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{{Short description|Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state}} |
{{Short description|Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state}} |
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{{About|a nation lacking a nation state|a community lacking a government|stateless society|persons lacking state affiliation|statelessness}} |
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{{About|a nation lacking a nation state|a community lacking a government|Stateless society|persons lacking state affiliation|Statelessness}} |
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{{Multiple issues| |
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{{Original research|date=December 2018}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=October 2014}} |
{{More citations needed|date=October 2014}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} |
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A '''stateless nation''' is an [[ethnicity|ethnic group]] or [[nation]] that does not possess its own [[sovereign state]].<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> Use of the term implies that the nation has the [[right to self-determination]], to establish an independent [[nation-state]] with its own government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'|first1=Louise|last1=Osborne|first2=Ruby|last2=Russell|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=27 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005194645/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Nimni>{{citation |last=Chouinard |first=Stéphanie |chapter=Stateless nations |editor1=Karl Cordell |editor2=Stefan Wolff |title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66 |isbn= 9781317518921}}</ref> Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. Nations without a state are classified as [[Fourth World|fourth-world nations]].<ref>David Newman, ''Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity''</ref><ref>''Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective'', Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.</ref><ref>''Language in Geographic Context'', Colin H. Williams, 39p.</ref> Some stateless nations have a history of [[Sovereignty|statehood]], while some were always stateless. |
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The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T. M. Devine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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A '''stateless nation''' is an [[ethnic group]] or [[nation]] that does not possess its own [[Sovereign state|state]]<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> and is not the majority population in any [[nation state]].<ref name="auto1">{{citation |author1= Frank L. Kidner |author2= Maria Bucur |author3= Ralph Mathisen |author4= Sally McKee |author5= Theodore R. Weeks |title=Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXkWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA668 |year=2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-50027-0 |page=668}}</ref> The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'|first1=Louise|last1=Osborne|first2=Ruby|last2=Russell|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=27 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=Nimni>{{citation |last=Chouinard |first=Stéphanie |chapter=Stateless nations |editor1=Karl Cordell |editor2=Stefan Wolff |title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66 |isbn= 9781317518921}}</ref> Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. Nations without state are classified as [[Fourth World|fourth-world nations]].<ref>David Newman, ''Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity''</ref><ref>''Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective'', Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.</ref><ref>''Language in Geographic Context'', Colin H. Williams, 39p.</ref> Some of the stateless nations have a history of [[Sovereignty|statehood]], some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. |
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Ethnicities described as stateless nations can be dispersed across a number of states (for example, the [[Yoruba people]] found in the [[Africa|African states]] of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]]) or form the [[Indigenous peoples|native population]] of a [[province]] within a larger state (such as the [[Uyghur people]] in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] within the [[People's Republic of China]]). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet's declaration of independence]] in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the [[People's Republic of China]] - which claims that [[Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.<ref>Clark, Gregory, ''In fear of China'', 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |date=22 February 2010 |publisher=Cultural Survival |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330131153/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref> Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the [[Balkans]] such as the [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Slovenes]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] that were once part of the multinational state of [[Yugoslavia]] and gained independence during the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]]). |
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The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T. M. Devine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257}}</ref> |
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Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the [[Kurds]] have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World |access-date=23 June 2018 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708151930/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the [[Yakthung Limbu People]] residing in east of [[Nepal]], includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) [[India]] and north-western part of [[Bangladesh]] as the Yakthung [[Limbuwan]] nation<ref>The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend [[Nir Kumar Sambahangphe Limbu]] of Yakthung Limbuwan National Council (YLNC) to the president of Nepal, Hon'ble [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], Her Majesty Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom and the President of India, Hon'ble [[Ram Nath Kovind]] as a [[LETTER OF GRIEVANCES]] to release [[Yakthung Limbuwan]] as an Independent nation from Stateless nation in 19th June 2020.</ref> and [[Yoruba people]] are found in the [[Africa|African states]] of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]]) or form the [[Indigenous peoples|native population]] of a [[province]] within a larger state (such as the [[Uyghur people]] in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] within the [[People's Republic of China]]). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet's declaration of independence]] in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the [[People's Republic of China]] which claims that [[Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.<ref>Clark, Gregory, ''In fear of China'', 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |publisher=Cultural Survival}}</ref> Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the [[Balkans]] such as the [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Slovenes]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] were once part of a multinational state of [[Yugoslavia]]; since the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] many nation states were formed). |
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Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the [[Kurds]] have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World}}</ref> Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the [[Assamese people|Assamese]], [[Brahui people|Brahui]], [[Maithils]], [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]], [[Sikhs]], [[Tamil people|Tamils]] and [[Santhal people|Santhals]] in [[South Asia]], or [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Kachin people|Kachin]], [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]], [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] and [[Shan people|Shan]] in [[Myanmar]], and [[Amazighs]] within [[Algeria]] in [[North Africa]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'', pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367</ref> However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. |
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As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in [[multinational state]]s without being considered "stateless nations". |
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== Nation-states and nations without states == |
== Nation-states and nations without states == |
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The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in |
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in [[Western Europe]] during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.<ref name=Nimni/> However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in [[multinational state]]s that are not considered "stateless nations". |
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Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation |
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the [[United Nations]] as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.<ref name=Nimni/> |
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== Consequences of colonialism and imperialism == |
== Consequences of colonialism and imperialism == |
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During the |
