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Please note that an additional source has since been added to the current version of the article (B). [[User:Mnd5trm|Mnd5trm]] ([[User talk:Mnd5trm|talk]]) 10:19, 25 October 2019 (UTC) |
Please note that an additional source has since been added to the current version of the article (B). [[User:Mnd5trm|Mnd5trm]] ([[User talk:Mnd5trm|talk]]) 10:19, 25 October 2019 (UTC) |
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:Feel free to add it to the RfC question, above. - [[User:Ryk72|Ryk72]] <sup>[[User talk:Ryk72|talk]]</sup> 11:50, 25 October 2019 (UTC) |
:Feel free to add it to the RfC question, above. - [[User:Ryk72|Ryk72]] <sup>[[User talk:Ryk72|talk]]</sup> 11:50, 25 October 2019 (UTC) |
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:'''Option A''' seem lees encyclopedic on the verge of unencyclopedic given the actual status and wording found in the constitution. I fully accept, that Japan is a monarchy, but the question is about the emperors exact role in this constitutional system. If he were actually by the 1947 law defined as the "head of state" it gives little or no meaning at all that the [[LDP (Japan)|LDP]] proposal from 2012 had as one of it purposes to explicit define the Emperor as the "head of state". We can read about this proposal in the article itself: |
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:'''»'''On 27 April 2012, the LDP drafted a new version of amendment with an explanatory booklet for general readers. The booklet states that the spirit of the amendment is to "make the Constitution more suitable for Japan" by "drastically revising the translationese wording and the provisions based on the [[natural rights|theory of natural human rights]] currently adopted in the Constitution". The proposed changes includes: |
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* '''Preamble:''' In the LDP draft, the Preamble declares that Japan is reigned by the Emperor and adopts the [[popular sovereignty]] and ''[[trias politica]]'' principles. The current Preamble refers to the government as a trust of the people (implying the "natural rights codified into the constitution by the [[social contract]]" model) and ensures people "the right to live in peace, free from fear and want", but both mentions are deleted in the LDP draft. |
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* '''Emperor:''' Overall, the LDP draft adopts a wording that sounds as though the Emperor has greater power than under the current Constitution. <small>For example, the paragraph (4) of Article 6 of the LDP draft requires that the Emperor should obtain the ''shingen'' ("advice", especially one given from a subordinate to his superior) from the Cabinet, as opposed to the ''jogen to shōnin'' ("advice and approval") as stipulated in the current Constitution, for his all acts in matters of the State. The booklet explains that the reason for this change is because the phrase ''jogen to shōnin'' sounds "offensive to the Emperor" (''Nihon-koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A'', p. 8).</small> The draft defines him as "[[Head of state|the head of the State]]" (Article 1). <small>The LDP explains that the reason of this change is because the Emperor was formerly defined as "the head of the Empire" in the Article 4 of the [[Constitution of the Empire of Japan]] (''Nihon-koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A'', p. 7).</small> Compared to the current Constitution, he is exempted from "the obligation to respect and uphold this Constitution" (Article 102). The draft defines ''[[Flag of Japan|Nisshōki]]'' as the national flag and ''[[Kimigayo]]'' the national anthem (Article 3).'''«''' |
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:If we compare with [https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/c02.html the text] of the [[Meiji Constitution]] from 1889 we see the dramatic difference between the two constitutions. Since another source have been added to Option B so there is now two independent sources on the matter, I'm pretty confident, that we more or less have come up with the correct wording with option B. [[User:Oleryhlolsson|Oleryhlolsson]] ([[User talk:Oleryhlolsson|talk]]) 12:18, 25 October 2019 (UTC) |
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'De facto' head of state?
The Emperor is the de facto head of state? Shouldn't that be de jure? --213.8.105.60 13:03, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
- Not really. No law says he is the head of state so he is not "de jure" (i.e., based on law) at least. -- Taku 00:43, August 16, 2005 (UTC)
- The position of Emperor is enshrined in Articles 1-8 of the Constitution of Japan. This is "de jure". Like the constitutions of many other nations (e.g. France, Belgium, USA, Australia, Canada), the Constitution of Japan does not need to explicitly use the term "head of state" to define one. - Ryk72 talk 14:48, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
Does this document not prove that Japan is a US puppet state?
- The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section. A summary of the conclusions reached follows.
