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==Adaptations== |
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*In one "[[Treehouse of Horror]]" episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] tries to climb a wall using Rapunzel's hair and it results in the hair being ripped from her head and his falling, due to his weight. It is unknown whether she died or not, and Homer, who is distraught by this, quietly hides the hair behind a bush and walks away whistling. |
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*Rapunzel appears in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' story ''[[The Mind Robber]]''. |
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*In ''[[Happy Tree Friends]]'', in the "Dunce upon a time" episode, Petunia is portrayed as Rapunzel. |
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*[[Donna Jo Napoli]] wrote a young adult novel, ''[[Zel]]'', based on a sixteenth-century Swiss Rapunzel. |
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*The German industrial rock group [[Megaherz]] adapted the story to a song, also called "Rappunzel", for their 1996 album ''Kopfschuss''. |
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*The Rapunzel concept was featured in an episode of [[Sabrina the Teenage Witch|Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV Series)]] |
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*[[Emilie Autumn]]'s album ''[[Enchant]]'' includes another version of the story in song form entitled "Rapunzel". |
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*''California'' composer [[Lou Harrison]] wrote his [[opera]] "Rapunzel" in 2001. |
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*Upcoming [[animated feature]] from [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]], ''[[Rapunzel (film)|Rapunzel]]''. |
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*The story of Rapunzel is one of the plotlines of the [[musical theater|musical]] ''[[Into the Woods]]''. |
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*Rapunzel is a character in the comic book series ''[[Fables (comic)|Fables]]'' in which her forays into the mundane world are strictly limited to 25 minutes at a time and no more than 2 hours at the most a day so that people will not notice her fast growing hair. Her hair has to be cut 3 times a day by Joel. She was also seen in the Last Castle one shot along with the fables fleeing the homelands after the last grisly battle. She is on the boat with the other fables as well as at the mini Rememberance Day to honor the fables who had not escaped and died in battle. |
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*The story was adapted in one of the episodes for the 1987 [[anime]] series ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'' by [[Nippon Animation]] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ju_Lph1EQPs 1]. The English adaptation of this episode produced by [[Saban Entertainment]] made a few changes to the story: instead of rapunzel or radishes, it was Rapunzel's father's theft of [[lettuce]] from Dame Gothel's (the witch is not given a name in this version) field that set the story in motion; and instead of leaping out the window of Rapunzel's tower on his own, the prince was pushed out the window by Dame Gothel's magic. |
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*[[Gwen Stefani]]'s video for [[The Sweet Escape (song)]] features a Rapunzel concept. |
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*[[Scissor Sisters]]' video for "[[Mary (song)|Mary]]" features an animated segment that tells a version of the Rapunzel story. |
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*One of the animated Barbie movies "Rapunzel" adapts the fairytale significantly featuring [[Barbie as Rapunzel]] who holds a magic paintbrush which allows her to leave her tower and meet the prince. |
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*The first episode of ''[[Fractured Fairy Tales]]'' on ''[[Rocky & His Friends]]'' was an adaptation of Rapunzel. |
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*[[Dave Matthews Band]] produced a song called Rapunzel. |
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*[[J. R. R. Tolkien]] seems to have drawn upon this fairy tale in chapter 19 of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', entitled "Of [[Beren and Lúthien]]". In it, [[Lúthien]] uses her hair Rapunzel-style to escape her prison in a tall tree-house, and also to weave a cloak of invisibility.<ref>{{ME-ref|Sil|p. 172}}</ref> |
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*[[Thomas Pynchon]]'s novel ''[[The Crying of Lot 49]]'' includes a deconstructed version of the Rapunzel fairy tale in which gender roles are satirized. |
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*[[John Moore (author)]] used a character of Rapunzel in his novel ''[[The Unhandsome Prince]]'', humorously. She discuss with the main character what kind of shampoo she has to used to have shiny long hair). |
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*Rapunzel is in cahoots with [[Prince Charming]] in the [[2007]] film [[Shrek the Third]]. |
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*The story of Rapunzel was parodied in a [[Sesame Street News Flash]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Rapunzel syndrome]] |
* [[Rapunzel syndrome]] |
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Rapunzel is referred to in the lyrics of the song "Musta Got Lost" by the J. Geils Band. |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 19:46, 27 September 2007
"Rapunzel" is a German fairy tale in the collection assembled by the Brothers Grimm, and first published in 1812 as part of Children's and Household Tales.[1] It is one of the best known of fairy tales, and its plot has been used and parodied by many cartoonists and comedians, its best known line ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair") having entered popular culture.
