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|HDI = |
|HDI = |
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|ethnic_groups = [[Slavs|Slavic]], [[Aleut]], [[Eskimo]], [[Mongols]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]], [[Baltic Finnic peoples|Finnic]], [[Samoyedic peoples|Samoyedic]], [[Yukaghirs]] and [[Yeniseian people|Yeniseian]] |
|ethnic_groups = [[Slavs|Slavic]], [[Aleut]], [[Eskimo]], [[Mongols]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]], [[Baltic Finnic peoples|Finnic]], [[Samoyedic peoples|Samoyedic]], [[Yukaghirs]] and [[Yeniseian people|Yeniseian]] |
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|religions = [[Eastern Orthodox Church| |
|religions = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy]], [[Shamanism]], [[Tengrism]], [[Rodnovery]], [[Judaism]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Animism]] |
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|demonym = Siberian |
|demonym = North Asian; Russian; Siberian (pars pro toto) |
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|countries = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Siberia|Russia]] |
|countries = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Siberia|Russia]] |
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|list_countries = |
|list_countries = |
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|calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 7]] |
|calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 7]] |
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|cities = {{collapsible list | title = List | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:white; | bullets = true | [[Barnaul]] | [[Chelyabinsk]] | [[Irkutsk]] | [[Kemerovo]] | [[Khabarovsk]] | [[Krasnoyarsk]] | [[Novokuznetsk]] | [[Novosibirsk]] (largest) | [[Omsk]] | [[Tomsk]] | [[Tyumen]] | [[Vladivostok]] | [[Yakutsk]] | [[Yekaterinburg]]}} |
|cities = {{collapsible list | title = List | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:white; | bullets = true | [[Barnaul]] | [[Chelyabinsk]] | [[Irkutsk]] | [[Kemerovo]] | [[Khabarovsk]] | [[Krasnoyarsk]] | [[Novokuznetsk]] | [[Novosibirsk]] (largest) | [[Omsk]] | [[Tomsk]] | [[Tyumen]] | [[Vladivostok]] | [[Yakutsk]] | [[Yekaterinburg]]}} |
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|m49 = <code>151</code> – [[Eastern Europe]]<br /><code>150</code> – [[Europe]]<br /><code>001</code> – [[World]] |
|m49 = <code>151</code> – [[Eastern Europe]] & [[Northern Asia]] <br /><code>150</code> – [[Europe]]<br /><code>001</code> – [[World]] |
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|footnotes = |
|footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''North Asia''' or '''Northern Asia''', also referred to as '''[[Siberia]]''', is the northern region of [[Asia]] |
'''North Asia''' or '''Northern Asia''', also referred to ''pars pro toto'' as '''[[Siberia]]''', is the northern region of [[Asia]]. North Asia is administrated primarily as part of [[Russia]], albeit Northern [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Mongolia]] may also come under the definition. Typically the region consists of the Russian regions east of the [[Ural Mountains]]: [[Ural (region)|Ural]], [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. North Asia is bordered by the [[Arctic Ocean]] to its north, by [[Eastern Europe]] to its west, by [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[East Asia]] to its south, and by the [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[North America]] to its east. The region covers an area of approximately {{Convert|13,100,000|km2|sqmi}}, or 8.8% of [[Earth|Earth's]] total land area. It is the largest subregion of Asia by area, but is also the least populated, with an approximate population of only 33 million people or only 0.74% of Asia's population. |
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Topographically, the region is dominated by the [[Eurasian Plate]], except for its eastern part, which lies on the [[North American Plate|North American]], [[Amurian Plate|Amurian]] and [[Okhotsk Plate]]s. It is divided by three major plains: the [[West Siberian Plain]], [[Central Siberian Plateau]] and Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone. The [[Uralian orogeny]] in the west raised [[Ural Mountains]], the informal boundary between Europe and Asia. Tectonic and volcanic activities |
Topographically, the region is dominated by the [[Eurasian Plate]], except for its eastern part, which lies on the [[North American Plate|North American]], [[Amurian Plate|Amurian]] and [[Okhotsk Plate]]s. It is divided by three major plains: the [[West Siberian Plain]], [[Central Siberian Plateau]] and Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone. The [[Uralian orogeny]] in the west raised [[Ural Mountains]], the informal boundary between Europe and Asia. Tectonic and volcanic activities frequently occurr in the eastern part of the region as part of the [[Ring of Fire]], evidenced by the formation of [[island arc|island arcs]] such as the [[Kuril Islands]] and ultra-prominent peaks such as [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], [[Kronotsky]] and [[Koryaksky]]. The central part of North Asia is a [[large igneous province]] called the [[Siberian Traps]], formed by a massive eruption occurred 250 million years ago. The formation of the traps coincided with the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]]. |
