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<!--At its peak, it stretched over the islands that bordered the western peninsula of [[Mindanao]] in the east to [[Palawan]] in the north. It also covers the area in northeastern side of Borneo, stretching from [[Kimanis]] in now [[Sabah]], to [[Tepian Durian]] in now [[Kalimantan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Keppel|p=385}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Campbell|p=53}}</ref>--> |
<!--At its peak, it stretched over the islands that bordered the western peninsula of [[Mindanao]] in the east to [[Palawan]] in the north. It also covers the area in northeastern side of Borneo, stretching from [[Kimanis]] in now [[Sabah]], to [[Tepian Durian]] in now [[Kalimantan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Keppel|p=385}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Campbell|p=53}}</ref>--> |
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Although the Sultanate is no longer recognized by any state as a sovereign entity, many individuals continue to claim the title of Sultan of Sulu, and/or Sultan of North Borneo. In 2013, the Sultanate under Sultan [[Jamalul Kiram III]] |
Although the Sultanate is no longer recognized by any state as a sovereign entity, many individuals continue to claim the title of Sultan of Sulu, and/or Sultan of North Borneo. In 2013, the Sultanate under Sultan [[Jamalul Kiram III]] reasserted its soveriegnty over [[Sabah]] by siezing control of the village of Lahad Datu their.<ref>http://globalnation.inquirer.net/65295/army-stays-in-sabah-sultan-of-sulu-decrees</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
Revision as of 05:41, 23 February 2013
سلطنة سولو دار الإسلام Royal Sultanate of Sulu Dar al-Islam | |||||||||||||
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1457 – 1917 2013 - present | |||||||||||||
Flag | |||||||||||||
Capital | Jolo | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Arabic (official), Tausug, Malay, Banguingui, Bajau languages | ||||||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||||||
• 1457–1480 | Sharif ul-Hashim of Sulu | ||||||||||||
• 1480-1505 | Sultan Kamalud-Din | ||||||||||||
• 1505-1527 | Sultan Amirul-Umara | ||||||||||||
• 1884–1899 | Jamal ul-Kiram I | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• Established | 1457 | ||||||||||||
extant | |||||||||||||
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Today part of | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
History of the Philippines |
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Timeline |
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The Sultanate of Sulu Dar al-Islam[note 1] (Jawi: سلطنة سولو دار الإسلام) was an Islamic Tausūg[note 2]state that ruled over many of the islands of the Sulu Sea, in the southern Philippines and several places in northern Borneo. The sultanate was founded in 1457[note 3] by a Johore-born Arab explorer and religious scholar Sayyid Abu Bakr Abirin[note 4] after he settled in Banua Buansa Ummah (ummah is an Arabic term for "community"), Sulu. After the marriage of Abu Bakr and local dayang-dayang (princess) Paramisuli, he founded the sultanate and assumed the title Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hāshim. It is believed that the people at that time considered Sharif ul-Hāshim to be a direct descendant of Islamic prophet Muhammad as this is what "Sharif" denotes .[4]
Although the Sultanate is no longer recognized by any state as a sovereign entity, many individuals continue to claim the title of Sultan of Sulu, and/or Sultan of North Borneo. In 2013, the Sultanate under Sultan Jamalul Kiram III reasserted its soveriegnty over Sabah by siezing control of the village of Lahad Datu their.[5]
History
Pre-establishment
The earliest known settlement in the areas soon to be occupied by the sultanate was in Maimbung, Jolo. During these times, Sulu was called Lupah Sug.[6] The Principality of Maimbung, populated by Buranun people (or Budanon, literally means "mountain-dwellers"), was first ruled by a certain rajah who assumed the title Rajah Sipad the Older. According to Majul, the origins of the title rajah sipad originated from the Hindu shri paduka, which symbolizes authority.[7] The Principality was instituted and governed using the system of rajahs. Sipad the Older was succeeded by Sipad the Younger.