During the imperial and [[Early modern period|colonial era]], powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be [[self-determination|self-governing]] and being described as stateless nations thereafter.<ref>Redie Bereketeab, ''Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State''</ref> Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, [[New Guinea]] is split into the regions of [[West Papua (region)|West Papua]] (a former [[Dutch Empire|Dutch colony]]) and [[Papua New Guinea]] (a former [[Territory of Papua and New Guinea|Australian colony]]).<ref>Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, ''The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow''</ref> During [[decolonization]], the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their [[colony|colonies]] as a [[multinational state]]. This led to [[Succession of states|successor states]] with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for [[ethnic conflict]]s.<ref>''Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006)'', Hans Gullestrup, 130p.</ref><ref>''Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004)'', Port Harcourt, p.272</ref><ref>''Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013)'', H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V</ref><ref>''Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009)'', Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff</ref> Some of these minority groups campaigned for [[self-determination]]. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as [[discrimination]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[genocide]], [[forced assimilation]], and the [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation of labor]] and [[Exploitation of natural resources|natural resources]].<ref>Donald L. Horowitz, ''Ethnic Groups in Conflict''</ref><ref>Bruce E. Johansen, ''Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples''</ref> |
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== Nationalism and stateless nations == |
== Nationalism and stateless nations == |
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People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a [[nation]] |
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a [[nation]] through the awakening of [[national consciousness]].<ref>George W. White, ''Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe''</ref> A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.<ref>''Understanding National Identity'' by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22</ref> In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[English nationalism]], [[Scottish nationalism]], and [[Welsh nationalism]] exist and are held together by [[British nationalism]].<ref>''Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860'' by Graeme Morton, 1999</ref> Nationalism is often connected to [[separatism]] because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C''</ref> |
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Throughout history, numerous nations [[Declaration of |
Throughout history, numerous nations [[Declaration of independence|declared their independence]], but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to [[self-determination]] is often denied due to [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests and increasing [[globalization]] of the world.<ref>''Nationalism and Globalisation (2015)'', Stephen Tierney</ref><ref>The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.</ref><ref>Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|title=Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens|work=saisjournal.org|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825185748/http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.<ref>The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. {{cite web|url=https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|title=Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement|work=commonspace.scot|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095428/https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. {{cite web|url=http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|title=EFA brings stateless nations even closer|work=European Free Alliance|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220120/http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== Unionism vs separatism == |
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Not all peoples claim that they are nations or aspire to be states. Some see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. This is also associated with [[Pan-nationalism]] ([[Indian nationalism]] or [[Chinese nationalism]]).<ref>Ian Adams, ''Political Ideology Today'' p.73</ref> |
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Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with [[political union|unionism]] (such as [[Pakistani nationalism]], [[Indian nationalism]], and [[Belgian nationalism]]) {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}<!--Is this meant to be a list of nationalisms of states where the national identity is supra-ethnic and/or all or most citizens have an ethnic identity separate from the national one, but still identify with their state and prefer it to remain a single political entity? If not, what is it?-->). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. |
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==Claims of stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status== |
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{{Original research section|date=October 2020}} |
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{{POV section|date=July 2020}} |
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{{incomplete list|date=January 2017}} |
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Please add only nations that meet all criteria of the list, don't mix this list of stateless nations with the list of separatist movements. Don't add an ethnic group which already form the majority of a nation. |
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The following is a list of ethnic and national groups that has been described as ''stateless nations'' in reliable sources {{which|date=October 2020}}. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" |
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! People |
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! Flag |
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! Languages |
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!Language family{{Efn|Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.}} |
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! Predominant religion |
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! data-sort-type="number" |Population |
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! Continent |
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! States |
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! Homeland{{Efn|Proposed or historical homeland desired.}} |
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! Irredentist movement |
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! Notes |
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|| [[Kurds]]<ref name="Political Geography">{{Citation|last1=Quam|first1=Joel|title=Political Geography|date=2020-08-31|url=https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|work=The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography|publisher=College of DuPage Digital Press|language=en|access-date=2021-08-10|last2=Campbell|first2=Scott}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Kurdish language]], {{Small|(originally)}} [[Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
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|[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Alevism|Alevi]]), [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazdânism]]|| 30,000,000–45,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurd {{!}} History, Culture, & Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Road fatalities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/862382573233|access-date=2021-10-12|website=dx.doi.org|doi=10.1787/862382573233}}</ref>|| Asia || [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] (homeland), [[Germany]] (largest diaspora) || [[Kurdistan]]|| [[Kurdish nationalism]], [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict]], [[Kurdish-Iranian conflict]], [[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict]], and [[Kurdish–Syrian conflict]]|| Regional autonomy achieved in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and [[Rojava]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kirişci|first1=Kemal|title=The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict|year=1997|publisher=Rootledge|last2=Winrow|first2=Gareth|author-link=Kemal Kirişci}}</ref> Data rough due to [[Race and ethnicity in censuses|censuses not taking ethnicity]] in homeland countries. |
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| [[Yoruba people]]<ref name="Political Geography"/>|| [[File:Oduduwa flag.jpg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Yoruba language]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Yoruba religion]]|| 35,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|title=Benue-Congo languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>John A. Shoup III, ''Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.237</ref>|| Africa || [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]], [[Ghana]]|| [[Yorubaland]]|| [[Oodua Peoples Congress]]|| |
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|[[Igbo people]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2021|reason=The list is described as a list of nations that "have been described" as stateless nations. A lack of sources means original research.}}|| [[File:Flag of Biafra.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[English language|English]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]] (primarily [[Roman Catholicism]] with significant [[Protestant]] minorities), Indigenous beliefs || 30,000,000<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.178</ref>|| Africa || [[Nigeria]] (almost exclusively) || [[Igboland]]|| [[Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra]], [[Indigenous People of Biafra]]|| Attempted secession from [[Nigeria]] in 1967 sparked the [[Nigerian Civil war]] |
