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{{Short description|Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state}} |
{{Short description|Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state}} |
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{{About|a nation lacking a nation state|a community lacking a government|Stateless society|persons lacking state affiliation|Statelessness}} |
{{About|a nation lacking a nation state|a community lacking a government|Stateless society|persons lacking state affiliation|Statelessness}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=October 2014}} |
{{More citations needed|date=October 2014}} |
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A '''stateless nation''' is an [[ethnicity|ethnic group]] or [[nation]] that does not possess its own [[sovereign state]].<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> |
A '''stateless nation''' is an [[ethnicity|ethnic group]] or [[nation]] that does not possess its own [[sovereign state]].<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> Use of the term implies that the nation has the [[right to self-determination]], to establish an independent [[nation-state]] with its own government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'|first1=Louise|last1=Osborne|first2=Ruby|last2=Russell|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=27 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005194645/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Nimni>{{citation |last=Chouinard |first=Stéphanie |chapter=Stateless nations |editor1=Karl Cordell |editor2=Stefan Wolff |title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66 |isbn= 9781317518921}}</ref> Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. Nations without a state are classified as [[Fourth World|fourth-world nations]].<ref>David Newman, ''Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity''</ref><ref>''Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective'', Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.</ref><ref>''Language in Geographic Context'', Colin H. Williams, 39p.</ref> Some stateless nations have a history of [[Sovereignty|statehood]], while some were always stateless. |
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The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T. M. Devine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref> |
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T. M. Devine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Ethnicities described as stateless nations can be dispersed across a number of states (for example, the [[Yoruba people]] found in the [[Africa|African states]] of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]]) or form the [[Indigenous peoples|native population]] of a [[province]] within a larger state (such as the [[Uyghur people]] in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] within the [[People's Republic of China]]). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet's declaration of independence]] in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the [[People's Republic of China]] - which claims that [[Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.<ref>Clark, Gregory, ''In fear of China'', 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |date=22 February 2010 |publisher=Cultural Survival |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330131153/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref> Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the [[Balkans]] such as the [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Slovenes]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] that were once part of the multinational state of [[Yugoslavia]] and gained independence during the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]]). |
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Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the [[Kurds]] have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World |access-date= |
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the [[Kurds]] have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World |access-date=23 June 2018 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708151930/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== Nation-states and nations without states == |
== Nation-states and nations without states == |
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The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in [[Western Europe]] during the 18th century and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.<ref name=Nimni/> However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states |
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in [[Western Europe]] during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.<ref name=Nimni/> However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in [[multinational state]]s that are not considered "stateless nations". |
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Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the [[United Nations]] as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.<ref name=Nimni/> |
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the [[United Nations]] as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.<ref name=Nimni/> |
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People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a [[nation]] through the awakening of [[national consciousness]].<ref>George W. White, ''Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe''</ref> A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.<ref>''Understanding National Identity'' by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22</ref> In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[English nationalism]], [[Scottish nationalism]], and [[Welsh nationalism]] exist and are held together by [[British nationalism]].<ref>''Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860'' by Graeme Morton, 1999</ref> Nationalism is often connected to [[separatism]] because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C''</ref> |
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a [[nation]] through the awakening of [[national consciousness]].<ref>George W. White, ''Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe''</ref> A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.<ref>''Understanding National Identity'' by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22</ref> In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[English nationalism]], [[Scottish nationalism]], and [[Welsh nationalism]] exist and are held together by [[British nationalism]].<ref>''Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860'' by Graeme Morton, 1999</ref> Nationalism is often connected to [[separatism]] because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C''</ref> |
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Throughout history, numerous nations [[Declaration of independence|declared their independence]], but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to [[self-determination]] is often denied due to [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests and increasing [[globalization]] of the world.<ref>''Nationalism and Globalisation (2015)'', Stephen Tierney</ref><ref>The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.</ref><ref>Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|title=Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens|work=saisjournal.org|access-date=2017 |
Throughout history, numerous nations [[Declaration of independence|declared their independence]], but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to [[self-determination]] is often denied due to [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests and increasing [[globalization]] of the world.<ref>''Nationalism and Globalisation (2015)'', Stephen Tierney</ref><ref>The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.</ref><ref>Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|title=Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens|work=saisjournal.org|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825185748/http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.<ref>The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. {{cite web|url=https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|title=Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement|work=commonspace.scot|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095428/https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. {{cite web|url=http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|title=EFA brings stateless nations even closer|work=European Free Alliance|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220120/http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== Unionism vs separatism == |
== Unionism vs separatism == |
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Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with [[political union|unionism]] (such as [[Pakistani nationalism]], [[Indian nationalism]], |
