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Advani married Kamla Advani in February 1965 and they have a son Jayant and a daughter [[Pratibha Advani|Pratibha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Will LK Advani's son live up to his father's image? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/will-lk-advanis-son-live-up-to-his-fathers-image-1523797.html|access-date=5 April 2019 |work=Firstpost |date=14 May 2014}}</ref> Pratibha is a television producer and also supports her father in his political activities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sahgal |first1=Priya |title=A Tale of Two Daughters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/column-off-the-record/story/a-tale-of-two-daughters-45777-2009-04-27|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age.<ref>{{cite new |title=LK Advani bids adieu to wife Kamla; Swaraj, Manmohan, Amit Shah at funeral |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/l-k-advanis-wife-kamla-advani-passes-aways-rare-family-pics/ |access-date=5 April 2019|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 April 2016 }}</ref> Advani resides in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roy Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan|date=29 June 2019|title=Lutyens' Zone: Sushma Swaraj to vacate, LK Advani & MM Joshi may retain bungalows|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lutyens-zone-sushma-swaraj-to-vacate-lk-advani-mm-joshi-may-retain-bungalows/articleshow/69998385.cms|access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> |
Advani married Kamla Advani in February 1965 and they have a son Jayant and a daughter [[Pratibha Advani|Pratibha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Will LK Advani's son live up to his father's image? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/will-lk-advanis-son-live-up-to-his-fathers-image-1523797.html|access-date=5 April 2019 |work=Firstpost |date=14 May 2014}}</ref> Pratibha is a television producer and also supports her father in his political activities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sahgal |first1=Priya |title=A Tale of Two Daughters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/column-off-the-record/story/a-tale-of-two-daughters-45777-2009-04-27|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age.<ref>{{cite new |title=LK Advani bids adieu to wife Kamla; Swaraj, Manmohan, Amit Shah at funeral |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/l-k-advanis-wife-kamla-advani-passes-aways-rare-family-pics/ |access-date=5 April 2019|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 April 2016 }}</ref> Advani resides in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roy Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan|date=29 June 2019|title=Lutyens' Zone: Sushma Swaraj to vacate, LK Advani & MM Joshi may retain bungalows|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lutyens-zone-sushma-swaraj-to-vacate-lk-advani-mm-joshi-may-retain-bungalows/articleshow/69998385.cms|access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> |
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==Career== |
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==Political career== |
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===Early |
===1941-51:Early years=== |
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Advani joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in 1941 |
Advani joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in 1941 at the age of fourteen.<ref>{{cite web|title='My idea of happiness is good books':Advani|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/my-idea-of-happiness-is-good-books/|publihser=Indian Express|date=19 September 2010|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> He became a [[pracharak]] (full-time worker) conducting [[shakhas]] and became the secretary of the Karachi unit in 1947.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-incomplete-without-sindh-advani/|title=India 'incomplete' without Sindh: Advani|date=15 January 2017|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115121812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-incomplete-without-sindh-advani/|archive-date=15 January 2017|url-status=live|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> After the [[partition of India]], Advani was a pracharak in [[Rajasthan]] working across [[Alwar district|Alwar]], [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Bundi district|Bundi]] and [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] districts until 1952.<ref name=Jaffrelot>{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 |page=237}}</ref> |
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===1951-70:Jana Sangh and DMC chairman=== |
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Advani became a member of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] |
Advani became a member of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS), a political party founded in 1951 by [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]] in collaboration with the RSS. He was appointed as the secretary to [[S. S. Bhandari]], then general secretary of the Jana Sangh in Rajasthan. In 1957, he moved to [[Delhi]]aand became the general secretary and later, president of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh. From 1966 to 1967 he served as the leader of BJS in the [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]] (DMC). After the [[1967 Delhi Metropolitan Council election]], he was elected as the chairman of the council and served till 1970.<ref name="LSMB"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2783364 |title=Proposal to nominate a member to the Delhi Metropolation [sic] Council Vice Shri L.K. Advani |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs: Delhi Section |year=1971 |location=New Delhi |pages=2 |quote="Shri L. K. Advani who was the chairman of the Metropolitan Council, was elected as member of the Rajya Sabha in the last elections and his seat has fallen vacant in the Council. He was from the Jan Sangh Party." |access-date=21 September 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]]}}</ref> He also assisted [[K. R. Malkani]] with the publication of [[Organiser (newspaper)|''Organiser'']], the weekly newsletter of the RSS and became a member of its national executive in 1966.<ref name="Jaffrelot" /> |
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===1971-75:Parliament entry and Jan sangh leader=== |
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In 1970, Advani became a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from Delhi for the six-year tenure.<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |title=List of Rajya Sabha members Since 1952 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109030114/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |archive-date=9 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1973, he was elected as the president of BJS at the [[Kanpur]] session of the party working committee meeting.<ref name="LSMB"/> |
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===Janata |
===1976-80:Janata party and cabinet minister=== |
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Advani was relected to the Rajya Sabha from [[Gujarat]] in 1976 for the second time.<ref name="Rajya Sabha"/> After the imposition of [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] and crack down on opposition parties by then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]], BJS and other opposition parties merged to form the [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zarhani|first=Seyed Hossein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3tqDwAAQBAJ|title=Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after Liberalization|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-25518-9|pages=189}}</ref> In the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 election]], Janata Party won a landslide victory due to the widespread unpopularity of emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi.<ref name="B">{{cite book|author=G. G. Mirchandani|title=320 Million Judges|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2003|isbn=81-7017-061-3|pages=90–100}}</ref> [[Morarji Desai]] became the Prime Minister with Advani becoming the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Amrita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ|title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|date=30 June 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08963-1|pages=69}}</ref> The government did not complete its five year term and was dissolved to call fresh elections in [[1980 Indian general election|1980]] where Janata party lost to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="General Election of India 1967">{{cite web |title=General Election of India 1980, 7th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=13 January 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=5 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830930-as-general-elections-loom-large-new-four-party-united-front-formed-to-counter-congi-771046-2013-07-18|title=As general elections loom large, new four-party United Front formed to counter Cong(I) |first=Prabhu |last=Chawla|date=30 September 2013|website=[[India Today]] |access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> Subsequently, Advani became the [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha|leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="LSMB"/> |
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===1981-89:Formation of BJP and early years=== |
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The erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the new Bharatiya Janata Party. Advani became a prominent leader of the newly founded BJP and represented the party in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]) from Madhya Pradesh for two terms beginning in 1982.<ref name=LS/><ref name="Rajya Sabha" /> |