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|[[Occitan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 16,000,000 || Europe || [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] ([[Val d'Aran]]) ||[[Occitania]] || [[Occitan nationalism]] ([[Occitan Party]], [[Partit de la Nacion Occitana]], [[Libertat]]) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
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|[[Assamese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assamese language]] || [[Indo-Aryan languages]] || [[Hinduism]] || 15,000,000<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>|| Asia || [[India]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam separatist movements]], [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of [[Assam]] or total secession from [[India]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)], the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7th April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.</ref> |
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|[[Uyghur people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Uyghur language]] |
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|[[Turkic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] || 15,000,000<ref name="www.uyghuramerican.org">{{Cite web|url=https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|title=About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association|website=uyghuramerican.org}}</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] || [[East Turkestan]] (Uyghuristan) || Irredentism is politically fragmented ([[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]], [[East Turkestan independence movement]]) || Limited autonomy in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. |
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|[[Palestinians]]<ref>{{Citation|last1=Payind|title=Nation States and Stateless Nations|date=2016|url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/|work=Keys to Understanding the Middle East|publisher=The Ohio State University|language=en|access-date=2021-08-10|last2=McClimans|first2=Alam and Melinda}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Palestine - long triangle.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |
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|[[Semitic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] {{small|(majority)}}, [[Christianity]] || 5,242,679<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/state-of-palestine-population/#:~:text=the%20State%20of%20Palestine%202020,year%20according%20to%20UN%20data.|access-date=2021-08-23|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref>|| Asia || [[State of Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]] || [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] || [[Palestinian nationalism]] ([[PLO]]) || Seek self-determination from occupying powers.{{efn|name=nation-state|Although the Palestinians are the majority in Jordan, the country was not created as a nation state for the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite web |author=Abbas Shiblak |url=https://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/palestine/shiblak.pdf |title=Stateless Palestinians |website=FMR }}</ref>}} |
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|[[Zulu people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Conjectural flag of Zululand (1884-1897) by Roberto Breschi taken from The South African Flag Book by A.P.Burgers.png|50px|border|center]] || [[Zulu language]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Zulu religion]] || 12,159,000 || Africa || [[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Eswatini]] ||[[KwaZulu-Natal]] || [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] || Limited autonomy in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] region, which maintains a traditional [[List of Zulu kings|Zulu king]]. |
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|[[Kongo people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Royal banner of Kongo (Afonso I).svg|center|frameless|50x50px]] || [[Kongo language]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]] |
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|| [[Christianity]] ([[Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]), [[African Traditional Religion]] || 10,000,000 || Africa || [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Angola]] |
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|| [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]] || [[Kongo people#Nationalism|Kongo nationalism]], [[Bundu dia Kongo]] || Historically occupied the independent [[Kingdom of Kongo]]. |
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|[[Baloch people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Balochistan.png|50px|border|center]] || [[Balochi language|Balochi]] |
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|[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Sunni Islam]]|| 10,000,000<ref>Syed Farooq Hasnat, ''Pakistan'' 2011 p.82</ref> || Asia || '''[[Pakistan]]''', [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]]{{Small|(homeland)}}, [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] {{Small|(diaspora)}}|| [[Balochistan]] || [[Balochistan conflict]], [[Baloch nationalism]] || Seeks total independence from Pakistan. |
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|[[Kabyle people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag-kabyle.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Kabyle language]], [[Algerian Arabic]] |
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|[[Berber languages]]|| [[Islam]] || 4,000,000<ref name="www.cna-sat.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people|title=The Kabyle People|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> || Africa || [[Algeria]] || [[Kabylie]] || [[Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie]], [[Provisional Government of Kabylia]] || |
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|[[Romani people]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2021|reason=The list is described as a list of nations that "have been described" as stateless nations. A lack of sources means original research.}} || [[File:Flag of the Romani people.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Romani language]] |
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|[[Indo-Aryan languages]]|| [[Christianity]] [[Islam]] [[Hinduism]]|| 2,000,000-5,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roma {{!}} People, Meaning, History, Language, Lifestyle, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> || Worldwide, mostly Europe and Americas || || || || |
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|[[Ahwazi Arabs]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Arabistan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Arabic languages|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
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|[[Semitic languages]]|| [[Shia Islam]]|| 1,320,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> || Asia || [[Iran]] || [[Khuzestan|Al Ahwaz]] || [[Arab separatism in Khuzestan]] [[Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz]] || Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.13</ref> Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[Iran]]. |
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|[[Andalusians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Andalusian Spanish]], [[English language|English]] (in [[Gibraltar]]) |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 9,500,000 || Europe || [[Spain]], [[Gibraltar]] || [[Andalusia]] || [[Andalusian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Puerto Rico]]{{sfn|Duany|2008|p=8|ps=: Public and academic debates about whether Puerto Rico has its own national identity have always been fraught with strong political repercussions because of the Island's colonial relations, first with Spain and now with the United States. For decades, the main conceptual and political paradox in the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico has been the growing popularity of cultural nationalism, together with the weakness of the local movement to establish a separate nation-state. Culturally speaking, Puerto Rico now meets most of the objective and subjective characteristics of conventional views of the nation, among them a shared language, territory, and history. The Island also possesses many of the symbolic attributes of a nation, such as a national system of universities, museums, and other cultural institutions; a national tradition in literature and the visual arts; and even a national representation in international sports and beauty contests. Most important, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans imagine themselves as distinct from Americans as well as from other Latin American and Caribbean peoples (Morris 1997).}} || [[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[English language|English]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]|| [[Christianity]] (primarily [[Roman Catholicism]]) || 9,000,000 || America || [[United States]] || [[Puerto Rico]] || [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña]], [[Boricua Popular Army]], [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]] || [[Unincorporated territory of the United States]]. |
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|[[Catalans]]<ref>{{Citation|author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland|publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Citation|last=Fiend |first=Julius |title=Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations |publisher=Palgrave |year=2012 }}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Catalonia.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]], [[Agnosticism]] || 8,500,000<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.402</ref> || Europe || [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Andorra]] and [[France]]||[[Catalan Countries]] || [[Catalan independence|Catalan independence movement]], [[Catalan nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Québécois (word)|Québécois]]<ref name="auto4">{{Citation|author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Quebec.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[French language|French]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 8,215,000 || America || [[Canada]] || [[Quebec]] || [[Quebec sovereignty movement]], [[Quebec nationalism]] ||The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. |