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with [[political union|unionism]] (such as [[Pakistani nationalism]], [[Indian nationalism]], and [[Belgian nationalism]]) {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}<!--Is this meant to be a list of nationalisms of states where the national identity is supra-ethnic and/or all or most citizens have an ethnic identity separate from the national one, but still identify with their state and prefer it to remain a single political entity? If not, what is it?-->). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. |
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==Claims by stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status== |
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{{multiple issues|section=yes| |
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{{Original research section|date=October 2020}} |
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{{POV section|date=July 2020}} |
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{{incomplete list|date=January 2017}} |
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}}{{anchor|List}} |
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The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable [[independence movement]]s as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. |
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States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" |
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! People |
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! Flag |
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! Languages |
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!Language family{{Efn|Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.}} |
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! Predominant religion |
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! data-sort-type="number" |Population |
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! Continent |
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! States |
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! Homeland{{Efn|Proposed or historical homeland desired.}} |
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! Irredentist movement |
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! Notes |
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|[[Tamils]]<ref>India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.</ref><ref>Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of Social Construction, Catherine Koerner, Soma Pillay, p.44.</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=David Brog|title=Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace|year=2017|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=9781621576099 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WxYbDgAAQBAJ&q=tamils&pg=PT8}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author= Jeffrey Haynes, Peter Hough, Shahin Malik, Lloyd Pettiford |title=World Politics: International Relations and Globalisation in the 21st Century|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317862963 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ_aAAAAQBAJ&dq=stateless+nation+tamils&pg=PT634}}</ref> || [[File:Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg|50px|border|center]]<br /> [[File:Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|50px|border|center]]<br />|| [[Tamil language]]|| [[Dravidian languages]] || [[Hinduism]] (mostly [[Shaivism]]) || 78,000,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Tamil Eelam]] || [[Tamil nationalism]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]], [[Greater Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], [[Tamil National Retrieval Troops|TNRT]], [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army|TNLA]], [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam|TGTE]], [[Vaddukoddai Resolution]] || Historically occupied [[Tamilakam]], the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] and the [[Vanni chieftaincies]]. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] or form a sovereign nation as [[Dravida Nadu]]. Demand for autonomy in the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern and Eastern Provinces]] or total secession from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)</ref> |
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||[[Pashtuns]]|| [[File:Flag of Pashtunistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Pashto language]] |
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||[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]])|| 42,000,000–50,000,000<ref name="CIA-Afghan-pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af®ionCode=sas&#af|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726153921/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=AF®ionCode=sas&#af|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 26, 2009|title=Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42%] = 12,776,369 |work= [[The World Factbook]] |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Ethnologue>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu|title=Pashto, Northern|work=[[SIL International]]|first=Paul M. |last=Lewis|quote=Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.|publisher=[[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]], Sixteenth edition|location=Dallas, Texas|year=2009|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref>|| Asia || [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] || [[Pashtunistan]]|| [[Pashtun nationalism]] || |
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|| [[Kurds]]<ref name="Political Geography">{{Citation|last1=Quam|first1=Joel|title=Political Geography|date=2020-08-31|url=https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|work=The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography|publisher=College of DuPage Digital Press|language=en|access-date=2021-08-10|last2=Campbell|first2=Scott|archive-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810172757/https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Kurdish languages]], {{Small|(originally)}} [[Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
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|[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Alevism|Alevi]]), [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]]|| 30,000,000–45,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurd {{!}} History, Culture, & Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713112510/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Road fatalities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/862382573233|access-date=2021-10-12|doi=10.1787/862382573233}}</ref>|| Asia || [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] (homeland), [[Germany]] (largest diaspora) || [[Kurdistan]]|| [[Kurdish nationalism]], [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict]], [[Kurdish-Iranian conflict]], [[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict]], and [[Kurdish–Syrian conflict]], [[2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum]] || Regional autonomy achieved in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and [[Rojava]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kirişci|first1=Kemal|title=The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict|year=1997|publisher=Rootledge|last2=Winrow|first2=Gareth|author-link=Kemal Kirişci}}</ref> Data rough due to [[Race and ethnicity in censuses|censuses not taking ethnicity]] in homeland countries. |
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|[[Oromo people]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gow, G.)) | journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies | title=Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=301–319 | publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd | date=1 September 2004 | issn=1367-8779 | doi=10.1177/1367877904046304| s2cid=145547845 }} |
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</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Oromo language|Oromo]] |
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|[[Cushitic languages]]|| [[Christian]], [[Muslim]], [[Waaqeffanna]] || 41,693,650 <ref>https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/</ref> || Africa|| [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]] || [[Oromia]] || [[Oromo conflict]]|| |
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| [[Yoruba people]]<ref name="Political Geography" />|| [[File:Oduduwa flag.jpg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Yoruba language]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Yoruba religion]]|| 35,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|title=Benue-Congo languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2016-09-19|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430124510/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John A. Shoup III, ''Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.237</ref>|| Africa || [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]], [[Ghana]]|| [[Yorubaland]]|| [[Oodua Peoples Congress]]|| |