- Denied. Consensus determined that Japan is not a puppet state of the United States. This claim is a fringe theory.--Mr. Guye (talk) 17:19, 2 May 2017 (UTC)
And why isn't this mentioned anywhere in the article? It is clearly a political client/puppet regime. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.217.244.143 (talk) 10:26, 21 July 2011 (UTC)
Rubbish, the constitution could have been changed at anytime if the people didn`t agree with it. Most of the constitution guarantees the Japanese people fundamental human rights, something the LDP have said they want to take away, who exactly would that help aside from the governing elite?--Hontogaichiban (talk) 15:02, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
- The constitution doesn't give the US any extraordinary powers over Japan, and indeed the Japanese could amend or replace the constitution if they wanted to. They merely choose not to because it's worked pretty well.65.7.0.129 (talk) 06:17, 24 September 2015 (UTC)
- According to the book I'm reading, a lot of the Japanese constitution actually derives from a former Japanese effort. Apparently, it's not quite the American diktat it's often thought to be. --YeOldeGentleman (talk) 19:41, 25 September 2015 (UTC)
In Japanese?
Why is there a section of this article (apparently) in Japanese? (This being, of course, the English-language Wikipedia.) If it is necessary, it should be appropriately placed in context for non-Japanese readers, e.g. "The following text X, Y and Z." As it is, being an English-language computer user with no Japanese language support installed on his computer, all I see is an irregular series of ? characters. --Dhartung | Talk 03:01, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
I've removed this section from the article and reproduced it below. If anyone wants to translate it or provide context for it, please add it back in. It was submitted by an anonymous user whose IP has no other edits, and I don't know Japanese well enough to translate it myself. The section title translates as "preamble", so I'm assuming this is the preamble to the constitution. Colin M. 02:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
It is the preamble. As such it is a fairly good summary of the spirit of the document but it is not worth mentioning or translating any more than any other part of the constitution. I think it odd that it should be pasted in the article. Smoove K 11:21, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
前文
日本国民は,正当に選挙された国会における代表者を通じて行動し,われらとわれらの子孫のために,諸国民との協和による成果と,わが国全土にわたつて自由のもたらす恵沢を確保し,政府の行為によつて再び戦争の惨禍が起ることのないやうにすることを決意し,ここに主権が国民に存することを宣言し,この憲法を確定する。そもそも国政は,国民の厳粛な信託によるものであつて,その権威は国民に由来し,その権力は国民の代表者がこれを行使し,その福利は国民がこれを享受する。これは人類普遍の原理であり,この憲法は,かかる原理に基くものである。われらは,これに反する一切の憲法,法令及び詔勅を排除する。
日本国民は,恒久の平和を念願し,人間相互の関係を支配する崇高な理想を深く自覚するのであつて,平和を愛する諸国民の公正と信義に信頼して,われらの安全と生存を保持しようと決意した。われらは,平和を維持し,専制と隷従,圧迫と偏狭を地上から永遠に除去しようと努めてゐる国際社会において,名誉ある地位を占めたいと思ふ。われらは,全世界の国民が,ひとしく恐怖と欠乏から免かれ,平和のうちに生存する権利を有することを確認する。
われらは,いづれの国家も,自国のことのみに専念して他国を無視してはならないのであつて,政治道徳の法則は,普遍的なものであり,この法則に従ふことは,自国の主権を維持し,他国と対等関係に立たうとする各国の責務であると信ずる。
日本国民は,国家の名誉にかけ,全力をあげてこの崇高な理想と目的を達成することを誓ふ。
Merge in of Article 9 Lemma
Don't. Article 9 is a complex topic all in it self and Wikipedia does well to have a separated article for it. -- Mkill 18:06, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
Article 14 does apply to foreign nationals
Both Supreme court and lower courts have ruled that discrimination against foreign nationals is an article 14 (equality under the law) issue.
Public bathing facility ruling of Sapporo District Court (2002.11.11) National election rights(Supreme Court H5.2.26) Local election rights(Supreme Court 2000.6.27)
All ruling applies article 14 (indirectly with the Bathing facility case) to foreign nationals. Furthermore, the 1994.2.28 ruling states, that legislation, granting permanent foreign residents local election rights, would not violate article 15, although article 15 does not guarantee it as a constitutional right.
The Public bathing facility ruling, through the interpretation of Civil code article 709 'illegal acts'、state that refusing a foreigner to enter a public bathing facility is against Article 14 and international human rights B treaty article 26, and constitute an 'illegal act'. The point being, yes, there is no legislation specifically making discrimination against foreigners an offence, but, no, discrimination against foreigners are illegal, and will result in civil compensation.(in this case US$29,000)
As far as I know, the majority interpretation and the supreme court, does grant the right of equality to foreigners. Social benefits however, are a different matter. Fortifiedchicken 03:02, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
The Supreme Court has now set precedent with the recent ruling on foreigners receiving welfare that the law states that only citizens may receive benefits. The text of the Public Assistance act uses the word 'kokumin', which is the basis of their ruling. This means that 'kokumin' is once again confirmed to mean 'citizen' and thus article 14's provisions against discrimination, which also use the word 'kokumin', refer only to citizens. It cannot be interpreted in any other way legally speaking - if the government wishes to selectively apply or enforce the law, that does not make that selective application the de jure status, but rather the de facto status. Any protections against discrimination which foreigners enjoy thus cannot be said to derive from article 14, as it has now been unquestionably asserted by the Supreme Court that foreigners are not included in the scope of the wording used.
