This is a list of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the U.S. Congress.
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a panethnic group that includes diverse populations, which have ancestral origins in East Asia, South Asia, or Southeast Asia, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.[1]
Pacific Islands Americans, also known as Oceanian Americans, Pacific Islander Americans or Native Hawaiian and/or other Pacific Islander Americans, are Americans who have ethnic ancestry among the indigenous peoples of Oceania (viz. Polynesians, Melanesians and Micronesians). For its purposes, the U.S. Census also counts Indigenous Australians as part of this group.[2][3]
As of 2019, there are 13 representatives and 3 senators of Asian-American descent who are currently serving in Congress. In addition, there are one representative and three non-voting delegates of Pacific Islander descent who currently are also serving. Since 1900, 19 Pacific Islanders have been elected to the House of Representatives (17 of them as non-voting Resident Commissioners, Delegates or Resident Representatives) and one has been elected to the U.S. Senate. Hawaii was the first territory to send a Pacific Islander to the House of Representatives (in 1900) and was also the first state to send a Pacific Islander to the U.S. Senate (in 1990). Since 1957, 35 Asian Americans have been elected to the House of Representatives and 9 to the U.S. Senate. Hawaii was the first of four states to send an Asian American to the Senate (1959) and Illinois is the most recent state to elect a senator of similar descent for the first time (2016). With respect to the House of Representatives, California was the first of 13 states to elect an Asian American to the House (1956), and New Jersey is the most recent to do so for the first time (2018). Three Asian-American women have been elected to the Senate (all three of whom currently are incumbents and represent California, Hawaii and Illinois, respectively), and ten have been elected to the House (five of whom currently are incumbents) from six separate states.
Senate
(Note: Senators are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
Senator | Asian American and Pacific Islander Ethnicity |
Party | State | Tenure | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Term start | Term end | Length of service | ||||||
Hiram Fong (1906–2004) [4] |
Chinese | Republican | Hawaii | August 21, 1959 | January 3, 1977 | 17 years, 135 days | Retired | |
Daniel Inouye (1924–2012) [5] |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 1963 | December 17, 2012 | 49 years, 349 days | Died in office | |
S. I. Hayakawa (1906–1992) |
Japanese | Republican | California | January 2, 1977 | January 3, 1983 | 6 years, 1 day | Retired | |
Spark Matsunaga (1916–1990) |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 1977 | April 15, 1990 | 13 years, 102 days | Died in office | |
Daniel Akaka (1924–2018) [6] |
Hawaiian, Chinese |
Democratic | Hawaii | May 16, 1990 | January 3, 2013 | 22 years, 232 days | Retired | |
John Ensign (born 1958) |
Filipino | Republican | Nevada | January 3, 2001 | May 3, 2011 | 10 years, 120 days | Resigned | |
Mazie Hirono (born 1947) [7] |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 11 years, 167 days | ||
Tammy Duckworth (born 1968) [8] |
Thai, Chinese |
Democratic | Illinois | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 167 days | ||
Kamala Harris (born 1964) [9] |
Indian | Democratic | California | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 167 days |
List of representatives
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
Representative | Asian American and Pacific Islander Ethnicity |
Party | State | Tenure | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Term start | Term end | Length of service | ||||||
Dalip Singh Saund (1899–1973) [10] |
Indian | Democratic | California | January 3, 1957 | January 3, 1963 | 6 years, 0 days | Lost reelection | |
Daniel Inouye (1924–2012) [5] |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | August 21, 1959 | January 3, 1963 | 3 years, 135 days | Retired to run successfully for U.S. Senator from Hawaii | |
Spark Matsunaga (1916–1990) |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 1963 | January 3, 1977 | 14 years, 0 days | Retired to run successfully for U.S. Senator from Hawaii | |
Patsy Mink (1927–2002) [11] |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1971 | 12 years, 0 days | Retired to run unsuccessfully in the Democratic Party primary for U.S. Senator from Hawaii | |
September 22, 1990 | September 28, 2002 | 12 years, 6 days | Died in office | |||||
Norman Mineta (born 1931) |
Japanese | Democratic | California | January 3, 1975 | October 10, 1995 | 20 years, 280 days | Resigned | |
Daniel Akaka (1924–2018) [6] |
Hawaiian, Chinese |
Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 1977 | May 16, 1990 | 13 years, 133 days | Resigned to accept appointment as U.S. Senator from Hawaii | |
Bob Matsui (1941–2005) |
Japanese | Democratic | California | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 2005 | 26 years, 0 days | Died in office | |
Mervyn Dymally (1926–2012) [12] |
Indian | Democratic | California | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 1993 | 12 years, 0 days | Retired | |
