Semitransgenic (talk | contribs) not a specific genre of music, it's an era, one in which a diverse range of musics emerged. |
ItsAlwaysLupus (talk | contribs) post-disco era is no more worthy of article, post-disco as a specific "something" should have aritlce - garage/hip hop unrelated, read AMG source corretly: post-disco appeared when synthesizers, drum |
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|bgcolor=silver |
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|color=black |
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| stylistic_origins = [[electronic music]], [[experimental music]], [[dub music|dub]], [[disco]] and [[Music genre|other various styles]] |
| stylistic_origins = [[electronic music]], [[urban music]], [[experimental music]], [[dub music|dub]], [[disco]] and [[Music genre|other various styles]] |
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| cultural_origins = late [[1970s]] – early [[1980s]] |
| cultural_origins = late [[1970s]] – early [[1980s]] |
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| instruments = [[drum kit|drums]] (or [[drum machine]]) • [[synthesizer]]s • [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]]s • [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] • [[bass guitar]] (or [[bass synthesizer]]) • [[sampler]] • [[Music sequencer|sequencer]] |
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| instruments = |
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| popularity = Moderate in 1980s, see [[Post-disco#Popularity|chart]]; mostly underground |
| popularity = Moderate in 1980s, see [[Post-disco#Popularity|chart]]; mostly underground |
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| derivatives = [[Italo-disco]], [[House music|House]], [[ |
| derivatives = [[Italo-disco]], [[House music|House]], [[alternative dance]], [[Techno]], [[Dance-pop]], [[Club music|Club/Dance]] |
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| subgenrelist = |
| subgenrelist = |
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| subgenres = [[Boogie (genre)|Boogie]] |
| subgenres = [[Boogie (genre)|Boogie]] |
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| other_topics = [[Rare groove]], [[dance-rock]], [[list of post-disco artists and songs|post-disco artists]] |
| other_topics = [[Rare groove]], [[dance-rock]], [[list of post-disco artists and songs|post-disco artists]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Post-disco''' is the |
'''Post-disco''' is the characteristic movement in popular music history that emerged during late 1970s and early 1980s. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Cquote|"Though it makes sense to classify any form of dance music made since disco as post-disco, each successive movement has had its own characteristics to make it significantly different from the initial post-disco era, whether it's dance-pop or techno or trance." — [[All Music Guide]]<ref name=AMG1/> }} |
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The stripped-down musical trends followed from the [[DJ]]- and producer-driven, increasingly [[Electronic music|electronic]] and [[experimental]] side of disco,<ref name=AMG1>{{cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:13417|title=Explore music…Genre: Post-disco|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=2009-04-11}}</ref> and were typified by the styles of [[boogie (genre)|boogie]],<ref name=AMG1/> [[dance-pop]],<ref>Smay, David & Cooper, Kim (2001). ''Bubblegum Music Is the Naked Truth: The Dark History of Prepubescent Pop, from the Banana Splits to Britney Spears'': "... think about Stock-Aitken-Waterman and Kylie Minogue. Dance pop, that's what they call it now — Post-Disco, post-new wave and incorporating elements of both." Feral House: Publisher, p. 327. ISBN 0922915695.</ref> [[italo disco]],<ref name=AMG1/> and the early [[alternative dance]]<ref name=AMG1/> and [[club music|club-dance]] scenes.<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:2637 All Music Guide >] (((explore music - "Club/Dance"))). Retrieved on 12-28-2009.</ref> [[Techno]] and [[house music|house]] are both rooted in post-disco music.<ref>{{citation|last=Haggerty|first=George E.|year=2000|title=Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia|quote=House music is a form of post-disco dance music made popular in the mid 1980s in Chicago clubs…"|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=256|isbn=0815318804}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Campbell|first=Michael|year=2008|title=Popular Music in America|quote=Glossary: '''techno''' – post-disco dance music in which most or all of the sounds are electronically generated|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=352|isbn=0495505307}}</ref><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:10 AllMusic - explore music...] '''House''': "House music grew out of the post-disco dance club culture of the early '80s." Retrieved on 12-27-2009</ref><ref>St. John, Graham (2004), ''Rave Culture and Religion'', p. 50, ISBN 0415314496, "[sic] house music. As a post-disco party music, house features a repetitive 4/4 beat and a speed of 120 or more beats per minute..."</ref> |