What court ruled that Japan can raise an army?
As of this date, the only court ruling that has ruled on the constitutionality of the Self-Defence Force is a district court ruling (Naganuma case, Sapporo District court 1974.9.7). It ruled that the SDF is a force prohibited by article 9 paragraph 2, and is unconstitutional.
The Supreme court has never ruled on the constitutionality of the SDF.
So, what court ruling states that Japan can raise an army (a force with greater ability than SDF), which is a clear violation of article 9 paragraph 2? There is a ruling that suggests that Japan has the right to defend it's country, a prerequisite to possessing any kind of force (Sunagawa Supreme Court 1960.12.16), but that's it.
I strongly recommend deleting the portion that suggests an existence of a court ruling, unless the writer can name the case and date of the ruling. Supreme Court of Japan Home Page with Selected Judgments in English
Fortifiedchicken 03:02, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
Article 38 Confession
Article 38 bans conviction solely based on confessions. Article 319 paragraph 2 of the Criminal Procedure law states "A defendant cannot be found guilty, if the only evidence against him is a confession before the court or otherwise". With corroborating evidence for the confession, however, a conviction would not violate article 38-3 of the constitution.(Check Nerima Case 1959.5.28) --Fortifiedchicken 08:24, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
Amendment update
In response to my update tag, it was requested that I post a clarification here. No, I hadn't heard anything specific, but the section on the 2005 proposal left me wanting to hear the rest of the story. Did this fizzle or is it moving forward? It seems like this was added in reaction to events in the news, but it needs to be put in better historical perspective. -- Beland 01:59, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
Picture overlaps text in Adoption section
This part of the Adoption section
Under Article 73 the new
has been overlayed by the Imperial Signature and Seal picture. I don't know how to fix it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.118.60.172 (talk) 15:11, 3 May 2007 (UTC).
- I don't see this overlay. I'm using Firefox 2.0.0.3 on Mac OS X 10.3.9. What browser are you using? Do you see the same problem as you make your browser window larger or smaller? Also, I changed the section heading above from "Adoption" to "Picture overlaps text in Adoption section" --Jdlh | Talk 19:16, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
june 2007 updates to amendments and revision section
This section has been in desparate need of updating for almost a year, and apparently no-one interested in tending to it, so I just went ahead and did it, relying on the reischauer institute [1], the BBC and the Japan Times. It still needs a lot of work, and you're all welcome to it, but think I got the main points in and arranged the section according to a timeline. This is a hot issue in Japanese politics and could use constant updating, more contextualization, and details (e.g. on the main players in the debate). Also, there are structural issues- the 'early debates' section needs to be somehow connected to this section. But I'm probably not the right person for that. Bine maya 14:29, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
"Human rights guarantees in practice", unverifiable statements
There have been some edits to the "Human rights guarantees in practice" section. This section started of as a lot of assertions claiming — without Wikipedia:Verifiability — how actual Japanese practice is bad human rights and goes against what the Constitution says. Over time some edits have reversed the meaning of the claims. Parts of the article now say — again, without Wikipedia:Verifiability — that Japanese practice does follow the Constitution. For instance, at 19:48, April 9, 2005, User:Iota added one sentence which read "defendants are routinely convicted solely on the basis of a signed confession" (with no citation). Then at 00:54, May 25, 2006, User:Fortifiedchicken changed it to read "defendants are routinely convicted on the basis of a signed confession with corroborating evidence" (still with no citation). Then at 15:54, March 31, 2008 User:Vapour correctly pointed the logical error in Fortifiedchicken's wording, but changed the meaning of the sentence yet again (still with no citation). This is silly. The phrase has been in Wikipedia for years, violating the Wikipedia:Verifiability policy the whole time, so I'm deleting it. It would be great to add it back in, but only if there are Wikipedia:Reliable sources to back it up. --Jdlh | Talk 22:29, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
The whole section appear to be created by a Whinging westerner (a variation of whinning pom) who wanted to bent his frustration at wikipedia. Specific criticism of Japanese judicial practice (often from Amnesty) do exist, like in any other countries. Instead, the whole over tone of the article was based on typical Japanese exceptionalism. "Unlike western countries, Japan keep suspect detained for 3/4 days" part was just ridiculous considering that some western countries keep suspect much longer (in u.k. <20 days, for example and in some case, indefinitely). Plus coerced confession is a problem in the West not just in Japan. Plus, most criticism seems to centre around judicial practice. There is a separate article for that not to mention the fact that these issue has never been a constitutional issue. If whoever originally wrote this section bother to (or could) read Japanese newspapers and magazine, s/he would have known that specific constitutional issue involves Peace article, Position of Emperor as the "Symbol", Constitutional Amendment, Freedom of expression (textbook, pornography), Freedom of Publication (as opposed to freedom of press), Enforcing national anthem singing in school etc. The whole article should be wiped and rewrote as "Constitutional Controversies" Vapour (talk) 01:49, April 3, 2008