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|[[Igbo people]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Aro, G. C.)), ((Ani, K. J.)) | journal=Journal of African Union Studies | title=A Historical Review of Igbo Nationalism in the Nigerian Political Space | volume=6 | issue=2/3 | pages=47–77 | publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd | date= December 2017 | doi=10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n2_3a2 | issn=2050-4292}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Biafra.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[English language|English]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]] (primarily [[Roman Catholicism]] with significant [[Protestant]] minorities), Indigenous beliefs || 30,000,000<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.178</ref>|| Africa || [[Nigeria]] (almost exclusively) || [[Igboland]]|| [[Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra]], [[Indigenous People of Biafra]]|| Attempted secession from [[Nigeria]] in 1967 sparked the [[Nigerian Civil war]]. |
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|[[Occitan people]] <ref name=":0" />|| [[File:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 16,000,000 || Europe || [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] ([[Val d'Aran]]) ||[[Occitania]] || [[Occitan nationalism]] ([[Occitan Party]], [[Partit de la Nacion Occitana]], [[Libertat]]) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
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|[[Assamese people]]<ref name="satp">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm |title=United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/indias-treacherous-northeast|title=India's Treacherous Northeast|date=26 September 2012|publisher=Yaleglobal.yale.edu|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/node/91173|title=Banned Organizations {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI|website=mha.gov.in|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> || [[File:Flag_of_United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assamese language]] || [[Indo-Aryan languages]] || [[Hinduism]] || 15,000,000<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>|| Asia || [[India]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam separatist movements]], [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of [[Assam]] or total secession from [[India]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022900/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm |date=2018-09-05 }}, the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7 April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.</ref> |
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|[[Uyghur people]]<ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | website=Brown Political Review | publisher=Brown University | title=On Statehood: Xinjiang Autonomy and Its Enemies | url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2018/11/statehood-xinjiang-autonomy-enemies/ | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) | website=Council on Foreign Relations | url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Uyghur language]] |
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|[[Turkic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] || 15,000,000<ref name="www.uyghuramerican.org">{{Cite web|url=https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|title=About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association|website=uyghuramerican.org|access-date=2019-01-19|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044634/https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] || [[East Turkestan]] (Uyghuristan) || Irredentism is politically fragmented ([[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]], [[East Turkestan independence movement]]) || Limited autonomy in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. |
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|[[Hazaras]]|| [[File:Flag of Hazaristan.svg|70px]] || [[Hazaragi dialect]] of [[Persian Language]] || [[Iranian Languages]] || [[Islam]]<br>mostly [[Shia]] || 10,000,000-14,000,000 || Asia || [[Afghanistan]] || [[Hazaristan]] || [[Persecution of Hazaras]] || [[Hazara nationalism]] |
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|[[Zulu people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Conjectural flag of Zululand (1884-1897) by Roberto Breschi taken from The South African Flag Book by A.P.Burgers.png|50px|border|center]] || [[Zulu language]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Zulu religion]] || 12,159,000 || Africa || [[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Eswatini]] ||[[KwaZulu-Natal]] || [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] || Limited autonomy in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] region, which maintains a traditional [[List of Zulu kings|Zulu king]]. |
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|[[Romani people]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhanoo |first=Sindya N. |date=2012-12-10 |title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg|border|center|50x50px]] |
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|[[Romani language]] |
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|[[Indo-Aryan languages]] |
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|[[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]] |
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|12,000,000<ref>Joseph Zajda, Karen Biraimah, William Gaudelli, ''Education and Social Inequality in the Global Culture'' 2008 p.59</ref> |
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|Worldwide, mostly Eastern Europe and Americas |
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|Originally [[North India]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hancock |first=Ian F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70 |title=We are the Romani People |date=2002 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn=978-1-902806-19-8 |language=en}}</ref>[[Romanistan]] (proposed country) |
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|The [[Romani people]] are a non-territorial nation. |
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|[[Kongo people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Musikongo.svg|center|frameless|50x50px]] || [[Kongo language]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]] |
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|| [[Christianity]] ([[Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]), [[African Traditional Religion]] || 10,000,000 || Africa || [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Angola]] |
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|| [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]] || [[Kongo people#Nationalism|Kongo nationalism]], [[Bundu dia Kongo]] || Historically occupied the independent [[Kingdom of Kongo]]. |
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|[[Baloch people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Baloch People.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Balochi language|Balochi]] |
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|[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Sunni Islam]]|| 10,000,000<ref>Syed Farooq Hasnat, ''Pakistan'' 2011 p.82</ref> || Asia || '''[[Pakistan]]''', [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]]{{Small|(homeland)}}, [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] {{Small|(diaspora)}}|| [[Balochistan]] || [[Balochistan conflict]], [[Baloch nationalism]] || Seeks total independence from Pakistan. |
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|[[Andalusians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Andalusian Spanish]], [[English language|English]] (in [[Gibraltar]]) |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 9,500,000 || Europe || [[Spain]], [[Gibraltar]] || [[Andalusia]] || [[Andalusian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Catalans]]<ref>{{Citation|author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland|publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Citation|last=Fiend |first=Julius |title=Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations |publisher=Palgrave |year=2012 }}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Catalonia.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]], [[Agnosticism]] || 8,500,000<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.402</ref> || Europe || [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Andorra]] and [[France]]||[[Catalan Countries]] || [[Catalan independence|Catalan independence movement]], [[Catalan nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Québécois (word)|Québécois]]<ref name="auto4">{{Citation|author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Quebec.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[French language|French]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 8,215,000 || America || [[Canada]] || [[Quebec]] || [[Quebec sovereignty movement]], [[Quebec nationalism]] ||The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. |
