Aman.kumar.goel (talk | contribs) m Reverted 1 edit by 49.37.203.60 (talk) to last revision by Robynthehode |
Rescuing 38 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.3 Tag: IABotManagementConsole [1.2] |
||
Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
A '''stateless nation''' is an [[ethnic group]] or [[nation]] that does not possess its own [[Sovereign state|state]]<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> and is not the majority population in any [[nation state]].<ref name="auto1">{{citation |author1= Frank L. Kidner |author2= Maria Bucur |author3= Ralph Mathisen |author4= Sally McKee |author5= Theodore R. Weeks |title=Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXkWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA668 |year=2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-50027-0 |page=668}}</ref> The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'|first1=Louise|last1=Osborne|first2=Ruby|last2=Russell|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=27 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=Nimni>{{citation |last=Chouinard |first=Stéphanie |chapter=Stateless nations |editor1=Karl Cordell |editor2=Stefan Wolff |title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66 |isbn= 9781317518921}}</ref> Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. Nations without state are classified as [[Fourth World|fourth-world nations]].<ref>David Newman, ''Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity''</ref><ref>''Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective'', Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.</ref><ref>''Language in Geographic Context'', Colin H. Williams, 39p.</ref> Some of the stateless nations have a history of [[Sovereignty|statehood]], some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. |
A '''stateless nation''' is an [[ethnic group]] or [[nation]] that does not possess its own [[Sovereign state|state]]<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> and is not the majority population in any [[nation state]].<ref name="auto1">{{citation |author1= Frank L. Kidner |author2= Maria Bucur |author3= Ralph Mathisen |author4= Sally McKee |author5= Theodore R. Weeks |title=Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXkWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA668 |year=2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-50027-0 |page=668}}</ref> The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'|first1=Louise|last1=Osborne|first2=Ruby|last2=Russell|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=27 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005194645/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Nimni>{{citation |last=Chouinard |first=Stéphanie |chapter=Stateless nations |editor1=Karl Cordell |editor2=Stefan Wolff |title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66 |isbn= 9781317518921}}</ref> Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. Nations without state are classified as [[Fourth World|fourth-world nations]].<ref>David Newman, ''Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity''</ref><ref>''Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective'', Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.</ref><ref>''Language in Geographic Context'', Colin H. Williams, 39p.</ref> Some of the stateless nations have a history of [[Sovereignty|statehood]], some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. |
||
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T. M. Devine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257}}</ref> |
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T. M. Devine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the [[Yakthung Limbu People]] residing in east of [[Nepal]], includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) [[India]] and north-western part of [[Bangladesh]] as the Yakthung [[Limbuwan]] nation<ref>The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend [[Nir Kumar Sambahangphe Limbu]] of Yakthung Limbuwan National Council (YLNC) to the president of Nepal, Hon'ble [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], Her Majesty Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom and the President of India, Hon'ble [[Ram Nath Kovind]] as a [[LETTER OF GRIEVANCES]] to release [[Yakthung Limbuwan]] as an Independent nation from Stateless nation in 19th June 2020.</ref> and [[Yoruba people]] are found in the [[Africa|African states]] of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]]) or form the [[Indigenous peoples|native population]] of a [[province]] within a larger state (such as the [[Uyghur people]] in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] within the [[People's Republic of China]]). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet's declaration of independence]] in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the [[People's Republic of China]] which claims that [[Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.<ref>Clark, Gregory, ''In fear of China'', 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |publisher=Cultural Survival}}</ref> Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the [[Balkans]] such as the [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Slovenes]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] were once part of a multinational state of [[Yugoslavia]]; since the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] many nation states were formed). |
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the [[Yakthung Limbu People]] residing in east of [[Nepal]], includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) [[India]] and north-western part of [[Bangladesh]] as the Yakthung [[Limbuwan]] nation<ref>The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend [[Nir Kumar Sambahangphe Limbu]] of Yakthung Limbuwan National Council (YLNC) to the president of Nepal, Hon'ble [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], Her Majesty Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom and the President of India, Hon'ble [[Ram Nath Kovind]] as a [[LETTER OF GRIEVANCES]] to release [[Yakthung Limbuwan]] as an Independent nation from Stateless nation in 19th June 2020.</ref> and [[Yoruba people]] are found in the [[Africa|African states]] of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]]) or form the [[Indigenous peoples|native population]] of a [[province]] within a larger state (such as the [[Uyghur people]] in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] within the [[People's Republic of China]]). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet's declaration of independence]] in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the [[People's Republic of China]] which claims that [[Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.<ref>Clark, Gregory, ''In fear of China'', 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |publisher=Cultural Survival |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=2014-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330131153/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref> Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the [[Balkans]] such as the [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Slovenes]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] were once part of a multinational state of [[Yugoslavia]]; since the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] many nation states were formed). |
||
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the [[Kurds]] have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World}}</ref> Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]], [[Toubou people|Toubou]], [[Rifians]], [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] in [[North Africa]], [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Kachin people|Kachin]], [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]], [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] and [[Shan people|Shan]] in [[Myanmar]], or [[Galicians]], [[Cantabrian people|Cantabrians]], [[Asturians]], [[Aragonese people|Aragonese]], [[Basques]], [[Catalans]], [[Valencians]] and [[Andalusians]] in [[Spain]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'', pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367</ref> |