Pat Saiki (born 1930) |
Japanese | Republican | Hawaii | January 3, 1987 | January 3, 1991 | 4 years, 0 days | Retired to run unsuccessfully for U.S. Senator from Hawaii | |
Jay Kim (born 1939) [13] |
Korean | Republican | California | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1999 | 6 years, 0 days | Lost renomination | |
Bobby Scott (born 1947) [14] |
Filipino | Democratic | Virginia | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | 31 years, 167 days | ||
John Ensign (born 1958)[15] |
Filipino | Republican | Nevada | January 3, 1995 | January 3, 1999 | 4 years, 0 days | Retired to run unsuccessfully for U.S. Senator from Nevada | |
David Wu (born 1955) [16] |
Taiwanese | Democratic | Oregon | January 3, 1999 | August 3, 2011 | 12 years, 212 days | Resigned | |
Mike Honda (born 1941) |
Japanese | Democratic | California | January 3, 2001 | January 3, 2017 | 16 years, 0 days | Lost reeelction | |
Bobby Jindal (born 1971) |
Indian | Republican | Louisiana | January 3, 2005 | January 14, 2008 | 3 years, 11 days | Resigned to run successfully for Governor of Louisiana | |
Doris Matsui (born 1944) |
Japanese | Democratic | California | March 8, 2005 | Incumbent | 19 years, 102 days | ||
Mazie Hirono (born 1947) [17] |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2013 | 6 years, 0 days | Retired to run successfully for U.S. Senator from Hawaii | |
Steve Austria (born 1958) |
Filipino | Republican | Ohio | January 3, 2009 | January 3, 2013 | 4 years, 0 days | Retired | |
Joseph Cao (born 1967) [18] |
Vietnamese | Republican | Louisiana | January 3, 2009 | January 3, 2011 | 2 years, 0 days | Lost reelection | |
Judy Chu (born 1953) [19] |
Chinese | Democratic | California | July 14, 2009 | Incumbent | 14 years, 340 days | ||
Charles Djou (born 1970) [20] |
Thai, Chinese |
Republican | Hawaii | May 22, 2010 | January 3, 2011 | 226 days | Lost reelection | |
Hansen Clarke (born 1957) [21] |
Bangladeshi | Democratic | Michigan | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | 2 years, 0 days | Lost renomination | |
Colleen Hanabusa (born 1951) |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2015 | 4 years, 0 days | Retired to run unsuccessfully in the Democratic Party primary for U.S. Senator from Hawaii | |
November 14, 2016 | January 3, 2019 | 2 years, 50 days | Retired to run unsuccessfully in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Hawaii | |||||
Ami Bera (born 1965) |
Indian | Democratic | California | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 11 years, 167 days | ||
Tammy Duckworth (born 1968) [8] |
Thai, Chinese |
Democratic | Illinois | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2017 | 4 years, 0 days | Retired to run successfully for U.S. Senator from Illinois | |
Tulsi Gabbard (born 1981) [22] |
Samoan | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 11 years, 167 days | Retired after having run unsuccessfully in the Democratic primary for President of the United States | |
Grace Meng (born 1975) [23] |
Taiwanese | Democratic | New York | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 11 years, 167 days | ||
Mark Takano (born 1960) [24] |
Japanese | Democratic | California | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 11 years, 167 days | ||
Ted Lieu (born 1969) |
Taiwanese | Democratic | California | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | 9 years, 167 days | ||
Mark Takai (1967–2016) |
Japanese | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 2015 | July 20, 2016 | 1 year, 199 days | Died in office. | |
Pramila Jayapal (born 1965) [25] |
Indian | Democratic | Washington | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 167 days | ||
Ro Khanna (born 1976) |
Indian | Democratic | California | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 167 days | ||
Raja Krishnamoorthi (born 1973) |
Indian | Democratic | Illinois | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 167 days | ||
Stephanie Murphy (born 1978) [26] |
Vietnamese | Democratic | Florida | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 167 days | ||
TJ Cox (born 1963) |
Filipino, Chinese |
Democratic | California | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | 5 years, 167 days | ||
Andy Kim (born 1982) |
Korean | Democratic | New Jersey | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | 5 years, 167 days |
Members-Elect of the House of Representatives
Picture | Representative (lifespan) |
Asian or Pacific Island Ethnicity | Party | State | Expected term start | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kai Kahele (born 1974) |
Hawaiian | Democratic | Hawaii | January 3, 2021 | Elected on November 3, 2020 | |
Young Kim (born 1962)[27] |
Korean | Republican | California | January 3, 2021 | Elected on November 3, 2020 | |
Michelle Steel (born 1955)[28] |
Korean | Republican | California | January 3, 2021 | Elected on November 3, 2020 | |
Marilyn Strickland (born 1962)[29] |
Korean | Democratic | Washington | January 3, 2021 | Elected on November 3, 2020 |
House Delegates (non-voting members)
(Note: Delegates are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
Resident Commissioners were representatives from the Philippines, then an American territory.[30][31][32] Two were elected at-large from 1907 to 1937, and a single Resident Commissioner from 1937 to 1946.