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|[[Mon people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Mon National Party.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Mon language]] |
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|[[Monic languages]]|| [[Buddhism]] || 8,145,500 || Asia || [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] || [[Mon State]] || [[Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma|Mon Nationalism]], [[Mon National Party]], [[All Mon Region Democracy Party]] || Historically occupied the [[Mon kingdoms]] |
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|[[Circassians]] |
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{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
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| [[File:Flag of Adygea.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Circassian language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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|[[Circassian languages]]||[[Islam]] || 5,000,000 || Europe|| [[Russia]] || [[Circassia]] || [[Russo-Circassian War]], [[Circassian nationalism]] || Majority of the Circassians were destroyed by Russia in the [[Circassian genocide]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Richmond|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC|title=The Circassian Genocide|date=9 April 2013|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4}}</ref> |
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|[[Karen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Karen National Union.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[S'gaw Karen language]] |
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|[[Karenic languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Theravada Buddhism]] || 7,000,000 || Asia || [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] || [[Kawthoolei]] || [[Karen conflict|Karen nationalism]], [[Karen National Union]], [[Karen National Liberation Army]] || |
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|[[Maya peoples]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Maya flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Mayan languages]] |
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|[[Mayan languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Catholicism]]), [[Maya religion]] || 7,000,000 || America || [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], [[Belize]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]] || [[Mesoamerica]] || [[Pan-Maya movement]], [[Rigoberta Menchú]], [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] || Historically occupied the [[Maya civilization]] |
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|[[Volga Tatars]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Tatarstan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Tatar language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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|[[Turkic languages]]||[[Islam]] || 7,000,000 || Europe|| [[Russia]] || [[Tatarstan]] || [[All-Tatar Public Center]] ||Regional autonomy in Tatarstan. |
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|[[Veneto]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2021|reason=The list is described as a list of nations that "have been described" as stateless nations. A lack of sources means original research.}}||[[File:Flag of Veneto.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Venetian language]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Catholicism]] || 5,000,000 (est.) || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Veneto]] || [[Venetian nationalism]] || Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent [[Republic of Venice]]. |
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|[[Tibetan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]], [[Chinese language]] |
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| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Buddhism]] || 7,000,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.422</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] || [[Tibet]] || [[Tibetan independence movement]] || Limited autonomy in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. Historically occupied the [[Tibetan Empire]]. |
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|[[Indian Gorkha]]s {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Gurkhaland.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Nepali language]] |
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| || [[Hinduism]] || 6,360,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K'' 2002 p.677</ref> || Asia || [[India]] || [[Gorkhaland|Gorkhastan]] || [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]], [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] || Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling Hills]] and the people of [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] ethnic origin on the Northern part of [[West Bengal]]. |
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|[[Riffian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Riffian language]], [[Arabic]] |
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| [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]|| [[Islam]] || 6,000,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.352</ref> || Africa || [[Morocco]] and [[Spain]] || [[Rif]] || [[Rif War]], [[Rif Republic]] || 95% of the land is controlled by [[Morocco]] with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] as autonomous cities. |
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|[[Shan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Shan State.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Shan language]], [[Thai language|Thai]] |
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| [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]|| [[Buddhism]] || 6,000,000 || Asia || [[Myanmar]] || [[Shan State]] || [[Shan State Army]], Declaration of independence in 2005; see also [[Hso Khan Pha]] || Historically occupied the [[Shan states]]. |
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|[[Kashmiri people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kashmir independent.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Kashmiri language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 5,600,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] || [[Kashmir]] || [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] || Administered by India ([[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu]], [[Ladakh]]), Pakistan ([[Azad Kashmir]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]) and China ([[Aksai Chin]]). |
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|[[Lozi people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Barotseland.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Lozi language|Lozi]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] || 5,153,000 || Africa || [[Zambia]] || [[Barotseland]] || [[Barotse Patriotic Front]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=55102|title=Assessment for Lozi in Zambia|publisher=Minorities at Risk|access-date=2009-04-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603031428/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=55102|archive-date=2010-06-03}}</ref> || |
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| [[Valencians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Senyera_del_nacionalisme_valencià.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Roman Catholicism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html|title=Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España|website=La Vanguardia|date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> || 5,111,706 || Europe || [[Spain]] ||[[Valencian Community]] || [[Valencian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Moro people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Bangsamoro.svg|center|50x50px]] || [[Filipino language]], other [[Philippine languages]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 5,100,000 || Asia || [[Philippines]] || [[Muslim Mindanao]] || Moro [[autonomy]] || The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region]] with the adoption of the [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]]. |
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|[[Kuki people|Kuki]]-[[Mizo people|Mizo]]-[[Zo people|Zo]]-[[Chin people|Chin]] people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_Chin_State.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Kuki-Chin languages]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] || 5,000,000 || Asia || [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] || [[Mizoram]], [[Zogam]] and [[Chin State]] || [[Mizo National Front]], [[Chin National Front]], [[Kuki National Army]], [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]], [[Zomi nationalism]] || [[Kuki people|Kuki]]-[[Mizo people|Mizo]]-[[Zo people|Zo]]-[[Chin people|Chin]] are an ethnic group known by different names and speak different dialects. |
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|[[Scottish people]]<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto3"/>|| [[File:Flag of Scotland.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Scottish English|English]] |
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|[[Celtic languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]] minority) || 5,000,000 (only Scotland)<ref>[[Jeffrey Cole]], ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.235</ref> || Europe || [[United Kingdom]] || [[Scotland]] || [[Scottish independence]] || Formerly a [[Sovereign state]], Regional autonomy in [[Scotland]]. |