During the reign of Sipad the Younger, a mystic[8] named Tuan Mashā′ikha[note 5] arrived in Jolo in 1280 AD.[note 6] Little is known to the origins and early biography of Tuan Mashā′ikha, except that he is a Muslim "who came from foreign lands" at the head of a fleet of Muslim traders,[10] or he was issued from a stalk of bamboo and was considered a prophet, thus well respected by the people.[11] Other reports, however, insisted that Tuan Mashā′ikha together with his parents, Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga, were sent to Sulu by Alexander the Great (who is known as Iskandar Zulkarnain in Sejarah Melayu).[7] However, Saleeby dismisses this claim by concluding that Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga were mythical names.[11] According to tarsila, during the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the people of Maimbung worshipped tombs and stones of any kind. After he preached Islam in the area, he married Sipad the Younger's daughter, Idda Indira Suga and bore three children:[12] Tuan Hakim, Tuan Pam and 'Aisha. Tuan Hakim, in turn, begot five children.[13] From the genealogy of Tuan Mashā′ikha, another titular system of aristocracy called "tuanship" started in Sulu. Apart from the Idda Indira Suga, Tuan Mashā′ikha also married into another "unidentified woman" and begot Moumin. Tuan Mashā′ikha died in 710 A.H. (equivalent to 1310 AD), and was buried in Bud Dato near Jolo, with an inscription of Tuan Maqbālū.[14]
A descendant of Tuan Mashā′ikha named Tuan May also begot a son named Datu Tka. The descendants of Tuan May did not assume the title tuan, instead, they started to use datu. It is the first time datu was used as a political institution.[12][15]
During the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the Tagimaha people (literally means "the party of the people") coming from Basilan and several places in Mindanao, also arrived and settled in Buansa. After the Tagimaha came the Baklaya people (which means "seashore dwellers") and believed to be originated from Sulawesi, and settled in Patikul. After these came the Bajau people (or Samal) from Johor. The Bajau were accidentally driven towards Sulu by a heavy monsoon, some of them to the shores of Brunei and others to Mindanao.[16] The population of Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya in Sulu created three parties with distinct system of government and subjects. At least in 1417, according to Chinese annals, three kings (or monarchs) ruled three civilized kingdoms in the island.[17] Patuka Pahala (Paduka Batara) ruled the eastern kingdom, he was the most powerful; the west kingdom was ruled by Mahalachi (Maharajah Kamal ud-Din); and the kingdom near the cave (or Cave King) was Paduka Patulapok.[18] The Bajau settlers were distributed among the three kingdoms.[19]
Moumin's descendants, the son of Tuan Mashā′ikha populated Sulu. After some time, a certain Timway Orangkaya Su'il was mentioned by the second page of tarsila, that he received four Bisaya slaves from Manila (presumably Kingdom of Tondo) as a sign of friendship between the two countries. The descendants of Timway Orangkaya Su'il then inherited the title timway, which means "chief". On tarsila's third page, it accounts the fact that the slaves were the ancestors of the inhabitants in the island to Parang, Lati, Gi'tung, and Lu'uk respectively. The fourth page then narrates the coming of the Buranun (addressed in the tarsila as "the Maimbung people") Tagimaha, Baklaya, then the drifted Bajau immigrants from Johor.[20]
The condition of Sulu before the arrival of Islam can be summarized as such: The island was inhabited by several cultures, and was reigned over by three independent kingdoms ruled by the Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya peoples. Likewise, the socio-political systems of these kingdoms were characterized by several distinct institutions: rajahship, datuship, tuanship and timwayship. The arrival of Tuan Mashā′ikha afterwards established a core Islamic community in the island.
