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[[de:Unit-Test]] |
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{{Infobox LGBT rights |
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[[fr:Test unitaire]] |
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| location_header = Hungary |
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| image = EU-Hungary.svg |
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| caption = {{map_caption|location_color=dark green|country=[[Hungary]]|region=[[Europe]]|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=light green|legend=EU-Hungary.svg}} |
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| legal_status = Legal since 1961,<br/>age of consent equalized in 2002 |
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| gender_identity_expression = - |
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| recognition_of_relationships = [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Hungary|Unregistered cohabitation since 1996,<br/>registered partnerships since 2009;<br/>no same-sex marriage]] |
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| adoption = No joint adoption by same-sex couples; no adoption of same-sex partner's child |
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| military = Gays and lesbians allowed to serve |
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| discrimination_protections = Sexual orientation protection ([[LGBT rights in Hungary#Discrimination protections|see below]]) |
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}} |
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The '''rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT)''' people in '''Hungary''' have evolved through [[History of Hungary|Hungarian history]]. |
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In [[computer programming]], a '''unit test''' gg is a method of testing the correctness of a particular [[module]] of [[source code]]. |
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==Law regarding same-sex sexual activity== |
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The idea is to write test cases for every non-trivial [[subroutine|function]] or [[method (computer science)|method]] in the module so that each test case is separate from the others if possible. |
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The first [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] penal code (1878) punished homosexuality between men ("természet elleni fajtalanság" – ''unnatural perversion'') with prison up to 1 year. Homosexual activity above the age of 20 was decriminalized in 1961, then above the age of 18 in 1978 by the new penal code. The [[age of consent]], which is 14, has applied equally to heterosexual and homosexual activity since a Constitutional Court decision of 2002. Gay and bisexual people are not banned from military service. |
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==Recognition of same-sex relationships== |
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== Benefits == |
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{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Hungary}} |
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Unregistered cohabitation has been recognised since 1996. It applies to any couple living together in an economic and sexual relationship ([[common-law marriage]]), including same-sex couples. No official registration is required. The law gives some specified rights and benefits to two persons living together. These rights and benefits are not automatically given – they must be applied for to the social department of the local government in each case. Unregistered cohabitation is defined in the Civil Code as "Partners – if not stipulated otherwise by law – are two people living in an emotional and economic community in the same household without being married or having entered into registered partnership." Inheritance is possible only with testament, widow-pension is available for couples cohabiting for more than 10 years. |
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[[File:Gaypride Budapest assoc.JPG|thumb|Gaypride in [[Budapest]], 2008]] |
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Adoption by individuals is legal regardless of sexual orientation, but same-sex couples cannot jointly adopt, or adopt their partner's biological child. One poll indicated that 30 percent of the Hungarian public supported same-sex marriage.<ref name="Medián">{{cite news |
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|last= |
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|first= |
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|coauthors= |
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|title=Hűvös fogadtatás: Közvélemény a homoszexuálisok megítéléséről |
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|work= |
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|pages= |
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|language=Hungarian |
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|publisher=Medián |
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|date=11 July 2007 |
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|url=http://www.median.hu/object.893a4438-c74b-4a32-9f9a-eca01a7e5425.ivy |
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|accessdate=}}</ref> However, according to a [[Eurobarometer]] survey published on December 2006, only 18 percent of Hungarians surveyed supported same-sex marriage, and only 13 percent recognized a same-sex couple's right to adopt, compared to the [[European Union|EU]]-wide average of 44 percent and 33 percent, respectively.<ref name="EU">{{cite news |
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|last= |
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|first= |
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|coauthors= |
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|title=Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage |
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|work= |
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|pages= |
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|language= |
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|publisher=Angus Reid Global Monitor |
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|date=24 December 2006 |
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|url=http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/14203 |
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|accessdate=16 March 2008}}</ref> |
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On 17 December 2007 the Parliament adopted a registered partnership bill submitted by the [[Hungarian Socialist Party]]-[[Alliance of Free Democrats]] government. Since 1 July 2009 same-sex couples can enter into registered partnerships. The law gives the same rights to registered partners as to spouses except for adoption, surrogacy or taking a surname.<ref name="pink">{{cite news |
