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{{Short description|Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state}} |
{{Short description|Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state}} |
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{{About|a nation lacking a nation state|a community lacking a government|Stateless society|persons lacking state affiliation|Statelessness}} |
{{About|a nation lacking a nation state|a community lacking a government|Stateless society|persons lacking state affiliation|Statelessness}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=October 2014}} |
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A '''stateless nation''' is an [[ethnicity|ethnic group]] or [[nation]] that does not possess its own [[sovereign state]].<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> The term ''stateless'' implies that the group has the [[right to self-determination]], to establish an independent nation with its own government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'|first1=Louise|last1=Osborne|first2=Ruby|last2=Russell|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=27 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005194645/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Nimni>{{citation |last=Chouinard |first=Stéphanie |chapter=Stateless nations |editor1=Karl Cordell |editor2=Stefan Wolff |title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66 |isbn= 9781317518921}}</ref> Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. Nations without a state are classified as [[Fourth World|fourth-world nations]].<ref>David Newman, ''Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity''</ref><ref>''Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective'', Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.</ref><ref>''Language in Geographic Context'', Colin H. Williams, 39p.</ref> Some stateless nations have a history of [[Sovereignty|statehood]], while some were always stateless. |
A '''stateless nation''' is an [[ethnicity|ethnic group]] or [[nation]] that does not possess its own [[sovereign state]].<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> The term ''stateless'' implies that the group has the [[right to self-determination]], to establish an independent nation with its own government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'|first1=Louise|last1=Osborne|first2=Ruby|last2=Russell|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=27 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005194645/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Nimni>{{citation |last=Chouinard |first=Stéphanie |chapter=Stateless nations |editor1=Karl Cordell |editor2=Stefan Wolff |title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66 |isbn= 9781317518921}}</ref> Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. Nations without a state are classified as [[Fourth World|fourth-world nations]].<ref>David Newman, ''Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity''</ref><ref>''Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective'', Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.</ref><ref>''Language in Geographic Context'', Colin H. Williams, 39p.</ref> Some stateless nations have a history of [[Sovereignty|statehood]], while some were always stateless. |
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The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T. M. Devine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref> |
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T. M. Devine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the [[Yoruba people]] found in the [[Africa|African states]] of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]]) or form the [[Indigenous peoples|native population]] of a [[province]] within a larger state (such as the [[Uyghur people]] in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] within the [[People's Republic of China]]). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet's declaration of independence]] in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the [[People's Republic of China]] - which claims that [[Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.<ref>Clark, Gregory, ''In fear of China'', 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |date=22 February 2010 |publisher=Cultural Survival |access-date= |
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the [[Yoruba people]] found in the [[Africa|African states]] of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]]) or form the [[Indigenous peoples|native population]] of a [[province]] within a larger state (such as the [[Uyghur people]] in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] within the [[People's Republic of China]]). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet's declaration of independence]] in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the [[People's Republic of China]] - which claims that [[Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.<ref>Clark, Gregory, ''In fear of China'', 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |date=22 February 2010 |publisher=Cultural Survival |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330131153/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref> Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the [[Balkans]] such as the [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Slovenes]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] that were once part of the multinational state of [[Yugoslavia]] and gained independence during the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]]). |
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Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the [[Kurds]] have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World |access-date= |
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the [[Kurds]] have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World |access-date=23 June 2018 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708151930/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |url-status=live }}</ref> Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country: the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]], [[Toubou people|Toubou]], [[Rifians]], and [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] in [[North Africa]]; the [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Kachin people|Kachin]], [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]], [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]], and [[Shan people|Shan]] in [[Myanmar]]; the [[Galicians]], [[Cantabrian people|Cantabrians]], [[Asturians]], [[Aragonese people|Aragonese]], [[Basques]], [[Catalans]], [[Valencians]], and [[Andalusians]] in [[Spain]]; and the [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]], [[Friulians]], [[Ladins]], [[Sicilians]], Neapolitans, [[Ligures|Ligurians]], Piedmontese, Venetians and [[Lombards]] in [[Italy]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'', pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367</ref> |
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== Nation-states and nations without states == |
== Nation-states and nations without states == |
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The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in [[Western Europe]] during the 18th century and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.<ref name=Nimni/> However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in [[multinational state]]s that are not considered "stateless nations". |
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in [[Western Europe]] during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.<ref name=Nimni/> However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in [[multinational state]]s that are not considered "stateless nations". |
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Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the [[United Nations]] as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.<ref name=Nimni/> |