- That's all very well, but the important policy here is Wikipedia:Verifiability. If the statements can be verified in a Wikipedia:Reliable source they stay. If not, they (eventually) go. If whinging Westerners can get their whinging published in a reliable source, an editor is justified in adding them to Wikipedia. --Jdlh | Talk 19:30, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
America's influence on the Constitution of Japan
I noticed that the way the Occupation was set up gave Americans an opportunity to make Japan's political system more like their own, perhaps in the belief that it would help people (or maybe that's because that's what Americans considered to be a good political system). So church and state were separated, more people given the vote, Japan became less monarchial (the monarch became more of a mascot for the country), and various other Americanizations were implemented... I suppose that if Japan had been partitioned as originally intended, the political differences would have been very interesting. For starters, there'd be at least a North Japan and a South Japan when all was said and done, and perhaps three or four "Japans" (depending on whether the Republic of China and/or the People's Republic were willing to play along). Furthermore, the PRC/ROC tensions would result in some Cold War drama, in addition to the Soviet/Western tensions. There might have even been a Japanese War along the lines of the Korean one. Can you imagine a Stalinist skyline gracing Sapporo? 204.52.215.107 (talk) 04:55, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
Other provisions / International Law
It is probably a problem of interpretation and then translation.(not purely translation.)
The original (Japanese) text of the Article 98 (2) doesn't say ratified international treaties be immediately domestic law or be treated as such, more accurately it cannot be read that way. It is more of a very very strong recommendation but not a mandate. The expression of the text doesn't make it mandatory. Having said that, I am not a constitutional scholar, just having the native command of the language.
What I believe is this is one of the interpretation (not the verbal translation, not to be confused) of the expression (nuance). I have come across, so many times, misinterpretations or mistranslations even by very much experienced translators(none-native in Japanese though), which is where the text can be interpreted in two or more ways and some of which the natives never, ever dream of.
If anyone reading the original text, I would like your comments.
While at it, in that cute diagram, it says 'appointment' of the Prime Minister and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, it is more like 'assent' just a rubber stamp. It's not like the President appoints the Supreme Court Justice and the Senate confirms it. In fact, the Emperor has not power to choose or alter the "appointment". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.69.236.159 (talk) 14:18, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
The Japanese language is much more subtle than English when it comes to the difference of meanings in expressions but it's there, and I even have to write this way to better articulate it, hahaha.
Plagiarism
Hi, I'm doing research on the Japanese Constitution for a college course and I found that sections of this article are almost entirely plagiarized from the book Theory of the World Constitution by Dreek Oberoi. Specifically the section "Drafting Process" which plagiarizes the phrasing "the initial post-surrender measures taken by Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), suggest that neither he nor his superiors in Washington intended to impose a new political system on Japan unilaterally. Instead, they wished to encourage Japan's new leaders to initiate democratic reforms on their own. But by early 1946, MacArthur's staff and Japanese officials were at odds over the most fundamental issue, the writing of a new constitution" comes from page 253 of that book. I don't know how to edit it out properly without leaving a huge hole in the article, if I get time when I finish my research I will change it myself if needed. The book is available on ebrary to anyone with database access. Thanks. Ninja337 (talk) 02:34, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
Wrong number of weeks for MacArthurs Draft
This site http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/outline/03outline.html clearly states that MaxArthur's men (and women) had started their own draft BEFORE they got the one from the Japanese goverment, so they did it in two weeks, not one. 134.93.77.131 (talk) 10:44, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
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Japan is not formally a monarchy, and this article should inform the reader properly about that fact
Japan is not officially or constitutionally a monarchy since 1945/1952, because unlike actual monarchies, the 1947 japanese constitution doesn't in any way define the "state of Japan" (日本国) as being a monarchy, or having a monarch, sovereign, or indeed any head of state, while also explicitly defining the people as sovereign and the prime minister as the chief executive. This is especially important because the previous constitution explicitly defined the country as a monarchy as the tennou as a sovereign and supreme authority. The tennou after 1945 is best understood as a hereditary religious figure, a chief priest if you will, rather than a monarch.
Furthermore, in Japan, there is generally an agreement that the definition of the tennou as only a "symbol" (象徴) also defines them as NOT a monarch (君主) or head of state/sovereign (元首). Many japanese constitutional experts consider Japan to not have a formal head of state. Countries don't need a formal head of state, for that matter.
Let's look at *actual* constitutional monarchies:
Kingdom of Denmark
"The form of government shall be that of a constitutional monarchy. The Royal Power shall be inherited by men and women in accordance with the provisions of the Succession to the Throne Act, 27th March, 1953."