From 1978 to 2009, the Northern Mariana Islands elected a Resident Representative who had no actual privileges in the House.
Delegate | Asian American and Pacific Islander Ethnicity |
Party | Territory | Tenure | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Term start | Term end | Length of service | ||||||
Robert Wilcox (1855–1903) |
Hawaiian | Home Rule | Hawaii | November 6, 1900 | March 4, 1903 | 2 years, 118 days | Lost reelection | |
Jonah Kalanianaʻole (1871–1922) |
Hawaiian | Republican | Hawaii | March 4, 1903 | January 7, 1922 | 18 years, 309 days | Died in office. | |
Benito Legarda (1853–1915) |
Filipino | Federalist | Philippine Islands | November 22, 1907 | March 4, 1912 | 4 years, 103 days | Retired | |
Pablo Ocampo (1853–1925) |
Filipino | Democrat | Philippine Islands | November 22, 1907 | November 22, 1909 | 2 years, 0 days | Retired | |
Manuel L. Quezón (1878–1944) |
Filipino | bgcolor=Template:Nacionalista Party/meta/color |Nacionalista | Philippine Islands | November 23, 1909 | October 15, 1916 | 6 years, 327 days | Retired | |
Manuel Earnshaw (1862–1936) |
Filipino | Independent | Philippine Islands | March 4, 1913 | March 4, 1917 | 4 years, 0 days | Retired | |
Jaime C. de Veyra (1873–1963) |
Filipino | bgcolor=Template:Nacionalista Party/meta/color |Nacionalista | Philippine Islands | March 4, 1917 | March 4, 1923 | 6 years, 0 days | Retired | |
Teodoro R. Yangco (1861–1939) |
Filipino, Chinese |
Independent | Philippine Islands | March 4, 1917 | March 4, 1920 | 3 years, 0 days | Retired | |
Isauro Gabaldon (1875–1942) |
Filipino | bgcolor=Template:Nacionalista Party/meta/color |Nacionalista | Philippine Islands | March 4, 1920 | July 16, 1928 | 8 years, 124 days | Resigned | |
Pedro Guevara (1879–1938) |
Filipino | bgcolor=Template:Nacionalista Party/meta/color |Nacionalista | Philippine Islands | March 4, 1923 | February 14, 1936 | 12 years, 347 days | Retired | |
William Jarrett (1877–1929) |
Hawaiian | Democrat | Hawaii | March 4, 1923 | March 4, 1927 | 4 years, 0 days | Lost reelection. | |
Victor Houston (1876–1959) |
Hawaiian | Republican | Hawaii | March 4, 1927 | March 4, 1933 | 6 years, 0 days | Lost reelection. | |
Camilo Osías (1889–1976) |
Filipino | bgcolor=Template:Nacionalista Party/meta/color |Nacionalista | Philippine Islands | March 4, 1929 | January 3, 1935 | 5 years, 305 days | Retired | |
Francisco Afan Delgado (1886–1964) |
Filipino | bgcolor=Template:Nacionalista Party/meta/color |Nacionalista | Philippine Islands | January 3, 1935 | February 14, 1936 | 1 year, 42 days | Retired | |
Samuel King (1886–1959) |
Hawaiian | Republican | Hawaii | January 3, 1935 | January 3, 1943 | 8 years, 0 days | Resigned | |
Quintín Paredes (1884–1973) |
Filipino | bgcolor=Template:Nacionalista Party/meta/color |Nacionalista | Philippines | February 14, 1936 | September 29, 1938 | 2 years, 228 days | Resigned | |
Joaquin Miguel Elizalde (1896-1965) |
Filipino | Independent | Philippine | September 29, 1938 | August 9, 1944 | 5 years, 315 days | Resigned. | |
Carlos P. Romulo (1899–1985)[33] |
Filipino | bgcolor=Template:Liberal Party (Philippines)/meta/color |Liberal | Philippines | August 10, 1944 | July 4, 1946 | 1 year, 328 days | Resigned | |
Antonio Won Pat (1908–1987)[34] |
Chamorro, Chinese |
Democratic | Guam | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1985 | 12 years, 0 days | Lost reelection. | |
Eddie Pangelinan (born 1945) |
Chamorro | Democratic (1978–1983) | Northern Mariana Islands | January 9, 1978 | January 9, 1984 | 5 years, 130 days | Lost reelection. | |
Republican (1983–1984) | ||||||||
Fofó Sunia (born 1937)[35] |
Samoan | Democratic | American Samoa | January 3, 1981 | September 6, 1988 | 7 years, 247 days | Resigned | |
Froilan Tenorio (1939–2020)[36] |
Chamorro | Democratic | Northern Mariana Islands | January 9, 1984 | January 8, 1990 | 5 years, 364 days | Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands | |
Ben Blaz (1928–2014) |
Chamorro | Republican | Guam | January 3, 1985 | January 3, 1993 | 8 years, 0 days | Lost reelection. | |
Eni Faleomavaega (1943–2017) |
Samoan | Democratic | American Samoa | January 3, 1989 | January 3, 2015 | 26 years, 0 days | Lost reelection | |
Juan Babauta (born 1953)[37] |
Chamorro, Carolinian |
Republican | Northern Mariana Islands | January 8, 1990 | January 14, 2002 | 12 years, 6 days | Retired to run successfully for Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands | |
Robert Underwood (born 1948) |
Chamorro | Democratic | Guam | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2003 | 10 years, 0 days | Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Guam | |