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North Asia |
North Asia is a part of Russia, and hence culturally and politically a part of [[Eurasian Economic Union|Eurasia]] and the [[Eurasian Steppe]]. [[Slavs|Slavic]], [[Turkic peoples]] and [[Mongols|Mongol]] populations dominate the region, with a majority of its population citing themselves as ethnic Russians (itself a poorly defined term).<ref name="2010Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Perepis-2010.ru |accessdate=2016-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212344/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |archive-date=2012-01-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Gks.ru |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref> [[Slavic culture|Slavic]] and [[Tatar culture|Tatar influence]] is high with ancient presence in the Urals and settlers arriving in large scale deep into Siberia and the Far East in the 18th-century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPaLi1d1O4C&q=russian+culture+in+north+asia|title=Siberia: A Cultural History|last=Haywood|first=A. J.|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199754182|language=en}}</ref> Indigenous Siberian cultures remain strongest in the South and East.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkcqDwAAQBAJ&q=siberia+indigenous+culture|title=Living with Koryak Traditions: Playing with Culture in Siberia|last=King|first=Alexander David|date=2011-06-01|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0803235090|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=siberia+turkic+culture&pg=PA140|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|last=Minahan|first=James B.|date=2014-02-10|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610690188|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfPqBgAAQBAJ&q=russian+culture+in+north+asia&pg=PA269|title=Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East|last1=Kotkin|first1=Stephen|last2=Wolff|first2=David|date=2015-03-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317461302|language=en}}</ref> In recent years there have been growing numbers of movements by indigenous peoples of the region to preserve their cultures from extinction, which have been met with support by the Russian government.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlhuDwAAQBAJ&q=siberia+indigenous+culture&pg=PA4|title=Siberian Survival: The Nenets and Their Story|last1=Golovnev|first1=Andrei V.|last2=Osherenko|first2=Gail|date=2018-09-05|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9781501727221|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GRWgX2xQMEC&q=russia+indigenous+culture+movement|title=The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous Movement: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North|last1=Gray|first1=Patty A.|last2=Gray|first2=Patty|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521823463|language=en}}</ref> Besides Slavic, Turkic and Mongol peoples, the region is also home to [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]], [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and a diverse range of small language families. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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{{Further|History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains|History of Siberia|Outer Manchuria}} |
{{Further|History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains|History of Siberia|Outer Manchuria}} |
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[[File:Collier's new encyclopedia - a loose-leaf and self-revising reference work with 515 illustrations and ninety-six maps (1921) (14781887444).jpg|thumb|Map of Northern Asia in 1921]] |
[[File:Collier's new encyclopedia - a loose-leaf and self-revising reference work with 515 illustrations and ninety-six maps (1921) (14781887444).jpg|thumb|Map of Northern Asia in 1921]] |