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On 6 April 1980, Advani along with few of the erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] as the first president.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 April 2019|title=BJP's foundation day: Brief history of the achievements and failures of the party|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511143721/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/|archive-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> Though the previous government lasted briefly from 1977 till 1980 and was marred with factional wars, the period saw a rise in support for the RSS which culminated into the formation of the BJP.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Guha |first1 = Ramachandra |author-link = Ramachandra Guha |title = India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy |date = 2007 |publisher = Picador |location = India |isbn = 978-0-330-39610-3 |edition = 1st|title-link = India after Gandhi|pages=563–564}}</ref> In 1982, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha for the third time from [[Madhya Pradesh]] representing the BJP.<ref name=LS/><ref name="Rajya Sabha" /> BJP won only two seats in the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 election]] with the Congress winning a landslide on the back of a sympathy wave due to the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]]. This failure led to a shift in the party's stance with Advani being appointed party president and the BJP turning to [[Hindutva]] idealogy of Jana Sangh.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Guha |first1 = Ramachandra |author-link = Ramachandra Guha |title = India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy |date = 2007 |publisher = Picador |location = India |isbn = 978-0-330-39610-3 |edition = 1st|title-link = India after Gandhi|pages=633}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Under Advani, BJP became the political face of the [[Ayodhya dispute]] over the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] site when the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) begun a movement for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Rama]] at the site of the [[Babri mosque|Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://scroll.in/article/744403/in-the-times-of-yakub-memon-remembering-the-babri-masjid-demolition-cases|title=In the times of Yakub Memon, remembering the Babri Masjid demolition cases|date=29 July 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730231427/http://scroll.in/article/744403/in-the-times-of-yakub-memon-remembering-the-babri-masjid-demolition-cases|archive-date=30 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The dispute centered on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple once stood there that had been demolished by the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Babur]] with the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) supporting the claim.<ref>{{cite news|title=Evidence of temple found: ASI|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm|date=25 August 2003|access-date=3 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193402/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm|archive-date=11 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-week.com/23sep07/events1.htm |title=Layers of truth|work = The Week|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050323101829/http://www.the-week.com/23sep07/events1.htm|archive-date = 23 March 2005}}</ref> BJP supported the campaign and made it a part of their election manifesto for the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 elections]] helping it win 86 seats with Advani getting elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] for the first time. Advani became the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of opposition in Lok Sabha]] when [[VP Singh]] formed the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] government.<ref>{{cite book|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics |first=Ananth V. |last=Krishna |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=9788131734650 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC|page=347}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
{{Further|Ram Rath Yatra}} |
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[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] was appointed the first president of the new party. [[Ramachandra Guha]] writes that despite the factional wars within the Janata government, its period in power had seen a rise in support for the RSS, marked by a wave of communal violence in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi|year=2007|publisher=MacMillan|pages=563–564}}</ref> Despite this, the BJP under Vajpayee initially took a more moderate approach to Hindutva, to gain a wider appeal. This strategy was unsuccessful, as the BJP won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984.<ref name=Malik>{{cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Yogendra K.|first2=V. B.|last2=Singh|title=Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)?|journal=Asian Survey|date=April 1992|volume=32|issue=4|pages=318–336|jstor=2645149|doi=10.2307/2645149}}</ref> A few months prior to the election, [[Indira Gandhi]] was assassinated, creating a sympathy wave for the Congress that also contributed to the BJP's low tally, as the Congress won a record number of seats. This failure led to a shift in the party's stance; Advani was appointed party president, and the BJP returned to the hardline Hindutva of its predecessor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi|year=2007|publisher=MacMillan}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | Under Advani, |
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In 1990, Advani embarked on [[Ram Rath Yatra]], a procession with a chariot to mobilise volunteers for Ram Janmabhoomi movement. The procession began from [[Somnath]] in [[Gujarat]] and headed to converge at Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|date=1993|title=Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya|journal=Social Scientist|volume=21|issue=7/8|pages=63–78|doi=10.2307/3520346|jstor=3520346}}</ref> In the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 general election]], the BJP became the second largest party after the Congress with Advani winning for the second time from [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]] and becoming the leader of opposition again.<ref>{{Cite news|title=1990-L.K. Advani's rath yatra: Chariot of fire|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1990-l.k.-advanis-rath-yatra-chariot-of-fire-741621-2009-12-24|last=Sahgal|first=Priya|date=28 December 2009|website=India Today|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> In 1992, [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid was demolished]] with Advani alleged to have delivered a provocative speech prior to the demolition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslims can never forgive Kalyan over Babri issue|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Muslims-can-never-forgive-Kalyan-over-Babri-issue/419656/|work=Express India|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121102810/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Muslims-can-never-forgive-Kalyan-over-Babri-issue/419656/|archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Babri demolition & failure of Muslim leadership|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news657090.html|publisher=Zee News India|access-date=27 April 2011|date=27 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002222522/http://www.zeenews.com/news657090.html|archive-date=2 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Advani fuelled fire that razed Babri: IPS officer|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ips-officer-testifies-to-cbi-on-babri-demolition/20100326.htm|first=Sharat|last=Pradhan|date=26 March 2010|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Rediff}}</ref> Advani was among the accused in the demolition case but was acquitted on 30 September 2020 by a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI's]] special court.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Vakasha|last=Sachdev|date=6 December 2019|title='Vindicated' LK Advani Remains on Trial in Babri Demolition Case|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/babri-masjid-demolition-criminal-case-conspiracy-lk-advani-vindicated-ayodhya-verdict|access-date=28 June 2020|website=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2020|title=Advani on being acquitted from Babri demolition case.|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jai-shri-ram-advani-on-being-acquitted-from-babri-demolition-case/articleshow/78402831.cms|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> In the judgement, it was mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that Advani was trying to stop the mob and not incite them.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Nation of Donkeys to 'Black Day for Democracy': English Editorials Slam Babri Verdict |url=https://thewire.in/media/newspaper-editorials-babri-masjid-demolition-verdict |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Babri accused tried to stop mob, not incite them |url=https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2020/sep/30/babri-accused-tried-to-stop-mob-not-incite-them/577b595b886fd7890e30173a4bdff9c0 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=30 September 2020 |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In the [[1996 India general election|1996 general election]], the BJP became the single largest party and was consequently invited by the [[President of India|President]] to form the government. Advani did not contest the elections over allegations of involvement in the [[Hawala scandal]] from which he was acquitted later by [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lk-advani-parliamentary-history-2019-lok-sabha-elections-1077707-2017-11-01|title =How Advani will create Parliamentary history whether he contests 2019 Lok Sabha elections or not|publisher =[[India Today Group]]|location =[[New Delhi]] |date =1 November 2017|website =[[India Today]]|first=Kumar|last=Shakti Shekhar|access-date =15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980303/06250324.html|title=SC clears Advani, Shukla in hawala case|newspaper=Indian Express|date=3 March 1998}}</ref> While Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister in May 1996, the government collapsed after just thirteen days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Atal Bihari Vajpayee showed the world how to resign in style|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/atal-bihari-vajpayee-parliament-trust-vote-1996-speech-resign-1316838-2018-08-17|last=Goswami|first=Dev|date=17 August 2018|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> |