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the [[United Nations]] as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.<ref name=Nimni/> |
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People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a [[nation]] through the awakening of [[national consciousness]].<ref>George W. White, ''Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe''</ref> A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.<ref>''Understanding National Identity'' by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22</ref> In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[English nationalism]], [[Scottish nationalism]], and [[Welsh nationalism]] exist and are held together by [[British nationalism]].<ref>''Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860'' by Graeme Morton, 1999</ref> Nationalism is often connected to [[separatism]] because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C''</ref> |
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a [[nation]] through the awakening of [[national consciousness]].<ref>George W. White, ''Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe''</ref> A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.<ref>''Understanding National Identity'' by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22</ref> In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[English nationalism]], [[Scottish nationalism]], and [[Welsh nationalism]] exist and are held together by [[British nationalism]].<ref>''Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860'' by Graeme Morton, 1999</ref> Nationalism is often connected to [[separatism]] because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C''</ref> |
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Throughout history, numerous nations [[Declaration of independence|declared their independence]], but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to [[self-determination]] is often denied due to [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests and increasing [[globalization]] of the world.<ref>''Nationalism and Globalisation (2015)'', Stephen Tierney</ref><ref>The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.</ref><ref>Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|title=Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens|work=saisjournal.org|access-date=2017 |
Throughout history, numerous nations [[Declaration of independence|declared their independence]], but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to [[self-determination]] is often denied due to [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests and increasing [[globalization]] of the world.<ref>''Nationalism and Globalisation (2015)'', Stephen Tierney</ref><ref>The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.</ref><ref>Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|title=Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens|work=saisjournal.org|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825185748/http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.<ref>The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. {{cite web|url=https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|title=Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement|work=commonspace.scot|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095428/https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. {{cite web|url=http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|title=EFA brings stateless nations even closer|work=European Free Alliance|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220120/http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== Unionism vs separatism == |
== Unionism vs separatism == |
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|[[Tamils]]<ref>India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.</ref><ref>Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of Social Construction, Catherine Koerner, Soma Pillay, p.44.</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=David Brog|title=Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace|year=2017|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=9781621576099 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WxYbDgAAQBAJ&q=tamils&pg=PT8}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author= Jeffrey Haynes, Peter Hough, Shahin Malik, Lloyd Pettiford |title=World Politics: International Relations and Globalisation in the 21st Century|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317862963 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ_aAAAAQBAJ&dq=stateless+nation+tamils&pg=PT634}}</ref> || [[File:Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg|50px|border|center]]<br /> [[File:Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|50px|border|center]]<br />|| [[Tamil language]]|| [[Dravidian languages]] || [[Hinduism]] (mostly [[Shaivism]]) || 78,000,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Tamil Eelam]] || [[Tamil nationalism]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]], [[Greater Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], [[Tamil National Retrieval Troops|TNRT]], [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army|TNLA]], [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam|TGTE]], [[Vaddukoddai Resolution]] || Historically occupied [[Tamilakam]], the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] and the [[Vanni chieftaincies]]. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] or form a sovereign nation as [[Dravida Nadu]]. Demand for autonomy in the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern and Eastern Provinces]] or total secession from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)</ref> |
|[[Tamils]]<ref>India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.</ref><ref>Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of Social Construction, Catherine Koerner, Soma Pillay, p.44.</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=David Brog|title=Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace|year=2017|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=9781621576099 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WxYbDgAAQBAJ&q=tamils&pg=PT8}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author= Jeffrey Haynes, Peter Hough, Shahin Malik, Lloyd Pettiford |title=World Politics: International Relations and Globalisation in the 21st Century|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317862963 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ_aAAAAQBAJ&dq=stateless+nation+tamils&pg=PT634}}</ref> || [[File:Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg|50px|border|center]]<br /> [[File:Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|50px|border|center]]<br />|| [[Tamil language]]|| [[Dravidian languages]] || [[Hinduism]] (mostly [[Shaivism]]) || 78,000,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Tamil Eelam]] || [[Tamil nationalism]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]], [[Greater Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], [[Tamil National Retrieval Troops|TNRT]], [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army|TNLA]], [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam|TGTE]], [[Vaddukoddai Resolution]] || Historically occupied [[Tamilakam]], the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] and the [[Vanni chieftaincies]]. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] or form a sovereign nation as [[Dravida Nadu]]. Demand for autonomy in the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern and Eastern Provinces]] or total secession from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)</ref> |
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|[[Cantonese people|Cantonese]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Song-shi |title="Cantonese is the old name of the pearl river" |date=1939 |publisher=Chung Hwa Book Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Song-shi |title="A study of the Thais, Chuangs, and the Cantonese people" |date=1949 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}}</ref> ||[[File:Great Cantonia Flag.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Cantonese]] |
