my previous comment, the competence matter is the other way around. You are not even clear on WP:CANVASS. The version you are calling “faulty” is the right version. Kautilya3’s additions are without any consensus and they must be removed. We can introduce them later if we achieve consensus here that is if editors like you do not keep derailing the discussion by making personal attacks. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 13:39, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
- You are the one who started accusing Kautilya3 of disruption by citing interactions with an editor who is not participating in this article. If you don't want others to comment on you then you should first stop commenting on others.
- The message you left on Winged Blades' talk page was not neutral and you were claiming a non-consensus version to be STATUSQUO.This was a bold edit and it was reverted by one editor. The version of NadirAli had no consensus, nor it was standing for a long time. It didn't had to be restored until consensus was reached. D4iNa4 (talk) 04:57, 5 May 2018 (UTC)
- You also need to read up on WP:CANVASS, Winged Blades of Godric is a neutral and uninvolved editor and WP:CANVASS allows inviting any uninvolved editor who does not have a prejudice to one side or another. Again, what I said in my previous comment, the competence matter is the other way around. You are not even clear on WP:CANVASS. The version you are calling “faulty” is the right version. Kautilya3’s additions are without any consensus and they must be removed. We can introduce them later if we achieve consensus here that is if editors like you do not keep derailing the discussion by making personal attacks. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 13:39, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
- Fowler&fowler told you that not all sources are equal. You are confusing me with it. Yes, Fowler and I have argued many times, and will probably continue to argue. But that is my battle and it doesn't concern you.
- As far as contemporary Pakistani history is concerned, Ayesha Jalal is pretty much at the top. There is no way you will be allowed to brush it aside and propagate Pakistani POV. Jalal's assessment of Pakistani history and historians is pretty negative [9].
- I do admit that Bangash is a good quality scholar, but he also seems to participate in Pakistan's propaganda machine on the side. There is no way that anything written in the ISPR Hilal magazine will be accepted as a reliable source on Wikipedia. You will need to go find his book, and explain why a battalion stationed in Quetta with orders to invade Kalat if the Khan didn't accede is irrelevant to the matter. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 13:12, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
References
- ^ Bangash, Yaqub Khan (2015), "Constructing the state: constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan", in Roger D. Long; Gurharpal Singh; Yunas Samad; Ian Talbot (eds.), State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security, Routledge, p. 82, ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4
- ^ a b Bangash, Yaqoob Khan. "Balochistan,Kalat State & Baseless Indian Propaganda". ISPR Hilal Magazine.
- ^ Chawla, Iqbal. "Prelude to the Accession of the Kalat State to Pakistan in 1948: An Appraisal". Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 49: 97.
- ^ Zaidi, Z. H. (1993), Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States : historical and policy perspectives and accession to Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan, p. 190, ISBN 978-969-8156-13-8
- ^ Harrison, Selig S. (1981), In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 25–26, ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1
- ^ Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997), The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971-1994, I.B.Tauris, p. 95, ISBN 978-1-86064-169-5
Bangash sources
- Ah so you admit you are editing here with a WP:BATTLEGROUND mentality. Thanks. That confirms the suspicions of many. And yes Fowler did indeed warn you about your contentious treatment of sources.[10]
- And you need to stop shooting down historians with your personal assessments of them. Jalal is a well-known revisionist according to Metcalf. Bangash, in contrast, gets positive reviews. There is no WP:BURDEN on me to figure out why a battallion was sent, you are the one making that claim.
- It's a big call for you to make to reject an article from an established historian just because its been published in an ISPR magazine given you have been pushing for the inclusion of views from Indian Ministry of Defence-funded institutes on Talk:History of Gilgit-Baltistan.
- Besides Bangash has written a whole chapter on the accession of Kalat, in a positively reviewed book published by Oxford University Press, more credible than a couple of passing sentences from Jalal and Samad (who himself cites Bangash). Go read it. The ISPR magazine article summarises whatever he wrote in his book. And it was a response to Modi's speech when he interfered in Balochistan's internal affairs.