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the [[Kurds]] have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World |access-date=2018-06-23 |archive-date=2019-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708151930/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |url-status=live }}</ref> Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]], [[Toubou people|Toubou]], [[Rifians]], [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] in [[North Africa]], [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Kachin people|Kachin]], [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]], [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] and [[Shan people|Shan]] in [[Myanmar]], or [[Galicians]], [[Cantabrian people|Cantabrians]], [[Asturians]], [[Aragonese people|Aragonese]], [[Basques]], [[Catalans]], [[Valencians]] and [[Andalusians]] in [[Spain]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'', pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367</ref> |
||
== Nation-states and nations without states == |
== Nation-states and nations without states == |
||
Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a [[nation]] by awakening of [[national consciousness]].<ref>George W. White, ''Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe''</ref> A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.<ref>''Understanding National Identity'' by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22</ref> In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[English nationalism]], [[Scottish nationalism]] and [[Welsh nationalism]] exist and are held together by [[British nationalism]].<ref>''Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860'' by Graeme Morton, 1999</ref> Nationalism is often connected to [[separatism]], because a nation achieves completeness through its independence.<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C''</ref> |
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a [[nation]] by awakening of [[national consciousness]].<ref>George W. White, ''Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe''</ref> A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.<ref>''Understanding National Identity'' by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22</ref> In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[English nationalism]], [[Scottish nationalism]] and [[Welsh nationalism]] exist and are held together by [[British nationalism]].<ref>''Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860'' by Graeme Morton, 1999</ref> Nationalism is often connected to [[separatism]], because a nation achieves completeness through its independence.<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C''</ref> |
||
Throughout history, numerous nations [[Declaration of independence|declared their independence]], but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to [[self-determination]] is often denied due to [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests and increasing [[globalization]] of the world.<ref>''Nationalism and Globalisation (2015)'', Stephen Tierney</ref><ref>The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.</ref><ref>Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe |
Throughout history, numerous nations [[Declaration of independence|declared their independence]], but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to [[self-determination]] is often denied due to [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests and increasing [[globalization]] of the world.<ref>''Nationalism and Globalisation (2015)'', Stephen Tierney</ref><ref>The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.</ref><ref>Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|title=Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens|work=saisjournal.org|access-date=2017-02-03|archive-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825185748/http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.<ref>The delegates were linked with the Scottish group ‘SNP Friends of Catalonia’, which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. {{cite web|url=https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|title=Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement|work=commonspace.scot|access-date=2016-11-05|archive-date=2016-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095428/https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. {{cite web|url=http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|title=EFA brings stateless nations even closer|work=European Free Alliance|access-date=2017-12-23|archive-date=2017-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220120/http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
||
== Unionism vs separatism == |
== Unionism vs separatism == |
||
Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|| [[Kurds]]<ref name="Political Geography">{{Citation|last1=Quam|first1=Joel|title=Political Geography|date=2020-08-31|url=https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|work=The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography|publisher=College of DuPage Digital Press|language=en|access-date=2021-08-10|last2=Campbell|first2=Scott}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Kurdish languages]], {{Small|(originally)}} [[Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
|| [[Kurds]]<ref name="Political Geography">{{Citation|last1=Quam|first1=Joel|title=Political Geography|date=2020-08-31|url=https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|work=The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography|publisher=College of DuPage Digital Press|language=en|access-date=2021-08-10|last2=Campbell|first2=Scott|archive-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810172757/https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Kurdish languages]], {{Small|(originally)}} [[Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
||
|[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Alevism|Alevi]]), [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazdânism]]|| 30,000,000–45,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurd {{!}} History, Culture, & Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Road fatalities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/862382573233|access-date=2021-10-12|website=dx.doi.org|doi=10.1787/862382573233}}</ref>|| Asia || [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] (homeland), [[Germany]] (largest diaspora) || [[Kurdistan]]|| [[Kurdish nationalism]], [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict]], [[Kurdish-Iranian conflict]], [[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict]], and [[Kurdish–Syrian conflict]], [[2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum]] || Regional autonomy achieved in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and [[Rojava]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kirişci|first1=Kemal|title=The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict|year=1997|publisher=Rootledge|last2=Winrow|first2=Gareth|author-link=Kemal Kirişci}}</ref> Data rough due to [[Race and ethnicity in censuses|censuses not taking ethnicity]] in homeland countries. |
|[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Alevism|Alevi]]), [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazdânism]]|| 30,000,000–45,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurd {{!}} History, Culture, & Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713112510/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Road fatalities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/862382573233|access-date=2021-10-12|website=dx.doi.org|doi=10.1787/862382573233}}</ref>|| Asia || [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] (homeland), [[Germany]] (largest diaspora) || [[Kurdistan]]|| [[Kurdish nationalism]], [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict]], [[Kurdish-Iranian conflict]], [[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict]], and [[Kurdish–Syrian conflict]], [[2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum]] || Regional autonomy achieved in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and [[Rojava]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kirişci|first1=Kemal|title=The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict|year=1997|publisher=Rootledge|last2=Winrow|first2=Gareth|author-link=Kemal Kirişci}}</ref> Data rough due to [[Race and ethnicity in censuses|censuses not taking ethnicity]] in homeland countries. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Yoruba people]]<ref name="Political Geography" />|| [[File:Oduduwa flag.jpg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Yoruba language]] |