Islamization and establishment
At the end of 14th century, a notable Arab judge and religious scholar named Karim ul-Makhdum[note 7] from Mecca arrived in Malacca Sultanate. He preached Islam to the people, the reason why many citizens, including the ruler of Malacca, converted to Islam.[21]
Sulu and other Muslim sultanates were introduced to Islam by Chinese Muslims and Arabs. Chinese Muslim merchants participated in the local commerce, and the Sultanate had diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty China, being involved in the tribute system, the Sulu leader Paduka Batara and his sons moved to China, where he passed away and Chinese Muslims brought up his sons.[22]
In 1380 AD,[note 8] Karim ul-Makhdum arrived in Simunul island from Malacca, again, with Arab traders. Apart from being a scholar, he is a trader and believed to be a Sufi missionary whose origin is from Mecca.[23] He preached Islam in the area, and was thus accepted by the core Muslim community. He was the second person who preached Islam in the area, since Tuan Mashā′ikha. To facilitate easy conversion of nonbelievers, he established a mosque in Tubig-Indagan, Simunul, which became the first Islamic temple to be constructed in the area, as well as in the Philippines. This was later known as Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque.[24] He died in Sulu, though the exact location of his grave is unknown. In Buansa, he was known as Tuan Sharif Awliyā.[7] On his alleged grave in Bud Agad, Jolo, an inscription was written as "Mohadum Aminullah Al-Nikad". In Lugus, he is referred to Abdurrahman. In Sibutu, he is known to as his name.[25]
The different of beliefs on his grave locations is due to the fact that Karim ul-Makhdum travelled to several islands in Sulu Sea to preach Islam. In many places in the archipelago, he was beloved. It is said that the people of Tapul built a mosque honoring him and that they claim descent from Karim ul-Makhdum. Thus, the success of Karim ul-Makhdum of spreading Islam in Sulu threw a new light in Islamic history in the Philippines. The customs, beliefs and political laws of the people were changed and customized to adopt the Islamic tradition.[26]
Spanish and British annexations
In the 18th century, Sulu's dominion covered most of northeastern part of Borneo. However areas like Tempasuk and Abai had never really shown much allegiance to its earlier ruler, Brunei, subsequently similar treatment was given to Sulu. Dalrymple who made a treaty of allegiance in 1761 with Sulu, had to make a similar agreement with the rulers of Tempasuk and Abai on the north Borneo coast in 1762.[27]
The territory ceded to Sulu by Brunei initially stretched south to Tapean Durian (now Tanjong Mangkalihat) (another source mentioned the southern most boundary is at Dumaring),[28] near the Straits of Macassar (now Kalimantan). However by 1800–1850, these area had been effectively controlled by the Sultanate of Bulungan in Kalimantan, reducing the boundary of Sulu to a cape named Batu Tinagat and Tawau River.[29]
In 1848 and 1851, the Spanish launched attacks on Balangingi and Jolo respectively. A peace treaty was signed on 30 April 1851 in which the sultan could only regain its capital if Sulu and its dependencies became a part of the Philippine Islands under the sovereignty of Spain. There were different understandings of this treaty, in which although the Spanish interpreted it as the sultan accepted Spanish sovereignty, the sultan took it as a friendly treaty amongst equals.[30] International Court of Justice in 2003 nevertheless observes that, undisputedly, the Sultan of Sulu relinquished the sovereign rights over all his possessions in favour of Spain, based on Bases of Peace and Capitulation signed by Sultan of Sulu and Spain in Jolo on the 22 July 1878.[31] [32]
On 22 January 1878, an agreement was signed between the Sultanate of Sulu and British commercial syndicate (Alfred Dent and Baron von Overback), which stipulated that North Borneo was either ceded or leased (depending on translation used) to the British syndicate in return for payment of 5000 Malayan Dollar per year.[33] [31]
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On 22 April 1903 His Majesty Sultan Jamalul Kiram signed a document known as "Confirmation of cession of certain islands", under what he either grant and ceded or leased additional islands in the neighbourhood of the mainland of North Borneo from Banggi Island to Sibuku Bay to British North Borneo Company. The sum 5,000 dollars a year payable every year increased to 5,300 dollars a year payable every year.