- Here is a summary of that chapter from the scholar Ishtiaq Ahmed who notes that Bangash's account of the subject of Kalat's accession has received a lot of partisan comment (referring obviously to passerbys like Jalal and political scientists who write anything they like).[1]
The case of Kalat State understandably receives in-depth attention as its accession continues to be debated even now and fact and fiction have been freely mixed by partisan researchers. It was the largest princely state to become a part of Pakistan, but only through a highly chequered process. It had been briefly a part of the Mughal Empire and in 1839 been recognized as a vassal of the Amir of Kabul. Unlike most other princely states Kalat had few direct links with the British Government at Delhi but the British presence in Kalat affairs had been secured by the time the future of India after a British withdrawal began to be considered. Historically Kalat was not an absolute monarchy; rather, it was a confederation of tribal leaders and smaller feudatory units such as Makran, Las Bela and Kharan states with the Khan of Kalat at the centre of such a power structure. Ahmed Yar Khan assumed the title of Khan of Kalat in 1933. He tried tried to assert and enhance his power within the confederacy as well as in relation to the British. Education and other developments had seriously lagged behind. However, political awareness had been growing among some sections of society and a few Baloch students had studied in educational institutions in India. Among them, Baloch nationalism had been evolving gradually and they preferred independence rather than joining Pakistan.
In April 1947 Ahmed Yar Khan tried to assert the complete independence of Kalat but simultaneously expressed his support for the Pakistan demand. He wanted areas leased out to the British to be returned to Kalat –something which neither Mountbatten approved nor the Muslim League. These included Quetta and the Bolan Pass. In any case, Pakistan had recognized Kalat’s independence in a communique dated 11 August 1947 as it felt that neither India nor Britain would exploit such a situation. However, this was only a paper exercise because from the beginning Pakistan was determined to annex it. Negotiations between the Government of Pakistan and Kalat started in September 1947; the Khan was reluctant to sign the Accession Bill so Jinnah met him in October and persuaded him to join Pakistan. The Khan was disappointed but his hands were further weakened when the khans of Kharan and Las Bela offered to accede to Pakistan. After some hesitation both were recognized as separate states on 17 March 1948. It was followed by increasing pressure when Col. Shah was despatched to expedite the accession. Rumours that the Khan had been seeking help from Afghanistan and a false report on All India Radio on 27 March that the Khan had approached India to accept its accession placed him in a very vulnerable position and in panic he signed the Accession Bill to join Pakistan. His brother Prince Karim tried to put up resistance but that proved futile and Pakistan troops took hold of Kalat by early April 1948.[1]
- Pakistan may have wanted to annex it, a colonel was sent to hasten/encourage the accession. But that does not mean there was a forceful annexation. The troops entered after the accession, which the Khan did out of panic, after the news was published on All India Radio. Bangash summarises it aptly in that Routledge book vetted by Ian Talbot and Roger Long that the accession was the outcome of bureaucratic tactics and negotiations. To describe it as an annexation is not true, unless of course your definition of annexation is so loose that we can include Travancore, a state India bullied into accession. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 15:03, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
- Thanks for that. That is the first good post made on this topic. As Ishtiaq Ahmed points out,
the case of Kalat State understandably receives in-depth attention as its accession continues to be debated
. So you people should not act as if it is cut-and-dried and all crystal clear. I will think about Ahmed's review and also see if I can extract more information from the Axmann book. There is a good reason why Yunas Samad cites Axmann as well as Bangash. If Bangash continues to claim that the approach to India was "false propaganda" then his credibility goes down. It is known that an approach was made and Nehru turned it down, and the Hindu nationalists even today rant against Nehru for that. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 16:41, 3 May 2018 (UTC)- I am finding some similar problems with the sources. Bangash maybe a reliable source but doesn't seem accurate or neutral in this subject per WP:IRS. D4iNa4 (talk) 04:27, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
- Why was he in a vulnerable position if there was no threat of force? As an independent ruler, he was free to accede to any country he wanted. It was because India turned him down and he knew that Pakistan would invade that he became "vulnerable". He had no internal threat. His own people were not agitating to join Pakistan. The only threat was external.
- Secondly, I don't know wherefrom Bangash got Prince Karim resistance in April. That was in Ramzan month according to Major General Muhammed Akbar Khan.[2] And I checked that Ramzan that year was in July.