| [[Yoruba people]]<ref name="Political Geography" />|| [[File:Oduduwa flag.jpg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Yoruba language]] |
||
|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Yoruba religion]]|| 35,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|title=Benue-Congo languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>John A. Shoup III, ''Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.237</ref>|| Africa || [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]], [[Ghana]]|| [[Yorubaland]]|| [[Oodua Peoples Congress]]|| |
|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Yoruba religion]]|| 35,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|title=Benue-Congo languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2016-09-19|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430124510/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John A. Shoup III, ''Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.237</ref>|| Africa || [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]], [[Ghana]]|| [[Yorubaland]]|| [[Oodua Peoples Congress]]|| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Oromo people]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gow, G.)) | journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies | title=Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=301–319 | publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd | date=1 September 2004 | issn=1367-8779 | doi=10.1177/1367877904046304| s2cid=145547845 }} |
|[[Oromo people]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gow, G.)) | journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies | title=Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=301–319 | publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd | date=1 September 2004 | issn=1367-8779 | doi=10.1177/1367877904046304| s2cid=145547845 }} |
||
Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 16,000,000 || Europe || [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] ([[Val d'Aran]]) ||[[Occitania]] || [[Occitan nationalism]] ([[Occitan Party]], [[Partit de la Nacion Occitana]], [[Libertat]]) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 16,000,000 || Europe || [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] ([[Val d'Aran]]) ||[[Occitania]] || [[Occitan nationalism]] ([[Occitan Party]], [[Partit de la Nacion Occitana]], [[Libertat]]) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Assamese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assamese language]] || [[Indo-Aryan languages]] || [[Hinduism]] || 15,000,000<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>|| Asia || [[India]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam separatist movements]], [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of [[Assam]] or total secession from [[India]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)], the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7th April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.</ref> |
|[[Assamese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assamese language]] || [[Indo-Aryan languages]] || [[Hinduism]] || 15,000,000<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>|| Asia || [[India]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam separatist movements]], [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of [[Assam]] or total secession from [[India]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022900/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm |date=2018-09-05 }}, the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7th April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Uyghur people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Uyghur language]] |
|[[Uyghur people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Uyghur language]] |
||
|[[Turkic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] || 15,000,000<ref name="www.uyghuramerican.org">{{Cite web|url=https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|title=About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association|website=uyghuramerican.org}}</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] || [[East Turkestan]] (Uyghuristan) || Irredentism is politically fragmented ([[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]], [[East Turkestan independence movement]]) || Limited autonomy in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. |
|[[Turkic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] || 15,000,000<ref name="www.uyghuramerican.org">{{Cite web|url=https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|title=About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association|website=uyghuramerican.org|access-date=2019-01-19|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044634/https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] || [[East Turkestan]] (Uyghuristan) || Irredentism is politically fragmented ([[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]], [[East Turkestan independence movement]]) || Limited autonomy in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Palestinians]]<ref>{{Citation|last1=Payind|title=Nation States and Stateless Nations|date=2016|url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/|work=Keys to Understanding the Middle East|publisher=The Ohio State University|language=en|access-date=2021-08-10|last2=McClimans|first2=Alam and Melinda}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Palestine - long triangle.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |
|[[Palestinians]]<ref>{{Citation|last1=Payind|title=Nation States and Stateless Nations|date=2016|url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/|work=Keys to Understanding the Middle East|publisher=The Ohio State University|language=en|access-date=2021-08-10|last2=McClimans|first2=Alam and Melinda|archive-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810172530/https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Palestine - long triangle.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |
||
|[[Semitic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] {{small|(majority)}}, [[Christianity]] || 5,242,679<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/state-of-palestine-population/#:~:text=the%20State%20of%20Palestine%202020,year%20according%20to%20UN%20data.|access-date=2021-08-23|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref>|| Asia || [[State of Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]] || [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] || [[Palestinian nationalism]] ([[PLO]]) || Seek self-determination from occupying powers. |
|[[Semitic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] {{small|(majority)}}, [[Christianity]] || 5,242,679<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/state-of-palestine-population/#:~:text=the%20State%20of%20Palestine%202020,year%20according%20to%20UN%20data.|access-date=2021-08-23|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202162705/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/state-of-palestine-population/#:~:text=the%20State%20of%20Palestine%202020,year%20according%20to%20UN%20data.|url-status=live}}</ref>|| Asia || [[State of Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]] || [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] || [[Palestinian nationalism]] ([[PLO]]) || Seek self-determination from occupying powers. |
||
note they have a occupied state. called state of Palestine{{efn|name=nation-state|Although the Palestinians are the majority in Jordan, the country was not created as a nation state for the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite web |author=Abbas Shiblak |url=https://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/palestine/shiblak.pdf |title=Stateless Palestinians |website=FMR }}</ref>}} |
note they have a occupied state. called state of Palestine{{efn|name=nation-state|Although the Palestinians are the majority in Jordan, the country was not created as a nation state for the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite web |author=Abbas Shiblak |url=https://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/palestine/shiblak.pdf |title=Stateless Palestinians |website=FMR |access-date=2019-01-19 |archive-date=2020-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109135028/https://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/palestine/shiblak.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Sikhs]] |
|[[Sikhs]] |
||