Madrid Protocol
The Sulu Sultanate later came under the control of Spain in Manila. In 1885, Great Britain, Germany and Spain signed the Madrid Protocol to cement Spanish influence over the islands of the Philippines. In the same agreement, Spain relinquished all claim to North Borneo which had belong to the Sultanate in the past.[36]
The Spanish Government renounces, as far as regards the British Government, all claims of sovereignty over the territories of the continent of Borneo, which belong, or which have belonged in the past to the Sultan of Sulu (Jolo), and which comprise the neighbouring islands of Balambangan, Banguey, and Malawali, as well as all those comprised within a zone of three maritime leagues from the coast, and which form part of the territories administered by the Company styled the “British North Borneo Company.”
— Article III, Madrid Protocol of 1885
Weapons and Slave trade
Chinese who lived in Sulu ran guns across a Spanish blockade to supply the Moro Datus and Sultanates with weapons to fight the Spanish, who were engaging in a campaign to subjugate the Moro sultantes on Mindanao. A trade involving the Moros selling slaves and other goods in exchange for guns developed. The Chinese had entered the economy of the sultante, taking control of the Sultanate's economies in Mindanao and dominating the markets. Though the Sultans did not like the fact that the Chinese near exclusvie control over the economy, they did business with them. The Chinese set up a trading network between Singapore, Zamboanga, Jolo and Sulu.
The Chinese sold small arms like Enfield and Spencer Rifles to the Buayan Datu Uto. They were used to battle the Spanish invasion of Buayan. The Datu paid for the weapons in slaves.[37] The population of Chinese in Mindanao in the 1880s was 1,000. The Chinese ran guns across a Spanish blockade to sell to Mindanao Moros. The purchases of these weapons were paid for by the Moros in slaves in addition to other goods. The main group of people selling guns were the Chinese in Sulu. The Chinese took control of the economy and used steamers to ship goods for exporting and importing. Opium, ivory, textiles, and crockery were among the other goods which the Chinese sold.
The Chinese on Maimbung sent the weapons to the Sulu Sultanate, who used them to battle the Spanish and resist their attacks. A Chinese was one of the Sultan's brother in laws, the Sultan was married to his sister. He and the Sultan both owned shares in the ship (named the Far East) which helped smuggled the weapons.[38]
The Spanish launched a surprise offensive under Colonel Juan Arolas in April 1887 by attacking the Sultanate's capital at Maimbung in an effort to crush resistance. Weapons were captured and the property of the Chinese were destroyed while the Chinese were deported to Jolo.[39]
Fall
The Social class system
Among the people of Sultanate of Sulu, the title of nobility could be acquired only by lineage, a "closed system" whereby the titled persons inherit their offices of powers and prestige.
There are two main social classes in Royal Sultanate of Sulu:[40]
Datu
The ruling class
- Datu (su-sultanun), which is acquired purely by lineage to the sultanate. Whereas, all male members of the Royal House of Sulu should hold this hereditary title and should hold the style: His Royal Highness or His Highness, according to the traditional customs of Royal House of Sulu.
Whereas, their spouses should automatically hold the title of Dayang Dayang (princess of the first degree) and should hold the style: Her Royal Highness or Her Highness.
- Datu Sadja, which may be acquired through confirming the titles (gullal) on the middleman of the Sultan. The gullal is made if a commoner has achieved outstanding feats or services in line of duty through display of bravery, heroism, etc. Datu Sadja is life title of nobility and the title holders should hold the style: His Excellency.
Whereas their spouses should hold the title of Dayang and should hold the style: Her Excellency.
Maharlika
The commoners
The commoners are those who do not trace their descent from royalty. The Wakil Kesultan's, Panglimas, Parkasa's and Laksaman's who are commoners hold responsible positions involving administrative matters.
- Wakil Kesultanan – region representative outside Royal Sulu Sultanate
- Panglima – region representative inside Royal Sulu Sultanate
- Parkasa – aide-de-camp of region representative inside Royal Sulu Sultanate
- Laksaman – sub region representative inside Royal Sulu Sultanate
The males who hold offices above shall be addressed by the title of nobility Tuan (the title is directly attached to the office), followed by the rank of the office they hold, their given name, surname and region.