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|[[Sicilians]]<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.1714</ref> || [[File:Sicilian Flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]], [[Arbëresh]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 5,000,000 (only Sicily) || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Sicily]] || [[Sicilian nationalism]] || Regional autonomy in [[Statute of Sicily|Sicily]]. |
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|[[Mthwakazi|Mthwakazi people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || || [[Northern Ndebele language|IsiNdebele]], [[Venda language|Venda]], [[Kalanga language|Khalanga]], [[Shona language|Shona]], [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Nambya language|Nambya]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]] (a total of over 13 tribes and languages in addition to the ones listed here |
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| || [[Christianity]] with native || 5,000,000 || Africa || [[Zimbabwe]] || Southern party of [[Zimbabwe]], today described as [[Matabeleland]] and the [[Midlands Province]] || Various political and revolutionary restoration movements || Mthwakazi was a Kingdom whose last King was King [[Lobhengula]]. Mthwakazi was colonised by the British independently as a State in 1893 after a war between the British and the natives of [[Mthwakazi]]. [[Mashonaland]] which neighbours Mthwakazi, had been colonized without resistance in 1890. Britain later amalgamated these two states. |
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|[[Acehnese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Acehnese language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 4,200,000<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/3614/Acehnese ''Acehnese'']. [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. ©2016 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on July 8, 2016.</ref> || Asia || [[Indonesia]] || [[Aceh]] || [[Insurgency in Aceh]] ||Regional autonomy in Aceh. Historically occupied the [[Aceh Sultanate]]. |
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|[[Hmong people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Hmong flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hmong language]] |
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| || [[Buddhism]] with native || 4,000,000 || Asia || [[Laos]], [[China]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]] || [[Hmong ChaoFa Federated State]] || [[Insurgency in Laos]] || |
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|[[Rohingya people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Rohingya flag.png|50px|border|center]] || [[Rohingya language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 3,600,000 || Asia || [[Myanmar]] || [[Maungdaw District|Rohang State]] || [[Rohingya conflict]] || The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.<ref>Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, ''International Migration in Southeast Asia'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267</ref> |
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|[[Afrikaners]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Afrikaans]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] (mainly [[Protestantism]])|| 3,500,000 || Africa || [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]] || [[Volkstaat]] || [[Afrikaner Nationalism]], [[Freedom Front Plus|Freedom Front]] || Afrikaners are an [[Ethnic group|Ethno-racial group]]. Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. |
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|[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unpo.org/members/7859 | title=UNPO: Assyria }}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Assyria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], [[Turoyo]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]] |
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| [[Semitic languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Chaldean Catholicism]] [[Syriac Christianity]]) || 3,300,000<ref name="UNPO:Assyria">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|title=UNPO: Assyria|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> || Asia || [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]] || [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], [[Beth Nahrain]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) || [[Assyrian nationalism]], [[Assyrian independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Assyrian empire|Assyrian empire.]] |
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|[[Basque people]]<ref name="auto3"/>|| [[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Basque language|Basque]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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| [[Language isolate]]||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 3,000,000<ref>[[Jeffrey Cole]], ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.38</ref> || Europe || [[France]] and [[Spain]] || [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] || [[Basque nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Iraqi Turkmen|Iraqi Turkmen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Iraq Turkmen FrontVEC.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Turkish language]], [[Azerbaijani language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 3,000,000 || Asia || [[Iraq]] || [[Turkmeneli]] || [[Iraqi Turkmen Front]] || Not to be confused with [[Syrian Turkmen]] of [[Latakia]] or Central Asian [[Turkmens]] of [[Turkmenistan]] who share only their ethnonym.<ref>Larry Clark. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RMe7KpwS3KsC&pg=PA11 Turkmen Reference Grammar]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. {{ISBN|9783447040198}}</ref> |
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|[[Welsh people]]<ref name="auto3"/> || [[File:Flag of Wales 2.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Welsh English|English]] |
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|[[Celtic languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]] minority) || 3,000,000 || Europe || [[United Kingdom]] || [[Wales]] || [[Welsh independence]], [[Welsh nationalism]], [[Meibion Glyndŵr]], [[Plaid Cymru]] || Regional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales ([[Gwynedd]], [[Powys]], [[Dyfed]], [[Seisyllwg]], [[Morgannwg]] and [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]]). |
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|[[Galician people]]<ref name="auto3"/> || [[File:Bandeira galega civil.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Galician language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 2,800,000 || Europe || [[Spain]] || [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] || [[Galician nationalism]]|| See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Galicia]]. |
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|[[Kachin people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kachin_Independence_Army_flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Jingpo language|Jingpo]], [[Zaiwa language|Zaiwa]], [[Maru language|Maru]], [[Lashi language|Lashi]], [[Azi language|Azi]] |
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| || [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], [[Animism]] || 2,750,000 (2002)<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.870</ref> || Asia || [[Myanmar]] || [[Kachin State]] || [[Kachin Independence Army]], [[Kachin Independence Organisation]], [[Kachin conflict]] || The tribes of [[Kachin Hills]] form the Kachin Nation. |
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|[[Aragonese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Aragonese language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 2,278,000 (Spain only)<ref name="joshuaproject:Aragonese">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|title=Aragonese in Spain|publisher=joshuaproject.net}}</ref> || Europe || [[Spain]] || [[Aragon]] || [[Aragonese nationalism]]|| See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Aragon]]. |
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|[[Meitei people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:In manipur1.gif|50px|border|center]] || [[Meitei language]] |
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| || [[Hinduism]] || 2,500,000 || Asia || [[India]] || Imphal Valley, [[Manipur]] || [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]], [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA]], [[Insurgency in Manipur]], [[Anglo-Manipur War]] || Historically occupied the [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]]. |
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|[[Chechen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Chechen language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| ||[[Islam]] || 2,000,000 || Europe || [[Russia]] || [[Chechnya]] || [[Second Chechen War|Chechen insurgency]], [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] || Regional autonomy in Chechnya. |
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|[[Naga people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|50px|border|center]] || Tibeto-Burman dialects / [[Nagamese creole]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] || 2,000,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Nagaland]] || [[Naga National Council]], [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Regional autonomy in Nagaland. |