The stripped-down musical trends followed from the [[DJ]]- and producer-driven, increasingly [[Electronic music|electronic]] and [[experimental]] side of disco,<ref name=AMG1>{{cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:13417|title=Explore music…Genre: Post-disco|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=2009-04-11}}</ref> and were typified by the styles of [[boogie (genre)|boogie]],<ref name=AMG1/> [[dance-pop]],<ref>Smay, David & Cooper, Kim (2001). ''Bubblegum Music Is the Naked Truth: The Dark History of Prepubescent Pop, from the Banana Splits to Britney Spears'': "... think about Stock-Aitken-Waterman and Kylie Minogue. Dance pop, that's what they call it now — Post-Disco, post-new wave and incorporating elements of both." Feral House: Publisher, p. 327. ISBN 0922915695.</ref> [[italo disco]],<ref name=AMG1/> and the early [[alternative dance]]<ref name=AMG1/> and [[club music|club-dance]] scenes.<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:2637 All Music Guide >] (((explore music - "Club/Dance"))). Retrieved on 12-28-2009.</ref> [[Techno]] and [[house music|house]] are both rooted in post-disco music.<ref>{{citation|last=Haggerty|first=George E.|year=2000|title=Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia|quote=House music is a form of post-disco dance music made popular in the mid 1980s in Chicago clubs…"|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=256|isbn=0815318804}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Campbell|first=Michael|year=2008|title=Popular Music in America|quote=Glossary: '''techno''' – post-disco dance music in which most or all of the sounds are electronically generated|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=352|isbn=0495505307}}</ref><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:10 AllMusic - explore music...] '''House''': "House music grew out of the post-disco dance club culture of the early '80s." Retrieved on 12-27-2009</ref><ref>St. John, Graham (2004), ''Rave Culture and Religion'', p. 50, ISBN 0415314496, "[sic] house music. As a post-disco party music, house features a repetitive 4/4 beat and a speed of 120 or more beats per minute..."</ref> |
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===Legacy=== |
===Legacy=== |
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The 1980s post-disco sounds also inspired many [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[dance music]] producers <ref>Ham, Anthony & Roddis, Miles and Lundgren, Kari (2008). ''Norway: Discover Norway'' - (The Culture) Interview with Bernt Erik Pedersen, music editor, [[Dagsavisen]]: "A lot of current dance music producers are influenced by the post-disco sound of the early 80s". Publisher: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 53. ISBN 1741045797.</ref>. Some [[rap]]pers such as [[Ice Cube]] or [[EPMD]] built their careers on post-disco funk music (they were inspired for example by dance-floor favorites like [[Zapp (band)|Zapp]] and [[Cameo (band)|Cameo]])<ref>Light, Alan (november, 1993). [[Vibe Magazine|V I B E]] - ''Funk Masters'' article: "It's no wonder that rappers such as EPMD and Ice Cube, striving for that perfect mind-body fusion, have built careers out of fragments from these fathers of funk (as well as the post-disco wave they inspired - dance-floor favourites like Zapp and Cameo)". p. 51?, ISSN 1070-4701</ref>. Also [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]] has been influenced by post-disco R&B in an indirect way.<ref>Schoonmaker, Trevor (2003). ''Fela: from West Africa to West Broadway'': "Puffy's consistent pilfering of pop coffers from a certain time period shows undoubtedly that he is influenced by the post-disco R&B bounce of the late 1970s and early 1980s". Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 4. ISBN 1403962103.</ref> |