- The troops were sent on 1 April, according to multiple reliable sources. I have already quoted Selig Harrison earlier. Ishtiaq Ahmed himself accepted his version of events in his earlier writings.[3] Riaz Ahmed from Quaid-i-Azam University also said it.[4] A much more solid source is this one:[5]
General Akbar Khan received the order to move from Quetta to Kalat, and on 1 April 1948 the Pakistan army occupied the constitutional "vacuum" of Baluchistan. The Khan protested but signed the accession of the state of Kalat and of British Baluchistan to Pakistan. The Baluch nationalist leaders were jailed or exiled. (pp.162-163)
- And, there is absolutely no evidence that the Khan had signed the accession before 1 April. The accession happened after the troops moved in, and he had no choice but to succumb. That is annexation. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 19:07, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
- Thanks for that. That is the first good post made on this topic. As Ishtiaq Ahmed points out,
- Pakistan may have wanted to annex it, a colonel was sent to hasten/encourage the accession. But that does not mean there was a forceful annexation. The troops entered after the accession, which the Khan did out of panic, after the news was published on All India Radio. Bangash summarises it aptly in that Routledge book vetted by Ian Talbot and Roger Long that the accession was the outcome of bureaucratic tactics and negotiations. To describe it as an annexation is not true, unless of course your definition of annexation is so loose that we can include Travancore, a state India bullied into accession. Sheriff | ☎ 911 | 15:03, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
References
- ^ a b "Review – Page 6 – The Friday Times". www.thefridaytimes.net. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ Political Conspiracies in Pakistan, The News International, 25 July 2010.
- ^ Ahmed, Ishtiaq (1998), State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia, A&C Black, p. 168, ISBN 978-1-85567-578-0
- ^ Ahmad, Riaz (2008), Balochistan through History, Chair on Quaid-i-Azam & Freedom Movement, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, p. 27, ISBN 978-969-8329-11-2
- ^ Barnes, Robert Harrison; Gray, Andrew; Kingsbury, Benedict (1995), Indigenous peoples of Asia, Association for Asian Studies, pp. 162–163, ISBN 978-0-924304-14-9
Arbitrary break
- Both of you have made no edits recently, is this correct context: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&type=revision&diff=834481196&oldid=834065334 ? --G (talk) 06:00, 2 May 2018 (UTC)
- Well if its not clear-cut and dried according to you then why are you introducing factually inaccurate statements to Wikipedia? Fowler told you (in the diff SheriffIsInTown has pointed out to you) that consensus positions are illustrated in the meta histories. Meta-histories like Ian Talbot mention Junagadh, Kashmir and Hyderabad but do not mention Kalat. Also see how Brittanica describes it,
- See Britannica's description for Kalat:
″The region became part of Pakistan in 1948.″
[1]
- See Britannica's description for Kalat:
- Compare this with its description for Junagadh and Hyderabad:
″Junagadh, however, faced Pakistan on the Arabian Sea, and when its nawab followed Jinnah’s lead in opting to join that Muslim nation, India’s army moved in and took control of the territory. The nizam of Hyderabad was more cautious, hoping for independence for his vast domain in the heart of southern India, but India refused to give him much more than one year and sent troops into the state in September 1948. Both invasions met little, if any, resistance, and both states were swiftly integrated into India’s union.″
[2]}}
- Compare this with its description for Junagadh and Hyderabad:
- Also reread that Ahmed is saying that the matter of Kalat's accession has been subject to partisan commentary and thats why Bangash has given it in depth analysis
″The case of Kalat State understandably receives in-depth attention as its accession continues to be debated even now and fact and fiction have been freely mixed by partisan researchers.″
- Also reread that Ahmed is saying that the matter of Kalat's accession has been subject to partisan commentary and thats why Bangash has given it in depth analysis
- What your reply shows is that you have not done your homework and will return to the books now, this time to Axmann (a political scientist) and we have no guarantee of what kind of read you will give. I have read reviews of the book but can't find anything that suggests it endorsed the annexation POV that you wish to include.