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|[[Sardinian people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date=2006-06-23}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', James Minahan, pg. 1661</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez|title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition|year=2011|publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf|isbn=978-1847713797|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70 70]|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|title=La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it|date=11 January 2016|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> || [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Corsican language#Corsican in Sardinia|Corso-Sardinian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,661,521 || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Sardinia]] || [[Sardinian nationalism]] || National [[devolution]], further autonomy or total secession from Italy. |
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|[[Ryukyuan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |||| [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |
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| || [[Buddhism]] || 1,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|title=The Amazing Ryukyu Culture|date=5 May 2016|publisher=kcpwindowonjapan.com|access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref> || Asia || [[Japan]] || [[Ryukyu Islands]] || [[Ryukyu independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]. |
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|[[Frisians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Frisia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,500,000 || Europe || [[Netherlands]], [[Denmark]], and [[Germany]]||[[Frisia]] || [[Frisian National Party]], [[Groep fan Auwerk]] || The creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the [[Frisian Kingdom]]. |
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|[[Tripuri people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Unofficial flag of Tripura.png|50px|border|center]] || [[Kokborok]] |
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| || [[Hinduism]] || 1,520,000 (2002)<ref name="auto2">James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z'' 2002 p.1915</ref> || Asia || [[India]] || [[Tripura]] || [[Tripuri nationalism]], [[All Tripura Tiger Force]], [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] || Historically occupied the [[Twipra Kingdom]]. 1949, Tripuris had a population of 85% in Tripura, 2002 they make up 29% and became a minority in their own homeland.<ref name="auto2"/> |
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|[[Bodo people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera Bodoland.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Bodo language]] |
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| || [[Hinduism]] [[Bathouism]] || 1,300,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Bodoland]] || [[Bodo nationalism]], [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] || National [[devolution]] or further autonomy from the India. |
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|[[Tuareg people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:MNLA flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Tuareg language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 1,200,000 || Africa || [[Mali]] and [[Niger]] || [[Azawad]] || [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], [[Tuareg rebellion (2012)]], [[Northern Mali conflict]] || National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. |
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|[[Mapuche]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Mapuches.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Mapudungun]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,000,000<ref>Christopher Blomquist, ''A Primary Source Guide to Chile'' 2005 p.15</ref> || America || [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] || [[Araucanía (historic region)|Wallmapu]] || [[Mapuche conflict]] || |
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|[[Asturian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera del Panasturianismo.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Asturian language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,925,000 (2020) || Europe || [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] || [[Asturias]] || [[Asturian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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|[[Lezgins]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Lezgian flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Lezgin language|Lezgian]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 800,000+ || Europe || [[Russia]], [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Lezgistan]] || [[Lezgistan#Political concept|Lezgin Nationalism]] || Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and [[Dagestan]] (Russia). |
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|[[Fur people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Darfur.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Fur language|Fur]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 800,000<ref>James Stuart Olson, ''The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary'' 1996 p.183</ref> || Africa || [[Sudan]] || [[Dafur]] || [[War in Darfur]], [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army|SLM/A]] || Historically occupied the [[Sultanate of Darfur]]. |
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|[[Māori people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Māori language|Māori]], [[New Zealand English|English]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] with native || 750,000 || Oceania || [[New Zealand]]|| [[New Zealand]] || [[Māori protest movement]] || |
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|[[Aboriginal Australians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Aboriginal languages]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] (principally [[Anglicanism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]]) with native || 680,000 || Oceania || [[Australia]] || [[Australia]] || [[Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty|Movement is fragmented]] or focused on specific aboriginal groups || |
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|[[Karakalpaks]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Karakalpak language]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 620,000 || Asia || [[Uzbekistan]] || [[Karakalpakstan]] || [[Karakalpakstan#Politics|Karakalpak Nationalism]] || Regional autonomy in [[Karakalpakstan]] |
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|[[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kanaka Maoli flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hawaiian language]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]) with native || 527,000 || Oceania || [[United States]] || [[Hawaii]] || [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. |
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|[[Moravians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Banner_of_arms_of_Moravia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Czech language|Czech]] ([[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]), [[Slovak language|Slovak]] |
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| ||Traditionally [[Roman Catholicism]] presently [[Irreligion]] || 525,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|title=Census 2011 – final results}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf |title=Statistics|website=portal.statistics.sk}}</ref> || Europe || [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] || [[Moravia]] || [[Moravané|Moravians]] || Historically occupied [[Great Moravia]] |
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|[[Kashubians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kashubian flag.svg|50px|border|centre]] || [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || data-sort-value="500,000"|~0.5 million (2002–07)<ref name="Grabowska2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ies.ee/iesp/grabowska.pdf|title=The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW|access-date=2012-08-16}}</ref><ref name="Kaschuben heute">{{cite web|url=http://instytutkaszubski.republika.pl/pdfy/niemiecki.pdf|title=Kaschuben heute: Kultur-Sprache-Identität|pages=8–9|language=de|access-date=2016-01-03}}</ref> of which 233,000 as ethnic-national identity (2011) || Europe || [[Poland]] || [[Pomerania]] || [[Kaszëbskô Jednota]] || Kashubians with [[Slovincian]]s (extinct) formed the [[West Slavs|West Slavic tribes]] of [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]]. |
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|[[Ogoni people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Ogoni people.svg|50 px|border|center]] || [[Ogoni language]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] with native || 500,000 || Africa || [[Nigeria]] || [[Ogoniland]] || [[Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People]] || |
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|[[Crimean Tatars]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ||[[File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|50px|border|centre]]||[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |
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| ||[[Islam]]|| 500,000 || Europe ||[[Ukraine]]||[[Crimea]]||[[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]]<br />[[Republic of Crimea#Crimean Tatars|Tatars in Republic of Crimea]]<br />[[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]]|| Previously an [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|autonomous republic within Ukraine]], after being [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invaded]] and [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea|annexed by Russia]] in 2014 the Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|title=Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2014}}</ref> |
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|[[Sahrawi people]]<ref>Mariano Aguirre, [http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 ''Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine''] in: ''Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997''</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hassaniya Arabic]] (native), [[Berber languages]] (native), [[Modern Standard Arabic]] (written only), and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[lingua franca]]) |