The 1980s post-disco sounds also inspired many [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[dance music]] producers <ref>Ham, Anthony & Roddis, Miles and Lundgren, Kari (2008). ''Norway: Discover Norway'' - (The Culture) Interview with Bernt Erik Pedersen, music editor, [[Dagsavisen]]: "A lot of current dance music producers are influenced by the post-disco sound of the early 80s". Publisher: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 53. ISBN 1741045797.</ref>. Some [[rap]]pers such as [[Ice Cube]] or [[EPMD]] built their careers on post-disco funk music (they were inspired for example by dance-floor favorites like [[Zapp (band)|Zapp]] and [[Cameo (band)|Cameo]])<ref>Light, Alan (november, 1993). [[Vibe Magazine|V I B E]] - ''Funk Masters'' article: "It's no wonder that rappers such as EPMD and Ice Cube, striving for that perfect mind-body fusion, have built careers out of fragments from these fathers of funk (as well as the post-disco wave they inspired - dance-floor favourites like Zapp and Cameo)". p. 51?, ISSN 1070-4701</ref>. Also [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]] has been influenced by post-disco R&B in an indirect way.<ref>Schoonmaker, Trevor (2003). ''Fela: from West Africa to West Broadway'': "Puffy's consistent pilfering of pop coffers from a certain time period shows undoubtedly that he is influenced by the post-disco R&B bounce of the late 1970s and early 1980s". Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 4. ISBN 1403962103.</ref> |
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===In popular culture=== |
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The word "post-disco has been implicitly mentioned in a [[1989 in literature|1989 novel]] named ''[[Crazy Love]]'' by [[Elías Miguel Muñoz]]<ref>Muñoz, Elías Miguel (1989). ''Crazy Love''. Synopsis: Experimental epistolary novel and at the same time a novel of immigration from Cuba to Florida. Publisher: Arte Publico Press. p. 121. ISBN 0934770832</ref>: |
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{{epigraph |
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| quote = |
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* '''Julian:''' "Now we're going American. What's the name they've given this new thing we're doing? <br/> |
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* '''Joe:''' "Post-punk-post-new-wave-post-disco. . ." <br/> |
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* '''Roli:''' "post-country -post-rapping - post-post- post-Beatles." <br/> |
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* '''Lucho:''' "Post-Elvis-post-Simon-and-Garfunkel-post-Billy-Idol-post-British-Invasion-post-Cyndi-Lauper-post-Blues-post-Soul-post-Michael-Jackson-post-Hustle-post-Donna-Summer-post-Gloria-Gaynor-post-Prince-post-Madonna." |
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| cite = |
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}} |
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==Related genres== |
==Related genres== |
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}} |
}} |
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Another post-disco movement is connected with [[post-punk]]/[[no wave]] genres with fewer R&B/funk influences. An example of this "post-disco" is [[Gina X Performance|Gina X]]'s "No G.D.M."<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=University of Michigan|year=2002|journal=[[The Fader]]|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=Y2-fAAAAMAAJ&q=No+GDM+gina+X++post-disco+++The+Fader&dq=No+GDM+gina+X++post-disco+++The+Fader|quote=[the] classic post-disco track "No GDM" by Gina X|page=38}}</ref> and artists like [[Liquid Liquid]], [[Polyrock]],<ref>{{citation|last=Fink|first=Robert|year=2005|title=Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music As Cultural Practice|publisher=University of California Press|page=26|isbn=0520245504}}</ref> [[Dinosaur L]], and ''Disco Not Disco [2000]'' compilation album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:hvfuxq90ldhe Albums|title=Disco Not Disco [2000]|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Battaglia|first=Andy|year=2008|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]]|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11055-disco-not-disco-post-punk-electro-leftfield-disco-classics-1974-1986|title=Album Reviews: ''VA - Disco Not Disco (Post-Punk, Electro & Leftfield Disco Classics)''|accessdate=2009-08-13}}</ref> This movement also connects with |
Another post-disco movement is connected with [[post-punk]]/[[no wave]] genres with fewer R&B/funk influences. An example of this "post-disco" is [[Gina X Performance|Gina X]]'s "No G.D.M."