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|[[Mon people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Mon National Party.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Mon language]] |
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|[[Monic languages]]|| [[Buddhism]] || 8,145,500 || Asia || [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] || [[Mon State]] || [[Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma|Mon Nationalism]], [[Mon National Party]], [[All Mon Region Democracy Party]] || Historically occupied the [[Mon kingdoms]]. |
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|[[Karen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Karen National Union.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[S'gaw Karen language]] |
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|[[Karenic languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Theravada Buddhism]] || 7,000,000 || Asia || [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] || [[Kawthoolei]] || [[Karen conflict|Karen nationalism]], [[Karen National Union]], [[Karen National Liberation Army]] || |
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|[[Maya peoples]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Maya flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Mayan languages]] |
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|[[Mayan languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Catholicism]]), [[Maya religion]] || 7,000,000 || America || [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], [[Belize]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]] || [[Mesoamerica]] || [[Pan-Maya movement]], [[Rigoberta Menchú]], [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] || Historically occupied the [[Maya civilization]]. |
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|[[Tibetan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]], [[Chinese language]] |
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| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Buddhism]] || 7,000,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.422</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] || [[Tibet]] || [[Tibetan independence movement]] || Limited autonomy in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. Historically occupied the [[Tibetan Empire]]. |
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|[[Riffian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Riffian language]], [[Arabic]] |
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| [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]|| [[Islam]] || 6,000,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.352</ref> || Africa || [[Morocco]] and [[Spain]] || [[Rif]] || [[Rif War]], [[Rif Republic]] || 95% of the land is controlled by [[Morocco]] with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] as autonomous cities. |
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|[[Shan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Shan State.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Shan language]], [[Thai language|Thai]] |
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| [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]|| [[Buddhism]] || 6,000,000 || Asia || [[Myanmar]] || [[Shan State]] || [[Shan State Army]], Declaration of independence in 2005; see also [[Hso Khan Pha]] || Historically occupied the [[Shan states]]. |
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|[[Kashmiri people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kashmir independent.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Kashmiri language]] |
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| [[Indo-Aryan languages]]|| [[Islam]] || 5,600,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] || [[Kashmir]] || [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] || Administered by India ([[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu]], [[Ladakh]]), Pakistan ([[Azad Kashmir]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]) and China ([[Aksai Chin]]). |
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| [[Valencians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Land of Valencia (official).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Romance languages]] || [[Roman Catholicism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html|title=Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España|website=La Vanguardia|date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402064910/https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || 5,111,706 || Europe || [[Spain]] ||[[Valencian Community]] || [[Valencian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Moro people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Bangsamoro.svg|center|50x50px]] || [[Filipino language]], other [[Philippine languages]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 5,100,000 || Asia || [[Philippines]] || [[Muslim Mindanao]] || Moro [[autonomy]] || The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region]] with the adoption of the [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]]. |
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|[[Circassians]] |
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{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
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| [[File:Flag of Adygea.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Circassian language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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|[[Circassian languages]]||[[Islam]] || 5,000,000 || Europe|| [[Russia]] || [[Circassia]] || [[Russo-Circassian War]], [[Circassian nationalism]] || 95–97% of Circassians were killed or exiled by Russia during the [[Circassian genocide]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Richmond|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC|title=The Circassian Genocide|date=9 April 2013|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123185222/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|[[Veneto|Venetian people]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2021|reason=The list is described as a list of nations that "have been described" as stateless nations. A lack of sources means original research.}}||[[File:Flag of Veneto.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Venetian language]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Catholicism]] || 5,000,000 (est.) || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Veneto]] || [[Venetian nationalism]] || Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent [[Republic of Venice]]. |
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|[[Sicilians|Sicilian people]]<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.1714</ref> || [[File:Sicilian Flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]], [[Arbëresh]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 5,000,000 (only Sicily) || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Sicily]] || [[Sicilian nationalism]], Sicilian Action Movement || Regional autonomy in [[Statute of Sicily|Sicily]]. |
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|[[Bretons]] || [[File:Flag of Brittany (Gwenn ha du).svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Breton language|Breton]], [[Gallo language|Gallo]], [[French language|French]], |
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|[[Celtic languages]] ||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 4,800,000 || Europe || [[France]] || [[Brittany]] ||[[Breton nationalism]] || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
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|[[Hmong people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Hmong Flag (UNPO).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hmong language]] |
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| [[Hmong-Mien Languages]]|| [[Animism]] || 4,000,000 || Asia || [[Laos]], [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Thailand]] || [[Hmong ChaoFa Federated State]] || [[Insurgency in Laos]] || |
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|[[Kabyle people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag-kabyle.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Kabyle language]], [[Algerian Arabic]] |
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|[[Berber languages]]|| [[Islam]] || 4,000,000<ref name="www.cna-sat.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people|title=The Kabyle People|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221094824/http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Africa || [[Algeria]] || [[Kabylia]]|| [[Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie]], [[Provisional Government of Kabylia]] || |