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{{Blockquote|text=The choice of Somnath as the starting point of the yatra had a powerful symbolic value, made evident by repeated references to it as the target of Muslim tyranny against the Hindus…The intention was to contextualise Ayodhya in the historical lineage of Muslim aggression and then to seek legitimacy for Mandir movement by drawing a parallel. The parallel the Sangh Parivar drew was with the reconstruction of the Somnath temple.|author=L. K. Advani|title=|source=''My Country My Life''<ref name="WireProvocateur19">{{Cite web|title=L.K. Advani, the Provocateur in Chief|url=https://thewire.in/politics/the-provocateur-in-chief-l-k-advani|first=Kabir|last=Agarwal|date=9 November 2019|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Wire}}</ref>}} |
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===1998-2004:Home minister and deputy prime minister=== |
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Advani embarked on a "Rath Yatra", or chariot journey, to mobilise ''karsevaks'', or volunteers, to converge upon the Babri Masjid to offer prayers. This Rath Yatra, undertaken in an air-conditioned van decorated to look like a chariot, began from [[Somnath]] in Gujarat and covered a large portion of Northern India until it was stopped by the Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Laloo Prasad Yadav|Lalu Prasad Yadav]], on the grounds that it was leading to communal violence. In the 1991 general elections, the BJP won the second largest number of seats, after the Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1990-L.K. Advani's rath yatra: Chariot of fire|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1990-l.k.-advanis-rath-yatra-chariot-of-fire-741621-2009-12-24|last=Sahgal|first=Priya|date=28 December 2009|website=India Today|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> While on the Yatra, Advani carried symbols of the Hindu religion and made multiple speeches regarding the "Hindu society's alleged failure to protect its shrines from desecration by Muslim conquerors".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|date=1993|title=Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya|journal=Social Scientist|volume=21|issue=7/8|pages=63–78|doi=10.2307/3520346|jstor=3520346}}</ref> |
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In the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]], the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), came to power with Vajpayee returning as Prime Minister in March 1998.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=How Atal Bihari Vajpayee ended BJP's untouchability|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-atal-bihari-vajpayee-ended-bjp-s-untouchability-1317105-2018-08-17|last=Shakti Shekhar|first=Kumar|date=17 August 2018|website=India Today|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Advani was elected to the Lok Sabha for the third term and became the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]].<ref name="LSMB"/> However, the government again collapsed after only thirteen months when [[All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) under [[J. Jayalalitha]] withdrew its support to the government.<ref name=":0"/> With fresh elections being called, the BJP led NDA again won a majority in the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general election]] and Advani won from Gandhinagar for the fourth term. He assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advani appointed deputy prime minister|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advani-appointed-deputy-prime-minister/articleshow/14487268.cms|date=29 June 2002|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dZC9ITxgwC|title=Wondering Man, Money & Go(l)d|publisher=Wondering Man|isbn=978-1-84693-016-4|pages=24|language=en}}</ref> |
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===2004-09:Leader of opposition and final years=== |
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In 1992, two years after Advani ended his yatra, despite assurances given by the [[Kalyan Singh]]-led BJP Government to the [[supreme court of India|Supreme Court]], the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid was demolished]] by communal forces, with alleged complicity of the Kalyan Singh government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslims can never forgive Kalyan over Babri issue|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Muslims-can-never-forgive-Kalyan-over-Babri-issue/419656/|work=Express India|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121102810/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Muslims-can-never-forgive-Kalyan-over-Babri-issue/419656/|archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Babri demolition & failure of Muslim leadership|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news657090.html|publisher=Zee News India|access-date=27 April 2011|date=27 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002222522/http://www.zeenews.com/news657090.html|archive-date=2 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> IPS Officer Anju Gupta reported that Advani delivered a provocative speech prior to the Masjid's demolition.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Advani fuelled fire that razed Babri: IPS officer|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ips-officer-testifies-to-cbi-on-babri-demolition/20100326.htm|first=Sharat|last=Pradhan|date=26 March 2010|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Rediff}}</ref> Advani was among the accused in the Babri Masjid case.<ref>{{cite news|title=SC notice to Advani, Thackeray in Babri demolition case|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-04/india/28658386_1_demolition-case-allahabad-high-court-bal-thackeray|access-date=27 April 2011|date=4 March 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713223048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-04/india/28658386_1_demolition-case-allahabad-high-court-bal-thackeray|archive-date=13 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Vakasha|last=Sachdev|date=6 December 2019|title='Vindicated' LK Advani Remains on Trial in Babri Demolition Case|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/babri-masjid-demolition-criminal-case-conspiracy-lk-advani-vindicated-ayodhya-verdict|access-date=28 June 2020|website=The Quint}}</ref> |
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In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], the BJP suffered a defeat with [[United Progressive Alliance]] led by the Congress coming to power, with [[Manmohan Singh]] as Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruparelia|first=Sanjay|date=2005|title=Managing the United Progressive Alliance: The Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=24|pages=2407–2412|jstor=4416746|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Advani won his fifth term to the Lok Sabha and became the leader of opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2014|title=LK Advani warns of 2004 redux, showers praise on party's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lk-advani-warns-of-2004-redux-showers-praise-on-partys-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi/articleshow/29082888.cms|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lal Krishna Advani {{!}} Biography & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lal-Krishna-Advani|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat, promoting Advani to lead the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=31 December 2005|title=Former Premier Vajpayee Retires From Indian Politics at 81|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/world/asia/former-premier-vajpayee-retires-from-indian-politics-at-81.html|access-date=10 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In June 2005, while on a visit to Karachi, Advani described [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] as a "secular" leader which led to criticism from the RSS. Advani was forced to resign as BJP president but withdrew the resignation a few days later.<ref>{{Cite news|title=L K Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/l-k-advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/articleshow/20524464.cms|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> In April 2005, RSS chief [[K. S. Sudarshan]] opined that Advani should step aside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=68121|title=Atal, Advani should step aside, let young rise: RSS chief|date=11 April 2005|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> At the silver jubilee celebrations of the BJP in [[Mumbai]] in December 2005, Advani stepped down as party president and [[Rajnath Singh]], from [[Uttar Pradesh]] was elected in his place. In March 2006, following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at [[Varanasi]], Advani undertook a "Bharat Suraksha Yatra" (Sojourn for National Security), to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 June 2013|title=Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/story-28cfjVrLxsbMXxNYXv3QgI.html|access-date=6 August 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> |