<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=University of Michigan|year=2002|journal=[[The Fader]]|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=Y2-fAAAAMAAJ&q=No+GDM+gina+X++post-disco+++The+Fader&dq=No+GDM+gina+X++post-disco+++The+Fader|quote=[the] classic post-disco track "No GDM" by Gina X|page=38}}</ref> and artists like [[Liquid Liquid]], [[Polyrock]],<ref>{{citation|last=Fink|first=Robert|year=2005|title=Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music As Cultural Practice|publisher=University of California Press|page=26|isbn=0520245504}}</ref> [[Dinosaur L]], and ''Disco Not Disco [2000]'' compilation album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:hvfuxq90ldhe Albums|title=Disco Not Disco [2000]|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Battaglia|first=Andy|year=2008|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]]|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11055-disco-not-disco-post-punk-electro-leftfield-disco-classics-1974-1986|title=Album Reviews: ''VA - Disco Not Disco (Post-Punk, Electro & Leftfield Disco Classics)''|accessdate=2009-08-13}}</ref> This movement also connects with '''dance-oriented rock'''; Michael Campbell, in his book ''Popular Music in America'' defines that genre as "post-punk/post-disco fusion."<ref>{{citation|last=Campbell|first=Michael|year=2008|title=Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes On|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=359|isbn=0495505307}}</ref> Campbell also cited [[Robert Christgau]], who described dance-oriented rock (or DOR) as umbrella term used by various DJs in 1980s. |
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However, Allmusic defines "dance-rock" as 1980s and [[1990s]] music practised by [[rock musician]]s, influenced by [[Philadelphia soul|Philly soul]], disco, and funk, fusing those styles with [[rock music|rock]] and dance.<ref name=DanceRock/> Artists like [[The Rolling Stones]], [[David Bowie]], [[Duran Duran]], [[INXS]], [[Eurythmics]], [[Depeche Mode]], [[The Clash]], [[New Order]] and [[Devo]] belong, according to Allmusic, to this genre. <ref name=DanceRock>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:13748|title=Explore music… Genre: Dance-Rock|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> Dance-rock embraces some experimental funk acts like [[A Certain Ratio]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], and also pop musicians, for example [[Robert Palmer]] and [[Hall & Oates]].<ref name=DanceRock/> This kind of dance-rock influenced [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]], [[No Doubt]], [[Robbie Williams]], [[Scissor Sisters]],<ref name=DanceRock/> [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], and [[The Killers]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Paoletta|first=Michael|date=December 25, 2004|journal=Billboard Magazine|title=Music [Dance]: Mash-Ups, Dance-Rock Lead Breaktroughs|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=38|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |
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==Prominent record labels== |
==Prominent record labels== |
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{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-2}} |
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*[[Emergency Records]] |
*[[Emergency Records]] |
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*[[Prelude Records]] |
*[[Prelude Records]] |
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*[[Radar Records]] |
*[[Radar Records]] |
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*[[Salsoul Records]] |
*[[Salsoul Records]] |
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{{col-2}} |
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*[[Solar Records]] |
*[[Solar Records]] |
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*[[Sugar Hill Records (rap)|Sugar Hill Records]] |
*[[Sugar Hill Records (rap)|Sugar Hill Records]] |
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*[[Vanguard Records]] |
*[[Vanguard Records]] |
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*[[West End Records]] |
*[[West End Records]] |
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{{col-end}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[new wave (music)|new wave]] |
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*[[electro music|electro]] |
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*[[old school hip hop]] |
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*[[garage house]] |
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*[[hi-NRG]] |
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*[[Italo Disco|italo-disco]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 18:23, 28 January 2010
Post-disco | |
---|---|
Stylistic origins | electronic music, urban music, experimental music, dub, disco and other various styles |
Cultural origins | late 1970s – early 1980s |
Typical instruments | drums (or drum machine) • synthesizers • keyboards • percussion • bass guitar (or bass synthesizer) • sampler • sequencer |
Derivative forms | Italo-disco, House, alternative dance, Techno, Dance-pop, Club/Dance |
Subgenres | |
Boogie | |
Other topics | |
Rare groove, dance-rock, post-disco artists |
Post-disco is the characteristic movement in popular music history that emerged during late 1970s and early 1980s.