- Your comment
″If Bangash continues to claim that the approach to India was "false propaganda" then his credibility goes down. It is known that an approach was made and Nehru turned it down, and the Hindu nationalists even today rant against Nehru for that″
is not only personal taking-apart of the scholars, which MPS1992 told you is not for us Wikipedians to do, but it is also personal interpretation of cherry-picked primary sources with a special preference for the Indian perspective. Anyone can claim anything. Ultimately, its not the editor's interpretation of primary sources that have any bearing. The Khan of Kalat Khan himself denied he ever gave an accession offer to India and he said this was false Indian propaganda (regardless of what one Congress leader from Balochistan said). To that you would reply that the″Just because the Khan called it "false propaganda" (what else would the poor man do?)″
because you would prefer to interpret the primary sources from the anti-Pakistan perspective. Such personal interpretation of primary sources will not get anyone anywhere. For this reason Wikipedia demands the use of secondary sources.
- Your comment
- I also agree with SheriffIsInTown and suggest you start reading up on Travancore's accession if you want to expand the definition of annexation.--NadirAli نادر علی (talk) 04:55, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
- Here is a review of Axmann's book by the Indian scholar A. G Noorani. Some interesting comments.
- I also agree with SheriffIsInTown and suggest you start reading up on Travancore's accession if you want to expand the definition of annexation.--NadirAli نادر علی (talk) 04:55, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
Hyderabad had to be brought into the Indian Union by armed action on September 13, 1948. The British were dismayed at Jinnah’s legal advice to Kalat. It was never independent, nor was Hyderabad. The Khan of Kalat acceded to Pakistan only on March 20, 1948, when his intrigues with New Delhi and Kabul were exposed. However, in mid-July the Khan’s brother returned from Afghanistan where he had fled with a lashkar (army). Pakistan’s army had to engage them.
- ″“Annexation” is surely a wrong word to use. It reveals the author’s approach, if not, indeed, his pro-Baloch bias.″[3]
- So the Pakistani military action was in response to the Khan's brother bringing an army with him after the Khan had acceded. And even if Axmann has carelessly called it an annexation, it just shows his bias.
- And here are the facts of the situation presented by a assistant professor from Quaid e Azam's department of History, now Allama Iqbal fellow at Cambridge University, Dushka Saiyid, in ″The Accession of Kalat: Myth and Reality″
- The ruler of Las Bela too had been lobbying with the Quaid-i-Azam to let his state accede to Pakistan. Kharan and Las Bela appear to have been operating in tandem on this issue. On September 5, 1947, Mir Ghulam Qadir wrote to the Quaid, saying that he had already written to the Pakistani Prime Minister offering accession of Las Bela to the Pakistan Dominion.The letter also mentioned the dire economic conditions of the people of Las Bela as its supplies seem to have been cut off by Kalat. On March 17, 1948, Las Bela too acceded to Pakistan along with Mekran and Kharan. However, by this time the Kalat Government had heard a Radio Pakistan announcement that the Government of Pakistan had accepted the separate accession of Las Bela, Kharan, and Mekran, and wanted this report denied. The Kalat Government said that the accession of these states would be contrary to the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, which was recently affirmed in the House of Commons.
- On March 18, 1948, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan issued a press note that the States of Kharan, Las Bela and Mekran had applied for accession to Pakistan, which was granted to them. The press report also said that after the accession of these three states to Pakistan, Kalat's territory had been reduced to half of its previous area, and had ceased to have any outlet to the sea. The UK High Commissioner in Pakistan reported that the offer of accession was accepted by the Pakistan Cabinet when Jam of Las Bela, Chief of Kharan and Nawab Bai Khan of Mekran met the Quaid on March 17, 1948 and told him that if Pakistan was not prepared to accept their offers of accession immediately, they would be compelled to take other steps for their protection against Khan of Kalat's aggressive actions. This was seen as a blow to the Khan as head of the Confederacy, the Baluchistan States Union.