Line 110: | Line 110: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Kabyle people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag-kabyle.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Kabyle language]], [[Algerian Arabic]] |
|[[Kabyle people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag-kabyle.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Kabyle language]], [[Algerian Arabic]] |
||
|[[Berber languages]]|| [[Islam]] || 4,000,000<ref name="www.cna-sat.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people|title=The Kabyle People|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> || Africa || [[Algeria]] || [[Kabylie]] || [[Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie]], [[Provisional Government of Kabylia]] || |
|[[Berber languages]]|| [[Islam]] || 4,000,000<ref name="www.cna-sat.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people|title=The Kabyle People|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221094824/http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Africa || [[Algeria]] || [[Kabylie]] || [[Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie]], [[Provisional Government of Kabylia]] || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Ahwazi Arabs]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Arabistan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Arabic languages|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
|[[Ahwazi Arabs]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Arabistan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Arabic languages|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
||
|[[Semitic languages]]|| [[Shia Islam]]|| 1,320,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> || Asia || [[Iran]] || [[Khuzestan|Al Ahwaz]] || [[Arab separatism in Khuzestan]] [[Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz]] || Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.13</ref> Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[Iran]]. |
|[[Semitic languages]]|| [[Shia Islam]]|| 1,320,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Iran]] || [[Khuzestan|Al Ahwaz]] || [[Arab separatism in Khuzestan]] [[Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz]] || Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.13</ref> Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[Iran]]. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Andalusians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Andalusian Spanish]], [[English language|English]] (in [[Gibraltar]]) |
|[[Andalusians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Andalusian Spanish]], [[English language|English]] (in [[Gibraltar]]) |
||
Line 133: | Line 133: | ||
{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
||
| [[File:Flag of Adygea.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Circassian language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
| [[File:Flag of Adygea.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Circassian language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
||
|[[Circassian languages]]||[[Islam]] || 5,000,000 || Europe|| [[Russia]] || [[Circassia]] || [[Russo-Circassian War]], [[Circassian nationalism]] || Majority of the Circassians were destroyed by Russia in the [[Circassian genocide]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Richmond|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC|title=The Circassian Genocide|date=9 April 2013|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4}}</ref> |
|[[Circassian languages]]||[[Islam]] || 5,000,000 || Europe|| [[Russia]] || [[Circassia]] || [[Russo-Circassian War]], [[Circassian nationalism]] || Majority of the Circassians were destroyed by Russia in the [[Circassian genocide]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Richmond|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC|title=The Circassian Genocide|date=9 April 2013|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123185222/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Karen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Karen National Union.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[S'gaw Karen language]] |
|[[Karen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Karen National Union.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[S'gaw Karen language]] |
||
Line 159: | Line 159: | ||
| [[Indo-Aryan languages]]|| [[Islam]] || 5,600,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] || [[Kashmir]] || [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] || Administered by India ([[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu]], [[Ladakh]]), Pakistan ([[Azad Kashmir]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]) and China ([[Aksai Chin]]). |
| [[Indo-Aryan languages]]|| [[Islam]] || 5,600,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] || [[Kashmir]] || [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] || Administered by India ([[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu]], [[Ladakh]]), Pakistan ([[Azad Kashmir]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]) and China ([[Aksai Chin]]). |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Valencians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Senyera_del_nacionalisme_valencià.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Romance languages]] || [[Roman Catholicism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html|title=Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España|website=La Vanguardia|date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> || 5,111,706 || Europe || [[Spain]] ||[[Valencian Community]] || [[Valencian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
| [[Valencians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Senyera_del_nacionalisme_valencià.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Romance languages]] || [[Roman Catholicism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html|title=Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España|website=La Vanguardia|date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402064910/https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || 5,111,706 || Europe || [[Spain]] ||[[Valencian Community]] || [[Valencian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Moro people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Bangsamoro.svg|center|50x50px]] || [[Filipino language]], other [[Philippine languages]] |
|[[Moro people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Bangsamoro.svg|center|50x50px]] || [[Filipino language]], other [[Philippine languages]] |
||
Line 182: | Line 182: | ||
| || [[Christianity]] (mainly [[Protestantism]])|| 3,500,000 || Africa || [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]] || [[Volkstaat]] || [[Afrikaner Nationalism]], [[Freedom Front Plus|Freedom Front]] || Afrikaners are an [[Ethnic group|Ethno-racial group]]. Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. |
| || [[Christianity]] (mainly [[Protestantism]])|| 3,500,000 || Africa || [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]] || [[Volkstaat]] || [[Afrikaner Nationalism]], [[Freedom Front Plus|Freedom Front]] || Afrikaners are an [[Ethnic group|Ethno-racial group]]. Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unpo.org/members/7859 | title=UNPO: Assyria }}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Assyria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], [[Turoyo]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]] |
|[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unpo.org/members/7859 | title=UNPO: Assyria | access-date=2022-04-05 | archive-date=2020-01-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116103353/https://unpo.org/members/7859 | url-status=live }}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Assyria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], [[Turoyo]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]] |
||
| [[Semitic languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Chaldean Catholicism]] [[Syriac Christianity]]) || 3,300,000<ref name="UNPO:Assyria">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|title=UNPO: Assyria|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> || Asia || [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]] || [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], [[Beth Nahrain]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) || [[Assyrian nationalism]], [[Assyrian independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Assyrian empire]]. |