The story of Rapunzel is an example of Aarne-Thompson type 310 The Maiden in the Tower. Other fairy tales of this type include The Canary Prince, Petrosinella, Prunella, and Anthousa, Xanthousa, Chrisomalousa[2] as well as the story of Ethniu from the Irish Mythological Cycle.[citation needed] It contains many fairy motifs: the Forbidden Fruit, the Womanly Wiles, a Hard Bargain, the Changeling Child, Enchanting Singing, the Unseen Watcher, the Princely Rescue, and Healing Tears.
Andrew Lang included it in The Red Fairy Book.[3] Another version of the tale also appears in A Book of Witches by Ruth Manning-Sanders.
Synopsis
A childless couple who wanted a child lived next to a walled garden which belonged to an enchantress. The wife, at long last pregnant, noticed some rapunzel (or, in some versions [1] of the story, radishes), planted in the garden and longed after it to the point of death. For two nights, the husband went out and broke into the witch's garden to gather some for her, but on the third night, as he was scaling the wall to return home, the enchantress (Dame Gothel) appeared and accused him of thievery. He begged for mercy, and the old woman agreed to give him some, on condition that the child his wife was pregnant with be surrendered to her at birth. Desperate, the man agreed; a girl was born; the enchantress appeared, and the child was taken away. She named her Rapunzel. When Rapunzel reached her twelfth year, the enchantress shut her away into a tower in the middle of the woods, with neither stairs nor door, and only one room and one window. When the witch went to visit Rapunzel, she stood beneath the tower and called out:
- Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair, so that I may climb the golden stair
Upon hearing these words, Rapunzel would wrap her long, fair hair around a hook that sat beside the window, and drop it down to the enchantress, who would then climb up the hair to Rapunzel.
One day a prince rode through the forest and heard Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he went to look for the girl and found the tower, but no door leading in, and no stairway leading up. He then returned often, listening to her sing, and one day saw the enchantress visit, thus learning how to gain access to Rapunzel. When the witch was gone he bade Rapunzel let her hair down, and he climbed up, made her acquaintance, and finally asked her to marry him. Rapunzel agreed.
Together they planned a way to get her out of the tower: he would come each night (thus avoiding the enchantress who visited her by day), and bring her silk, which Rapunzel would gradually weave into a ladder. Before the plan came to fruition however, Rapunzel foolishly gave the prince away. In the first edition of Grimm's Fairy Tales, Rapunzel innocently asks why her dress was getting tight around her belly, alerting the witch. In subsequent editions, she asked the witch one day (in a moment of forgetfulness) why it was easier for her to draw him up instead of her.[4] In anger, Dame Gothel cut short Rapunzel's braided hair and cast her out into the wilderness to fend for herself.
When the prince called that night, the enchantress let the braids down to haul him up. To his horror he found himself staring at the witch instead of Rapunzel, who was nowhere to be found. When she told him in anger that he would never see Rapunzel again, he leapt from the tower in despair and was blinded by the thorns below.
For months he wandered through the wastelands of the country. During this time, Rapunzel gave birth to the prince's twin children, a boy and a girl. One day, while Rapunzel sang as she fetched water, the prince heard Rapunzel's voice again and were reunited. When they fell into each other's arms, her tears immediately restored his sight. The prince led her and their children to his kingdom, where they lived happily ever after.