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|[[Sino-Tibetan languages]] || [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Taoism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]]) || 68,000,000 || Asia || [[China]] ||[[Guangdong]] || [[Cantonese nationalism]] || Historically occupied the [[Nanyue kingdom]]. |
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||[[Pashtuns]]|| [[File:Flag of Pashtunistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Pashto language]] |
||[[Pashtuns]]|| [[File:Flag of Pashtunistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Pashto language]] |
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||[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]])|| 42,000,000–50,000,000<ref name="CIA-Afghan-pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af®ionCode=sas&#af|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726153921/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=AF®ionCode=sas&#af|url-status=dead|archive-date= |
||[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]])|| 42,000,000–50,000,000<ref name="CIA-Afghan-pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af®ionCode=sas&#af|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726153921/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=AF®ionCode=sas&#af|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2009|title=Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42%] = 12,776,369 |work= [[The World Factbook]] |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Ethnologue>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu|title=Pashto, Northern|work=[[SIL International]]|first=Paul M. |last=Lewis|quote=Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.|publisher=[[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]], Sixteenth edition|location=Dallas, Texas|year=2009|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref>|| Asia || [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] || [[Pashtunistan]]|| [[Pashtun nationalism]] || |
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|| [[Kurds]]<ref name="Political Geography">{{Citation|last1=Quam|first1=Joel|title=Political Geography|date= |
|| [[Kurds]]<ref name="Political Geography">{{Citation|last1=Quam|first1=Joel|title=Political Geography|date=31 August 2020|url=https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|work=The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography|publisher=College of DuPage Digital Press|language=en|access-date=10 August 2021|last2=Campbell|first2=Scott|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810172757/https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Kurdish languages]], {{Small|(originally)}} [[Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}} |
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|[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Alevism|Alevi]]), [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]]|| 30,000,000–45,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurd {{!}} History, Culture, & Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|access-date= |
|[[Iranian languages]]|| [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Alevism|Alevi]]), [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Yazidism]]|| 30,000,000–45,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurd {{!}} History, Culture, & Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|access-date=21 July 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713112510/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Road fatalities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/862382573233|access-date=12 October 2021|doi=10.1787/862382573233}}</ref>|| Asia || [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] (homeland), [[Germany]] (largest diaspora) || [[Kurdistan]]|| [[Kurdish nationalism]], [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict]], [[Kurdish-Iranian conflict]], [[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict]], and [[Kurdish–Syrian conflict]], [[2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum]] || Regional autonomy achieved in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and [[Rojava]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kirişci|first1=Kemal|title=The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict|year=1997|publisher=Rootledge|last2=Winrow|first2=Gareth|author-link=Kemal Kirişci}}</ref> Data rough due to [[Race and ethnicity in censuses|censuses not taking ethnicity]] in homeland countries. |
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|[[Oromo people]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gow, G.)) | journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies | title=Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=301–319 | publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd | date=1 September 2004 | issn=1367-8779 | doi=10.1177/1367877904046304| s2cid=145547845 }} |
|[[Oromo people]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gow, G.)) | journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies | title=Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=301–319 | publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd | date=1 September 2004 | issn=1367-8779 | doi=10.1177/1367877904046304| s2cid=145547845 }} |
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| [[Yoruba people]]<ref name="Political Geography" />|| [[File:Oduduwa flag.jpg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Yoruba language]] |
| [[Yoruba people]]<ref name="Political Geography" />|| [[File:Oduduwa flag.jpg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Yoruba language]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Yoruba religion]]|| 35,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|title=Benue-Congo languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2016 |
|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Yoruba religion]]|| 35,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|title=Benue-Congo languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430124510/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John A. Shoup III, ''Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.237</ref>|| Africa || [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]], [[Ghana]]|| [[Yorubaland]]|| [[Oodua Peoples Congress]]|| |
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|[[Igbo people]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Aro, G. C.)), ((Ani, K. J.)) | journal=Journal of African Union Studies | title=A Historical Review of Igbo Nationalism in the Nigerian Political Space | volume=6 | issue=2/3 | pages=47–77 | publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd | date= December 2017 | doi=10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n2_3a2 | issn=2050-4292}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Biafra.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[English language|English]] |
|[[Igbo people]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Aro, G. C.)), ((Ani, K. J.)) | journal=Journal of African Union Studies | title=A Historical Review of Igbo Nationalism in the Nigerian Political Space | volume=6 | issue=2/3 | pages=47–77 | publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd | date= December 2017 | doi=10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n2_3a2 | issn=2050-4292}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Biafra.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[English language|English]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 16,000,000 || Europe || [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] ([[Val d'Aran]]) ||[[Occitania]] || [[Occitan nationalism]] ([[Occitan Party]], [[Partit de la Nacion Occitana]], [[Libertat]]) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 16,000,000 || Europe || [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] ([[Val d'Aran]]) ||[[Occitania]] || [[Occitan nationalism]] ([[Occitan Party]], [[Partit de la Nacion Occitana]], [[Libertat]]) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