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The region was first populated by [[Hominini|hominins]] in the [[Late Pleistocene]], approximately 100,000 years ago,<ref name="Slon">{{cite journal | vauthors = Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge M, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin J, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S | title = A fourth Denisovan individual | journal = Science Advances | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e1700186 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28695206 | pmc = 5501502 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1700186 | bibcode = 2017SciA....3E0186S }}</ref> and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago<ref name="SciAm">{{cite web| url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/45-000-year-old-mans-genome-sequenced/ |title= 45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced| author= Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine |website=Scientific American |date= 23 October 2014|accessdate= 24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=October 23, 2014 |title= Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature |volume=514 |issue= 7523 |pages= 445–49 |doi= 10.1038/nature13810 |pmid=25341783 |pmc=4753769 |last1=Fu |first1=Q |last2=Li |first2=H |last3=Moorjani |first3=P |last4=Jay |first4=F |last5=Slepchenko |first5=SM |last6=Bondarev |first6=AA |last7=Johnson |first7=PL |last8=Aximu-Petri |first8=A |last9=Prüfer |first9=K |last10=de Filippo |first10=C |last11=Meyer |first11=M |last12=Zwyns |first12=N |last13=Salazar-García |first13=DC |last14=Kuzmin |first14=YV |last15=Keates |first15=SG |last16=Kosintsev |first16=PA |last17=Razhev |first17=DI |last18=Richards |first18=MP |last19=Peristov |first19=NV |last20=Lachmann |first20=M |last21=Douka |first21=K |last22=Higham |first22=TF |last23=Slatkin |first23=M |last24=Hublin |first24=JJ |last25=Reich |first25=D |last26=Kelso |first26=J |last27=Viola |first27=TB |last28=Pääbo |first28=S |bibcode= 2014Natur.514..445F}}</ref> with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Kılınç|first1=Gülşah Merve|last2=Kashuba|first2=Natalija|last3=Yaka|first3=Reyhan|last4=Sümer|first4=Arev Pelin|last5=Yüncü|first5=Eren|last6=Shergin|first6=Dmitrij|last7=Ivanov|first7=Grigorij Leonidovich|last8=Kichigin|first8=Dmitrii|last9=Pestereva|first9=Kjunnej|date=2018-06-12|title=Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=8969|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5997703|pmid=29895902|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.8969K}}</ref> Its [[Neolithic]] culture is characterized by |
The region was first populated by [[Hominini|hominins]] in the [[Late Pleistocene]], approximately 100,000 years ago,<ref name="Slon">{{cite journal | vauthors = Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge M, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin J, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S | title = A fourth Denisovan individual | journal = Science Advances | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e1700186 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28695206 | pmc = 5501502 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1700186 | bibcode = 2017SciA....3E0186S }}</ref> and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago<ref name="SciAm">{{cite web| url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/45-000-year-old-mans-genome-sequenced/ |title= 45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced| author= Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine |website=Scientific American |date= 23 October 2014|accessdate= 24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=October 23, 2014 |title= Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature |volume=514 |issue= 7523 |pages= 445–49 |doi= 10.1038/nature13810 |pmid=25341783 |pmc=4753769 |last1=Fu |first1=Q |last2=Li |first2=H |last3=Moorjani |first3=P |last4=Jay |first4=F |last5=Slepchenko |first5=SM |last6=Bondarev |first6=AA |last7=Johnson |first7=PL |last8=Aximu-Petri |first8=A |last9=Prüfer |first9=K |last10=de Filippo |first10=C |last11=Meyer |first11=M |last12=Zwyns |first12=N |last13=Salazar-García |first13=DC |last14=Kuzmin |first14=YV |last15=Keates |first15=SG |last16=Kosintsev |first16=PA |last17=Razhev |first17=DI |last18=Richards |first18=MP |last19=Peristov |first19=NV |last20=Lachmann |first20=M |last21=Douka |first21=K |last22=Higham |first22=TF |last23=Slatkin |first23=M |last24=Hublin |first24=JJ |last25=Reich |first25=D |last26=Kelso |first26=J |last27=Viola |first27=TB |last28=Pääbo |first28=S |bibcode= 2014Natur.514..445F}}</ref> with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Kılınç|first1=Gülşah Merve|last2=Kashuba|first2=Natalija|last3=Yaka|first3=Reyhan|last4=Sümer|first4=Arev Pelin|last5=Yüncü|first5=Eren|last6=Shergin|first6=Dmitrij|last7=Ivanov|first7=Grigorij Leonidovich|last8=Kichigin|first8=Dmitrii|last9=Pestereva|first9=Kjunnej|date=2018-06-12|title=Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=8969|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5997703|pmid=29895902|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.8969K}}</ref> Its [[Neolithic]] culture is characterized by stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Bronze Age]] began during the 3rd millennium BC,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dupuy|first=Paula Doumani|date=2016-06-02|title=Bronze Age Central Asia|url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-15|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001|doi-broken-date=2020-11-18}}</ref> with influences of [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] cultures as evidenced by the [[Andronovo culture]]. During the 1st millennium BC, [[Polity|polities]] such as the [[Scythians]] and [[Xiongnu]]s emerged in the region, who often clashed with their [[List of Iranian dynasties and countries|Persian]] and [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Chinese]] neighbors in the south. The [[Göktürks]] dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium, while in the early 2nd millennium, the [[Mongol Empire]] and its [[Division of the Mongol Empire|successor states]] ruled the region. The [[Khanate of Sibir]] was one of the last independent [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] states in North Asia before its [[Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir|conquest]] by another succesor to the Mongol Empire, the [[Tsardom of Russia]], in the 16th century. Russia would then gradually [[Amur Acquisition|annex]] the region into its territory until the [[Convention of Peking]] was signed in 1860. After the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, the region was [[Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War|contested]] between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and Whites, the [[Soviet Union]] asserted full control in 1923. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the Russia Federation as the head administrator of the region without an overlooking Soviet body. |
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== Geography == |
== Geography == |
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{{further|Geography of Siberia|Geography of Russia#Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka}} |
{{further|Geography of Siberia|Geography of Russia#Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka}} |
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For geographic and statistical reasons |
For geographic and statistical reasons the [[UN geoscheme|UN geoscheme,]] will not subdivide countries and thus erroneously place all of Russia in the [[Europe]] or [[Eastern Europe]] subregion. Despite this, Russia is however a fully Eurasian country. Russia is normally, and properly, listed as [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasian]] and Eastern European & North Asian. |
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There are no mountain chains in Northern Asia |
There are no mountain chains in Northern Asia preventing air currents from the [[Arctic]] flowing down over the [[plain]]s of [[Siberia]] and [[Turkestan]].<ref name="Chambers">{{cite book|title=Chambers's Information for the People|url=https://archive.org/details/chamberssinform02chamgoog|author=William Chambers and Robert Chambers|publisher=W. & R. Chambers|year=1875|location=London and Edinburgh|pages=274–276}}</ref> |
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The [[plateau]] and plains of Northern Asia comprise the [[West Siberian plain|West Siberian lowlands]]; the [[Angara Shield]], with the [[Taimyr Peninsula]], the coastal lowlands ([[North Siberian Lowland]] and [[East Siberian Lowland]]), the [[Central Siberian Plateau]], ([[Putorana Plateau]], [[Lena Plateau]], [[Anabar Plateau]], [[Tunguska Plateau]], [[Vilyuy Plateau]] and the [[Angara Plateau]]); and the [[Lena–Vilyuy Lowland]].<ref name="Bridges">{{cite book|title=World Geomorphology|author=Edwin Michael Bridges|chapter=Northern Asia|pages=124–126|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-28965-8}}</ref> [[Western Siberia]] is usually regarded as |
The [[plateau]] and plains of Northern Asia comprise the [[West Siberian plain|West Siberian lowlands]]; the [[Angara Shield]], with the [[Taimyr Peninsula]], the coastal lowlands ([[North Siberian Lowland]] and [[East Siberian Lowland]]), the [[Central Siberian Plateau]], ([[Putorana Plateau]], [[Lena Plateau]], [[Anabar Plateau]], [[Tunguska Plateau]], [[Vilyuy Plateau]] and the [[Angara Plateau]]); and the [[Lena–Vilyuy Lowland]].<ref name="Bridges">{{cite book|title=World Geomorphology|author=Edwin Michael Bridges|chapter=Northern Asia|pages=124–126|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-28965-8}}</ref> [[Western Siberia]] is usually regarded as part of Northwest Asia along with parts of [[Kazakhstan]] and the Urals. {{source needed|date=May 2020}} |
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=== Geomorphology === |
=== Geomorphology === |
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== Demographics == |
== Demographics == |
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{{further|Demographics of Siberia|Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Demographics of the Russian Far East}} |
{{further|Demographics of Siberia|Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Demographics of the Russian Far East}} |
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Most estimates are that there are around 33 million [[Russian nationality law|Russian citizens]] living east of the [[Ural Mountains]], a widely recognized but informal geographical divide between Europe and Asia. All Siberians are Russian citizens, and of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are [[Slavs| |