The females who hold offices above shall be addressed by the title of nobility Sitti (the title is directly attached to the office), followed by the rank of the office they hold, their given name, surname and region.
North Borneo dispute
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png/220px-W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png)
The North Borneo dispute is the result of a claim by the Philippines over much of the eastern part of Sabah in Malaysia. Sabah was known as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation in 1963. The Philippines, via the heritage of the Sultanate of Sulu, claim Sabah on the basis that Sabah was only leased to the British North Borneo Company with Sulu's sovereignty never being relinquished.
This dispute stems from the difference in the intepretation used on an agreement signed between Sultanate of Sulu and British commercial syndicate (Alfred Dent and Baron von Overback) in 1878, which stipulated that North Borneo was either ceded or leased (depending on translation used) to the British syndicate in return for payment of 5000 Malayan Dollar per year.
Nevertheless, Malaysia considered this dispute as a "non-issue", as there is no desire from the actual people of Sabah to be part of the Philippines or of the Sultanate of Sulu.[41][42] As reported by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the independence of North Borneo was brought about as the result of the expressed wish of the majority of the people of the territory in a 1963 election.[43]
The Malaysian Embassy in Manila continues to pay "cession money" to the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu, amounting to P73,940 (Filipino Peso) or RM5300. This cession money is confirmed by the Malaysian Embassy in Manila, and the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu.[44]
Recent pretenders
Although the Sultanate is no longer officially recognized by any state as a sovereign entity, many individuals continue to claim the title of Sultan of Sulu and/or North Borneo, often with documentation that would seem to support their claims. [45]
The website of the provincial government of Sulu recognizes Ismael Kiram II as the present Sultan. [46]
Particularly since the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff began, a number of news reports have described Jamalul Kiram III as Sulu Sultan.[47][48] He was reportedly crowned as the 33rd Sultan of Sulu in 1986. [49]. The province of Sulu government page lists him as reigning from 1983 to 1990 [46]
Datu Mohamad Akjan Datu Ali Muhammad, a Malaysian businessman, controversially proclaimed himself to be the 33rd Sultan of Sulu in 2011. [50] [45] Other noted claimants include Datu Abdul Rajak Aliuddin[45] and Datuk Seri Putra Eddy T. Sulaiman. [51]
Ampun Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram is the eldest son of the last Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Moh. Mahakuttah A. Kiram recognized at a federal level by the Republic of the Philippines in 1974[52]. At the same time, he became the Crown Prince and de facto heir to the throne. Additionally, Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram is the only one to have had received foreign recognition of his claim but such organizations as the Commission on Orders of Chivalry (ICOC)[53] as well as other royal houses. Ampun Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram was formally crowned Sultan in 2012.
The Sultan of Sulu
In 1900, diplomat Michael Dowling was sent to the Philippines for a survey of the schools there. While there, he visited the Sultan, and was amused by the pomp and circumstance surrounding the interview. On his return to the US, he told George Ade about the celebration, commenting that if an American theater were to duplicate it, audiences would "go into hysterical laughter". Ade rose to the challenge, and The Sultan of Sulu toured the country for 5 years after its Broadway premiere in 1902.[54]
Gallery
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The official greater national coat of arms of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu.The official greater national coat of arms of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu.
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The official flag of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu.
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Flag of Sulu Sultanate according to Pierre Sonnerat.
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War flag of the Sulu Sultanate at the end of 19th century.
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Modern flag of Jamalul Kiram III.
See also
- 2013 Lahad Datu standoff
- Sultanate of Malacca
- Sultanate of Maguindanao
- List of Sultans of Sulu
- John C. Bates
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
- North Borneo dispute
External links
- Philippine Provincial Government of Sulu – The official list of Sultans
- The official website of Royal House of Sulu under the guidance of Raja Muda Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu
Citations
- ^ Sometimes known as the Royal Sultanate of Sulu or Sultanate of Sulu Darul Islam.