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|[[Assamese people]]<ref name="satp">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm |title=United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/indias-treacherous-northeast|title=India's Treacherous Northeast|date=26 September 2012|publisher=Yaleglobal.yale.edu|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/node/91173|title=Banned Organizations {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI|website=mha.gov.in|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> || [[File:Flag_of_United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assamese language]] || [[Indo-Aryan languages]] || [[Hinduism]] || 15,000,000<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>|| Asia || [[India]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam separatist movements]], [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of [[Assam]] or total secession from [[India]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022900/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm |date=2018 |
|[[Assamese people]]<ref name="satp">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm |title=United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/indias-treacherous-northeast|title=India's Treacherous Northeast|date=26 September 2012|publisher=Yaleglobal.yale.edu|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/node/91173|title=Banned Organizations {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI|website=mha.gov.in|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> || [[File:Flag_of_United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assamese language]] || [[Indo-Aryan languages]] || [[Hinduism]] || 15,000,000<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>|| Asia || [[India]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam separatist movements]], [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of [[Assam]] or total secession from [[India]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022900/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm |date=5 September 2018 }}, the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7 April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.</ref> |
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|[[Uyghur people]]<ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | website=Brown Political Review | publisher=Brown University | title=On Statehood: Xinjiang Autonomy and Its Enemies | url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2018/11/statehood-xinjiang-autonomy-enemies/ | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) | website=Council on Foreign Relations | url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Uyghur language]] |
|[[Uyghur people]]<ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | website=Brown Political Review | publisher=Brown University | title=On Statehood: Xinjiang Autonomy and Its Enemies | url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2018/11/statehood-xinjiang-autonomy-enemies/ | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) | website=Council on Foreign Relations | url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Uyghur language]] |
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|[[Turkic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] || 15,000,000<ref name="www.uyghuramerican.org">{{Cite web|url=https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|title=About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association|website=uyghuramerican.org|access-date=2019 |
|[[Turkic languages]]|| [[Islam|Sunni Islam]] || 15,000,000<ref name="www.uyghuramerican.org">{{Cite web|url=https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|title=About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association|website=uyghuramerican.org|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044634/https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] || [[East Turkestan]] (Uyghuristan) || Irredentism is politically fragmented ([[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]], [[East Turkestan independence movement]]) || Limited autonomy in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. |
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|[[Hazaras]]|| [[File:Flag of Hazaristan.svg|70px]] || [[Hazaragi dialect]] of [[Persian Language]] || [[Iranian Languages]] || [[Islam]]<br>mostly [[Shia]] || 10,000,000-14,000,000 || Asia || [[Afghanistan]] || [[Hazaristan]] || [[Persecution of Hazaras]] || [[Hazara nationalism]] |
|[[Hazaras]]|| [[File:Flag of Hazaristan.svg|70px]] || [[Hazaragi dialect]] of [[Persian Language]] || [[Iranian Languages]] || [[Islam]]<br>mostly [[Shia]] || 10,000,000-14,000,000 || Asia || [[Afghanistan]] || [[Hazaristan]] || [[Persecution of Hazaras]] || [[Hazara nationalism]] |
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|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Zulu religion]] || 12,159,000 || Africa || [[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Eswatini]] ||[[KwaZulu-Natal]] || [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] || Limited autonomy in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] region, which maintains a traditional [[List of Zulu kings|Zulu king]]. |
|[[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo languages]]|| [[Christianity]], [[Zulu religion]] || 12,159,000 || Africa || [[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Eswatini]] ||[[KwaZulu-Natal]] || [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] || Limited autonomy in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] region, which maintains a traditional [[List of Zulu kings|Zulu king]]. |
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|[[Romani people]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhanoo |first=Sindya N. |date=2012 |
|[[Romani people]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhanoo |first=Sindya N. |date=10 December 2012 |title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg|border|center|50x50px]] |
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg|border|center|50x50px]] |
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|[[Romani language]] |
|[[Romani language]] |
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|[[Hongkongers]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Undergrad |title="Hong Kong Nationalism" |date=2014 |publisher=Hong Kong University Students' Union |isbn=9789881363107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leung |first1=Hin-wah |title="Hong Kong independence" |date=2016 |publisher=Hong Kong Academy of Professional Studies |isbn=9789881483027}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tsui |first1=Sing-yan |title="A national history of Hong Kong" |date=2017 |publisher=Rive Gauche Publishing House |isbn=9789869800662}}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Hong Kong (1959–1997).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hong Kong Cantonese]], [[Hong Kong English]] |
|[[Hongkongers]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Undergrad |title="Hong Kong Nationalism" |date=2014 |publisher=Hong Kong University Students' Union |isbn=9789881363107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leung |first1=Hin-wah |title="Hong Kong independence" |date=2016 |publisher=Hong Kong Academy of Professional Studies |isbn=9789881483027}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tsui |first1=Sing-yan |title="A national history of Hong Kong" |date=2017 |publisher=Rive Gauche Publishing House |isbn=9789869800662}}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Hong Kong (1959–1997).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hong Kong Cantonese]], [[Hong Kong English]] |