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The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are correct. It provides a written contract that the piece must satisfy. This isolated testing provides two main benefits: |
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|last= |
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|first= |
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|coauthors= |
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|title=Hungary approves partnership legislation |
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|work= |
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|pages= |
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|language= |
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|publisher=pinknews.co.uk |
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|date=18 December 2007 |
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|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-6361.html |
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|accessdate=16 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |
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|last= |
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|first= |
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|coauthors= |
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|title=Hungary legalizes same-sex civil partnerships |
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|work= |
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|pages= |
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|language= |
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|publisher=[[Reuters]] |
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|date=18 December 2007 |
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|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idINL1861742220071218 |
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|accessdate=16 March 2008}}</ref> |
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On 1 January 2012, a new [[Constitution_of_Hungary#2011_Constitution|constitution]] enacted by the government of [[Viktor Orbán]], leader of the ruling [[Fidesz]] party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.<ref>[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/01/03/new-hungarian-constitution-comes-into-effect-with-same-sex-marriage-ban/ "New Hungarian constitution comes into effect with same-sex marriage ban,"] PinkNews, 3 January 2012, accessed 6 January 2012.</ref> Note, however, that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation remains banned through statute, even if it is not constitutionally banned. |
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; 1. Encourages change : Unit testing allows the programmer to [[refactor]] code at a later date, and make sure the module still works correctly ([[regression testing]]). This provides the benefit of encouraging programmers to make changes to the code since it is easy for the programmer to check if the piece is still working properly. |
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==Adoption and family planning== |
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; 2. Simplifies Integration : Unit testing helps eliminate uncertainty in the pieces themselves and can be used in a bottom-up testing style approach. By testing the parts of a program first and then testing the sum of its parts will make [[integration testing]] easier. |
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Although same-sex couples cannot adopt, lesbian couples can get access to [[IVF]] and donor insemination. |
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==Discrimination protections== |
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== Limitations == |
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In 2000, the Constitutional Court recognized that the Constitutional ban on discrimination based on "other status" covers [[sexual orientation]] as well. There exists an anti-discrimination law in the Act on Public Health since 1997. The 2003 Act on Equal Treatment and the Promotion of Equal Opportunities forbids discrimination based on factors that include sexual orientation and sexual identity in the fields of employment, education, housing, health, and access to goods and services. |
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==Living conditions== |
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It is important to realize that unit-testing will not catch every error in the program. By definition, it only tests the functionality of the units themselves. Therefore, it will not catch integration errors, performance problems and any other system-wide issues. Unit testing is only effective if it is used in conjunction with other software testing activities (see [[Software testing]] under Software testing activities). |
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In contrast with more conservative [[Central Europe]]an countries such as [[Poland]] and [[Slovakia]], Hungary appears to be a more tolerant society as far as gay rights and acceptance of LGBT people are concerned. |
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Hungary was the host country of Mr Gay Europe 2007 contest and the Eurogames in 2012. |
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== Applications == |
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[[Budapest Pride]] was the first such event in the former [[Eastern Bloc]], and draws a steady, but moderate number of LGBT people and their supporters. The LGBT festival lasts a week every summer with a film festival, pride march and parties across the city. The Festival was opened in the past by notable public figures including [[Gábor Demszky]], then mayor of Budapest and [[Kinga Göncz]], then minister of foreign affairs. |
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The unit testing concept is part of the [[Extreme Programming]] method of software engineering. Various unit testing frameworks, based on a design by [[Kent Beck]], have come to be known as xUnit testing frameworks and are available for many programming languages and development platforms. Unit testing is the building block to [[test driven development]] (TDD). [[Extreme Programming]] and most other methods use unit tests to perform [[black box testing]]. |
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== Summary table == |
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Note that the Extreme Programming community has renamed unit tests to "programmer tests". |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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| Same-sex sexual activity legal |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (since 1962) |
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|- |
