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|| Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in [[Ethiopia]]. |
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Death Toll Sources:<ref>Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988).</ref><ref>Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4eSR1rHg5_YC&pg=PA457 ''The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World''] by Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, pg 457</ref><ref name="US admits helping Mengistu escape">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm US admits helping Mengistu escape] [[BBC]], 22 December 1999</ref><ref>''Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators'' by Riccardo Orizio, pg 151</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008|url=http://www.gpanet.org/content/genocides-politicides-and-other-mass-murder-1945-stages-2008|website=Genocide Prevention Advisory Network|accessdate= |
Death Toll Sources:<ref>Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988).</ref><ref>Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4eSR1rHg5_YC&pg=PA457 ''The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World''] by Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, pg 457</ref><ref name="US admits helping Mengistu escape">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm US admits helping Mengistu escape] [[BBC]], 22 December 1999</ref><ref>''Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators'' by Riccardo Orizio, pg 151</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008|url=http://www.gpanet.org/content/genocides-politicides-and-other-mass-murder-1945-stages-2008|website=Genocide Prevention Advisory Network|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref> |
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==Other Uses== |
==Other Uses== |
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''Politicide has been used to refer to things other than mass murder of political opposition, here a few other meanings.''<br><br> |
''Politicide has been used to refer to things other than mass murder of political opposition, here a few other meanings.''<br><br> |
Revision as of 11:36, 4 August 2016
Politicide usually refers to killing groups of people because of their political or ideological beliefs. Deliberate physical destruction of a group whose members share the main characteristic of belonging to a political movement; the systematic destruction of such groups is not covered as genocide under the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG). The CPPCG only covers the deliberate physical destruction of national, ethnic, racial and religious groups.[1] The social scientists Barbara Harff and Ted R. Gurr uses policide to describe the killing of groups of people who are targeted not because of shared ethnic or communal traits (the types of groups covered by the CPPCG), but because of "their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups".[1]
List of Politicides
Politicide | Explanation | Country | Minimum Deaths |
Maximum Deaths |
Started | Ended | Duration (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultural Revolution | The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. See Struggle session |
China | 400,000[2] | 3,000,000[3] | 1966 | 1976 | Between 10 and 11 years |
Yezhovshchina (Great Purge of the Soviet Union) |
The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution(especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system. | Soviet Union | 681,692[4] | 1,704,230[5] | 1936 | 1938 | 3 |
1965 & 66 Indonesian Politicide | Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate.[6] | Indonesia | 78,500[7] | 3,000,000[8] | 1965 | 1966 | Between 1 and 2 years |
The Francoist Repression (la Represión Franquista) |
In Spain, the White Terror (also known as la Represión Franquista, the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975)[9] | Spain | 92,462[10] | 400,000[11] | 1936 | 1945 | 10 |
Ethiopian Politicide | Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia. | Ethiopia | 30,000 | 750,000 | 1977 | 1978 | Between 1 and 2 |
Red Terror during the Russian Civil War | Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. | Russian Empire | 10,000[18] | 1,500,000[19] | 1918 | 1922 | 5 |
French Reign of Terror | The Reign of Terror, was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution". | France | 16,000 | 42,000 | 1793 | 1794 | Between 1 and 2 years |
Argentine Politicide | At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor). | Argentina | 9,000[20] | 30,000[21] | 1976 | 1983 | 8 |
Red and White Terrors of the Finnish Civil War | Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.[22] | Finland | 11,650 | 11,650 | 1918 | 1918 | Less than 1 year |
Chilean Politicide | 1,200 to 3,200 alleged communist were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.[23][24][25] | Chile | 1,200 | 3,200 | 1974 | 1990 | 17 |
Other Uses
Politicide has been used to refer to things other than mass murder of political opposition, here a few other meanings.
1. Political suicide. An action which irreparably damages a person's own political career (political suicide).[26] For example, in The Kansas City Star on 23 February, 1996: "James didn't even finish his inaugural address before committing politicide."[27]
2. Political entity destruction. A systematic attempt to cause the annihilation of an independent political and social entity,[28] such as the destruction of the apartheid system in South Africa.[29] Israeli sociologist Baruch Kimmerling uses the term in his book Politicide: Sharon’s War Against the Palestinians and in various articles. He defines "the politicide of the Palestinian people, a gradual but systematic attempt to cause their annihilation as an independent political and social entity." This he believed has been present throughout Israel's confrontations with the Palestinians, but was epitomised by the thoughts and actions of Ariel Sharon.[30]
See also
- Policide
- Crimes against humanity
- Anti-communist mass killings
- Mass killings under Communist regimes
- Hundred Flowers Campaign
References and notes
- ^ a b Origins and Evolution of the Concept in the Science Encyclopedia by Net Industries states "Politicide, as [Barbara] Harff and [Ted R.] Gurr define it, refers to the killing of groups of people who are targeted not because of shared ethnic or communal traits, but because of 'their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups' (p. 360)". This reference does not give the book title to go with the page number.