- What finally forced the Khan of Kalat to accede was the furore caused by news on the All India Radio that the Khan had been negotiating with India. As a consequence of these developments, a report on March 20, claimed that the brother of the Khan, who was also the Governor of Kalat, was leaving for Afghanistan with his wife, who was from the Royal Afghan family.56 However, on March 28, the Reuters news agency carried a story filed from Karachi that 'Gateway State; Joins Pakistan.' The Khan issued a communiqué, which said:
On the night of March 27, All India Radio, Delhi announced that two months ago Kalat State had approached the Indian Union to accept its accession to India and that the Indian Union had rejected the request; It had never been my intention to accede to India;It is, therefore, declared that from 9 pm on March 27th; the time when I heard the false news over the air, I forthwith decide to accede to Pakistan, and that whatever differences now exist between Kalat and Pakistan be placed in writing before Mr Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan, whose decision I shall accept.
The UK High Commissioner, commenting on the Khan's denials, wrote:Khan's public denials of rumours about offers made to him by India and Afghanistan conflict with his own statements in earlier discussion with Pakistan representatives, when he used these offers as a blackmailing argument. There is good reason to believe that he has been flirting with both India and Afghanistan.
- What finally forced the Khan of Kalat to accede was the furore caused by news on the All India Radio that the Khan had been negotiating with India. As a consequence of these developments, a report on March 20, claimed that the brother of the Khan, who was also the Governor of Kalat, was leaving for Afghanistan with his wife, who was from the Royal Afghan family.56 However, on March 28, the Reuters news agency carried a story filed from Karachi that 'Gateway State; Joins Pakistan.' The Khan issued a communiqué, which said:
- There was no kind of resistance to the accession till the middle of July 1948, when the brother of the Khan returned from Afghanistan, where he had fled with a body of armed followers. The Pakistan Army engaged this band and the majority of his followers arrested.
- Hi Kautilya3. First - if you could stop making this discussion long and confusing with needless new sections, to make it go ahead on your own terms - that would be helpful. Secondly, I have a few things (and sources) to add, building on what I've read above. The following is unacceptable WP:SPECULATION: Why was he in a vulnerable position if there was no threat of force? As an independent ruler, he was free to accede to any country he wanted. It was because India turned him down and he knew that Pakistan would invade that he became "vulnerable". He had no internal threat. His own people were not agitating to join Pakistan. The only threat was external.
- Wikipedia is not a WP:CRYSTALBALL. The Saiyid source already makes clear that the Pakistani states Las Bela, Makran and Kharan were complaining about Kalat's aggressions. We have Indian sources also accepting that before they willingly acceded to Pakistan, these three states were asking Pakistan for protection from Kalat.[4] Let's focus on what is explicitly stated by reliable sources. Prof. Duksha Saiyid: As this account makes amply clear, the story of the accession of Kalat was a long drawn out process. And although Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947, the accession of Kalat did not take place till March 27, 1948. The three feudatories, two of which Las Bela and Kharan, which were recognized by the British as independent, played a key role in forcing the Khan of Kalat to accede to Pakistan. Thus, the "vulnerabilities" are self-made/imaginary. In fact, historians do note that after Makran acceded and before Kalat acceded, Kalat even tried to force Makran to withdraw its accession, causing Pakistan to send its army to protect Makran.[5]
- Thirdly, multiple WP:RS state the accession was made in March,[6][7][8] even the biased[9] Axmann admits it.[10] Duksha Saiyid states While the Instrument of Accession was signed by the Khan of Kalat on March 27, it was placed before Jinnah on March 31, 1948, who accepted it.. The Indian government also as a matter of fact did not deny that accession took place in March, even if they got the exact date wrong.[11] Attiya Khanam, from the history department at the Multan University, also repeats that the accession took place on 27 March but it was announced late on 1 April.[12]
Mar4d, first of all, you can stop shouting. We have been discussing calmly until you joined us. I asked yesterday what was the date of the accession. Now we have the answer: 27 March 1948. Unfortunately, this doesn't settle the matter. You can see from the long list below that there are plenty of scholars who refuse to take this date at face value. They include, believe it or not, Professor Riaz Ahmad, the Quaid-e-Azam Chair at the Quaid-e-Azam University [12]. If you think you can railroad all these sources, fat chance!