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|[[Sino-Tibetan languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]]), [[Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Taoism]], [[Islam]] || 7,498,100<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mid-year population for 2023 |date=15 August 2023 |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department]] |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/scode150.html }}</ref> || Asia || [[China]] ||[[Hong Kong]] || [[Hong Kong independence movement]] || Limited autonomy in the [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]. |
|[[Sino-Tibetan languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Protestantism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]]), [[Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Taoism]], [[Islam]] || 7,498,100<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mid-year population for 2023 |date=15 August 2023 |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department]] |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/scode150.html }}</ref> || Asia || [[China]] ||[[Hong Kong]] || [[Hong Kong independence movement]], [[Hong Kong nationalism]] || Limited autonomy in the [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]. |
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|[[Karen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Karen National Union.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[S'gaw Karen language]] |
|[[Karen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Karen National Union.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[S'gaw Karen language]] |
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| [[Afrikaner Nationalism]], [[Freedom Front Plus|Freedom Front]], [[Cape independence]], [[Cape Independence Party]]|| Afrikaners are historically an [[Ethnic group|ethno-racial group]] (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking [[Coloureds|Coloured people]]). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Dutch Cape colony]] but did expand elsewhere into the once independent [[Boer republics]]. |
| [[Afrikaner Nationalism]], [[Freedom Front Plus|Freedom Front]], [[Cape independence]], [[Cape Independence Party]]|| Afrikaners are historically an [[Ethnic group|ethno-racial group]] (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking [[Coloureds|Coloured people]]). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Dutch Cape colony]] but did expand elsewhere into the once independent [[Boer republics]]. |
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|[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unpo.org/members/7859 | title=UNPO: Assyria | access-date=2022 |
|[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unpo.org/members/7859 | title=UNPO: Assyria | access-date=5 April 2022 | archive-date=16 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116103353/https://unpo.org/members/7859 | url-status=live }}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Assyria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], [[Turoyo]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]] |
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| [[Semitic languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Chaldean Catholicism]] [[Syriac Christianity]]) || 3,300,000<ref name="UNPO:Assyria">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|title=UNPO: Assyria|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194500/http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]] || [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], [[Beth Nahrain]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) || [[Assyrian nationalism]], [[Assyrian independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Assyrian empire]]. |
| [[Semitic languages]]|| [[Christianity]] ([[Chaldean Catholicism]] [[Syriac Christianity]]) || 3,300,000<ref name="UNPO:Assyria">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|title=UNPO: Assyria|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194500/http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]] || [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], [[Beth Nahrain]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) || [[Assyrian nationalism]], [[Assyrian independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Assyrian empire]]. |
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|[[Aragonese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Aragonese language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
|[[Aragonese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Aragonese language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 2,278,000 (Spain only)<ref name="joshuaproject:Aragonese">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|title=Aragonese in Spain|publisher=joshuaproject.net|access-date=2019 |
|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 2,278,000 (Spain only)<ref name="joshuaproject:Aragonese">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|title=Aragonese in Spain|publisher=joshuaproject.net|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091606/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|url-status=live}}</ref> || Europe || [[Spain]] || [[Aragon]] || [[Aragonese nationalism]]|| See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. Historically occupied the [[Kingdom of Aragon]]. |
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|[[Meitei people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Meitei language]] |
|[[Meitei people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Meitei language]] |
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| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Hinduism]] || 2,500,000 || Asia || [[India]] || Imphal Valley, [[Manipur]] || [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]], [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA]], [[Insurgency in Manipur]], [[Anglo-Manipur War]] || Historically occupied the [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]]. |
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Hinduism]] || 2,500,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Imphal Valley]], [[Manipur]] || [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]], [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA]], [[Insurgency in Manipur]], [[Anglo-Manipur War]] || Historically occupied the [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]]. |
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|[[Chechen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Chechen language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
|[[Chechen people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Chechen language]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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|[[Royalist (Spanish American Independence)|Loyal to Spanish Monarchy]] during [[Colombian War of Independence]]; it annexed to [[Ecuador]] in 1830-1832 and 1840. It tried to establish a federal state in late 19th Century. |
|[[Royalist (Spanish American Independence)|Loyal to Spanish Monarchy]] during [[Colombian War of Independence]]; it annexed to [[Ecuador]] in 1830-1832 and 1840. It tried to establish a federal state in late 19th Century. |
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|[[Sardinian people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date= |
|[[Sardinian people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date=23 June 2006}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', James Minahan, pg. 1661</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70 |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition |publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf |year=2011 |isbn=978-1847713797 |pages=62, 70}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|title=La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it|date=11 January 2016|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195956/http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Corsican language#Corsican in Sardinia|Corso-Sardinian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,661,521 || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Sardinia]] || [[Sardinian nationalism]] || National [[devolution]], further autonomy or total secession from Italy. |