Commentary
The witch is called "Mother Gothel", a common term for a godmother in German.[5] She features as the overprotective parent, and interpretations often differ on how negatively she is to be regarded.[6]
Folkloric beliefs often regarded it as quite dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved. Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings. [7] Such desires for lettuce and like vegetables may indicate a need on her part for vitamins.[8]
The uneven bargain with which it opens is quite common in fairy tales having little else in common with this one: in Jack and the Beanstalk, Jack trades a cow for beans, and in Beauty and the Beast, Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose.[9]
Origins
The original source for the "Maiden in the Tower" motif is thought to be the legend of Saint Barbara, who was locked in a tower by her father.[10]
An influence on Grimm's Rapunzel was Petrosinella or Parsley, written by Giambattista Basile in his collection of fairy tales in 1634, Lo cunto de li cunti (The Story of Stories), or "Pentamerone". This tells a similar tale of a pregnant woman desiring some parsley from the garden of an ogress, getting caught, and having to promise the ogress her baby. The encounters between the prince and the maiden in the tower are described in quite bawdy language. [11]
About half a century later, in France, a similar story was published by Mademoiselle de la Force, called "Persinette". As Rapunzel did in the first edition of the Brothers Grimm, Persinette becomes pregnant because of the prince's visits. [12]
Variants
Italo Calvino included in his Italian Folktales a similar tale of a princess imprisoned in a tower, "The Canary Prince", though the imprisonment was caused by her stepmother's jealousy.
A German tale Puddocky also opens with a girl falling into the hands of a witch because of stolen food, but the person who craves it is the girl herself, and the person who steals it her mother. Another Italian tale, Prunella, has the girl steal the food and be captured by a witch.
Snow-White-Fire-Red, another Italian tale of this type, and Anthousa, Xanthousa, Chrisomalousa tell the story from the hero's point of view; he and the heroine escape the ogress, but have to deal with a curse after.
What is "Rapunzel"?
It is difficult to be certain which plant species the Brothers Grimm meant by the word Rapunzel, but the following, listed in their own dictionary,[2] are candidates.
- Valerianella locusta, common names: Corn salad, mache, lamb's lettuce, field salad. Rapunzel is called Feldsalat in Germany, Nuesslisalat in Switzerland and Vogerlsalat in Austria. In cultivated form it has a low growing rosette of succulent green rounded leaves when young, when they are picked whole, washed of grit and eaten with oil and vinegar. When it bolts to seed it shows clusters of small white flowers. Etty's seed catalogue states Corn Salad (Verte de Cambrai) was in use by 1810.
- Campanula rapunculus is known as Rapunzel-Glockenblume in German, and as Rampion in Etty's seed catalogue, and although classified under a different family, Campanulaceae, has a similar rosette when young, although with pointed leaves. Some English translations of Rapunzel used the word Rampion. Etty's catalogue states that it was noted in 1633, an esteemed root in salads, and to be sown in April or May. Herb catalogue Sand Mountain Herbs describes the root as extremely tasty, and the rosette leaves as edible, and that its blue bell-flowers appear in June or July."
- Phyteuma spicata (picture), known as Ährige Teufelskralle in German.
See also
References
- ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Household Tales (English translation by Margaret Hunt), 1884, "Rapunzel"
- ^ Heidi Anne Heiner, "Tales Similar to Rapunzel"
- ^ Andrew Lang, The Red Fairy Book, "Rapunzel"
- ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p18, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
- ^ Maria Tatar, p 112, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3
- ^ Maria Tatar, p 106, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3
- ^ Jack Zipes, The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, p 474, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
- ^ Heidi Anne Heiner, "Annotated Rapunzel"
- ^ Maria Tatar, The Annotated Brothers Grimm, p 58 ISBN 0-393-05848-4
- ^ Maria Tatar, p 105, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3
- ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p45, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
- ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p45, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
External links
- Annotated Rapunzel on SurLaLune Fairy Tales, featuring bibliography of Rapunzel variations, history, illustrations and more
- D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography, (Helsinki, 1961).
- Translated comparison of 1812 and 1857 versions
- "Rapunzel" by William Morris
- Fairyland Rapunzel