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|[[Rohingya people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Rohingya flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Rohingya language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 3,600,000 || Asia || [[Myanmar]] || [[Maungdaw District|Rohang State]] || [[Rohingya conflict]] || The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.<ref>Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, ''International Migration in Southeast Asia'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267</ref> |
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|[[Afrikaners]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Afrikaans]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] (mainly [[Protestantism]])|| 3,500,000 || Africa || [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]] || [[Western Cape]], |
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[[Volkstaat]] |
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| [[Afrikaner Nationalism]], [[Freedom Front Plus|Freedom Front]], [[Cape independence|Cape independence]], [[Cape Independence Party|Cape Independence Party]]|| Afrikaners are historically an [[Ethnic group|ethno-racial group]] (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking [[Coloureds|Coloured people]]). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Dutch Cape colony]] but did expand elsewhere into the once independent [[Boer republics]]. |
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|[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unpo.org/members/7859 | title=UNPO: Assyria | access-date=2022-04-05 | archive-date=2020-01-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116103353/https://unpo.org/members/7859 | url-status=live }}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Assyria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], [[Turoyo]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]] |
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| [[Semitic languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Chaldean Catholicism]] [[Syriac Christianity]]) || 3,300,000<ref name="UNPO:Assyria">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|title=UNPO: Assyria|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194500/http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]] || [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], [[Beth Nahrain]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) || [[Assyrian nationalism]], [[Assyrian independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Assyrian empire]]. |
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|[[Basque people]]<ref name="auto3" />|| [[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Basque language|Basque]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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| [[Language isolate]]||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 3,000,000<ref>[[Jeffrey Cole]], ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.38</ref> || Europe || [[France]] and [[Spain]] || [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] || [[Basque nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Iraqi Turkmen|Iraqi Turkmen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Iraq Turkmen FrontVEC.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Turkish language]], [[Azerbaijani language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 3,000,000 || Asia || [[Iraq]] || [[Turkmeneli]] || [[Iraqi Turkmen Front]] || Not to be confused with [[Syrian Turkmen]] of [[Latakia]] or Central Asian [[Turkmens]] of [[Turkmenistan]] who share only their ethnonym.<ref>Larry Clark. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RMe7KpwS3KsC&pg=PA11 Turkmen Reference Grammar]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. {{ISBN|9783447040198}}</ref> |
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|[[Welsh people]]<ref name="auto3" /> || [[File:Flag of Wales 2.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Welsh English|English]] |
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|[[Celtic languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]] minority) || 3,000,000 || Europe || [[United Kingdom]] || [[Wales]] || [[Welsh independence]], [[Welsh nationalism]], [[Meibion Glyndŵr]], [[Plaid Cymru]] || Regional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales ([[Gwynedd]], [[Powys]], [[Dyfed]], [[Seisyllwg]], [[Kingdom of Morgannwg|Morgannwg]], and [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]]). |
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|[[Galician people]]<ref name="auto3" /> || [[File:Flag of Galicia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Galician language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 2,800,000 || Europe || [[Spain]] || [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] || [[Galician nationalism]] and [[Galicianism|Galician Regionalism]]|| See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Galicia]]. |
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|[[Kachin people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kachin_Independence_Army_flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Jingpo language|Jingpo]], [[Zaiwa language|Zaiwa]], [[Maru language|Maru]], [[Lashi language|Lashi]], [[Azi language|Azi]] |
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| || [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], [[Animism]] || 2,750,000 (2002)<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.870</ref> || Asia || [[Myanmar]] || [[Kachin State]] || [[Kachin Independence Army]], [[Kachin Independence Organisation]], [[Kachin conflict]] || The tribes of [[Kachin Hills]] form the Kachin Nation. |
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|[[Aragonese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Aragonese language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 2,278,000 (Spain only)<ref name="joshuaproject:Aragonese">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|title=Aragonese in Spain|publisher=joshuaproject.net|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=2019-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091606/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|url-status=live}}</ref> || Europe || [[Spain]] || [[Aragon]] || [[Aragonese nationalism]]|| See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Aragon]]. |
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|[[Meitei people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Meitei language]] |
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| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Hinduism]] || 2,500,000 || Asia || [[India]] || Imphal Valley, [[Manipur]] || [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]], [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA]], [[Insurgency in Manipur]], [[Anglo-Manipur War]] || Historically occupied the [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]]. |
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|[[Chechen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Chechen language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| ||[[Islam]] || 2,000,000 || Europe || [[Russia]] || [[Chechnya]] || [[Second Chechen War|Chechen insurgency]], [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] || Regional autonomy in Chechnya. |
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|[[Naga people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|50px|border|center]] || Tibeto-Burman dialects / [[Nagamese creole]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] || 2,000,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Nagaland]] || [[Naga National Council]], [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India. |
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|{{interlanguage link|Pastusos|es}}<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations''</ref> |
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|[[File:Flag of San Juan de Pasto.svg|border|center|50x50px]] |
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|[[Andean Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] |
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|[[Roman Catholicism]] |
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|1,700,000-1,900,000 |
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|America |
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|[[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]] |
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|{{interlanguage link|Estado Soberano del Sur|es}} |
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|Decimistas |
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|[[Royalist (Spanish American Independence)|Loyal to Spanish Monarchy]] during [[Colombian War of Independence]]; it annexed to [[Ecuador]] in 1830-1832 and 1840. It tried to establish a federal state in late 19th Century. |