|[[Romance languages]] || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,661,521 || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Sardinia]] || [[Sardinian nationalism]] || National [[devolution]], further autonomy or total secession from Italy. |
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Sardinians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy. |
Sardinians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy. |
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|[[Ryukyuan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Ryukyu.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |
|[[Ryukyuan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Ryukyu.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |
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| || [[Buddhism]] || 1,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|title=The Amazing Ryukyu Culture|date=5 May 2016|publisher=kcpwindowonjapan.com|access-date=2016 |
| || [[Buddhism]] || 1,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|title=The Amazing Ryukyu Culture|date=5 May 2016|publisher=kcpwindowonjapan.com|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206110340/http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Japan]] || [[Ryukyu Islands]] || [[Ryukyu independence movement]] || Historically occupied the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]. |
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|[[Frisians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Frisia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
|[[Frisians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Frisia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 1,200,000 || Africa || [[Mali]] and [[Niger]] || [[Azawad]] || [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], [[Tuareg rebellion (2012)]], [[Northern Mali conflict]] || National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. |
| || [[Islam]] || 1,200,000 || Africa || [[Mali]] and [[Niger]] || [[Azawad]] || [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], [[Tuareg rebellion (2012)]], [[Northern Mali conflict]] || National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. |
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|[[Mapuche]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Mapuches.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Mapudungun]] |
|[[Mapuche]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Mapuches (1992).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Mapudungun]] |
||
| || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,000,000<ref>Christopher Blomquist, ''A Primary Source Guide to Chile'' 2005 p.15</ref> || America || [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] || [[Wallmapu]]|| [[Mapuche conflict]] || |
| || [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,000,000<ref>Christopher Blomquist, ''A Primary Source Guide to Chile'' 2005 p.15</ref> || America || [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] || [[Wallmapu]]|| [[Mapuche conflict]] || |
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|[[Asturian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Asturias.svg|50px|border|center]][[File:Andecha Astur.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Asturian language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
|[[Asturian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Asturias.svg|50px|border|center]] [[File:Andecha Astur.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Asturian language]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,925,000 (2020) || Europe || [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] || [[Asturias]] || [[Asturian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]) || 1,925,000 (2020) || Europe || [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] || [[Asturias]] || [[Asturian nationalism]] || See also [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]]. |
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| || [[Christianity]] with native || 750,000 || Oceania || [[New Zealand]]|| [[New Zealand]] || [[Māori protest movement]] || |
| || [[Christianity]] with native || 750,000 || Oceania || [[New Zealand]]|| [[New Zealand]] || [[Māori protest movement]] || |
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|[[Macau people|Macanese]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pina Cabral |last2=João de |last3=Nelson Lourenço |title="Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense" |date=1993 |publisher=Instituto Cultural de Macau |isbn=978-9723501391}}</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Government of Portuguese Macau (1976–1999).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[:zh:澳門粵語|Macanese Cantonese]], [[Macanese Portuguese]] |
|||
|[[Sino-Tibetan languages]] || [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Taoism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]) || 678,800 || Asia || [[China]] ||[[Macau]] || [[Macau independence|Macau independence movement]] || Limited autonomy in the [[Macau Special Administrative Region]]. |
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|[[Karakalpaks]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Karakalpak language]] |
|[[Karakalpaks]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Karakalpak language]] |
||
| || [[Islam]] || 620,000 || Asia || [[Uzbekistan]] || [[Karakalpakstan]] || [[Karakalpakstan#Politics|Karakalpak Nationalism]] || Regional autonomy in [[Karakalpakstan]]. |
| || [[Islam]] || 620,000 || Asia || [[Uzbekistan]] || [[Karakalpakstan]] || [[Karakalpakstan#Politics|Karakalpak Nationalism]] || Regional autonomy in [[Karakalpakstan]]. |
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|[[Moravians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Banner_of_arms_of_Moravia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Czech language|Czech]] ([[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]), [[Slovak language|Slovak]] |
|[[Moravians]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Banner_of_arms_of_Moravia.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Czech language|Czech]] ([[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]), [[Slovak language|Slovak]] |
||
| ||Traditionally [[Roman Catholicism]] presently [[Irreligion]] || 525,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|title=Census 2011 – final results|access-date= |
| ||Traditionally [[Roman Catholicism]] presently [[Irreligion]] || 525,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|title=Census 2011 – final results|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004729/http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|title=Statistics|website=portal.statistics.sk|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=17 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Europe || [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] || [[Moravia]] || [[Moravané|Moravians]] || Historically occupied [[Great Moravia]]. |
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|[[Ogoni people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Ogoni people.svg|50 px|border|center]] || [[Ogoni language]] |
|[[Ogoni people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Ogoni people.svg|50 px|border|center]] || [[Ogoni language]] |
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| ||[[Islam]]|| 500,000 || Europe ||[[Ukraine]]||[[Crimea]]||[[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]]<br />[[Republic of Crimea#Crimean Tatars|Tatars in Republic of Crimea]]<br />[[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]]|| Previously an [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|autonomous republic within Ukraine]], after being [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invaded]] and [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea|annexed by Russia]] in 2014. The Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|title=Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2014|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525010001/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|url-status=live}}</ref> |