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| Equal age of consent |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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| Anti-discrimination laws in employment |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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| Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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| Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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| Same-sex marriage(s) |
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| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (constitutional ban since 2012) |
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|- |
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| Recognition of same-sex couples |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (since 2009) |
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|- |
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| Both joint and step adoption by same-sex couples |
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| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] |
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|- |
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| Gays allowed to serve in the military |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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| Right to change legal gender |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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| Commercial surrogacy |
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| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (banned for heterosexual couples as well) |
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|- |
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| Access to IVF for lesbians |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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| [[Men who have sex with men|MSM]] allowed to [[MSM blood donor controversy|donate blood]]<ref>http://www.sanquin.nl/bloed-geven/bloeddonor-worden/aanmeldingsprocedure/bloed-wordt-getest/hiv/risicofactoren-mannen/</ref> |
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| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] |
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|} |
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==See also== |
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The [[D programming language]] offers direct support for unit testing. |
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{{Portal box|LGBT|Human rights|Hungary}} |
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* "[[Mások]]" ("''Others''", monthly Hungarian LGBT magazine) |
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* [[List of gay-rights organizations#Hungary]] |
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* [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Hungary]] |
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* [[LGBT rights in Europe]] |
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== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* [[JUnit]] - a unit testing module for [[Java programming language|Java]] |
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* [[PyUnit]] - a unit testing module for [[Python programming language|Python]] |
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* [[NUnit]] - a unit testing module for [[Microsoft .NET]] |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.xprogramming.com/testfram.htm Kent Beck's original testing framework paper] |
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* [http://www.xprogramming.com/software.htm List of various unit testing frameworks] |
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* [http://dunit.sourceforge.net/ DUnit] - a unit testing module for [[Delphi]] |
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* [http://www.sente.ch/software/ocunit/ OCUnit] - a unit testing framework for [[Objective-C]] |
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* [http://home.wanadoo.nl/maas/ocaml OUnit] - a unit testing framework for [[Ocaml]] |
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* [http://pear.php.net/package/PHPUnit PHPUnit] - a unit testing framework for [[PHP]] |
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* [http://www.lastcraft.com/simple_test.php SimpleTest] - a unit testing framework for [[PHP]] with [[Mock objects]] |
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* [http://www.testdriven.com Community site on unit testing and Test Driven Development] |
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* [http://cppunit.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/moin.cgi CPPUnit] - a unit testing framework for [[C plus plus|C++]] |
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==External links== |
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[[Category: Software engineering]] |
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{{Commons category|LGBT in Hungary}} |
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*[http://www.policy.hu/takacs/research-paper/visibility.html Social visibility and acceptance of LGBT people in Hungary] |
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*[http://www.budapest.gayguide.net Budapest GayGuide.Net Up2date GayGuide for Budapest and Hungary] |
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{{Hungary topics}} |
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{{LGBT rights in Europe}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lgbt Rights In Hungary}} |
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[[Category:LGBT rights in Hungary| ]] |
Revision as of 19:04, 18 August 2014
LGBT rights in Hungary | |
---|---|
Status | Legal since 1961, age of consent equalized in 2002 |
Gender identity | - |
Military | Gays and lesbians allowed to serve |
Discrimination protections | Sexual orientation protection (see below) |
Family rights | |
Recognition of relationships | Unregistered cohabitation since 1996, registered partnerships since 2009; no same-sex marriage |
Adoption | No joint adoption by same-sex couples; no adoption of same-sex partner's child |
The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) people in Hungary have evolved through Hungarian history.
Law regarding same-sex sexual activity
The first Austro-Hungarian penal code (1878) punished homosexuality between men ("természet elleni fajtalanság" – unnatural perversion) with prison up to 1 year. Homosexual activity above the age of 20 was decriminalized in 1961, then above the age of 18 in 1978 by the new penal code. The age of consent, which is 14, has applied equally to heterosexual and homosexual activity since a Constitutional Court decision of 2002. Gay and bisexual people are not banned from military service.