"The legislative power shall be vested in the King and the Folketing conjointly. The executive power shall be vested in the King. The judicial power shall be vested in the courts of justice."
"Subject to the limitations laid down in this Constitution Act the King shall have the supreme authority in all the affairs of the Realm, and he shall exercise such supreme authority through the Ministers."
"The King shall not be answerable for his actions; his person shall be sacrosanct. The Ministers shall be responsible for the conduct of the government; their responsibility shall be determined by Statute."
Kingdom of Norway
"The Kingdom of Norway is a free, independent, indivisible and inalienable Realm. Its form of government is a limited and hereditary monarchy."
"The Executive Power is vested in the King, or in the Queen if she has succeeded to the Crown pursuant to the provisions of Article 6 or Article 7 or Article 48 of this Constitution. When the Executive Power is thus vested in the Queen, she has all the rights and obligations which pursuant to this Constitution and the Law of the Land are possessed by the King."
"The King's person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his Council."
Kingdom of Sweden
"The King or Queen who occupies the throne of Sweden in accordance with the Act of Succession shall be the Head of State.
"The King or Queen who is Head of State cannot be prosecuted for his or her actions. Nor can a Regent be prosecuted for his or her actions as Head of State."
Kingdom of the Netherlands
"The King shall be President of the Council of State. The heir presumptive shall be legally entitled to have a seat on the Council on attaining the age of eighteen. Other members of the Royal House may be granted a seat on the Council by or in accordance with an Act of Parliament."
"The members of the Council shall be appointed for life by Royal Decree."
"A Bill shall become an Act of Parliament once it has been passed by the States General and ratified by the King."
"The Government shall comprise the King and the Ministers."
"The Ministers, and not the King, shall be responsible for acts of government."
"State Secretaries may be appointed and dismissed by Royal Decree."
Kingdom of Belgium
"The federal legislative power is exercised jointly by the King, the House of Representatives and the Senate."
"The federal executive power, as regulated by the Constitution, belongs to the King."
"The King has the right to convene the Houses to an extraordinary meeting."
"The King can adjourn the Houses. However, the adjournment cannot be for longer than one month, nor can it be repeated in the same session without the consent of the Houses."
Kingdom of Spain
"The political form of the Spanish State is the Parliamentary Monarchy."
"The King is the Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with the nations of its historical community, and exercises the functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitutionand the laws."
"The person of the King is inviolable and shall not be held accountable. His acts shall always be countersigned in the manner established in section 64. Without such countersignature they shall not be valid, except as provided under section 65(2)."
"The King freely appoints and dismisses civil and military members of his Household"
62.248.181.187 (talk) 11:50, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
- At most de facto, not formally. 62.248.181.187 (talk) 15:29, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
- So the emperor is not a monarch? GoodDay (talk) 21:04, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
- I wonder if you have bothered to read what I wrote. Indeed they are not a 君主 or 元首 by the constitution but only a 象徴 ("symbol") under the people's sovereignty and without even nominal executive, legislative, or judicial indepedent authority. 62.248.181.187 (talk) 21:18, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
- So the emperor is not a monarch? GoodDay (talk) 21:04, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
- At most de facto, not formally. 62.248.181.187 (talk) 15:29, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
- Now do the UK! Hint: Constitution of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is not contained in a single code. - Ryk72 talk 13:49, 23 October 2019 (UTC)
- The existing legal and constitutional documents, the state's official name, and various other things make it quite clear that the United Kingdom is, in fact, a Kingdom, and that there is a de jure monarch as its head of state. The fact that there is no "fully written constitution" does not mean the UK monarchy is somehow unofficial. Mnd5trm (talk) 01:52, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
The main points of concern have been addressed and I have no current proposals for specific changes to this article. 62.248.181.187 (talk) 21:43, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
Note - 62.248.181.187 is a sock of someone. GoodDay (talk) 20:22, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
- In view of the last few comments, and the fact that the opening statement is neither neutral nor brief (see WP:RFCBRIEF) (it is far too long for Legobot to handle, meaning that it does not show correctly at Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Politics, government, and law), I have deactivated this RfC. --Redrose64 🌹 (talk) 20:49, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
Recent changes - Infobox et al
Fellow Editors,
Recent changes to the Infobox have been made based on a single NYT analysis/opinion source: https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/weekinreview/the-world-japan-s-state-symbols-now-you-see-them.html
While the NYT is a reliable source for news reporting, I do not believe that this particular piece is sufficiently reliable, not sufficiently representative of the consensus of academic research for us to use it as the basis for the contents of the Infobox.
Use of this source alone is contrary to WP:DUE. For such a mainstream topic as the subject of this article is, I would be looking for tertiary sources as the basis for summary information.