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|[[Sardinian people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date=2006-06-23}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', James Minahan, pg. 1661</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70 |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition |publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf |year=2011 |isbn=978-1847713797 |pages=62, 70}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|title=La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it|date=11 January 2016|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195956/http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Corsican language#Corsican in Sardinia|Corso-Sardinian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,661,521 || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Sardinia]] || [[Sardinian nationalism]] || National [[devolution]], further autonomy or total secession from Italy. |
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Sardinians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy. |
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|- |
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|[[Ryukyuan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Ryukyu.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |
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| || [[Buddhism]] || 1,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|title=The Amazing Ryukyu Culture|date=5 May 2016|publisher=kcpwindowonjapan.com|access-date=2016-05-05|archive-date=2017-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206110340/http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Japan]] || [[Ryukyu Islands]] || [[Ryukyu independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Frisians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Frisia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,500,000 || Europe || [[Netherlands]], [[Denmark]], and [[Germany]]||[[Frisia]] || [[Frisian National Party]], [[Groep fan Auwerk]] || The creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the [[Frisian Kingdom]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Ahwazi Arabs]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Arabistan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Arabic languages|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
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|[[Semitic languages]]|| [[Shia Islam]]|| 1,320,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Iran]] || [[Khuzestan|Al Ahwaz]] || [[Arab separatism in Khuzestan]] [[Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz]] || Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.13</ref> Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[Iran]]. |
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|[[Friulians|Friulian people]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}||[[File:Bandiere dal Friûl.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Friulian language|Friulian]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Catholicism]] || 2,000,000 (est.) || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Friuli]] || [[Friuli Movement]] || Friuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have. |
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Friulians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy. |
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|- |
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|[[Tuareg people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:MNLA flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Tuareg language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 1,200,000 || Africa || [[Mali]] and [[Niger]] || [[Azawad]] || [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], [[Tuareg rebellion (2012)]], [[Northern Mali conflict]] || National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. |
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|- |
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|[[Mapuche]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Mapuches.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Mapudungun]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,000,000<ref>Christopher Blomquist, ''A Primary Source Guide to Chile'' 2005 p.15</ref> || America || [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] || [[Wallmapu]]|| [[Mapuche conflict]] || |
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|- |
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|[[Asturian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Asturias.svg|50px|border|center]][[File:Andecha Astur.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Asturian language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,925,000 (2020) || Europe || [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] || [[Asturias]] || [[Asturian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Lezgins]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Lezgian flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Lezgin language|Lezgian]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 800,000+ || Europe || [[Russia]], [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Lezgistan]] || [[Lezgistan#Political concept|Lezgin Nationalism]] || Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and [[Dagestan]] (Russia). |
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|- |
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|[[Fur people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Darfur.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Fur language|Fur]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 800,000<ref>James Stuart Olson, ''The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary'' 1996 p.183</ref> || Africa || [[Sudan]] || [[Dafur]] || [[War in Darfur]], [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army|SLM/A]] || Historically occupied the [[Sultanate of Darfur]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Māori people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Māori language|Māori]], [[New Zealand English|English]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] with native || 750,000 || Oceania || [[New Zealand]]|| [[New Zealand]] || [[Māori protest movement]] || |
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|- |
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|[[Karakalpaks]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Karakalpak language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 620,000 || Asia || [[Uzbekistan]] || [[Karakalpakstan]] || [[Karakalpakstan#Politics|Karakalpak Nationalism]] || Regional autonomy in [[Karakalpakstan]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Hawaii.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hawaiian language]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]) with native || 527,000 || Oceania || [[United States]] || [[Hawaii]] || [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Moravians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Banner_of_arms_of_Moravia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Czech language|Czech]] ([[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]), [[Slovak language|Slovak]] |
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| ||Traditionally [[Roman Catholicism]] presently [[Irreligion]] || 525,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|title=Census 2011 – final results|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-date=2015-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004729/http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|title=Statistics|website=portal.statistics.sk|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-date=2012-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Europe || [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] || [[Moravia]] || [[Moravané|Moravians]] || Historically occupied [[Great Moravia]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Ogoni people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Ogoni people.svg|50 px|border|center]] || [[Ogoni language]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] with native || 500,000 || Africa || [[Nigeria]] || [[Ogoniland]] || [[Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People]] || |
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|- |
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|[[Crimean Tatars]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ||[[File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|50px|border|centre]]||[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |
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| ||[[Islam]]|| 500,000 || Europe ||[[Ukraine]]||[[Crimea]]||[[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]]<br />[[Republic of Crimea#Crimean Tatars|Tatars in Republic of Crimea]]<br />[[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]]|| Previously an [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|autonomous republic within Ukraine]], after being [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invaded]] and [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea|annexed by Russia]] in 2014. The Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|title=Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2014|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525010001/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[Sahrawi people]]<ref>Mariano Aguirre, [http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 ''Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134110/http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 |date=2013-11-13 }} in: ''Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997''</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hassaniya Arabic]] (native), [[Berber languages]] (native), [[Modern Standard Arabic]] (written only), and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[lingua franca]]) |