| [[Semitic languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Chaldean Catholicism]] [[Syriac Christianity]]) || 3,300,000<ref name="UNPO:Assyria">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|title=UNPO: Assyria|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194500/http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]] || [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], [[Beth Nahrain]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) || [[Assyrian nationalism]], [[Assyrian independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Assyrian empire]]. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Basque people]]<ref name="auto3" />|| [[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Basque language|Basque]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
|[[Basque people]]<ref name="auto3" />|| [[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Basque language|Basque]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
||
Line 201: | Line 201: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Aragonese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Aragonese language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
|[[Aragonese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Aragonese language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
||
|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 2,278,000 (Spain only)<ref name="joshuaproject:Aragonese">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|title=Aragonese in Spain|publisher=joshuaproject.net}}</ref> || Europe || [[Spain]] || [[Aragon]] || [[Aragonese nationalism]]|| See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Aragon]]. |
|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 2,278,000 (Spain only)<ref name="joshuaproject:Aragonese">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|title=Aragonese in Spain|publisher=joshuaproject.net|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=2019-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091606/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|url-status=live}}</ref> || Europe || [[Spain]] || [[Aragon]] || [[Aragonese nationalism]]|| See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Aragon]]. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Meitei people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:In manipur1.gif|50px|border|center]] || [[Meitei language]] |
|[[Meitei people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:In manipur1.gif|50px|border|center]] || [[Meitei language]] |
||
Line 212: | Line 212: | ||
| || [[Christianity]] || 2,000,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Nagaland]] || [[Naga National Council]], [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Regional autonomy in Nagaland. |
| || [[Christianity]] || 2,000,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Nagaland]] || [[Naga National Council]], [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Regional autonomy in Nagaland. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Sardinian people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date=2006-06-23}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', James Minahan, pg. 1661</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez|title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition|year=2011|publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf|isbn=978-1847713797|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70 70]|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|title=La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it|date=11 January 2016|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> || [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Corsican language#Corsican in Sardinia|Corso-Sardinian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] |
|[[Sardinian people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date=2006-06-23}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', James Minahan, pg. 1661</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez|title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition|year=2011|publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf|isbn=978-1847713797|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70 70]|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|title=La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it|date=11 January 2016|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195956/http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Corsican language#Corsican in Sardinia|Corso-Sardinian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] |
||
|[[Romance languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,661,521 || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Sardinia]] || [[Sardinian nationalism]] || National [[devolution]], further autonomy or total secession from Italy. |
|[[Romance languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,661,521 || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Sardinia]] || [[Sardinian nationalism]] || National [[devolution]], further autonomy or total secession from Italy. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Ryukyuan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || || [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |
|[[Ryukyuan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || || [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |
||
| || [[Buddhism]] || 1,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|title=The Amazing Ryukyu Culture|date=5 May 2016|publisher=kcpwindowonjapan.com|access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref> || Asia || [[Japan]] || [[Ryukyu Islands]] || [[Ryukyu independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]. |
| || [[Buddhism]] || 1,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|title=The Amazing Ryukyu Culture|date=5 May 2016|publisher=kcpwindowonjapan.com|access-date=2016-05-05|archive-date=2017-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206110340/http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Japan]] || [[Ryukyu Islands]] || [[Ryukyu independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Frisians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Frisia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
|[[Frisians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Frisia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
||
Line 255: | Line 255: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Moravians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Banner_of_arms_of_Moravia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Czech language|Czech]] ([[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]), [[Slovak language|Slovak]] |
|[[Moravians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Banner_of_arms_of_Moravia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Czech language|Czech]] ([[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]), [[Slovak language|Slovak]] |
||
| ||Traditionally [[Roman Catholicism]] presently [[Irreligion]] || 525,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|title=Census 2011 – final results}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
| ||Traditionally [[Roman Catholicism]] presently [[Irreligion]] || 525,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|title=Census 2011 – final results|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-date=2015-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004729/http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|title=Statistics|website=portal.statistics.sk|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-date=2012-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Europe || [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] || [[Moravia]] || [[Moravané|Moravians]] || Historically occupied [[Great Moravia]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Ogoni people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Ogoni people.svg|50 px|border|center]] || [[Ogoni language]] |
|[[Ogoni people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Ogoni people.svg|50 px|border|center]] || [[Ogoni language]] |
||
Line 261: | Line 261: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Crimean Tatars]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ||[[File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|50px|border|centre]]||[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |
|[[Crimean Tatars]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ||[[File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|50px|border|centre]]||[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |
||
| ||[[Islam]]|| 500,000 || Europe ||[[Ukraine]]||[[Crimea]]||[[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]]<br />[[Republic of Crimea#Crimean Tatars|Tatars in Republic of Crimea]]<br />[[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]]|| Previously an [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|autonomous republic within Ukraine]], after being [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invaded]] and [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea|annexed by Russia]] in 2014 the Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|title=Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2014}}</ref> |
| ||[[Islam]]|| 500,000 || Europe ||[[Ukraine]]||[[Crimea]]||[[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]]<br />[[Republic of Crimea#Crimean Tatars|Tatars in Republic of Crimea]]<br />[[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]]|| Previously an [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|autonomous republic within Ukraine]], after being [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invaded]] and [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea|annexed by Russia]] in 2014 the Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|title=Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2014|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525010001/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Sahrawi people]]<ref>Mariano Aguirre, [http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 ''Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine''] in: ''Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997''</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hassaniya Arabic]] (native), [[Berber languages]] (native), [[Modern Standard Arabic]] (written only), and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[lingua franca]]) |
|[[Sahrawi people]]<ref>Mariano Aguirre, [http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 ''Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134110/http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 |date=2013-11-13 }} in: ''Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997''</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hassaniya Arabic]] (native), [[Berber languages]] (native), [[Modern Standard Arabic]] (written only), and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[lingua franca]]) |
||
| || [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam]] ([[Maliki]]), [[Sufism]]) || 500,000<ref name="unpop">{{cite journal |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |access-date=12 March 2009}}</ref> || Africa || [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Mauretania]] ||[[Western Sahara]] || [[Western Sahara conflict]], [[Polisario Front]], [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] || partially controlled by the self-proclaimed [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and partially Moroccan-[[occupied territory|occupied]] |
| || [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam]] ([[Maliki]]), [[Sufism]]) || 500,000<ref name="unpop">{{cite journal |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Africa || [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Mauretania]] ||[[Western Sahara]] || [[Western Sahara conflict]], [[Polisario Front]], [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] || partially controlled by the self-proclaimed [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and partially Moroccan-[[occupied territory|occupied]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Chams]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Cham language]] |
|[[Chams]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Cham language]] |
||
| || [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] || 400,000 || Asia || [[Vietnam]] || [[South Central Coast]] || [[United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races]], Cham rights movement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|title=Cham|website=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015 }}</ref> |
| || [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] || 400,000 || Asia || [[Vietnam]] || [[South Central Coast]] || [[United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races]], Cham rights movement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|title=Cham|website=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204212654/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|Historically occupied the [[Champa|Kingdom of Champa]]. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. |
|Historically occupied the [[Champa|Kingdom of Champa]]. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 280: | Line 280: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Sami people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Sami flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sami languages]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
|[[Sami people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Sami flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sami languages]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
||
| || [[Christianity]] (principally [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]), [[Animism]]|| Estimated 80,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se}}</ref> || Europe || [[Finland]], [[Norway]], [[Russia]] and [[Sweden]] || [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] || [[Sámi politics]] || Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. |
| || [[Christianity]] (principally [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]), [[Animism]]|| Estimated 80,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115134429/https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Europe || [[Finland]], [[Norway]], [[Russia]] and [[Sweden]] || [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] || [[Sámi politics]] || Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Inuit]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || || [[Inuit languages]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
|[[Inuit]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || || [[Inuit languages]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
||
Line 289: | Line 289: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Pamiris]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Pamiris.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Pamir languages]] |
|[[Pamiris]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Pamiris.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Pamir languages]] |
||
| || [[Islam]] || 135,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|title=Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы|website=www.demoscope.ru|access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref> || Asia || [[Tajikistan]] || [[Badakhshan]] || Pamiri nationalism, [[Lali Badakhshan|Lali Badakhshan party]], [[Tajikistani Civil War]] || Regional autonomy in [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region]] |
| || [[Islam]] || 135,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|title=Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы|website=www.demoscope.ru|access-date=2018-03-15|archive-date=2011-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807010258/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Tajikistan]] || [[Badakhshan]] || Pamiri nationalism, [[Lali Badakhshan|Lali Badakhshan party]], [[Tajikistani Civil War]] || Regional autonomy in [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Faroese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Faroese language]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
|[[Faroese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Faroese language]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
||
Line 299: | Line 299: | ||
==Formerly stateless nations== |
==Formerly stateless nations== |
||
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include [[Greeks]] before the [[Greek War of Independence]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triandafyllidou |first1=A. |last2=Paraskevopoulou |first2=A. |title=When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities |journal=Geopolitics |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=75–98 |doi=10.1080/714000936|s2cid=143865718 }}</ref> and [[Irish people]] before the [[Irish War of Independence]] and [[Bengalis]] before the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClure |first1=J. Derrick |last2=Szatek-Tudor |first2=Karoline |last3=Penna |first3=Rosa E. |title="What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008) |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2520-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |language=en}}</ref> |