Nor am I certain that the source directly supports some top the recent inclusions, as required by WP:V
Thoughts? - Ryk72 talk 13:58, 23 October 2019 (UTC)
- The source is entirely sufficient. It quotes japanese government officials directly saying there is no head of state and makes entirely clear the country is not de jure a monarchy as far as the constitution goes. There is also no source supporting the opposing idea that the constitution somehow defines an official head of state or a monarchical form of government. Rejecting a reliable source for no source at all is not good and certainly violates WP:V.
- "not sufficiently representative of the consensus of academic research"
- If there is any "serious academic research" claiming that the japanese constitution defines an official head of state, I'd like to see it.
- With all due respect, do you think the japanese government officials are wrong on this and that you know better? Mnd5trm (talk) 22:01, 23 October 2019 (UTC)
- Kristof's NYT piece[2] is currently used in two places in the Infobox:
- a) System -
Unitary parliamentary de facto[1] constitutional monarchy
- a) System -
- Given that the source does not include the text "de facto" or "monarchy" (or "de jure"), which text from the source directly supports this statement?
- The CIA World Factbook, generally considered authoritative for such matters, lists the "Chief of State" as "Emperor NARUHITO", and the "Government Type" as simply "parliamentary constitutional monarchy". Given this, what sources describe the government of Japan as "de facto constitutional monarchy"?
- b) Head of state -
Not defined in constitution. The Emperor is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people", but can carry out many functions of a head of state.[1]
- b) Head of state -
- Given that the source does not include "defined" or "function" or "unity" or "of the people", and only includes "Constitution" in the sentence
The Emperor was demoted at the end of the war from a "living god" to a mere "symbol of the state" under the Constitution approved by the occupiers, and the Government is afraid that it would seem provocative now to declare him the head of state.
, which text from the source directly supports this statement? - The term "head of state" was coined roughly around about the middle of the 20th century, and consequently does not explicitly appear in constitutions which pre-date that time. For examples, it is also not explicitly defined in the constitutions of France, USA, Belgium, Australia & Canada, and many others. The constitutions define a head of state by defining the position of a President or of a Monarch, as does the Constitution of Japan. The heads of these states are not in doubt, and our articles reflect that.
- Given this, on what basis is the text "Not defined in constitution" relevant here?
- - Ryk72 talk 14:32, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
- Kristof's NYT piece[2] is currently used in two places in the Infobox:
- CIA World Factbook is a quick reference resource and is understandably not going to cover exactly what each country's constitution really says. It categorically lists a "chief of state" and a "government type" for all countries, very much based on de facto considerations. It lists the tennou as part of the "executive branch", even though the tennou has no executive authority whatsoever under the constitution or otherwise. I might also return the question "what sources describe the government of Japan as de jure constitutional monarchy"? This article is very much about the de jure; everything claimed in the infobox is implied by default to be de jure. If the infobox simply said "constitutional monarchy", it would falsely imply the constitution unambiguously defines a de jure monarchical form of government.
- Regarding the "exact words not found" point; as you should know, wikipedia rules and guidelines do not require the sources to be repeated verbatim 1:1. The source directly states "Japan does not have an official head of state" and quotes Japanese government officials saying "we don't really have a head of state", and "he's head of state when we need a host for a state visit. But he's not really head of state". Many dictionaries, including Wiktionary, Oxford dictionary etc. agree that a monarch is a "ruler", "sovereign", or at least a "head of state". So, unless we are to reject most dictionaries as reliable references for the english language, the tennou is not a "monarch" in the proper sense (or 君主/元首) under the 1947 constitution, because they are not an official head of state.
- Although not all countries' constitutions explicitly use the term "head of state", there are other considerations. For example, an official head of state virtually universally has at least nominal executive or legislative authority. In constitutional monarchies, the king etc. is typically defined as more than just a "symbol", the form of government is often defined as a monarchy, and the country is officially referred to as a "kingdom" etc. There is indeed no doubt in the case of those states, but there is in this case, and this article ought to reflect that fact. As far as I understand there is basically a consensus in Japan that the tennou is not a head of state (国家元首), at least not officially or under the constitution.
- "On what basis is the text "Not defined in constitution" relevant here?"
- This is the article "Constitution of Japan". The constitution of Japan does not define a head of state and explicitly defines the people as sovereign and the tennou as only a "symbol" (象徴) without sovereignty or any kind of authority. If the infobox simply said "Head of State: The Emperor as such and such", it would falsely imply the constitution unambiguously defines them as a de jure head of state. Mnd5trm (talk) 16:42, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
- The Infobox is also a
quick reference guide
. - The Constitution of Japan, in Articles 1-8, defines a de jure constitutional monarchy. The executive powers of the Emperor, such as they are, are defined in Article 7.