Most estimates are that there are around 33 million [[Russian nationality law|Russian citizens]] living east of the [[Ural Mountains]], a widely recognized but informal geographical divide between Europe and Asia. All Siberians are Russian citizens, and of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are [[Slavs|Slavicised]] [[Russians]] and russified [[Ukrainians in Russia|Ukrainians]].<ref>"[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life]". ''The Ukrainian Weekly''. 4 May 2003.</ref> The [[Turkic peoples]] native to some parts of Siberia, and Native [[Tungusic peoples]], now have minority status in North Asia due to prolonged [[Russification]] processes during the last three centuries. Russian census records indicate they make up only an estimated 10% of the region's population with the [[Buryats]] numbering at 445,175, which makes them the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia. There are 443,852 [[Yakuts]] (Russian [[Demographics of Russia#Ethnic groups|Census of 2002]]) living in Russian Far East.<ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Siberian-Germans-Orientation.html Siberian Germans]</ref> According to the 2002 census, there are 500,000 [[Siberian Tatars|Tatars in Siberia]], 300,000 of whom are [[Volga Tatars]] who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm Siberian Tatars]</ref> Other minority ethnic groups who live in the region include [[Volga Germans]] numbering at about 400,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siberian Germans |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/siberian-germans |work=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> |
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In 1875, Chambers reported the population of Northern Asia to be 8 million.<ref name="Chambers" /> Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from [[European Russia]] to [[Siberia]], 85% during the quarter-century before [[World War I]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/pss/1848991 The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War]</ref> |
In 1875, Chambers reported the population of Northern Asia to be 8 million.<ref name="Chambers" /> Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from [[European Russia]] to [[Siberia]], 85% during the quarter-century before [[World War I]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/pss/1848991 The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War]</ref> |
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=== Urban centres === |
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{{Largest cities of North Asia}} |
{{Largest cities of North Asia}} |
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| [[File:Flag of Altai Republic.svg|50px|border]] [[Altai Republic |
| [[File:Flag of Altai Republic.svg|50px|border]] [[Altai Republic]] |
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| [[Gorno-Altaysk]] |
| [[Gorno-Altaysk]] |
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| '''North Asia''' |
| '''North Asia''' |
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Revision as of 21:00, 22 December 2020
Area | 13,100,000 km2 (5,100,000 sq mi) |
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Population | 33,765,005 (2017) |
Population density | 2.6 per km2 |
GDP (nominal) | $500 billion (2018)[1] |
GDP per capita | $15,000 (2018) |
Ethnic groups | Slavic, Aleut, Eskimo, Mongols, Turkic, Tungusic, Finnic, Samoyedic, Yukaghirs and Yeniseian |
Religions | Orthodoxy, Shamanism, Tengrism, Rodnovery, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Animism |
Demonym | North Asian; Russian; Siberian (pars pro toto) |
Countries | Russia |
Languages | Official languages Other languages |
Time zones | |
Internet TLD | .ru .mn |
Calling code | Zone 7 |
Largest cities | |
UN M49 code | 151 – Eastern Europe & Northern Asia 150 – Europe001 – World |
North Asia | |
---|---|
Russian name | |
Russian | Северная Азия |
Romanization | Severnaya Aziya |
North Asia or Northern Asia, also referred to pars pro toto as Siberia, is the northern region of Asia. North Asia is administrated primarily as part of Russia, albeit Northern Kazakhstan and Mongolia may also come under the definition. Typically the region consists of the Russian regions east of the Ural Mountains: Ural, Siberia and the Russian Far East. North Asia is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to its north, by Eastern Europe to its west, by Central and East Asia to its south, and by the Pacific Ocean and North America to its east. The region covers an area of approximately 13,100,000 square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), or 8.8% of Earth's total land area. It is the largest subregion of Asia by area, but is also the least populated, with an approximate population of only 33 million people or only 0.74% of Asia's population.