I have ordered the Axmann book. You are welcome to go and look up the Bangash book. And then we will see who says what. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 15:41, 5 May 2018 (UTC)
References
- ^ "Kalāt | Pakistan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
- ^ "India - The transfer of power and the birth of two countries | history - geography". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-05-03language=en.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|access-date=
(help) - ^ "The taming of Kalat". www.frontline.in. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ Prakash K. Singh (1 January 2009). Encyclopaedia On Jinnah (Set Of 5 Vols.). Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-261-3779-4.
Jam of Las Bela, Chief of Kharan and Nawab Bai Khan of Mekran met the Quaid on March 17, 1948 and told him that 'if Pakistan was not prepared to accept their offers of accession immediately, they would be compelled to take other steps for their protection against Khan of Kalat.
- ^ Khanam, Attiya (January–June 2016). "An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States". Journal of Historical Studies. 2 (1): 97–98.
He thought the key to accession of Kalat lay in Mekran where he could create problems for Pakistan. He sent his sister to Karachi to fetch his brother in law Bai Khan the ruler of Mekran to force him to retract his decision to accede Pakistan. Khan's brother Abdul Karim Khan first tried to foment disturbances in Mekran to embrace Pakistan to line up army reinforcement and then fled to Afghanistan to muster support.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Yaqoob Khan Bangash (8 October 2015). "Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan". In Roger D. Long (ed.). State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security. Ian Talbot, Gurharpal Singh, Yunas Samad. Routledge. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4.
While it is impossible to go into the details of the whole negotiating process, it suffices to note that in the end Jinnah had to terminate his personal role in the process and turn over negotiations to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Februry 1948. This led to the civil servants literally dismembering the state by recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela and Kharan, and the district of Makran as independent states, which then immediately acceded to Pakistan. This move on 17 March 1948 left Kalat landlocked and with less than half its landmass. Further pressure on Ahmed Yar Khan, including false news on All-India Radio that Kalat wanted to join India, led him to sign the Instrument of Accession on 27 March 1948.
- ^ Syed Iqbal Ahmad (1992). Balochistan: its strategic importance. Royal Book Co. p. 120.
He decided to accede to Pakistan the same night as, he said, the announcement of All India Radio (which he declared was "absurd") was bound to create further complications. He requested the Quaid to arbitrate in the matter between him and the authorities of the Central Government of Pakis-tan. Finally the Khan of Kalat Mir Ahmed Yar Khan acceded unconditionally, and the Instrument of Accession was signed on 27th March 1948. Kalat was the last state to accede to Pakistan.
- ^ Mahomed Ali Jinnah (1992). The Nation's Voice, Towards Consolidation: Speeches and Statements. Quaid-i-Azam Academy. ISBN 978-969-413-070-5.
The instrument of Accession was signed on 27 March 1948
- ^ Noorani, Abdul Ghaffar. "The taming of Kalat". Frontline.
"Annexation" is surely a wrong word to use. It reveals the author's approach, if not, indeed, his pro-Baloch bias.
- ^ Martin Axmann (2008). Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915-1955. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547645-3.
He was dismissed by Ahmad Yar upon Kalat's accession to Pakistan on 27 March 1948 and replaced as vezir by Douglas Y. Fell, Kalat's deputy vezir and foreign minister.
- ^ Jawaharlal Nehru (1987). Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru. Vol. 5. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund. p. 299.
Kalat had acceded to Pakistan on 28 March 1948.
- ^ Khanam, Attiya (January–June 2016). "An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States". Journal of Historical Studies. 2 (1): 97–98.