- ^ Maurice Meisner (1999). Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic (3rd ed.). Free Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0684856353.
- ^ Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. p.569
- ^ Communism: A History (Modern Library Chronicles) by Richard Pipes, pg 67
- ^ Wielka czystka by Alexander Weissberg-Cybulski, ISBN 83-07-02122-7
- ^ Cribb, Robert (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey. 42 (4): 550–563. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550.
- ^ Crouch (1978), cited in Cribb (1990). p. 7.
- ^ Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (July 2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 0521527503. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
"Blumenthal80">Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 p. 80. - ^ name="beevor">Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 Weidenfeld and Nicholson (2006), pp.89–94.
- ^ Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p.302
- ^ Richards, Michael. A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945. Cambridge University Press. 1998. p.11.
- ^ Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988).
- ^ Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996)
- ^ The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World by Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, pg 457
- ^ US admits helping Mengistu escape BBC, 22 December 1999
- ^ Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators by Riccardo Orizio, pg 151
- ^ "Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008". Genocide Prevention Advisory Network. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ^ Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1138815681.
- ^ Szaszdi, Lajos (2008). Russian civil-military relations and the origins of the second Chechen war. University Press of America. p. 152. ISBN 9780761841784.
- ^ Phil Gunson (2009-04-02). "The Guardian, Thursday 2 April 2009". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
- ^ PBS News Hour, 16 Oct. 1997, et al. Argentina Death Toll, Twentieth Century Atlas
- ^ Paavolainen 1966, pp. 183–208 , Paavolainen 1967 , Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 121, 138 , Eerola & Eerola 1998, pp. 59, 91 , Westerlund 2004a, p. 15 , Tikka 2006, pp. 19–30 , Jyränki 2014, pp. 150–188 , Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118 , Kekkonen 2016, pp. 106–166, 287–356
- ^ Template:Es icon English translation of the Rettig Report
- ^ 2004 Commission on Torture (dead link)
- ^ "Chile to sue over false reports of Pinochet-era missing". Latin American Studies. 30 December 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary politicide
- ^ The Kansas City Star quote is the second example of the use politicide as political suicide by the Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary in its entry for politicide notes the first usage as: 1968 Y. HARKABI Fedayeen Action & Arab Strategy 11/2 The Arabs' objective of destroying the state of Israel (what may be called a 'politicide') drives them to genocide.
- ^ Grant Barrett politicide in the Double-Tongued Dictionary cites the following sources:
- 1972 S. Abdullah Schleifer Journal of Palestine Studies (Winter) "Fedayeen Through Israeli Eyes" p. vol. 1, no. 2, p. 99: The insistence by the guerrillas that they are struggling to destroy the Zionist state and the Zionist-structured society that generates such as state is turned by Harkabi into a concept of "politicide" (an impressive-sounding concept applicable to the aims of any valid liberation movement, e.g. against Rhodesia and South Africa).
- 1975 Irving Spiegel New York Times (Oct. 20) "Criticism in U.S." p. 6: Rabbi Alexand M. Schindler…said that the Arab and third-world nations voting for the resolution "made a fateful and ominous decision to take the road of rhetoric, politicide and bigotry rather than the road of needed economic and social change which can come only through consensus, cooperation and decency."
- 2004 Lindsay Talmud openDemocracy (Apr. 27) "From the sublime to the ridiculous": The overall plan—now the most fundamental element in Israeli government policy and viewed by many Israelis as a legitimate attempt by their government to reconcile the irreconcilable demands of security, the settlers and democracy—is perceived by the Palestinians as "politicide"—a term Baruch Kimmerling coined to describe "a gradual but systematic attempt to cause their annihilation as an independent political and social entity." It is bound to be resisted, fiercely.
- ^ Baruch Kimmerling Politicide: Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians defines politicide as "the dissolution of the Palestinian people's existence as a legitimate social, political and economic entity." reviewed in the Journal of Third World Studies, Spring 2006 by Abraham, A J, whence the quote is sourced.
Further reading
- Harff, Barbara. Genocide Politicide, Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research (INSCR), University of Maryland