History
"Though it makes sense to classify any form of dance music made since disco as post-disco, each successive movement has had its own characteristics to make it significantly different from the initial post-disco era, whether it's dance-pop or techno or trance." — All Music Guide[1]
The stripped-down musical trends followed from the DJ- and producer-driven, increasingly electronic and experimental side of disco,[1] and were typified by the styles of boogie,[1] dance-pop,[2] italo disco,[1] and the early alternative dance[1] and club-dance scenes.[3] Techno and house are both rooted in post-disco music.[4][5][6][7]
A watershed album of the post-disco era was Michael Jackson's Off The Wall (produced-by Quincy Jones), which helped establish a direction of dance/R&B music and influenced many young producers who were interested in this kind of new music.[8] Parliament-Funkadelic, a funk band, also set the tone for many post-disco and post-punk bands of the 1980s and 1990s.[9]
"Thanks To You" and "Don't Make Me Wait" came out and started the whole dub thing in disco. [10] — Shep Pettibone
Larry Levan used dub techniques in his productions & mixes for post-disco artists, including his own group The Peech Boys.
DJs, mixers, producers who were experimented with the new sounds are for example Leroy Burgess, Nick Martinelli, Arthur Baker[11], François Kevorkian[11][12], Larry Levan[12][11], Ron Hardy[13][11], Frankie Knuckles,[13][11] Tom Moulton, Shep Pettibone[11], Kashif.[11]
Example of pop rock, electronic and R&B musicians who followed post-disco wave include Black Devil, Telex[11], D. Train[14][11], Patrice Rushen[11], Freeez[11], Mtume[11], Nick Straker Band[11], Skyy[11], D. Train[11], Unlimited Touch[11][14], Kurtis Blow[15], Inner Life[11], Was (Not Was)[11], Material[11], Liquid Liquid[11], Imagination, Bobby O[16], Shannon, Cheryl Lynn, Thelma Houston, Stacy Lattisaw, Klein + M.B.O., Change, George Duke, Central Line, Chas Jankel, Aurra, B. B. & Q. Band, Kano, Level 42, The Limit, Timex Social Club, The Deele, Dayton, Surface, The SOS Band, Shalamar, Shakatak, Instant Funk, The Whispers, Raw Silk and others.
Later in the 2000s, Daft Punk, a house musical group, adopted post-disco, disco and synthpop sounds of early 1980s to their album Discovery[17], another artist Les Rythmes Digitales was influenced by post-disco/electro scene of the early 1980s[18]. Canadian musical group called Chromeo debuted in 2004 by 80s-influenced electrofunk/boogie album She's in Control.