Recognition of same-sex relationships
Unregistered cohabitation has been recognised since 1996. It applies to any couple living together in an economic and sexual relationship (common-law marriage), including same-sex couples. No official registration is required. The law gives some specified rights and benefits to two persons living together. These rights and benefits are not automatically given – they must be applied for to the social department of the local government in each case. Unregistered cohabitation is defined in the Civil Code as "Partners – if not stipulated otherwise by law – are two people living in an emotional and economic community in the same household without being married or having entered into registered partnership." Inheritance is possible only with testament, widow-pension is available for couples cohabiting for more than 10 years.
Adoption by individuals is legal regardless of sexual orientation, but same-sex couples cannot jointly adopt, or adopt their partner's biological child. One poll indicated that 30 percent of the Hungarian public supported same-sex marriage.[1] However, according to a Eurobarometer survey published on December 2006, only 18 percent of Hungarians surveyed supported same-sex marriage, and only 13 percent recognized a same-sex couple's right to adopt, compared to the EU-wide average of 44 percent and 33 percent, respectively.[2]
On 17 December 2007 the Parliament adopted a registered partnership bill submitted by the Hungarian Socialist Party-Alliance of Free Democrats government. Since 1 July 2009 same-sex couples can enter into registered partnerships. The law gives the same rights to registered partners as to spouses except for adoption, surrogacy or taking a surname.[3][4]
On 1 January 2012, a new constitution enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.[5] Note, however, that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation remains banned through statute, even if it is not constitutionally banned.
Adoption and family planning
Although same-sex couples cannot adopt, lesbian couples can get access to IVF and donor insemination.
Discrimination protections
In 2000, the Constitutional Court recognized that the Constitutional ban on discrimination based on "other status" covers sexual orientation as well. There exists an anti-discrimination law in the Act on Public Health since 1997. The 2003 Act on Equal Treatment and the Promotion of Equal Opportunities forbids discrimination based on factors that include sexual orientation and sexual identity in the fields of employment, education, housing, health, and access to goods and services.
Living conditions
In contrast with more conservative Central European countries such as Poland and Slovakia, Hungary appears to be a more tolerant society as far as gay rights and acceptance of LGBT people are concerned.
Hungary was the host country of Mr Gay Europe 2007 contest and the Eurogames in 2012.
Budapest Pride was the first such event in the former Eastern Bloc, and draws a steady, but moderate number of LGBT people and their supporters. The LGBT festival lasts a week every summer with a film festival, pride march and parties across the city. The Festival was opened in the past by notable public figures including Gábor Demszky, then mayor of Budapest and Kinga Göncz, then minister of foreign affairs.
Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal | (since 1962) |
Equal age of consent | |
Anti-discrimination laws in employment | |
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services | |
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) | |
Same-sex marriage(s) | (constitutional ban since 2012) |
Recognition of same-sex couples | (since 2009) |
Both joint and step adoption by same-sex couples | |
Gays allowed to serve in the military | |
Right to change legal gender | |
Commercial surrogacy | (banned for heterosexual couples as well) |
Access to IVF for lesbians | |
MSM allowed to donate blood[6] |
See also
- "Mások" ("Others", monthly Hungarian LGBT magazine)
- List of gay-rights organizations#Hungary
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Hungary
- LGBT rights in Europe
References
- ^ "Hűvös fogadtatás: Közvélemény a homoszexuálisok megítéléséről" (in Hungarian). Medián. 11 July 2007.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 24 December 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "Hungary approves partnership legislation". pinknews.co.uk. 18 December 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "Hungary legalizes same-sex civil partnerships". Reuters. 18 December 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "New Hungarian constitution comes into effect with same-sex marriage ban," PinkNews, 3 January 2012, accessed 6 January 2012.
- ^ http://www.sanquin.nl/bloed-geven/bloeddonor-worden/aanmeldingsprocedure/bloed-wordt-getest/hiv/risicofactoren-mannen/