Pete Tenorio (born 1941) |
Chamorro | Republican | Northern Mariana Islands | January 14, 2002 | January 3, 2009 | 6 years, 355 days | Office replaced by Delegate. Lost election to new office. | |
Gregorio Sablan (born 1955) |
Chamorro | Independent (2009) |
Northern Mariana Islands | January 3, 2009 | Incumbent | 15 years, 167 days | ||
Democratic (2009–2014) | ||||||||
Independent (2014–present) | ||||||||
Amata Radewagen (born 1947) |
Samoan | Republican | American Samoa | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | 9 years, 167 days | ||
Mike San Nicolas (born 1981) |
Chamorro | Democratic | Guam | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | 5 years, 167 days |
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
- ^ University of Virginia. Geospatial and Statistical Data Center. "1990 PUMS Ancestry Codes." 2003. August 30, 2007."Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ University of Michigan. Census 1990: Ancestry Codes. August 27, 2007
- ^ First Asian Pacific American elected to the Senate and first American of Chinese ancestry elected to Congress, for the predecessors and successors of each Asian Pacific American Representative's/Delegate's district or Senator with their date of birth and death, click on the U.S. representative/delegate or senator, for the number of congresses, click on the congress.
- ^ a b First Japanese American elected to Congress.
- ^ a b First Native Hawaiian to serve as a voting member of Congress.
- ^ First Asian-American woman and first Buddhist elected to the Senate.
- ^ a b First disabled woman and first Thai-American woman elected to Congress.
- ^ Together with Pramila Jayapal, first Indian American woman elected to Congress. Also is a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.
- ^ First person of Indian ancestry elected to Congress.
- ^ First Asian-American woman elected to Congress.
- ^ First Dougla elected to Congress. Also was a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.
- ^ First person of Korean ancestry elected to Congress.
- ^ First American-born Filipino elected to Congress. Also is a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.
- ^ Later elected as a U.S. Senator from Nevada
- ^ First Taiwanese American elected to Congress.
- ^ One of the first two Buddhists elected to Congress.
- ^ First person of Vietnamese ancestry elected to Congress.
- ^ First Chinese American woman elected to Congress.
- ^ First Thai American elected to Congress.
- ^ First person of Bangladeshi ancestry elected to Congress. Also was a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.
- ^ First Hindu and first woman of Pacific Islander ancestry elected to Congress.
- ^ First Taiwanese American woman elected to Congress.
- ^ First openly gay person of color elected to Congress.
- ^ Together with Kamala Harris, first Indian American woman elected to Congress.
- ^ First Vietnamese American woman elected to Congress.
- ^ One of first Korean-American women elected to Congress.
- ^ One of first Korean-American women elected to Congress.
- ^ One of first Korean-American women elected to Congress. As Strickland's father is African American, she is also listed at List of African-American United States Representatives.
- ^ "Map Layer Info". National Atlas of the United States. United States Department of the Interior. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
The Philippines became a territory of the United States after the Spanish–American War.
- ^ Berhow, Mark (2012). American Defenses of Corregidor and Manila Bay 1898-1945. Osprey Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 9781782004356. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
- ^ Pyong Gap, Min, ed. (2005). Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. Pine Forge Press. p. 183. ISBN 9781412905565. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ Final Philippine representative
- ^ First Chamorro delegate elected to U.S. Congress
- ^ First Samoan delegate elected to U.S. Congress.
- ^ Later served as Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
- ^ First Carolinian delegate elected to U.S. Congress
Further reading
- Tong, Lorraine H. (2003). "Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress". Congressional Research Service 97-398, 9–14.
- "Rise of the Wahine Documentary Film". Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved February 29, 2020., highlighting the role of the first woman of color and first female Asian-American to serve in Congress, Patsy Mink.