Popularity
Successful records (mostly R&B/pop-oriented) from post-disco movement include:
Year | Song | Label | Artist | U.S. Dance [19] | U.S. R&B [19] | U.S. Pop [19] | U.S. M.R. [19] | U.K. Pop[20] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | "Celebration"[21] | De-Lite | Kool & The Gang | #1 | #1 | #1 ('81) | ― | #7 |
1981 | "Let's Groove" [22] | Columbia | Earth, Wind & Fire | #3 | #1 | #3 | ― | #3 |
1982 | "Last Night a DJ Saved My Life"[23] | Sound of New York | Indeep | #2 | #10 | ― | ― | #13 |
"Love Come Down"[24][25] | RCA | Evelyn King | #1 | #1 | #17 | ― | #7 | |
1983 | "Give It Up"[26] | Meca | KC | ― | ― | #18 | ― | '#1 |
1983 | "Billie Jean"[27] | Epic | Michael Jackson | #1 | #1 | #1 | ― | #1 |
1984 | "Let's Dance"[27] | Epic | David Bowie | #1 | #14 | #1 | #6 | #1 |
"Cool It Now" [28] | MCA | New Edition | ― | #1 | #4 | ― | #43 | |
"Dr. Beat" [29] | Epic | Miami Sound Machine | #17 | ― | ― | ― | #6 | |
1987 | "Rhythm Is Gonna Get You" [29] | Epic | Miami Sound Machine | #27 | ― | #5 | ― | ― |
Legacy
The 1980s post-disco sounds also inspired many Norwegian dance music producers [30]. Some rappers such as Ice Cube or EPMD built their careers on post-disco funk music (they were inspired for example by dance-floor favorites like Zapp and Cameo)[31]. Also Sean "Puffy" Combs has been influenced by post-disco R&B in an indirect way.[32]
In popular culture
The word "post-disco has been implicitly mentioned in a 1989 novel named Crazy Love by Elías Miguel Muñoz[33]:
* Julian: "Now we're going American. What's the name they've given this new thing we're doing?
- Joe: "Post-punk-post-new-wave-post-disco. . ."
- Roli: "post-country -post-rapping - post-post- post-Beatles."
- Lucho: "Post-Elvis-post-Simon-and-Garfunkel-post-Billy-Idol-post-British-Invasion-post-Cyndi-Lauper-post-Blues-post-Soul-post-Michael-Jackson-post-Hustle-post-Donna-Summer-post-Gloria-Gaynor-post-Prince-post-Madonna."
Related genres
Boogie
Dance-rock
Dance-rock | |
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Stylistic origins | Post-punk, Post-disco, Dance, R&B, Rock |
Cultural origins | 70s/80s |
Typical instruments | Keyboard • Bass guitar • Electric guitar • Drum machine[34] |
Other topics | |
List of dance-rock artists |
Another post-disco movement is connected with post-punk/no wave genres with fewer R&B/funk influences. An example of this "post-disco" is Gina X's "No G.D.M."[35] and artists like Liquid Liquid, Polyrock,[36] Dinosaur L, and Disco Not Disco [2000] compilation album.[37][38] This movement also connects with dance-oriented rock; Michael Campbell, in his book Popular Music in America defines that genre as "post-punk/post-disco fusion."[39] Campbell also cited Robert Christgau, who described dance-oriented rock (or DOR) as umbrella term used by various DJs in 1980s.
However, Allmusic defines "dance-rock" as 1980s and 1990s music practised by rock musicians, influenced by Philly soul, disco, and funk, fusing those styles with rock and dance.[34] Artists like The Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Duran Duran, INXS, Eurythmics, Depeche Mode, The Clash, New Order and Devo belong, according to Allmusic, to this genre. [34] Dance-rock embraces some experimental funk acts like A Certain Ratio, Gang of Four, and also pop musicians, for example Robert Palmer and Hall & Oates.[34] This kind of dance-rock influenced Garbage, No Doubt, Robbie Williams, Scissor Sisters,[34] Franz Ferdinand, and The Killers.[40]
Prominent record labels
|
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e "Explore music…Genre: Post-disco". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ Smay, David & Cooper, Kim (2001). Bubblegum Music Is the Naked Truth: The Dark History of Prepubescent Pop, from the Banana Splits to Britney Spears: "... think about Stock-Aitken-Waterman and Kylie Minogue. Dance pop, that's what they call it now — Post-Disco, post-new wave and incorporating elements of both." Feral House: Publisher, p. 327. ISBN 0922915695.
- ^ All Music Guide > (((explore music - "Club/Dance"))). Retrieved on 12-28-2009.