Topographically, the region is dominated by the Eurasian Plate, except for its eastern part, which lies on the North American, Amurian and Okhotsk Plates. It is divided by three major plains: the West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau and Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone. The Uralian orogeny in the west raised Ural Mountains, the informal boundary between Europe and Asia. Tectonic and volcanic activities frequently occurr in the eastern part of the region as part of the Ring of Fire, evidenced by the formation of island arcs such as the Kuril Islands and ultra-prominent peaks such as Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Kronotsky and Koryaksky. The central part of North Asia is a large igneous province called the Siberian Traps, formed by a massive eruption occurred 250 million years ago. The formation of the traps coincided with the Permian–Triassic extinction event.
North Asia is a part of Russia, and hence culturally and politically a part of Eurasia and the Eurasian Steppe. Slavic, Turkic peoples and Mongol populations dominate the region, with a majority of its population citing themselves as ethnic Russians (itself a poorly defined term).[2][3] Slavic and Tatar influence is high with ancient presence in the Urals and settlers arriving in large scale deep into Siberia and the Far East in the 18th-century.[4] Indigenous Siberian cultures remain strongest in the South and East.[5][6][7] In recent years there have been growing numbers of movements by indigenous peoples of the region to preserve their cultures from extinction, which have been met with support by the Russian government.[8][9] Besides Slavic, Turkic and Mongol peoples, the region is also home to Tungusic, Uralic and a diverse range of small language families.
History
The region was first populated by hominins in the Late Pleistocene, approximately 100,000 years ago,[10] and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago[11][12] with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins.[13] Its Neolithic culture is characterized by stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin.[13] The Bronze Age began during the 3rd millennium BC,[14] with influences of Indo-Iranian cultures as evidenced by the Andronovo culture. During the 1st millennium BC, polities such as the Scythians and Xiongnus emerged in the region, who often clashed with their Persian and Chinese neighbors in the south. The Göktürks dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium, while in the early 2nd millennium, the Mongol Empire and its successor states ruled the region. The Khanate of Sibir was one of the last independent Turkic states in North Asia before its conquest by another succesor to the Mongol Empire, the Tsardom of Russia, in the 16th century. Russia would then gradually annex the region into its territory until the Convention of Peking was signed in 1860. After the October Revolution in 1917, the region was contested between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and Whites, the Soviet Union asserted full control in 1923. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the Russia Federation as the head administrator of the region without an overlooking Soviet body.
Geography
For geographic and statistical reasons the UN geoscheme, will not subdivide countries and thus erroneously place all of Russia in the Europe or Eastern Europe subregion. Despite this, Russia is however a fully Eurasian country. Russia is normally, and properly, listed as Eurasian and Eastern European & North Asian.