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On 30 September 2020, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI's]] special court acquitted Advani and released him from all charges.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2020|title=Advani on being acquitted from Babri demolition case.|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jai-shri-ram-advani-on-being-acquitted-from-babri-demolition-case/articleshow/78402831.cms|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> The CBI judge while acquitting Advani mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that the accused were "trying to stop the mob and not incite them".<ref>{{cite news |title=From Nation of Donkeys to 'Black Day for Democracy': English Editorials Slam Babri Verdict |url=https://thewire.in/media/newspaper-editorials-babri-masjid-demolition-verdict |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Babri accused tried to stop mob, not incite them |url=https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2020/sep/30/babri-accused-tried-to-stop-mob-not-incite-them/577b595b886fd7890e30173a4bdff9c0 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=30 September 2020 |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In December 2006, Advani stated that as the leader of the opposition in a parliamentary democracy, he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the next general elections in May 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-11/india/27823025_1_l-k-advani-rajnath-singh-pakistan-visit|title=I'll be candidate for PM: Advani|date=11 December 2006|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219142107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-11/india/27823025_1_l-k-advani-rajnath-singh-pakistan-visit|archive-date=19 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> While not everyone was supportive of his candidacy, Vajpayee endorsed Advani's candidacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/764246.cms|title=Advani opens his heart, and a can of worms|date=11 December 2006|work=The Economic Times|location=India|access-date=3 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214143219/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/764246.cms|archive-date=14 December 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 May 2007, BJP President Rajnath Singh stated that Advani is the natural choice for the next prime minister if BJP won the next elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-02/india/27883339_1_mohan-rao-bhagwat-vajpayee-and-advani-suresh-soni|title=LK 'natural' choice for PM: Rajnath|date=2 May 2007|author=Mohua Chatterjee, TNN|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219143857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-02/india/27883339_1_mohan-rao-bhagwat-vajpayee-and-advani-suresh-soni|archive-date=19 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 10 December 2007, the Parliamentary Board of BJP formally announced that L. K. Advani would be its prime ministerial candidate for the general elections due in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Finally, BJP announces Advani as PM candidate|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-week-that-was/finally-bjp-announces-advani-as-pm-candidate/articleshow/2625253.cms|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Though Advani won his sixth term in Lok Sabha, the BJP lost to Congress and its allies in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]], allowing then incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to continue in office. Following the defeat in the elections, L. K. Advani handed over the position of leader of opposition to [[Sushma Swaraj]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8421132.stm|title=New India opposition leader named |work=[[BBC News]]|date=18 December 2009|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article67005.ece |title=Advani quits as Leader of Opposition |access-date=18 December 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 December 2009 |last1=Vyas|first1=Neena |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219182548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/article67005.ece |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was elected working chairman of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 February 2010|title=NDA elects Advani 'working chairman'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/nda-elects-advani-working-chairman/story-aO8FS7uLOopcwWwOrojczL.html|access-date=3 February 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Advani did not contest the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] and was part of the ''Marg Darshak Mandal'' (vision committee) of the BJP along with [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-advani-joshi-vajpayee-in-bjp-parliamentary-board-party-makes-marg-darshak-mandal-for-them/494440-37-64.html|title="No Advani, Joshi, Vajpayee in BJP Parliamentary Board, party makes Marg Darshak Mandal for them"|date=29 August 2014|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> |
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===1996 General Elections=== |
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===Second term (1998–99)=== |
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After two years in the political wilderness, the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), came to power with Vajpayee returning as Prime Minister in March 1998, when elections were called after India saw two unstable Governments headed by [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]] respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=How Atal Bihari Vajpayee ended BJP's untouchability|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-atal-bihari-vajpayee-ended-bjp-s-untouchability-1317105-2018-08-17|last=Shakti Shekhar|first=Kumar|date=17 August 2018|website=India Today|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> |
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After the fall of two United Front government between 1996 and 1998 (H. D. Deve Gowda and I. K. Gujral), the Lok Sabha, (lower house) of India's Parliament was dissolved and new elections were held. Now, a coalition of political parties signed up with BJP to form the Nationwide Democratic Alliance (NDA), headed by A. B. Vajpayee. The NDA won a majority of seats in parliament. However, the govt survived only 13 several months until mid-1999 when [[All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) under [[J. Jayalalitha]] withdrew its assistance to the government. With the NDA no longer having a majority, the Parliament was again dissolved and new elections were organised. Vajpayee remained the Prime Minister until elections were organised.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Deputy Prime minister=== |
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Advani assumed the office of [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] and was later elevated to the position of Deputy Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advani appointed deputy prime minister|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advani-appointed-deputy-prime-minister/articleshow/14487268.cms|date=29 June 2002|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> As Union Minister, Advani had a tough time with India facing a string of internal disturbances in the form of rebel attacks allegedly supported by [[Pakistan]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} The NDA government lasted for its full term of five years till 2004, the first non-Congress government to do so.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dZC9ITxgwC|title=Wondering Man, Money & Go(l)d|publisher=Wondering Man|isbn=978-1-84693-016-4|pages=24|language=en}}</ref> |
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Advani was charged in a scandal where he allegedly received payments through [[hawala]] brokers. He and others were later discharged by the [[Supreme Court of India]], because there was no additional evidence that could be used to charge them.<ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980303/06250324.html "SC clears Advani, Shukla in hawala case"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122210136/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980303/06250324.html |date=22 January 2009 }}, ''The Indian Express'', 3 March 1998.</ref> According to the judicial inquiry by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) they could not find any substantive evidence; the Supreme Court ruling stated that no statement even mentioned Advani's name and that evidence against him was limited to the mention of his name on a few loose sheets of paper.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> |
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However, the failure of this prosecution by the CBI was widely criticised.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/advani-has-hit-bulls-eye-each-time/articleshow/590391.cms Advani has hit bull's eye each time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330071957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Advani-has-hit-bulls-eye-each-time/articleshow/590391.cms |date=30 March 2013 }} Times of India – 30 March 2004</ref> While some believe the CBI probe catapulted his rise through the BJP on his newfound "[[moral authority]]",<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051230/asp/opinion/story_5658515.asp "Advani's influence in the BJP sprang from his moral authority"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206134942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051230/asp/opinion/story_5658515.asp |date=6 December 2008 }}, ''The Telegraph'', Calcutta, 30 December 2005.</ref> others have claimed the inquiry was a political stunt.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980916/25951004.html "Which Jain? What Hawala?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123230406/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980916/25951004.html |date=23 January 2009 }}, ''The Indian Express'', 15 September 1998.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ex-official-says-hawala-probe-was-manipulated/articleshow/589213.cms?referral=PM|title=Ex-official says hawala probe was manipulated|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 November 2006|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704122654/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ex-official-says-hawala-probe-was-manipulated/articleshow/589213.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=4 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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As elections approached in 2004, Advani was supremely confident and conducted an aggressive campaign. The BJP suffered a defeat in the general elections held in 2004, and was forced to sit in the opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2014|title=LK Advani warns of 2004 redux, showers praise on party's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lk-advani-warns-of-2004-redux-showers-praise-on-partys-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi/articleshow/29082888.cms|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Another coalition, the [[United Progressive Alliance]] led by the resurgent Congress came to power, with [[Manmohan Singh]] as Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruparelia|first=Sanjay|date=2005|title=Managing the United Progressive Alliance: The Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=24|pages=2407–2412|jstor=4416746|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> |