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| || [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam]] ([[Maliki]]), [[Sufism]]) || 500,000<ref name="unpop">{{cite journal |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Africa || [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Mauretania]] ||[[Western Sahara]] || [[Western Sahara conflict]], [[Polisario Front]], [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] || Partially controlled by the self-proclaimed [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and partially [[Southern Provinces|occupied]] by [[Morocco]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Chams]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Cham language]] |
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| || [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] || 400,000 || Asia || [[Vietnam]] || [[South Central Coast]] || [[United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races]], Cham rights movement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|title=Cham|website=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204212654/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|Historically occupied the [[Champa|Kingdom of Champa]]. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region. |
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|- |
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|[[Corsican people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ||[[File:Flag_of_Corsica.svg|border|50px|center]]||[[Corsican language|Corsican]], [[French language|French]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]], [[Italian language|Italian]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]|| 322,120 || Europe ||[[France]]||[[Corsica]]||[[Corsica Libera]]||[[Territorial collectivity]] in France. |
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|- |
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|[[Navajo]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Navajo flag.svg|center|frameless|50x50px]] || [[Navajo language]], [[Navajo language]], [[Navajo Sign Language]] |
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| || Navajo Traditional, [[Christianity]] (principally [[Roman Catholicism]]) || 300,460 || America || [[United States]] || [[Navajo Nation]] || [[Navajo Wars]] || Regional autonomy on the [[Navajo Nation]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Lakota people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Pine Ridge Flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[American English|English]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] with native || 170,000<ref>The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010</ref> || America || [[United States]] || [[Republic of Lakotah|Lakotah]] || [[Sioux Wars]], [[Lakota Freedom Movement]] || Live on several autonomous [[Indian reservation|Native American reservations]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Sami people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Sami flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sami languages]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] (principally [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]), [[Animism]]|| 80,000 (est.)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115134429/https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Europe || [[Finland]], [[Norway]], [[Russia]] and [[Sweden]] || [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] || [[Sámi politics]] || Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy. |
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|- |
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|[[Inuit]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Inuit people.jpg|50px|border|center]] || [[Inuit languages]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] with native || 135,991 || America || [[Inuit Nunangat]] || [[2008 Greenlandic self-government referendum|Greenland Referendum]] || Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. |
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|- |
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|[[Yupik peoples]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Alaska.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Yupik languages]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] with native || 35,567 (est.) || Asia and America || [[Russia]] and the [[United States]] || [[Siberia]] and [[Alaska]] || [[Calista Corporation]], [[Bristol Bay Native Corporation]] || |
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|[[Pamiris]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Pamiris.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Pamir languages]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 135,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|title=Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы|website=www.demoscope.ru|access-date=2018-03-15|archive-date=2011-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807010258/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Tajikistan]] || [[Badakhshan]] || Pamiri nationalism, [[Lali Badakhshan|Lali Badakhshan party]], [[Tajikistani Civil War]] || Regional autonomy in [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region]] |
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|[[Faroese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Faroese language]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] (principally [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]) || 66,000 || Europe || [[Denmark]] || [[Faroe Islands]] || [[Faroese independence movement]] || Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands. |
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|[[Lusatian Sorbs|Sorbs]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Sorbs.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian language]], [[German language|German]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 60,000–70,000 (est.) || Europe || [[Germany]] || [[Lusatia]] || [[Domowina]] || Divided into [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbs]] and [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbs]]. |
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|- |
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|Scanians |
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|[[File:Skånska flaggan.svg|border|center|50x50px]] |
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|Skånska, Svenska, Danska |
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|Germanic languages |
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|Lutheran Christians |
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|100,000 |
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|Europe |
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|Sweden |
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|[[Skåneland]] |
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|Skånepartiet |
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|Was an autonomous part of Danmark until 1658 when it became part of Sweden after the [[treaty of Roskilde]]. |
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|- |
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|[[Raizals]] |
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|[[File:Flag of Raizal nationalists.svg|50px|border|center]] |
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| [[San Andrés–Providencia Creole]], [[English language|English]] |
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| Germanic languages |
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| Christianity ([[Baptism]]) |
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| 30,000 |
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| America |
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| Colombia |
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| [[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]] |
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| {{interlanguage link|Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination|es}} |
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| |
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|[[Lombards|Lombard people]] |
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|[[File:Flag of Milan.svg|center|frameless|90x90px]] |
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|[[Lombard language]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] |