There are no mountain chains in Northern Asia preventing air currents from the Arctic flowing down over the plains of Siberia and Turkestan.[15]
The plateau and plains of Northern Asia comprise the West Siberian lowlands; the Angara Shield, with the Taimyr Peninsula, the coastal lowlands (North Siberian Lowland and East Siberian Lowland), the Central Siberian Plateau, (Putorana Plateau, Lena Plateau, Anabar Plateau, Tunguska Plateau, Vilyuy Plateau and the Angara Plateau); and the Lena–Vilyuy Lowland.[16] Western Siberia is usually regarded as part of Northwest Asia along with parts of Kazakhstan and the Urals. [citation needed]
Geomorphology
The geomorphology of Northern Asia in general is imperfectly known, although the deposits and mountain ranges are well known.[16]
To compensate for new sea floor having been created in the Siberian basin, the whole of the Asian Plate has pivoted about a point in the New Siberian Islands, causing compression in the Verkhoyansk mountains, which were formed along the eastern margin of the Angara Shield by tectonic uplift during the Mesozoic Era. There is a southern boundary to this across the northern margin of the Alpine folds of Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan, which at the east of Brahmaputra turns to run south towards the Bay of Bengal along the line of the Naga hills and the Arakan Yoma, continues around Indonesia, and follows the edge of the continental shelf along the eastern seaboard of China. The Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate meet across the neck of Alaska, following the line of the Aleutian Trench, rather than meeting at the Bering Straits.[16]
Northern Asia is built around the Angara Shield, which lies between the Yenisey River and the Lena River. It developed from fragments of Laurasia, whose rocks were mainly Precambrian crystalline rocks, gneisses, and schists, and Gondwana. These rocks can be found in the Angara Shield, the Inner Mongolian-Korean Shield, the Ordes Shield and the Southeast Asia Shield. The fragments have been subject to orogenesis around their margins, giving a complex of plateaux and mountain ranges. One can find outcrops of these rocks in unfolded sections of the Shields. Their presence has been confirmed below Mesozoic and later sediments.[16]
There are three main periods of mountain building in Northern Asia, although it has occurred many times. The outer fold mountains that are on the margins of the Shields and that only affected Asia north of the line of the Himalayas, are attributed to the Caledonian and Hercynian orogenies of the late Palaeozoic Era. The Alpine orogeny caused extensive folding and faulting of Mesozoic and early Tertiary sediments from the Tethys geosyncline. The Tibetan and Mongolian plateaux, and the structural basins of Tarim, Qaidam, and Junggar, are delimited by major east–west lithospheric faults that were probably the results of stresses caused by the impact of the Indian Plate against Laurasia. Erosion of the mountains caused by this orogeny has created a large amount of sediment, which has been transported southwards to produce the alluvial plains of India, China, and Cambodia, and which has also been deposited in large amounts in the Tarim and Dzungarian basins.[16]
Physical map of Northern Asia (with parts of Central and East Asia) |
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Northern Asia was glaciated in the Pleistocene, but this played a less significant part in the geology of the area compared to the part that it played in North America and Europe. The Scandinavian ice sheet extended to the east of the Urals, covering the northern two thirds of the Ob Basin and extending onto the Angara Shield between the Yenisei River and the Lena River. There are legacies of mountain glaciation to be found on the east Siberian mountains, on the mountains of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the Altai, on Tian Shan, and on other small areas of mountains, ice caps remain on the islands of Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, and several Central Asian mountains still have individual glaciers. North Asia itself has permafrost, ranging in depths from 30 to 600 metres and covering an area of 9.6 million km2.[16]
Several of the mountainous regions are volcanic, with both the Koryak Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula having active volcanoes. The Anadyr Plateau is formed from igneous rocks. The Mongolian Plateau has an area of basaltic lavas and volcanic cones.[16]
The Angara Shield also underlies the lowlands of the Ob River, but to the south and east in the Central Asian mountains and in the East Siberian Mountains there are folded and faulted mountains of Lower Palaeozoic rocks.[16]
Demographics