- ^ According to W.H. Scott, even though the sultanate was ruled by Tausūg people, the subjects of the kingdom were mixed of Bajau, Butuanon, Malay Muslim, Samal, Yakan ethnicity.[1]
- ^ The generally accepted date of the establishment of the sultanate by modern historians is 1457. However, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines disambiguate the date by "around 1450", or simply 1450s for uncertainty. On the other hand, independent Muslim studies marked the day to a more exact date November 17, 1405 (24th of Jumada al-awwal, 808 AH).[2][3]
- ^ Abu Bakr may be interchanged to Abubakar. Though his birth name was Sayyid Abu Bakr Abirin, he is also known as Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr; Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hashim became his full regnal name, with shorter name Sharif-ul Hashim or Shariful Hashim.
- ^ Mashā′ikha is an Arabic term which originated from mashā′ikh, which means "an intelligent or pious man".
- ^ The generally accepted date for the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha is 1280 AD, however, other Muslim scholars dated his coming only by "the end of 13th century", or "second half of the 13th century".[9]
- ^ May be interchange to Karimul Makhdum, Karimal Makdum or Makhdum Karim among others. Makhdum came from the Arabic word makhdūmīn, which means "master".
- ^ Another uncertain date in Philippine Islamic history is the year of arrival of Karim ul-Makhdum. Though other Muslim scholars place the date as simple as "the end of 14th century", Saleeby calculated the year as 1380 AD corresponding to the description of the tarsilas, which Karim ul-Makhdum's coming is 10 years before Rajah Baguinda's. The 1380 reference originated from the event in Islamic history when a huge number of makhdūmīn started to travel to Southeast Asia from India. See Ibrahim's "Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia."
References
- ^ Scott 1994, p. 177
- ^ Usman, Edd (10 February 2010). "Heirs of Sulu Sultanate urged to attend general convention". Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Cavendish 2007, p. 1178
- ^ Ibrahim 1985, p. 52
- ^ http://globalnation.inquirer.net/65295/army-stays-in-sabah-sultan-of-sulu-decrees
- ^ Julkarnain, Datu Albi Ahmad (30 April 2008). "Genealogy of Sultan Sharif Ul-Hashim of Sulu Sultanate". Zambo Times. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
{{cite news}}
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and|date=
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at position 3 (help); no-break space character in|date=
at position 3 (help) - ^ a b c Ibrahim 1985, p. 51
- ^ Tan 2010, p. 85
- ^ Larousse 2001, p. 39, footnote 51
- ^ Decasa 1999, p. 321
- ^ a b Saleeby 1908, p. 155
- ^ a b Tan 2010, p. 86
- ^ Saleeby 1908, p. 149
- ^ Ibrahim 1985, p. 54
- ^ Tan 2010, p. 88
- ^ Saleeby 1908, pp. 41–42
- ^ "Paduka Batara (d. 1417)" (PDF). National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); no-break space character in|accessdate=
at position 3 (help) - ^ Tan 2010, p. 128
- ^ Tan, Samuel. "Filipino Muslim Perceptions of Their History and Culture As Seen Through Indigenous Written Sources". UP CIDS Mindanao Studies Program. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Saleeby 1908, pp. 152–153
- ^ Saleeby 1908, pp. 158–159
- ^ State and society in the Philippines (illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 2005. p. 43. ISBN 0-7425-1024-7.