- ^ Haggerty, George E. (2000), Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, p. 256, ISBN 0815318804,
House music is a form of post-disco dance music made popular in the mid 1980s in Chicago clubs…"
- ^ Campbell, Michael (2008), Popular Music in America, Cengage Learning, p. 352, ISBN 0495505307,
Glossary: techno – post-disco dance music in which most or all of the sounds are electronically generated
- ^ AllMusic - explore music... House: "House music grew out of the post-disco dance club culture of the early '80s." Retrieved on 12-27-2009
- ^ St. John, Graham (2004), Rave Culture and Religion, p. 50, ISBN 0415314496, "[sic] house music. As a post-disco party music, house features a repetitive 4/4 beat and a speed of 120 or more beats per minute..."
- ^ http://www.danceclassics.net/producers.htm
- ^ Parliament/Funkadelic. (2009). In Student's Encyclopædia: "Combining funk rhythms, psychedelic guitar, and group harmonies with jazzed-up horns, Clinton and his ever-evolving bands set the tone for many post-disco and post-punk groups of the 1980s and 1990s.". Retrieved August 15, 2009, from Britannica Student Encyclopædia.
- ^ Tech Noir - Disco > Shep Pettibone: Shep Pettibone in an interview with Steven Harvey. Retrieved on 12 26 2009
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Explore music…Top Artists (under Post-disco)". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ a b Broughton, Frank & Brewster, Bill (2000). Larry Levan's Paradise Garage | DJhistory.com - Disco's revenge: "[sic] But by the turn of the eighties, he was experimenting with drum machines and synthesizers and, like François Kevorkian around the same time, forging a new electronic, post-disco sound". Retrieved on 1-4-2010.
- ^ a b Pitchfork Album Reviews: VA -Trax Records: 20th Anniversary Collection. Retrieved on 1-4-2010
- ^ a b Bogdanov, Vladimir (2003), All Music Guide to Soul: The Definitive Guide to R&B and Soul, p. 709, ISBN 9780879307448,
[Unlimited Touch] weren't disco, and they weren't exactly straight-up R&B; like their Prelude labelmates D Train, Unlimited Touch combined the two forms into what is often referred to as post-disco.
- ^ Toop, David (1984), The Rap Attack: African Jive to New York Hip-Hop, Pluto Press, p. 93,
Kurtis Blow may not have been 100 per cent proof Bronx hip hop, but his early records helped set the style in post-disco dance music.
- ^ allmusic > ((( Bobby Orlando - Overview ))): "Genre: Electronic, Styles: Hi-NRG, Club/Dance, R&B, Post-disco". Retrieved on 12-27-2009.
- ^ (2001) CMJ New Music Monthly - Best New Music - Daft Punk (Discovery): "Although it's only fair to credit Chicago with the post-disco dance style's paternal rights, the French [Daft Punk] have (at the very least) earned covered weekend privilegies." Publisher: CMJ Network, Inc. No. 93. p. 71. ISSN 1074-6978
- ^ Paoletta, Michael (1999). Billboard Magazine: Reviews & Previews: Spotlight (Les Rythmes Digitales - Darkdancer): "[about funky and British synth-pop] two musical styles steeped in the post-disco/electro scene of New York in the early '80s". p. 30. ISSN 0006-2510
- ^ a b c d Kool & The Gang: Billboard Singles • David Bowie: Billboard Singles • SOS Band: Billboard Singles • Indeep: Billboard Singles • Earth, Wind & Fire: Billboard Singles • Michael Jackson: Billboard Singles by All Music Guide. Retrieved on August 11, 2009.
- ^ Search song on EveryHit.com database
- ^ [1]. Songfacts.com about Kool & The Gang trivia informations. Retrieved on 5. 5. 2009
- ^ Soul > LP > Earth Wind & Fire: Raise!: Earth Wind & Fire hits the 80s -- and never misses a beat! Turns out that the group's older style of jazzy funk was a perfect fit for the boogie-styled rhythms of the post-disco era". Dusty Groove America.com. Retrieved on August 12, 2009.