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include [[Greeks]] before the [[Greek War of Independence]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triandafyllidou |first1=A. |last2=Paraskevopoulou |first2=A. |title=When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities |journal=Geopolitics |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=75–98 |doi=10.1080/714000936|s2cid=143865718 }}</ref> and [[Irish people]] before the [[Irish War of Independence]] and [[Bengalis]] before the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClure |first1=J. Derrick |last2=Szatek-Tudor |first2=Karoline |last3=Penna |first3=Rosa E. |title="What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008) |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2520-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233638/https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
Some would include the [[Jews]] until the 1948 [[Israeli declaration of independence]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClimans |first1=Alam and Melinda |title=Nation States and Stateless Nations |url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |website=Keys to Understanding the Middle East |publisher=The Ohio State University |language=en |date=2016}}</ref> however others would point out that different groups of Jews have very different characteristics such as languages, cultures, and territories, rendering the idea that all Jews constitute a single nation questionable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zeitlin|first=Solomon|date=1936|title=The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=26|issue=4|page=343|doi=10.2307/1452094|jstor=1452094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|access-date=2021-11-08}}</ref> |
Some would include the [[Jews]] until the 1948 [[Israeli declaration of independence]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClimans |first1=Alam and Melinda |title=Nation States and Stateless Nations |url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |website=Keys to Understanding the Middle East |publisher=The Ohio State University |language=en |date=2016 |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810013800/https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |url-status=live }}</ref> however others would point out that different groups of Jews have very different characteristics such as languages, cultures, and territories, rendering the idea that all Jews constitute a single nation questionable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zeitlin|first=Solomon|date=1936|title=The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=26|issue=4|page=343|doi=10.2307/1452094|jstor=1452094|access-date=2022-07-28|archive-date=2022-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728063649/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108135554/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
During the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connolly |first1=Christopher |title=Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union |journal=Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law |date=2013 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=51–105 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |issn=1053-6736}}</ref> |
During the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connolly |first1=Christopher |title=Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union |journal=Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law |date=2013 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=51–105 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |issn=1053-6736 |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831015120/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
Line 335: | Line 335: | ||
* {{Citation |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}} |
* {{Citation |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002}} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002 |access-date=2008-07-30 |archive-date=2010-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803004638/http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |url-status=live }} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }} |
||
* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}} |
* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}} |
Revision as of 05:23, 7 April 2023
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state.[2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country).[3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations.[5][6][7] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation.
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[8]
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed).
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations.[12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, Kabyle in North Africa, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, or Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians and Andalusians in Spain.[13]
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood.[4] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states without being considered "stateless nations".
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. The rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation-states. Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[4]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations.[14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These often differ from cultural boundaries. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony).[15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and become victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, Exploitation of labour and natural resources.[20][21]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness.[22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[23] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[24] Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence.[25]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[26][27][28][29] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[30][31]
Unionism vs separatism
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[32] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, Russian nationalism). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.
Claims of stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status
The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.
States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.
Formerly stateless nations
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[87] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War.[88]
Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,[89] however others would point out that different groups of Jews have very different characteristics such as languages, cultures, and territories, rendering the idea that all Jews constitute a single nation questionable.[90][91]
During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.[92]
See also
- Diaspora
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Notes
- ^ Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.
- ^ Proposed or historical homeland desired.
- ^ Although the Palestinians are the majority in Jordan, the country was not created as a nation state for the Palestinians.[46]
References
- ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ^ Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; Sally McKee; Theodore R. Weeks (2013), Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550, Cengage Learning, p. 668, ISBN 978-1-285-50027-0
- ^ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921
- ^ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
- ^ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
- ^ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
- ^ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend Nir Kumar Sambahangphe Limbu of Yakthung Limbuwan National Council (YLNC) to the president of Nepal, Hon'ble Bidya Devi Bhandari, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the President of India, Hon'ble Ram Nath Kovind as a LETTER OF GRIEVANCES to release Yakthung Limbuwan as an Independent nation from Stateless nation in 19th June 2020.