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|[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholic]], [[Ambrosian Rite]]) |
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|3,500,000 (est.) |
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|Europe |
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|Italy, Switzerland |
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|[[Lombardy (historical region)]] |
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|[[Lombard nationalism]], [[Pro Lombardy Independence|Pro Lombardy Independence,]] [[Lega Lombarda|Lombard League]] |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Ladin people]] |
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|[[File:Flag of Ladinia.svg|center|frameless|80x80px]] |
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|[[Ladin language]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] |
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|[[Christianity]] ([[Catholic Church]]) |
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|35,000 |
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|Europe |
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|Italy |
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|[[Ladinia]] |
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| |
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|Recognised ethnic minority in Italy. |
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|} |
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==Formerly stateless nations== |
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Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include [[Greeks]] before the [[Greek War of Independence]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triandafyllidou |first1=A. |last2=Paraskevopoulou |first2=A. |title=When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities |journal=Geopolitics |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=75–98 |doi=10.1080/714000936|s2cid=143865718 }}</ref> [[Irish people]] before the [[Irish War of Independence]], and [[Bengalis]] before the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClure |first1=J. Derrick |last2=Szatek-Tudor |first2=Karoline |last3=Penna |first3=Rosa E. |title="What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008) |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2520-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233638/https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Some would include the [[Jews]] until the 1948 [[Israeli declaration of independence]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=McClimans |first1=Alam and Melinda |title=Nation States and Stateless Nations |url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |website=Keys to Understanding the Middle East |publisher=The Ohio State University |language=en |date=2016 |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810013800/https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |url-status=live }}</ref> however whether Jews constitute a [[Jewish nation|single nation]] is debated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zeitlin|first=Solomon|date=1936|title=The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=26|issue=4|page=343|doi=10.2307/1452094|jstor=1452094|access-date=2022-07-28|archive-date=2022-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728063649/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108135554/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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During the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connolly |first1=Christopher |title=Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union |journal=Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law |date=2013 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=51–105 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |issn=1053-6736 |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831015120/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of First Nations peoples]] |
* [[List of First Nations peoples]] |
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* [[List of unrecognized tribes in the United States]] |
* [[List of unrecognized tribes in the United States]] |
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* [[Local ethnic nationalism]] (China) |
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* [[Minzu (anthropology)]] |
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* [[Multinational state]] |
* [[Multinational state]] |
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* [[Non-FIFA international football]] |
* [[Non-FIFA international football]] |
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* [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] |
* [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{Citation |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}} |
* {{Citation |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002 |access-date= |
* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002 |access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-date=3 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803004638/http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |url-status=live }} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }} |
||
* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}} |
* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}} |
Latest revision as of 17:00, 23 May 2024
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.[1] Use of the term implies that the nation has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation-state with its own government.[2][3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[4][5][6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[7]
Ethnicities described as stateless nations can be dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[8][9] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of the multinational state of Yugoslavia and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia).
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[10]
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[11] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[12] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[13][14][15][16] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[17][18]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[19] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[20] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[21] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[22]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[23][24][25][26] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[27][28]
Unionism vs separatism
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, and Belgian nationalism) [citation needed]). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.
See also
- Diaspora
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Local ethnic nationalism (China)
- Minzu (anthropology)
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
References
- ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ^ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921
- ^ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
- ^ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
- ^ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
- ^ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
- ^ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ^ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
- ^ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
- ^ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
- ^ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ^ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
- ^ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
- ^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
- ^ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
- ^ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
- ^ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
- ^ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
- ^ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
- ^ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
- ^ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
- ^ "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens". saisjournal.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
- ^ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Sources
- Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- Levinson, David, ed. (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press, ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1
- Minahan, James, ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3, archived from the original on 3 August 2010, retrieved 30 July 2008
- Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, ed. (2011), Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, ISBN 978-1-84771-379-7
- Duany, Jorge (2008). "Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora". American Ethnologist. 27 (1). Wiley: 5–30. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5. ISSN 0094-0496.