- ^ Grow, Kory (May 2008). Revolver Magazine article: Why The Most Dangerous Band Of The Decade, True Norwegian, Black Metallers, Gorgoroth, Turned On Itself - "When the post-disco classic "Last Night a DJ Saved My Life" by early-'80s New York crew Indeep comes on, King asks what the singer means by the bizarre titular statement.". No. 68. ISSN 1527-408X.
- ^ [2]. 70disco.com web. Re-retrieved on August 1, 2009
- ^ ShowArtist: Evelyn "Champagne" King. Disco-funk.co.uk. Retrieved on August 10, 2009.
- ^ Hoffmann, W. Frank & Ferstler, Howard (2005). Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound (Publication no. 2): "He [Harry Casey] briefly returned to the public eye billed as KC with the release of KC Ten (Meca 8301; 1984: #93), featuring the post-disco single 'Give It Up' (Meca 1001; 1984; #18), before fading back into obscurity". p. 566. ISBN 041593835X
- ^ a b The Eighties Club: The Politics and Pop Culture of the 1980s: "On the dance floor, David Bowie's "Let's Dance" and Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean" defined the post-disco beat." Retrieved on August 11, 2009.
- ^ One Hit Wonder Center - One-Hit Wonder Music of the 50's~90's: "There are also tracks to represent the rise of post-disco club/dance trend, such as Laid Back's "White Horse", New Edition's "Cool It Now", and Timex Social Club's " Rumors" ". Retrieved on August 12, 2009.
- ^ a b Morales, Ed (2002). Living in Spanglish: the search for Latino identity in America: ""With their group, Miami Sound Machine, ... "Doctor Beat," manages to fuse elements of Latin percussion with the electric hass heats of the post-disco era". p. 244. ISBN 0312262329.
- ^ Ham, Anthony & Roddis, Miles and Lundgren, Kari (2008). Norway: Discover Norway - (The Culture) Interview with Bernt Erik Pedersen, music editor, Dagsavisen: "A lot of current dance music producers are influenced by the post-disco sound of the early 80s". Publisher: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 53. ISBN 1741045797.
- ^ Light, Alan (november, 1993). V I B E - Funk Masters article: "It's no wonder that rappers such as EPMD and Ice Cube, striving for that perfect mind-body fusion, have built careers out of fragments from these fathers of funk (as well as the post-disco wave they inspired - dance-floor favourites like Zapp and Cameo)". p. 51?, ISSN 1070-4701
- ^ Schoonmaker, Trevor (2003). Fela: from West Africa to West Broadway: "Puffy's consistent pilfering of pop coffers from a certain time period shows undoubtedly that he is influenced by the post-disco R&B bounce of the late 1970s and early 1980s". Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 4. ISBN 1403962103.
- ^ Muñoz, Elías Miguel (1989). Crazy Love. Synopsis: Experimental epistolary novel and at the same time a novel of immigration from Cuba to Florida. Publisher: Arte Publico Press. p. 121. ISBN 0934770832
- ^ a b c d e "Explore music… Genre: Dance-Rock". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
- ^ The Fader. University of Michigan: 38. 2002 http://www.google.com/books?id=Y2-fAAAAMAAJ&q=No+GDM+gina+X++post-disco+++The+Fader&dq=No+GDM+gina+X++post-disco+++The+Fader.
[the] classic post-disco track "No GDM" by Gina X
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(help) - ^ Fink, Robert (2005), Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music As Cultural Practice, University of California Press, p. 26, ISBN 0520245504
- ^ Albums "Disco Not Disco [2000]". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
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value (help) - ^ Battaglia, Andy (2008). "Album Reviews: VA - Disco Not Disco (Post-Punk, Electro & Leftfield Disco Classics)". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
- ^ Campbell, Michael (2008), Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes On, Cengage Learning, p. 359, ISBN 0495505307
- ^ Paoletta, Michael (December 25, 2004). "Music [Dance]: Mash-Ups, Dance-Rock Lead Breaktroughs". Billboard Magazine. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 38. ISSN 0006-2510.