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| || [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam]] ([[Maliki]]), [[Sufism]]) || 500,000<ref name=unpop>{{cite journal |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |access-date=12 March 2009}}</ref> || Africa || [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Mauretania]] ||[[Western Sahara]] || [[Western Sahara conflict]], [[Polisario Front]], [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] || partially controlled by the self-proclaimed [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and partially Moroccan-[[occupied territory|occupied]] |
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|[[Yakuts]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Sakha.svg|center|50x50px]] || [[Yakut language]], [[Russian language]] |
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| [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Shamanism]], [[Tengrism]] || 480,000–510,000 || Asia || [[Russia]] || [[Yakutia]] || [[Yakut revolt (1918)]] || Regional autonomy in [[Sakha Republic]], Yakut leaders declared Yakutia's sovereignty in 1991 in an attempt to take advantage of the fall of the [[Soviet Union]], though this was unsuccessful<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.geocurrents.info/place/russia-ukraine-and-caucasus/siberia/sakha-yakutia-since-the-fall-of-the-soviet-union|title=Sakha (Yakutia) Since the Fall of the Soviet Union|work=GeoCurrents|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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|[[Chams]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Cham language]] |
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| || [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] || 400,000 || Asia || [[Vietnam]] || [[South Central Coast]] || [[United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races]], Cham rights movement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|title=Cham|website=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015 }}</ref> |
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|Historically occupied the [[Champa|Kingdom of Champa]]. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. |
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|[[Corsican people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ||[[File:Flag_of_Corsica.svg|border|50px|center]]||[[Corsican language|Corsican]], [[French language|French]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]], [[Italian language|Italian]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]|| 322,120 || Europe ||[[France]]||[[Corsica]]||[[Corsica Libera]]||[[Territorial collectivity]] in France. |
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|[[Navajo people|Navajo]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Navajo flag.svg|center|frameless|50x50px]] || [[Navajo language]], [[Navajo language]], [[Navajo Sign Language]] |
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| || Navajo Traditional, [[Christianity]] (principally [[Roman Catholicism]]) || 300,460 || America || [[United States]] || [[Navajo Nation]] || [[Navajo Wars]] || Regional autonomy in the [[Navajo Nation]]. |
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|[[Tuvans]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Tuva.svg|center|50x50px]] || [[Tuvan language]], [[Russian language]], [[Mongolian language]], [[Chinese language]] |
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| || [[Tibetan Buddhism]], [[Tengrism]] || 300,000 || Asia || [[Russia]], [[Mongolia]], [[China]] || [[Tuva]] || People's Front "Free Tuva", People's Party of Sovereign Tuva<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anaibin|first=Zoia Vasil'evna|date=1995-07-01|title=The Contemporary Ethnic Situation in Tuva|journal=Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia|volume=34|issue=1|pages=42–59|doi=10.2753/AAE1061-1959340142|issn=1061-1959}}</ref> || Regional autonomy in Tuva. |
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|[[Sikkimese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sikkimese language]] |
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| || [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] || 290,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Sikkim]] || Sikkim Bhutia Lepcha Apex Committee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siblac.org/|title=Sikkim Bhutia Lepcha Apex Committee (SIBLAC) :: Welcome|website=www.siblac.org}}</ref> || Formerly the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]. The Sikkimese people are split among the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]], [[Limbu people|Limbu]] and [[Bhutia]]s In 1990 Sikkimese Nationalist leaders declared the annexation of Sikkim by India to be illegal<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfnWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1731|page=1731|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]|last=Minahan|first=James|date=2002-05-30|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313076961|language=en}}</ref> |
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|[[Lakota people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Pine Ridge Flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[American English|English]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] with native || 170,000<ref>The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010</ref> || America || [[United States]] || [[Republic of Lakotah|Lakotah]] || [[Sioux Wars]], [[Lakota Freedom Movement]] || [[Indian reservation|Native American reservation]] politics. |
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|[[Sami people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Sami flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sami languages]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] (principally [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]), [[Animism]]|| 163,400 || Europe || [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and [[Russia]] || [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] || [[Sámi politics]] || Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. |
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|[[Inuit]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || || [[Inuit languages]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] with native || 135,991 || America || [[Canada]], [[United States]] and [[Denmark]] || [[Alaska]], [[Northern Canada]] and [[Greenland]] || [[2008 Greenlandic self-government referendum|Greenland Referendum]], [http://www.itk.ca/ Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami] || Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. |
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|[[Yupik peoples]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || || [[Yupik languages]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] with native || 35,567 (est.) || Asia and America || [[Russia]] and the [[United States]] || [[Siberia]] and [[Alaska]] || [[Calista Corporation]], [[Bristol Bay Native Corporation]] || |
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|[[Pamiris]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Pamiris.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Pamir languages]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 135,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|title=Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы|website=www.demoscope.ru|access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref> || Asia || [[Tajikistan]] || [[Badakhshan]] || Pamiri nationalism, [[Lali Badakhshan|Lali Badakhshan party]], [[Tajikistani Civil War]] || Regional autonomy in [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region]] |
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|[[Faroese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Faroese language]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] (principally [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]) || 66,000 || Europe || [[Denmark]] || [[Faroe Islands]] || [[Faroese independence movement]] || Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands. |
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|[[Lusatian Sorbs|Sorbs]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Sorbs.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian language]], [[German language|German]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 60,000–70,000 (est.) || Europe || [[Germany]] || [[Lusatia]] || [[Domowina]] || Divided into [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbs]] and [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbs]]. |
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|[[Ainu people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Ainu.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Ainu languages]], [[Japanese people]], [[Russian language]] |
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| || [[Animism]], [[Shinto]]ism, [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] || 25,000 – 200,000 (est.) || Asia || [[Japan]], [[Russia]] || [[Hokkaido]] || Ainu Movement || Seek greater independence in Japan<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hossain|first1=Kamrul|last2=Maruyama|first2=Hiroshi|date=2016-01-02|title=Japan's admission to the Arctic Council and commitment to the rights of its indigenous Ainu people|journal=The Polar Journal|volume=6|issue=1|pages=169–187|doi=10.1080/2154896X.2016.1170998|s2cid=156065978|issn=2154-896X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1k3r4afaQMC&pg=PA206|page=206|title=Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self-determination|last1=Schweitzer|first1=Peter P.|last2=Biesele|first2=Megan|last3=Hitchcock|first3=Robert K.|date=2000|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781571811028|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://archives.cap.anu.edu.au/asiarightsjournal/Yuuki_Hasegawa.pdf|title=Rights declaration|website=archives.cap.anu.edu.au}}</ref> |