- This
Many dictionaries, including Wiktionary, Oxford dictionary etc. agree that a monarch is a "ruler", "sovereign", or at least a "head of state". So, unless we are to reject most dictionaries as reliable references for the english language, the tennou is not a "monarch" in the proper sense (or 君主/元首) under the 1947 constitution, because they are not an official head of state.
andIn constitutional monarchies, the king etc. is typically defined as more than just a "symbol", the form of government is often defined as a monarchy, and the country is officially referred to as a "kingdom" etc.
is original research. And the same reasoning would reject Elizabeth II as head of state of many of her Commonwealth Realms, the King of Belgium as head of state of Belgium, President Trump as head of state of the USA. None of those are "officially" (i.e. explicitly) defined as "head of state" in their respective constitutions. (It's also circular reasoning). - This
For example, an official head of state virtually universally has at least nominal executive or legislative authority. In constitutional monarchies, the king etc. is typically defined as more than just a "symbol"
is original research. And the same reasoning would reject the King of Sweden, whose role is purely symbolic, as head of state of Sweden. Notwithstanding that, the Emperor of Japan does have executive powers; defined in Article 7. - Unnamed "government officials", expressing their personal opinions, in an unofficial capacity, are not reliable sources for factual information (other than the fact that those opinions were expressed).
- Again, which text from the source directly supports the statement "de facto constitutional monarchy"? WP:V is clear here - "de facto" needs to be directly supported.
There is basically a consensus in Japan that the tennou is not a head of state (国家元首), at least not officially or under the constitution.
Source?- I fear GoodDay was correct; we should move to an RFC. - Ryk72 talk 18:29, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
- The Infobox is also a
- The tennou, being a national "symbol" under the people's sovereignty, can only carry out the specific actions as defined by the constitution under the direction of the people's elected representatives and government; they don't have any independent executive or legislative power such as the ability to veto legislation, refuse to appoint the prime minister designated by the people's representatives, dissolve or prorogue the house of representatives at will etc., and are not a chief of the armed forces etc.
- The King of Sweden is explicitly defined as a "head of state" in the swedish constitution: "The King or Queen who occupies the throne of Sweden in accordance with the Act of Succession shall be the Head of State." The term "King or Queen who is Head of State" is used numerous times in the constitution.
- Belgium is officially a "Kingdom" and the constitution defines the King as having executive and legislative power, as chief of the armed forces etc. The constitutions of commonwealth realms define the monarch as having chief executive power and in general clearly in terms of being a head of state. For example, "Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen". The US constitution vests the president with the executive power. Of course, a republic doesn't need a head of state to be a republic. There seem to be many good reasons why there is no doubt in the case of those countries; evidently there is doubt in the case of Japan however, and this article should inform the reader appropriately.
- If there is no official head of state, there can't be a de jure monarchy, because a monarchy by definition has a specific kind of head of state (or the constitution defines the country explicitly as a monarchy, "kingdom" etc.) Mnd5trm (talk) 03:35, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
- An Rfc is required. Will need a proper 'question' for it. GoodDay (talk) 19:27, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
RfC about the contents of the Infobox
What should the Infobox contain for the fields "System" and "Head of State"?:
- A.
- system = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[1]
- head of state = The Emperor[1][2]; defined as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People"[3]
References
- ^ a b "East Asia/Southeast Asia : Japan – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
- ^ "List of Heads of State, Heads of Government, and Ministers for Foreign Affairs" (PDF). protocol.un.org. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
- ^ "The Constitution of Japan". japan.kantei.go.jp. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
- B.
- system = Unitary parliamentary de facto[1] constitutional monarchy
- head of state = Not defined in constitution.[2] The Emperor is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people"[3], but can carry out many functions of a head of state.[1]
References
- ^ a b Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 November 1995). "THE WORLD;Japan's State Symbols: Now You See Them . . ". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ Kakinohana, Hōjun (23 September 2013). "個人の尊厳は憲法の基 ― 天皇の元首化は時代に逆行 ―". Japan Institute of Constitutional Law (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-10-25.
- ^ "The Constitution of Japan". japan.kantei.go.jp. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
See previous discussions above. Ryk72 talk 01:50, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
Responses
Discussion
I see that the constitution is included as a "source" for the option A, but that's clearly misleading; the constitution does not say the form of government is a "monarchy" or that there is any head of state, which is specifically what the option B intends to inform the reader about. Also, both CIA World Factbook and the "UN protocol list" are quick reference guides and conveniently include a "head of state" for all countries based also on de facto considerations without regard for the specifics of each country's constitution. This is the article "Constitution of Japan", and should not use such quick reference lists to falsely suggest the constitution unambiguously defines the form of government as a "monarchy" or the tennou as a "head of state" (or 国家元首). Mnd5trm (talk) 03:52, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
- In A, the Constitution is included as a source for
defined as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People"
; not forThe Emperor
, which is referenced by the other two sources. As previously, the Infobox is also intended to be a "quick reference guide", similar to the CIA & UN sources. The Constitution does define the Emperor, and their role in the government of Japan, in Articles 1-8; it would, therefore, be false & misleading for us to suggest that the position and role of the Emperor is not defined by the Constitution. - Ryk72 talk 05:22, 25 October 2019 (UTC)- The "position and role" of the tennou as defined in the constitution is that of a national symbol under the people's explicit sovereignty, not that of a sovereign monarch or a "head of state". In Japan, there is a general agreement that by being defined solely as a 象徴 without sovereignty or authority, the tennou is not a "君主" or "元首", as the source should make clear.