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Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat, putting Advani to the forefront of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=31 December 2005|title=Former Premier Vajpayee Retires From Indian Politics at 81|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/world/asia/former-premier-vajpayee-retires-from-indian-politics-at-81.html|access-date=10 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Advani became [[Leader of the Opposition (India)#Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 2004 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lal Krishna Advani {{!}} Biography & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lal-Krishna-Advani|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> During this period, Advani had to deal with rebellion from within the party. His two close associates, [[Uma Bharati]], and [[Madan Lal Khurana]], and longtime rival [[Murali Manohar Joshi]] publicly spoke out against him. In June 2005, he drew much criticism when he, while on a visit to the Jinnah Mausoleum at Karachi – his town of birth, endorsed [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] and described him a "secular" leader. This did not sit well with the RSS either and Advani was forced to relinquish his post as BJP president. However, he withdrew the resignation a few days later.<ref>{{Cite news|title=L K Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/l-k-advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/articleshow/20524464.cms|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> |
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The relationship between Advani and the RSS reached a low point when the latter's chief [[K. S. Sudarshan]] opined in April 2005 that both Advani and Vajpayee give way to new leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=68121|title=Atal, Advani should step aside, let young rise: RSS chief|date=11 April 2005|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> At the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the BJP in [[Mumbai]] in December 2005, Advani stepped down as party president and [[Rajnath Singh]], a relatively junior politician from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] was elected in his place. In March 2006, following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at [[Varanasi]], Advani undertook a "Bharat Suraksha Yatra" (Sojourn for National Security), to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2013|title=Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/story-28cfjVrLxsbMXxNYXv3QgI.html|access-date=6 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> |
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In an interview with a news channel in December 2006, Advani stated that as the Leader of the Opposition in a parliamentary democracy, he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the general elections, ending on 16 May 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-11/india/27823025_1_l-k-advani-rajnath-singh-pakistan-visit|title=I'll be candidate for PM: Advani|date=11 December 2006|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219142107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-11/india/27823025_1_l-k-advani-rajnath-singh-pakistan-visit|archive-date=19 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some of his colleagues were not supportive of his candidacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/764246.cms|title=Advani opens his heart, and a can of worms|date=11 December 2006|work=The Economic Times|location=India|access-date=3 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214143219/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/764246.cms|archive-date=14 December 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Marg Darshak Mandal=== |
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In 2014, Advani joined the ''Marg Darshak Mandal'' (vision committee) of the BJP along with [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-advani-joshi-vajpayee-in-bjp-parliamentary-board-party-makes-marg-darshak-mandal-for-them/494440-37-64.html "No Advani, Joshi, Vajpayee in BJP Parliamentary Board, party makes Marg Darshak Mandal for them"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829023013/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-advani-joshi-vajpayee-in-bjp-parliamentary-board-party-makes-marg-darshak-mandal-for-them/494440-37-64.html |date=29 August 2014 }}, IBN Live, 26 August 2014.</ref> |
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===Rath Yatras=== |
===Rath Yatras=== |
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==Positions held== |
==Positions held== |
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Following are the various positions held by Advani:<ref name=" |
Following are the various positions held by Advani:<ref name="LSMB">{{cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9|publisher=Lok Sabha of India/National Informatics Centre, New Delhi|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617072553/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9|archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> |
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* 1967–70: Chairman, Metropolitan Council, Delhi |
* 1967–70: Chairman, Metropolitan Council, Delhi |
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* 1970–72: President, [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS), Delhi |
* 1970–72: President, [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS), Delhi |
Revision as of 16:23, 17 November 2023
Lal Krishna Advani | |
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7th Deputy Prime Minister of India | |
In office 29 June 2002 – 22 May 2004 | |
Prime Minister | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
Preceded by | Devi Lal |
Succeeded by | Vacant |
Minister of Coal and Mines | |
In office 1 July 2002 – 26 August 2002 | |
Prime Minister | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions | |
In office 29 January 2003 – 21 May 2004 | |
Prime Minister | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
Succeeded by | Manmohan Singh |
Minister of Home Affairs | |
In office 19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004 | |
Prime Minister | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
Preceded by | Indrajit Gupta |
Succeeded by | Shivraj Patil |
Minister of Information and Broadcasting | |
In office 24 March 1977 – 28 July 1979 | |
Prime Minister | Morarji Desai |
Preceded by | Vidya Charan Shukla |
Succeeded by | Purushottam Kaushik |
6th Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha | |
In office May 2004 – December 2009 | |
Preceded by | Sonia Gandhi |
Succeeded by | Sushma Swaraj |
In office 1990–1993 | |
Preceded by | Rajiv Gandhi |
Succeeded by | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
5th Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha | |
In office January 1980 – April 1980 | |
Preceded by | Kamalapati Tripathi |
Succeeded by | P. Shiv Shankar |
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
In office 1998–2019 | |
Preceded by | Vijay Patel |
Succeeded by | Amit Shah |
Constituency | Gandhinagar |
In office 1991–1996 | |
Preceded by | Shankersinh Vaghela |
Succeeded by | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
Constituency | New Delhi |
In office 1989–1991 | |
Preceded by | Krishna Chandra Pant |
Succeeded by | Rajesh Khanna |
Chairman, Delhi Metropolitan Council | |
In office 28 March 1967 – 19 April 1970 | |
Deputy | Shyam Charan Gupta |
Preceded by | Jag Parvesh Chandra |
Succeeded by | Shyam Charan Gupta |
President of the Bharatiya Janata Party | |
In office 1986–1991 | |
Preceded by | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
Succeeded by | Murli Manohar Joshi |
In office 1993–1998 | |
Preceded by | Murli Manohar Joshi |
Succeeded by | Kushabhau Thakre |
In office 2004–2005 | |
Preceded by | Venkaiah Naidu |
Succeeded by | Rajnath Singh |
Personal details | |
Born | Lal Krishna Advani 8 November 1927 Karachi, Bombay Presidency, British India (present-day Sindh, Pakistan) |
Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Spouse |
Kamla Advani
(m. 1965; died 2016) |
Children | Pratibha Advani (daughter) Jayant Advani (son) |
Awards | Padma Vibhushan |
Signature | |
Lal Krishna Advani (born 8 November 1927) is an Indian politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004. He is one of the co-founders of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation. He was also the longest serving Minister of Home Affairs serving from 1998 to 2004. He was also the longest serving Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. He was the leader of the BJP during the 2009 general election.