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|[[Rapa Nui people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Easter Island flag 1876 to 1888.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Rapa Nui language]], [[Spanish language]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Catholicism]]) || 5,682 || Oceania || [[Chile]] || [[Easter Island]] || Rapa Nui independence movement<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/15/easter-island-independence-threat-chile|title=Easter Island issues Chile with independence threat|last=Legrand|first=Christine|date=2013-01-15|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-08-13|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2013/02/201322717502181420.html|title=The Fight for Rapa Nui|last=East|first=101|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref> |
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|The Rapa Nui Parliament is a pro-independence organisation<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/world/americas/slow-burning-rebellion-against-chile-on-easter-island.html|title=Slow-Burning Rebellion Against Chile on Easter Island|last=Romero|first=Simon|date=2012-10-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-08-13|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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|[[:es:Pastuso|Pastusos]] {{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} || [[File:Flag_of_San_Juan_de_Pasto.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Spanish language]] ([[:es:Español pastuso|Pastuso dialect]]) |
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| || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,800,000 (est., 2015)<ref>[https://books.google.com.co/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331&dq=pastuso+stateless+nations&source=bl&ots=clAaUBI4BV&sig=AFVrLGjWyb3Qzt2N9oIgDAkZ1Ig&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA_OC5oLzfAhUprVkKHTPaAT8Q6AEwA3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=pastuso%20stateless%20nations&f=false Pastuso]</ref> || South America || [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]] || [[Nudo de los Pastos]] || [[Agustín Agualongo]], [[:es:José Rafael Sañudo|José Rafael Sañudo]]|| Pasto was annexed by Colombia after the [[:es:Campaña de Pasto|Pasto Campaign]] and [[:es:Navidad Negra|Black Christmas]]. During [[2021 Colombian protests|2021 protests]], many Colombian symbols in the region were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionacional.co/noticia/actualidad/derriban-dos-nuevas-estatuas-narino-protestas|title=Derriban otras dos estatuas en Nariño en medio de las protestas}}</ref> |
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==Formerly stateless nations== |
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Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include [[Greeks]] before the [[Greek War of Independence]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triandafyllidou |first1=A. |last2=Paraskevopoulou |first2=A. |title=When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities |journal=Geopolitics |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=75–98 |doi=10.1080/714000936|s2cid=143865718 }}</ref> and [[Irish people]] before the [[Irish War of Independence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClure |first1=J. Derrick |last2=Szatek-Tudor |first2=Karoline |last3=Penna |first3=Rosa E. |title="What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008) |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2520-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Some would include the [[Jews]] until the 1948 [[Israeli declaration of independence]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClimans |first1=Alam and Melinda |title=Nation States and Stateless Nations |url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |website=Keys to Understanding the Middle East |publisher=The Ohio State University |language=en |date=2016}}</ref> however others would point out that different groups of Jews have very different characteristics such as languages, cultures, and territories, rendering the idea that all Jews constitute a single nation questionable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zeitlin|first=Solomon|date=1936|title=The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=26|issue=4|page=343|doi=10.2307/1452094|jstor=1452094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|access-date=2021-11-08}}</ref> |
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During the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connolly |first1=Christopher |title=Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union |journal=Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law |date=2013 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=51–105 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |issn=1053-6736}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of First Nations peoples]] |
* [[List of First Nations peoples]] |
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* [[List of unrecognized tribes in the United States]] |
* [[List of unrecognized tribes in the United States]] |
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* [[Local ethnic nationalism]] (China) |
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* [[Minzu (anthropology)]] |
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* [[Multinational state]] |
* [[Multinational state]] |
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* [[Non-FIFA international football]] |
* [[Non-FIFA international football]] |
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Line 342: | Line 54: | ||
* [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] |
* [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{Citation |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}} |
* {{Citation |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002}} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002 |access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-date=3 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803004638/http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |url-status=live }} |
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* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }} |
||
* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}} |
* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}} |
Latest revision as of 17:00, 23 May 2024
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.[1] Use of the term implies that the nation has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation-state with its own government.[2][3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[4][5][6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[7]
Ethnicities described as stateless nations can be dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[8][9] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of the multinational state of Yugoslavia and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia).
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[10]
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[11] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[12] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[13][14][15][16] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[17][18]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[19] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[20] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[21] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[22]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[23][24][25][26] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[27][28]
Unionism vs separatism
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, and Belgian nationalism) [citation needed]). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.
See also
- Diaspora
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Local ethnic nationalism (China)
- Minzu (anthropology)
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
References
- ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ^ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921
- ^ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
- ^ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
- ^ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
- ^ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
- ^ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ^ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
- ^ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
- ^ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
- ^ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ^ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
- ^ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
- ^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
- ^ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
- ^ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
- ^ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
- ^ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
- ^ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
- ^ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
- ^ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
- ^ "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens". saisjournal.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
- ^ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Sources
- Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- Levinson, David, ed. (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press, ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1
- Minahan, James, ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3, archived from the original on 3 August 2010, retrieved 30 July 2008
- Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, ed. (2011), Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, ISBN 978-1-84771-379-7
- Duany, Jorge (2008). "Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora". American Ethnologist. 27 (1). Wiley: 5–30. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5. ISSN 0094-0496.