On 27 March 1948 Jinnah instructed his foreign secretary Ikramullah that "there should be no negotiations of any kind or any further discussion to create slightest impression that anything but accession is possible" A.S.B. Shah a joint secretary in the foreign office and Ambrose Dundas agent to the Governor General for Baluchistan were also asked to make it clear to Kalat to us his answer whether he is prepared to accede as promised by him more than once or not". The same day the Khan somewhat dramatically decided to accede to Pakistan since Las Bela, Kharan and Mekran had already acceded. The decision announced on 1 April 1948, albeit belated was very welcome; the Dawn editorialized on 30 March 1948 irrespective of the manner of its making and the proceeding publicly known and unknown
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link) Regards,
Date of accession
Here is a short list of sources that I have checked to find out the date of accession:
- Amirali, p.21: signed on 28 March
- Amirali, p.22-23: acceded on 27 March
- Ishtiaq Ahmed, p.168: After 1 April
- Jalal, Struggle for Pakistan: no information
- Jalal, State of Martial Rule: no information
- Owen Bennet Jones, p.133: "eventually" after 1 April
- Samad, p.311: signed on 27 March
- Axmann book, Noorani review: 20 March
- Barnes, Gray & Kingsbury, p.162-163: on or after 1 April
- Harrison, p.25-26: on or after 1 April
- I. Baloch, p.190: complete control of administration on 15 April
- Riaz Ahmad, p.27: signed on 1 April
- Kundi, p.57: forced Khan to sign on 1 April
- Bangash 2015, p.82 : signed on 27 March
- Bangash book, Ahmed review: accession on 27 March
- Prakash Singh, Encyclopedia on Jinnah: no information
- Zaidi, p.xxiii: Jinnah instructed Ikramullah on 27 March (only accession possible)
- Zaidi, p.xxiii: Decision to accede announced on 1 April
- Zaidi, p.xxiii: Khan assured Kalat is "part of Pakistan" on 2 April
Based on this, I conclude that nobody knows. That is why so many dates are thrown around. Ayesha Jalal and Owen Bennet Jones are the most reliable scholars here, and they are saying they don't know. Zaidi gives as much information as available. (Zaidi is the compiler of Jinnah papers. He has gone through all the papers that he could get his hands on.)
But it is not hard to piece together what happened. On 27 March, the All-India Radio revealed that the Khan had tried to negotiate with India. The Khan knew this meant trouble for him. (He would be branded "seditious" in Wayne Wilcox's terminology.) So, he made a statement the next day that he would accede to Pakistan. But, he was still trying to negotiate. Jinnah ruled out any further negotiation. Khan continued to dither. That is why Pakistan had to send in the army on 1 April. Left with no choice, Khan then sent a telegram to Jinnah on 1 April. Jinnah replied the next day. I could find Jinnah's response:
2 April 1948
Thanks for your telegram.[1]
Extremely glad to note expression of your sentiments of loyalty and service to Pakistan and your very kind personal references to me.
-- M. A. Jinnah[1]
So by 2 April, it was assumed that there was a firm commitment. But the accession was yet to be signed. Hence, Owen Bennet Jones's words:
In April 1948 the Pakistani army marched on Kalat and, eventually, the Khan signed an agreement of accession.[2]
We can assume that the people were still rebelling, probably with the Khan's encouragement. That is why Jinnah had to order the army to take complete control of the administration. That was on 15 April. Then it was all over. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 06:53, 5 May 2018 (UTC)
- With the exception of Bangash, none of these sources have done a high-level study of the subject and are a variety of non-WP:HISTRS. Jalal has not done an in-depth study of accession unlike the historians whose quotes have been included above. She mentions the whole matter in passing. Of course, since it's known the date falls in March, that invalidates the annexation theory by crux. The Khan declared accession apparently the very same day he heard the AIR radio broadcast: It is, therefore, declared that from 9 pm on March 27th — the time when I heard the false news over the air, I forthwith decide to accede to Pakistan. The Zaidi papers mention the D.Y. Fell to M. A. Jinnah, Telegram, 30 March 1948, PS-103. containing this. The Instrument of Accession is viewable online, with the explicit dates of 27 March 1948 and 31 March 1948 for the dates of accession and acceptance respectively. [13][14] Of course, these are primary sources but it shows that Bangash, Khanam and Saiyid are the historians speaking the truth. The rest 'piecing together' of personal opinions and assumptions is WP:OR and WP:CRYSTALBALL essentially. Regards, Mar4d (talk) 13:05, 5 May 2018 (UTC)
References
- ^ Zaidi, Z. H. (1993), Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States : historical and policy perspectives and accession to Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan, p. 197, ISBN 978-969-8156-13-8
- ^ Jones, Owen Bennett (2003), Pakistan: Eye of the Storm, Yale University Press, p. 133, ISBN 978-0-300-10147-8