Advani was born in Karachi and migrated to India during the Partition of India and settled down in Bombay where he completed his college education. Advani joined the RSS in 1941 at the age of fourteen and worked as a pracharak Rajasthan. In 1951, Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh founded by Syama Prasad Mookerjee and performed various roles including incharge of parliamentary affairs, general secretary and president of the Delhi unit. In 1967, he was elected as the chairman of the First Delhi metropolitan council and served till 1970 while becoming a member of the RSS national executive. In 1970, Advani became a member of the Rajya Sabha for the first time and would go on to serve four terms till 1989. He became the president of Jan Sangh in 1973 and Jana Sangh merged into the Janata Party before the 1977 general election. Gollowing Janata party's victory in the elections, Advani became the union minister for Information and Broadcasting and leader of the house in Rajya Sabha.
In 1980, he was one of the founding members of the BJP along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee and served as the president of the party three times. He was elected to the Lok Sabha for the first time in 1989 where he served six terms. He has served as leader of opposition in both the houses. He was the minister of home affairs from 1998 to 2004 and deputy prime minister from 2002 to 2004. He served in the Indian parliament till 2014 and is credited for rise of BJP as a major political party. In 2015, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honour.
Early and personal life
Lal Krishna Advani was born on 8 November 1927 in Karachi, British India in a Sindhi Hindu family to Kishanchand D. Advani and Gyani Devi.[1][2] Advani was educated at the St. Patrick's High School, Karachi, and at D.G. National College, Hyderabad, Sindh.[3] His family migrated to India during partition of India and settled in Bombay, where he graduated in Law from the Government Law College of the Bombay University.[4][5]
Advani married Kamla Advani in February 1965 and they have a son Jayant and a daughter Pratibha.[6] Pratibha is a television producer and also supports her father in his political activities.[7] His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age.[8] Advani resides in Delhi.[9]
Career
1941-51:Early years
Advani joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in 1941 at the age of fourteen.[10] He became a pracharak (full-time worker) conducting shakhas and became the secretary of the Karachi unit in 1947.[11] After the partition of India, Advani was a pracharak in Rajasthan working across Alwar, Bharatpur, Kota, Bundi and Jhalawar districts until 1952.[12]
1951-70:Jana Sangh and DMC chairman
Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), a political party founded in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in collaboration with the RSS. He was appointed as the secretary to S. S. Bhandari, then general secretary of the Jana Sangh in Rajasthan. In 1957, he moved to Delhiaand became the general secretary and later, president of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh. From 1966 to 1967 he served as the leader of BJS in the Delhi Metropolitan Council (DMC). After the 1967 Delhi Metropolitan Council election, he was elected as the chairman of the council and served till 1970.[13][14] He also assisted K. R. Malkani with the publication of Organiser, the weekly newsletter of the RSS and became a member of its national executive in 1966.[12]
1971-75:Parliament entry and Jan sangh leader
In 1970, Advani became a member of the Rajya Sabha from Delhi for the six-year tenure.[15] In 1973, he was elected as the president of BJS at the Kanpur session of the party working committee meeting.[13]
1976-80:Janata party and cabinet minister
Advani was relected to the Rajya Sabha from Gujarat in 1976 for the second time.[15] After the imposition of Emergency and crack down on opposition parties by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, BJS and other opposition parties merged to form the Janata Party.[16] In the 1977 election, Janata Party won a landslide victory due to the widespread unpopularity of emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi.[17] Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister with Advani becoming the Minister of Information and Broadcasting.[18] The government did not complete its five year term and was dissolved to call fresh elections in 1980 where Janata party lost to the Indian National Congress.[19][20] Subsequently, Advani became the leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha.[13]
1981-89:Formation of BJP and early years
On 6 April 1980, Advani along with few of the erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party with Atal Bihari Vajpayee as the first president.[21] Though the previous government lasted briefly from 1977 till 1980 and was marred with factional wars, the period saw a rise in support for the RSS which culminated into the formation of the BJP.[22] In 1982, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha for the third time from Madhya Pradesh representing the BJP.[4][15] BJP won only two seats in the 1984 election with the Congress winning a landslide on the back of a sympathy wave due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. This failure led to a shift in the party's stance with Advani being appointed party president and the BJP turning to Hindutva idealogy of Jana Sangh.[23]
Under Advani, BJP became the political face of the Ayodhya dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi site when the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) begun a movement for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.[24] The dispute centered on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple once stood there that had been demolished by the Mughal emperor Babur with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) supporting the claim.[25][26] BJP supported the campaign and made it a part of their election manifesto for the 1989 elections helping it win 86 seats with Advani getting elected to the Lok Sabha for the first time. Advani became the leader of opposition in Lok Sabha when VP Singh formed the National Front government.[27]
1990-97:Rath yatra and rise of BJP
In 1990, Advani embarked on Ram Rath Yatra, a procession with a chariot to mobilise volunteers for Ram Janmabhoomi movement. The procession began from Somnath in Gujarat and headed to converge at Ayodhya.[28] In the 1991 general election, the BJP became the second largest party after the Congress with Advani winning for the second time from Gandhinagar and becoming the leader of opposition again.[29] In 1992, Babri Masjid was demolished with Advani alleged to have delivered a provocative speech prior to the demolition.[30][31] [32] Advani was among the accused in the demolition case but was acquitted on 30 September 2020 by a CBI's special court.[33][34] In the judgement, it was mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that Advani was trying to stop the mob and not incite them.[35][36]
In the 1996 general election, the BJP became the single largest party and was consequently invited by the President to form the government. Advani did not contest the elections over allegations of involvement in the Hawala scandal from which he was acquitted later by Supreme Court.[37][38] While Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister in May 1996, the government collapsed after just thirteen days.[39]
1998-2004:Home minister and deputy prime minister
In the 1998 general election, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA), came to power with Vajpayee returning as Prime Minister in March 1998.[40] Advani was elected to the Lok Sabha for the third term and became the Home Minister.[13] However, the government again collapsed after only thirteen months when All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) under J. Jayalalitha withdrew its support to the government.[40] With fresh elections being called, the BJP led NDA again won a majority in the 1999 general election and Advani won from Gandhinagar for the fourth term. He assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of Deputy Prime Minister in 2002.[41][42]