- ^ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
- ^ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367
- ^ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
- ^ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
- ^ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
- ^ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ^ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
- ^ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
- ^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
- ^ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
- ^ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
- ^ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
- ^ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
- ^ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
- ^ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
- ^ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
- ^ "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens". saisjournal.org. Archived from the original on 2016-08-25. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- ^ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group ‘SNP Friends of Catalonia’, which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot. Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ^ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance. Archived from the original on 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
- ^ Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today p.73
- ^ a b Quam, Joel; Campbell, Scott (2020-08-31), "Political Geography", The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography, College of DuPage Digital Press, archived from the original on 2021-08-10, retrieved 2021-08-10
- ^ "Kurd | History, Culture, & Language". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
- ^ "Road fatalities". dx.doi.org. doi:10.1787/862382573233. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
- ^ Kirişci, Kemal; Winrow, Gareth (1997), The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict, Rootledge
- ^ "Benue-Congo languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
- ^ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.237
- ^ Gow, G. (1 September 2004). "Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 7 (3). SAGE Publications Ltd: 301–319. doi:10.1177/1367877904046304. ISSN 1367-8779. S2CID 145547845.
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.178
- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) Archived 2018-09-05 at the Wayback Machine, the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7th April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.
- ^ "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association". uyghuramerican.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-19. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
- ^ Payind; McClimans, Alam and Melinda (2016), "Nation States and Stateless Nations", Keys to Understanding the Middle East, The Ohio State University, archived from the original on 2021-08-10, retrieved 2021-08-10
- ^ "State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
- ^ Abbas Shiblak. "Stateless Palestinians" (PDF). FMR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
- ^ Syed Farooq Hasnat, Pakistan 2011 p.82
- ^ "The Kabyle People". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "Iran". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.13
- ^ Duany 2008, p. 8: Public and academic debates about whether Puerto Rico has its own national identity have always been fraught with strong political repercussions because of the Island's colonial relations, first with Spain and now with the United States. For decades, the main conceptual and political paradox in the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico has been the growing popularity of cultural nationalism, together with the weakness of the local movement to establish a separate nation-state. Culturally speaking, Puerto Rico now meets most of the objective and subjective characteristics of conventional views of the nation, among them a shared language, territory, and history. The Island also possesses many of the symbolic attributes of a nation, such as a national system of universities, museums, and other cultural institutions; a national tradition in literature and the visual arts; and even a national representation in international sports and beauty contests. Most important, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans imagine themselves as distinct from Americans as well as from other Latin American and Caribbean peoples (Morris 1997).
- ^ Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- ^ a b c d e Fiend, Julius (2012), Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations, Palgrave
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.402
- ^ a b Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- ^ Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.422
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K 2002 p.677
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.352
- ^ "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". La Vanguardia. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.235
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.1714
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, International Migration in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267
- ^ "UNPO: Assyria". Archived from the original on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
- ^ "UNPO: Assyria". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.38
- ^ Larry Clark. Turkmen Reference Grammar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. ISBN 9783447040198
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.870
- ^ "Aragonese in Spain". joshuaproject.net. Archived from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ^ "Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien". Archived from the original on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, James Minahan, pg. 1661
- ^ Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez (2011). Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition. Y Lolfa Cyf. pp. 70. ISBN 978-1847713797.
- ^ "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it". 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "The Amazing Ryukyu Culture". kcpwindowonjapan.com. 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ^ a b James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z 2002 p.1915
- ^ Christopher Blomquist, A Primary Source Guide to Chile 2005 p.15
- ^ James Stuart Olson, The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary 1996 p.183
- ^ "Census 2011 – final results". Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
- ^ "Statistics" (PDF). portal.statistics.sk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-17. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
- ^ "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula". Reuters. 29 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
- ^ Mariano Aguirre, Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine Archived 2013-11-13 at the Wayback Machine in: Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Cham". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
- ^ The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010
- ^ Sámi people (14 December 2015). "Sámi in Sweden". sweden.se. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ "Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы". www.demoscope.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
- ^ Triandafyllidou, A.; Paraskevopoulou, A. (2002). "When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities". Geopolitics. 7 (2): 75–98. doi:10.1080/714000936. S2CID 143865718.
- ^ McClure, J. Derrick; Szatek-Tudor, Karoline; Penna, Rosa E. (13 September 2010). "What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4438-2520-7. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ McClimans, Alam and Melinda (2016). Nation States and Stateless Nations. The Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - ^ Zeitlin, Solomon (1936). "The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 26 (4): 343. doi:10.2307/1452094. JSTOR 1452094. Archived from the original on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ "Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
- ^ Connolly, Christopher (2013). "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union". Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law. 24 (1): 51–105. ISSN 1053-6736. Archived from the original on 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
Sources
- Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- Levinson, David, ed. (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press, ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1
- Minahan, James, ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3, archived from the original on 2010-08-03, retrieved 2008-07-30
- Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, ed. (2011), Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, ISBN 978-1-84771-379-7
- Duany, Jorge (2008). "Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora". American Ethnologist. 27 (1). Wiley: 5–30. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5. ISSN 0094-0496.