| ||[[Islam]]|| 500,000 || Europe ||[[Ukraine]]||[[Crimea]]||[[Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People]]<br />[[Republic of Crimea#Crimean Tatars|Tatars in Republic of Crimea]]<br />[[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars]]|| Previously an [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|autonomous republic within Ukraine]], after being [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invaded]] and [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea|annexed by Russia]] in 2014. The Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|title=Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2014|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525010001/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|[[Sahrawi people]]<ref>Mariano Aguirre, [http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 ''Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134110/http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 |date= |
|[[Sahrawi people]]<ref>Mariano Aguirre, [http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 ''Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134110/http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 |date=13 November 2013 }} in: ''Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997''</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Hassaniya Arabic]] (native), [[Berber languages]] (native), [[Modern Standard Arabic]] (written only), and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[lingua franca]]) |
||
| || [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam]] ([[Maliki]]), [[Sufism]]) || 500,000<ref name="unpop">{{cite journal |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Africa || [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[ |
| || [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam]] ([[Maliki]]), [[Sufism]]) || 500,000<ref name="unpop">{{cite journal |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Africa || [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Mauritania]] ||[[Western Sahara]] || [[Western Sahara conflict]], [[Polisario Front]], [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] || Partially controlled by the self-proclaimed [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and partially [[Southern Provinces|occupied]] by [[Morocco]]. |
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|[[Chams]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Cham language]] |
|[[Chams]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Cham language]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]|| 322,120 || Europe ||[[France]]||[[Corsica]]||[[Corsica Libera]]||[[Territorial collectivity]] in France. |
|[[Romance languages]] ||[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]|| 322,120 || Europe ||[[France]]||[[Corsica]]||[[Corsica Libera]]||[[Territorial collectivity]] in France. |
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|[[Navajo]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Navajo flag.svg|center|frameless|50x50px]] || |
|[[Navajo]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Navajo flag.svg|center|frameless|50x50px]] || [[Navajo language]], [[Navajo Sign Language]] |
||
| || Navajo Traditional, [[Christianity]] (principally [[Roman Catholicism]]) || 300,460 || America || [[United States]] || [[Navajo Nation]] || [[Navajo Wars]] || Regional autonomy on the [[Navajo Nation]]. |
| || Navajo Traditional, [[Christianity]] (principally [[Roman Catholicism]]) || 300,460 || America || [[United States]] || [[Navajo Nation]] || [[Navajo Wars]] || Regional autonomy on the [[Navajo Nation]]. |
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| || [[Christianity]] (principally [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]), [[Animism]]|| 80,000 (est.)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115134429/https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Europe || [[Finland]], [[Norway]], [[Russia]] and [[Sweden]] || [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] || [[Sámi politics]] || Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy. |
| || [[Christianity]] (principally [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]), [[Animism]]|| 80,000 (est.)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115134429/https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Europe || [[Finland]], [[Norway]], [[Russia]] and [[Sweden]] || [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] || [[Sámi politics]] || Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy. |
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|[[Inuit]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of |
|[[Inuit]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Nunavut.svg|border|center|50x50px]]|| [[Inuit languages]], [[English language|English]] |
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| ||[[Christianity]] with native || 135,991 || America || [[ |
| ||[[Christianity]] with native || 135,991 || America || [[Canada]]|| [[Inuit Nunangat]]|| [[Nunavut Land Claims Agreement]], [[James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement]], [[Makivik Corporation]] |
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|Have their own [[Provinces and territories of Canada|territory]] in [[Nunavut]] and regional autonomy in [[Nunavik]], in the [[Quebec|province of Québec]]. |
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|[[Yupik peoples]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Alaska.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Yupik languages]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
|[[Yupik peoples]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Alaska.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Yupik languages]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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|[[Pamiris]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Pamiris.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Pamir languages]] |
|[[Pamiris]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Pamiris.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Pamir languages]] |
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| || [[Islam]] || 135,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|title=Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы|website=www.demoscope.ru|access-date=2018 |
| || [[Islam]] || 135,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|title=Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы|website=www.demoscope.ru|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=7 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807010258/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Tajikistan]] || [[Badakhshan]] || Pamiri nationalism, [[Lali Badakhshan|Lali Badakhshan party]], [[Tajikistani Civil War]] || Regional autonomy in [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region]] |
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|[[Faroese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Faroese language]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
|[[Faroese people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Faroese language]], [[Danish language|Danish]] |