- Even if the infobox is a kind of quick reference guide, that's not an acceptable excuse to completely exclude any mention the important fact that there is 1) little or no scholarship to support the idea that the constitution defines an official "head of state" or a "monarchy", and 2) widespread doubt on the same even among Japanese government officials. This is the article "Constitution of Japan", and should offer the reader accurate information about the topic, even if it takes a few more words. Why are you insisting that important and not too long-winded information be completely removed? How does it improve the article? Mnd5trm (talk) 05:53, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
- Sources? - Ryk72 talk 05:58, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
- I don't know if you can read japanese or not, but for an example, here's an article from the "Japan Institute of Constitutional Law" where one expert directly states that the constitution doesn't define a 元首. It's the mainstream view among legal and constitutional scholars in Japan (among others), and is echoed in the statements of the government officials in the source. Here's another expert opinion. Here's a third. How many do you want? Remember that according to WP:V "Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter" I also advise you to take a look at the Japanese version of this article, which explains some of the background in detail and directly says "the present constitution does not have provisions relating to a head of state of Japan" (現行憲法には日本の元首に関する規定はない)。 It should be clear that there is plenty enough doubt about the idea of the constitution defining an official "head of state" that the infobox and article should inform the reader appropriately about the fact and certainly not completely exclude it as option A would. Mnd5trm (talk) 08:33, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
- Sources? - Ryk72 talk 05:58, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
We should restore Option A, as the emperor is a constitutional monarch. GoodDay (talk) 09:48, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
- I disagree. What's your opinion on this? Do you believe you are qualified to dispute what he says? Can you read japanese? Mnd5trm (talk) 11:06, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
- Agreed. - Ryk72 talk 11:51, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
Please note that an additional source has since been added to the current version of the article (B). Mnd5trm (talk) 10:19, 25 October 2019 (UTC)
- Option A seem lees encyclopedic on the verge of unencyclopedic given the actual status and wording found in the constitution. I fully accept, that Japan is a monarchy, but the question is about the emperors exact role in this constitutional system. If he were actually by the 1947 law defined as the "head of state" it gives little or no meaning at all that the LDP proposal from 2012 had as one of it purposes to explicit define the Emperor as the "head of state". We can read about this proposal in the article itself:
- »On 27 April 2012, the LDP drafted a new version of amendment with an explanatory booklet for general readers. The booklet states that the spirit of the amendment is to "make the Constitution more suitable for Japan" by "drastically revising the translationese wording and the provisions based on the theory of natural human rights currently adopted in the Constitution". The proposed changes includes:
- Preamble: In the LDP draft, the Preamble declares that Japan is reigned by the Emperor and adopts the popular sovereignty and trias politica principles. The current Preamble refers to the government as a trust of the people (implying the "natural rights codified into the constitution by the social contract" model) and ensures people "the right to live in peace, free from fear and want", but both mentions are deleted in the LDP draft.
- Emperor: Overall, the LDP draft adopts a wording that sounds as though the Emperor has greater power than under the current Constitution. For example, the paragraph (4) of Article 6 of the LDP draft requires that the Emperor should obtain the shingen ("advice", especially one given from a subordinate to his superior) from the Cabinet, as opposed to the jogen to shōnin ("advice and approval") as stipulated in the current Constitution, for his all acts in matters of the State. The booklet explains that the reason for this change is because the phrase jogen to shōnin sounds "offensive to the Emperor" (Nihon-koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A, p. 8). The draft defines him as "the head of the State" (Article 1). The LDP explains that the reason of this change is because the Emperor was formerly defined as "the head of the Empire" in the Article 4 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Nihon-koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A, p. 7). Compared to the current Constitution, he is exempted from "the obligation to respect and uphold this Constitution" (Article 102). The draft defines Nisshōki as the national flag and Kimigayo the national anthem (Article 3).«
- If we compare with the text of the Meiji Constitution from 1889 we see the dramatic difference between the two constitutions. Since another source have been added to Option B so there is now two independent sources on the matter, I'm pretty confident, that we more or less have come up with the correct wording with option B. Oleryhlolsson (talk) 12:18, 25 October 2019 (UTC)