Most estimates are that there are around 33 million Russian citizens living east of the Ural Mountains, a widely recognized but informal geographical divide between Europe and Asia. All Siberians are Russian citizens, and of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are Slavicised Russians and russified Ukrainians.[17] The Turkic peoples native to some parts of Siberia, and Native Tungusic peoples, now have minority status in North Asia due to prolonged Russification processes during the last three centuries. Russian census records indicate they make up only an estimated 10% of the region's population with the Buryats numbering at 445,175, which makes them the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia. There are 443,852 Yakuts (Russian Census of 2002) living in Russian Far East.[18] According to the 2002 census, there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, 300,000 of whom are Volga Tatars who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.[19] Other minority ethnic groups who live in the region include Volga Germans numbering at about 400,000.[20]
In 1875, Chambers reported the population of Northern Asia to be 8 million.[15] Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from European Russia to Siberia, 85% during the quarter-century before World War I.[21]
Template:Largest cities of North Asia
Administration
See also
- Arctic Region
- Far North
- European Russia
- Asia
- Geography of Asia
- Northeast Asia
- Russian Far East
- Ural region
- Siberian High, a semipermament anticyclone
References
- ^ Валовой региональный продукт::Мордовиястат
- ^ "ВПН-2010". Perepis-2010.ru. Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
- ^ "ВПН-2010". Gks.ru. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
- ^ Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199754182.
- ^ King, Alexander David (2011-06-01). Living with Koryak Traditions: Playing with Culture in Siberia. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803235090.
- ^ Minahan, James B. (2014-02-10). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690188.
- ^ Kotkin, Stephen; Wolff, David (2015-03-04). Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East. Routledge. ISBN 9781317461302.
- ^ Golovnev, Andrei V.; Osherenko, Gail (2018-09-05). Siberian Survival: The Nenets and Their Story. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501727221.
- ^ Gray, Patty A.; Gray, Patty (2005). The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous Movement: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521823463.
- ^ Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge M, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin J, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S (July 2017). "A fourth Denisovan individual". Science Advances. 3 (7): e1700186. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0186S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700186. PMC 5501502. PMID 28695206.
- ^ Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine (23 October 2014). "45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ Fu, Q; Li, H; Moorjani, P; Jay, F; Slepchenko, SM; Bondarev, AA; Johnson, PL; Aximu-Petri, A; Prüfer, K; de Filippo, C; Meyer, M; Zwyns, N; Salazar-García, DC; Kuzmin, YV; Keates, SG; Kosintsev, PA; Razhev, DI; Richards, MP; Peristov, NV; Lachmann, M; Douka, K; Higham, TF; Slatkin, M; Hublin, JJ; Reich, D; Kelso, J; Viola, TB; Pääbo, S (October 23, 2014). "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia". Nature. 514 (7523): 445–49. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..445F. doi:10.1038/nature13810. PMC 4753769. PMID 25341783.
- ^ a b Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Kashuba, Natalija; Yaka, Reyhan; Sümer, Arev Pelin; Yüncü, Eren; Shergin, Dmitrij; Ivanov, Grigorij Leonidovich; Kichigin, Dmitrii; Pestereva, Kjunnej (2018-06-12). "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 8969. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.8969K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5997703. PMID 29895902.
- ^ Dupuy, Paula Doumani (2016-06-02). "Bronze Age Central Asia". doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001 (inactive 2020-11-18).
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2020 (link) - ^ a b William Chambers and Robert Chambers (1875). Chambers's Information for the People. London and Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. pp. 274–276.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Edwin Michael Bridges (1990). "Northern Asia". World Geomorphology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-521-28965-8.
- ^ "Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life". The Ukrainian Weekly. 4 May 2003.
- ^ Siberian Germans
- ^ Siberian Tatars
- ^ "Siberian Germans". Encyclopedia.com.
- ^ The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War