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Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include [[Greeks]] before the [[Greek War of Independence]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triandafyllidou |first1=A. |last2=Paraskevopoulou |first2=A. |title=When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities |journal=Geopolitics |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=75–98 |doi=10.1080/714000936|s2cid=143865718 }}</ref> [[Irish people]] before the [[Irish War of Independence]], and [[Bengalis]] before the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClure |first1=J. Derrick |last2=Szatek-Tudor |first2=Karoline |last3=Penna |first3=Rosa E. |title="What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008) |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2520-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233638/https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include [[Greeks]] before the [[Greek War of Independence]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triandafyllidou |first1=A. |last2=Paraskevopoulou |first2=A. |title=When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities |journal=Geopolitics |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=75–98 |doi=10.1080/714000936|s2cid=143865718 }}</ref> [[Irish people]] before the [[Irish War of Independence]], and [[Bengalis]] before the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClure |first1=J. Derrick |last2=Szatek-Tudor |first2=Karoline |last3=Penna |first3=Rosa E. |title="What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008) |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2520-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233638/https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
Some would include the [[Jews]] until the 1948 [[Israeli declaration of independence]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=McClimans |first1=Alam and Melinda |title=Nation States and Stateless Nations |url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |website=Keys to Understanding the Middle East |publisher=The Ohio State University |language=en |date=2016 |access-date= |
Some would include the [[Jews]] until the 1948 [[Israeli declaration of independence]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=McClimans |first1=Alam and Melinda |title=Nation States and Stateless Nations |url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |website=Keys to Understanding the Middle East |publisher=The Ohio State University |language=en |date=2016 |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810013800/https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |url-status=live }}</ref> however whether Jews constitute a [[Jewish nation|single nation]] is debated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zeitlin|first=Solomon|date=1936|title=The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=26|issue=4|page=343|doi=10.2307/1452094|jstor=1452094|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728063649/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108135554/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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During the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connolly |first1=Christopher |title=Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union |journal=Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law |date=2013 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=51–105 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |issn=1053-6736 |access-date= |
During the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connolly |first1=Christopher |title=Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union |journal=Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law |date=2013 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=51–105 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |issn=1053-6736 |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831015120/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of First Nations peoples]] |
* [[List of First Nations peoples]] |
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* [[List of unrecognized tribes in the United States]] |
* [[List of unrecognized tribes in the United States]] |
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* [[Local ethnic nationalism]] (China) |
|||
* [[Minzu (anthropology)]] |
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* [[Multinational state]] |
* [[Multinational state]] |
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* [[Non-FIFA international football]] |
* [[Non-FIFA international football]] |
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* {{Citation |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}} |
* {{Citation |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}} |
||
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }} |
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* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002 |access-date= |
* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002 |access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-date=3 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803004638/http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |url-status=live }} |
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* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }} |
* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }} |
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* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}} |
* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}} |
Revision as of 18:17, 19 April 2024
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.[1] The term stateless implies that the group has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation with its own government.[2][3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[4][5][6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[7]
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[8][9] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of the multinational state of Yugoslavia and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia).
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[10] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country: the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, and Kabyle in North Africa; the Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya, and Shan in Myanmar; the Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians, and Andalusians in Spain; and the Sardinians, Friulians, Ladins, Sicilians, Neapolitans, Ligurians, Piedmontese, Venetians and Lombards in Italy.[11]
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[12] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[13] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[14][15][16][17] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[18][19]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[20] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[21] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[22] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[23]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[24][25][26][27] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[28][29]
Unionism vs separatism
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Indonesian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[30] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, and Russian nationalism[citation needed][clarification needed]). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.
Claims by stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status
The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.
States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.
Formerly stateless nations
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence,[100] Irish people before the Irish War of Independence, and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War.[101]
Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,[102] however whether Jews constitute a single nation is debated.[103][104]
During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.[105]
See also
- Diaspora
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Local ethnic nationalism (China)
- Minzu (anthropology)
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Notes
References
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- ^ a b c Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921
- ^ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
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- ^ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
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- ^ Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today p.73
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