2004-09:Leader of opposition and final years
In the 2004 general election, the BJP suffered a defeat with United Progressive Alliance led by the Congress coming to power, with Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister.[43] Advani won his fifth term to the Lok Sabha and became the leader of opposition.[44][45] Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat, promoting Advani to lead the BJP.[46] In June 2005, while on a visit to Karachi, Advani described Mohammad Ali Jinnah as a "secular" leader which led to criticism from the RSS. Advani was forced to resign as BJP president but withdrew the resignation a few days later.[47] In April 2005, RSS chief K. S. Sudarshan opined that Advani should step aside.[48] At the silver jubilee celebrations of the BJP in Mumbai in December 2005, Advani stepped down as party president and Rajnath Singh, from Uttar Pradesh was elected in his place. In March 2006, following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at Varanasi, Advani undertook a "Bharat Suraksha Yatra" (Sojourn for National Security), to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism.[49]
2009-15:Prime Minister candidacy and later years
In December 2006, Advani stated that as the leader of the opposition in a parliamentary democracy, he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the next general elections in May 2009.[50] While not everyone was supportive of his candidacy, Vajpayee endorsed Advani's candidacy.[51] On 2 May 2007, BJP President Rajnath Singh stated that Advani is the natural choice for the next prime minister if BJP won the next elections.[52] On 10 December 2007, the Parliamentary Board of BJP formally announced that L. K. Advani would be its prime ministerial candidate for the general elections due in 2009.[53]
Though Advani won his sixth term in Lok Sabha, the BJP lost to Congress and its allies in the 2009 general elections, allowing then incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to continue in office. Following the defeat in the elections, L. K. Advani handed over the position of leader of opposition to Sushma Swaraj.[54][55] He was elected working chairman of the National Democratic Alliance in 2010.[56] Advani did not contest the 2014 general election and was part of the Marg Darshak Mandal (vision committee) of the BJP along with Murli Manohar Joshi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[57]
Rath Yatras
Advani often organised Rath yatras which are ideally processions with a chariot and were conduced to boost the popularity of the BJP and unify the Hindutva ideology. He organized six rath yatras or processions across the country with the first one in 1990.[58]
- Ram Rath Yatra: Advani started his first yatra from Somnath in Gujarat on 25 September 1990 which concluded at Ayodhya on 30 October 1990. The procession was linked to the dispute at Ram Janmabhoomi site at Ayodhya and was stopped in Bihar by then Chief Minister Lalu Yadav with Advani himself being arrested on the orders of V. P. Singh, then Prime Minister of India.[59]
- Janadesh Yatra: Four processions starting on 11 September 1993 from four corners of country were organized and Advani led the yatra from Mysore in South India.[60] Traversing through 14 states and two Union Territories, the processions were organized with the purpose to seek the people's mandate against the two bills, the Constitution 80th Amendment Bill and the Representation of People (Amendment) Bill and congregated at Bhopal on 25 September.[61]
- Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra: The procession was organized between May and July 1997 and was conducted in celebration of 50 years of Indian Independence and to project the BJP as a party committed to good governance.[62]
- Bharat Uday Yatra: The yatra took place in the run-up to the 2004 election.[63]
- Bharat Suraksha Yatra: The BJP launched a nationwide mass political campaign from 6 April to 10 May 2006 consisting of two yatras – one led by Advani from Dwaraka in Gujarat to Delhi and the other led by Rajnath Singh from Puri to Delhi.[64] The yatra was focused on fighting left wing terrorism, minority politics, price rise and corruption, protection of democracy.[65]
- Jan Chetna Yatra: The last of the yatras was launched on 11 October 2011 from Sitab Diara in Bihar with the purpose of mobilising public opinion against corruption of then ruling UPA government and promote the BJP agenda of good governance and clean politics.[66]
Positions held
Following are the various positions held by Advani:[13]
- 1967–70: Chairman, Metropolitan Council, Delhi
- 1970–72: President, Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), Delhi
- 1970–76: First term, Rajya Sabha
- 1973–77: President, Bharatiya Jana Sangh
- 1976–82: Second term, Rajya Sabha
- 1977: General-Secretary, Janata Party
- 1977–79: Union Cabinet Minister, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
- 1977–79: Leader of the House, Rajya Sabha
- 1980–86: General Secretary, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
- 1980–86: Leader, Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajya Sabha
- 1976–82: Third term, Rajya Sabha
- 1986–91: President, Bharatiya Janata Party
- 1988–89: Fourth term, Rajya Sabha
- 1989-91: Elected to 9th Lok Sabha (first term) and Leader of the Opposition, Lok Sabha
- 1991: Elected to 10th Lok Sabha (second term)
- 1991–93: Leader of the Opposition, Lok Sabha
- 1993–98: President, Bharatiya Janata Party
- 1998: Elected to 12th Lok Sabha (third term)
- 1998–99: Union Cabinet Minister, Home Affairs
- 1999: Elected to 13th Lok Sabha (fourth term)
- 1999–2004: Union Cabinet Minister, Home Affairs
- 2002–2004: Deputy Prime Minister of India
- 2002: Union Cabinet Minister, Coal and Mines
- 2003–2004: Union Cabinet Minister, Personnel, Pensions and Public Grievances
- 2004: Elected to 14th Lok Sabha (fifth term)
- 2009: Elected to 15th Lok Sabha (sixth term)
- 2009: Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha
- 2014: Elected to 16th Lok Sabha (seventh term)
Bibliography
- A Prisoner's Scrap-Book (2002) ISBN 978-81-88322-10-7[67]
- New Approaches to Security and Development (2003) ISBN 978-981-230-219-9[68]
- My Country My Life (2008) ISBN 978-81-291-1363-4[69]
- As I See It: LK Advani's Blog Posts (2011) ISBN 978-81-291-1876-9[70]
- Nazarband Loktantra (2016) ISBN 81-7315-399-X [71]
- Drishtikon (2016) ISBN 978-93-5048-142-4[72]
- Rashtra Sarvopari (2014) ISBN 978-93-5048-549-1[73]
See also
References
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- ^ "Friday Times : Analysis: Trading with India". Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- ^ "L.K. Advani: Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories". Times of India. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ "Will LK Advani's son live up to his father's image?". Firstpost. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Sahgal, Priya. "A Tale of Two Daughters". India Today. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
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- ^ Roy Chaudhury, Dipanjan (29 June 2019). "Lutyens' Zone: Sushma Swaraj to vacate, LK Advani & MM Joshi may retain bungalows". The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ "'My idea of happiness is good books':Advani". 19 September 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|publisher=
suggested) (help) - ^ "India 'incomplete' without Sindh: Advani". Indian Express. 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
- ^ a b Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 237. ISBN 978-1850653011.
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- ^ Proposal to nominate a member to the Delhi Metropolation [sic] Council Vice Shri L.K. Advani. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs: Delhi Section. 1971. p. 2. Retrieved 21 September 2022 – via National Archives of India.