the Ming tribute trade beginning in 1368 brought even more traffic, including Chinese Muslim merchants and Arab and Indian missionaries... Sulu appeared in Chinese records beginning in 1349 and sent several tribute missions during the early Ming dynasty. According to historian Cesar Majul, Sulu was visited by Chinese Muslim traders and Arab missionaries who began to spread the faith in the late fourteenth century. Paduka Batara, the Sulu ruler who died in China, left two sons to be raised among Chinese Muslims.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Larousse 2001, p. 40
- ^ Mawallil, Amilbahar; Dayang Babylyn Kano Omar (3 July 2009). "Simunul Island, Dubbed As 'Dubai of the Philippines', Pursues Ambitious Project". The Mindanao Examiner. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ Gonda 1975, p. 91
- ^ Saleeby 1908, p. 159
- ^ Saunders 2002, p. 70
- ^ Majul 1973, p. 93
- ^ United Nations Publications 2002, p. 638
- ^
William Larousse (2001). A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965-2000. Vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.). Gregorian & Biblical BookShop. p. 83. ISBN 8876528792, 9788876528798. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
{{cite book}}
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International Court of Justice (2003). Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions, and Orders of the International Court of Justice, 1997-2002 Document (United Nations) (Illustrated ed.). United Nations Publications. p. 268. ISBN 9211335418, 9789211335415. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
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P. N. Abinales, Donna J. Amoroso (2005). State And Society In The Philippines State and Society in East Asia G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series (Illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. ISBN 0742510247, 9780742510241. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
{{cite book}}
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value: invalid character (help) - ^ Ooi Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. Vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 1163. ISBN 1576077705. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/GrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf
- ^ http://www.royalsulu.com/cession.fig1_issues.html
- ^ http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/Protocol%28Madrid%29.pdf
- ^ James Francis Warren (2007). The Sulu zone, 1768–1898: the dynamics of external trade, slavery, and ethnicity in the transformation of a Southeast Asian maritime state (2, illustrated ed.). NUS Press. p. 129. ISBN 9971-69-386-0.
{{cite book}}
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and|page=
specified (help) - ^ James Francis Warren (2007). The Sulu zone, 1768–1898: the dynamics of external trade, slavery, and ethnicity in the transformation of a Southeast Asian maritime state (2, illustrated ed.). NUS Press. p. 130. ISBN 9971-69-386-0.
- ^ James Francis Warren (2007). The Sulu zone, 1768–1898: the dynamics of external trade, slavery, and ethnicity in the transformation of a Southeast Asian maritime state (2, illustrated ed.). NUS Press. p. 131. ISBN 9971-69-386-0.
- ^ Bruno, Juanito A. "The Social World of the Tausug, 1973, p 146".
{{cite news}}
: Text "]" ignored (help) - ^ Ruben Sario; Julie S. Alipala; Ed General (17 September 2008). "Sulu sultan's 'heirs' drop Sabah claim". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
{{cite news}}
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at position 3 (help) - ^ Aning, Jerome (23 April 2009). "Sabah legislature refuses to tackle Philippine claim". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Asia News Network. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
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: Check date values in:|accessdate=
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at position 3 (help) - ^ Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, ed. (2012), II. Substantive International Law - Second Part,;1.TERRITORY OF STATES, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, retrieved 2012-10-15
- ^ http://onthesulusea.blogspot.com/p/masyarakat-sulu-di-sabah-bukan.html
- ^ a b c "Businessman: I am the Sultan of North Borneo". The Star Online. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^ a b "Chronological Self Rule and Sultanate". Province of Sulu, Philippines. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^ de la Cruz, Arlyn. "Heirs of Sultan of Sulu pursue Sabah claim on their own". Inquirer. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^ Mendez, Christina. "Senators fear Sabah standoff may affect peace talks". philstar.com. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^ "So, who's the real sultan?". The Star Online. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^ "Newest sultan of Sulu causes stir in Malaysia". Philippine Daily Enquirer. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^ "Sulu Sultan at it again". The Star Online. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^ President Ferdinand Marcos, Memo Order 427
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ignored (help). Page 1, Page 2 - ^ A. Linholm (2011), "Il sultanato di Sulu", Il Mondo del Cavaliere (44): 107
- ^ Brown, Gary (July 12, 2009). "'The Sultan of Sulu' a comic opera that spans a century of history and theater". The Repository. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
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ignored (|author=
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{{citation}}
: no-break space character in|title=
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