Shri L. K. Advani who was the chairman of the Metropolitan Council, was elected as member of the Rajya Sabha in the last elections and his seat has fallen vacant in the Council. He was from the Jan Sangh Party.
- ^ a b c "List of Rajya Sabha members Since 1952". Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Zarhani, Seyed Hossein (2018). Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after Liberalization. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-351-25518-9.
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- ^ "General Election of India 1980, 7th Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ^ Chawla, Prabhu (30 September 2013). "As general elections loom large, new four-party United Front formed to counter Cong(I)". India Today. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
- ^ "BJP's foundation day: Brief history of the achievements and failures of the party". The Indian Express. 6 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy (1st ed.). India: Picador. pp. 563–564. ISBN 978-0-330-39610-3.
- ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy (1st ed.). India: Picador. p. 633. ISBN 978-0-330-39610-3.
- ^ "In the times of Yakub Memon, remembering the Babri Masjid demolition cases". 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ^ "Evidence of temple found: ASI". 25 August 2003. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
- ^ "Layers of truth". The Week. Archived from the original on 23 March 2005.
- ^ Krishna, Ananth V. (2011). India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics. Pearson Education India. p. 347. ISBN 9788131734650.
- ^ Panikkar, K. N. (1993). "Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya". Social Scientist. 21 (7/8): 63–78. doi:10.2307/3520346. JSTOR 3520346.
- ^ Sahgal, Priya (28 December 2009). "1990-L.K. Advani's rath yatra: Chariot of fire". India Today. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "Muslims can never forgive Kalyan over Babri issue". Express India. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ "Babri demolition & failure of Muslim leadership". Zee News India. 27 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ Pradhan, Sharat (26 March 2010). "Advani fuelled fire that razed Babri: IPS officer". Rediff. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ Sachdev, Vakasha (6 December 2019). "'Vindicated' LK Advani Remains on Trial in Babri Demolition Case". The Quint. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ "Advani on being acquitted from Babri demolition case". Times of India. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "From Nation of Donkeys to 'Black Day for Democracy': English Editorials Slam Babri Verdict". The Wire (India). 2 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "Babri accused tried to stop mob, not incite them". Rediff.com. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ Shakti Shekhar, Kumar (1 November 2017). "How Advani will create Parliamentary history whether he contests 2019 Lok Sabha elections or not". India Today. New Delhi: India Today Group. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ "SC clears Advani, Shukla in hawala case". Indian Express. 3 March 1998.
- ^ Goswami, Dev (17 August 2018). "When Atal Bihari Vajpayee showed the world how to resign in style". India Today. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ a b Shakti Shekhar, Kumar (17 August 2018). "How Atal Bihari Vajpayee ended BJP's untouchability". India Today. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ "Advani appointed deputy prime minister". The Times of India. 29 June 2002. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ Wondering Man, Money & Go(l)d. Wondering Man. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84693-016-4.
- ^ Ruparelia, Sanjay (2005). "Managing the United Progressive Alliance: The Challenges Ahead". Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (24): 2407–2412. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4416746.
- ^ "LK Advani warns of 2004 redux, showers praise on party's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ "Lal Krishna Advani | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ Sengupta, Somini (31 December 2005). "Former Premier Vajpayee Retires From Indian Politics at 81". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ "L K Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks". The Economic Times. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ "Atal, Advani should step aside, let young rise: RSS chief". The Indian Express. 11 April 2005.
- ^ "Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks". Hindustan Times. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ "I'll be candidate for PM: Advani". The Times of India. 11 December 2006. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Advani opens his heart, and a can of worms". The Economic Times. India. 11 December 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
- ^ Mohua Chatterjee, TNN (2 May 2007). "LK 'natural' choice for PM: Rajnath". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
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- ^ "New India opposition leader named". BBC News. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
- ^ Vyas, Neena (18 December 2009). "Advani quits as Leader of Opposition". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
- ^ "NDA elects Advani 'working chairman'". Hindustan Times. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ ""No Advani, Joshi, Vajpayee in BJP Parliamentary Board, party makes Marg Darshak Mandal for them"". IBN Live. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ "The Eternal Charioteer". Outlook. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ "Why And How I Arrested LK Advani By Lalu Yadav". NDTV. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "LK Advani – Portal – Janadesh Yatra". Lkadvani.in. 11 September 1993. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ "Janadesh Yatra : Shri L K Advani". Bjp.org. 11 September 1993. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ "Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra : Shri L K Advani". Bjp.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ Press Trust India (10 March 2004). "Advani kickstarts Bharat Uday Yatra". Express India. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ "Advani to begin from Gujarat; Rajnath from Orissa – Rediff.com India News". Rediff.com. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ "Bharat Suraksha Yatra : Shri L K Advani". Bjp.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ "About Jan Chetna Yatra |". Janchetnayatra.com. 20 November 2011. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ Advani, L. K., 1927- (2002). A prisoner's scrap-book. New Delhi: Ocean Books. ISBN 81-88322-10-5. OCLC 51752185.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Advani, L. K., 1927- (2003). New approaches to security and development. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-614-2. OCLC 867796807.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Advani, L. K., 1927– (2008). My country my life. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN 978-81-291-1363-4. OCLC 221287960.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "As I See it: LK Advani's Blog Posts". Amazon.com. ISBN 978-81-291-1876-9.
- ^ Āḍavāṇī, Lālakrishńa. (2002). Nazarbaṇda lokataṇtra. Dill ̄: Prabht̄a Prakāśana. ISBN 81-7315-399-X. OCLC 50640962.
- ^ Advani, L. K., 1927- (2012). Dr̥shṭikoṇa : blôga para bāteṃ (Saṃskaraṇa prathama ed.). Dillī. ISBN 978-93-5048-142-4. OCLC 823027286.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Advani, L. K., 1927- (January 2014). Rāshṭra sarvopari (Saṃskaraṇa prathama ed.). Dillī. ISBN 978-93-5048-549-1. OCLC 904246754.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Further reading
- Atmaram Kulkarni. The Advent of Advani: An Authentic Critical Biography (1995). (Hardcover) ISBN 978-81-85345-22-2.
- Sudheendra Kulkarni. Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra: The story of Lal Krishna Advani's patriotic pilgrimage (1997). ASIN: B0000CPBO7.
- Pentagon Press. Lal Krishna Advani: Today's Patel (2002). (Paperback) ISBN 978-81-86830-57-4.
- Gulab Vazirani: Lal Advani, the Man and his Mission (1991)
- G. Katyal, K. Bhushan. Lal Krishna Advani: Deputy Prime Minister. (Hardcover) ASIN: B001G6MAZA
- Pentagon Press. Lala Krishna Advani (2007). (Paperback) ISBN 978-81-86830-59-8.