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{{short description|Language family}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} |
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{{Use British English|date=November 2017}} |
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The '''Chin languages''' (also called C'''hin-Mizo''',<ref>{{cite book |last=Burling |first=Robbins |year=2003 |chapter=The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeastern India |editor=Graham Thurgood |editor2=Randy J. LaPolla |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |pages=169–191}}</ref> '''Kukish''' or '''South-Central Tibeto-Burman''' languages) are a branch of 50 or so [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken in northeastern [[India]], western [[Myanmar]] and southeastern [[Bangladesh]]. Most speakers of these languages are known as [[Mizo people|Mizo]] in [[Mizoram]] and [[Manipur]]. [[Chin people|Chin]] in [[Burmese language|Burmese]]; some also identify as Zomi. [[Mizo language|Mizo]] is the most widely spoken of the Chin languages.Chin is sometimes placed under [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Chin–Naga]], a geographical rather than linguistic grouping. |
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Most Chin languages are spoken in and around [[Chin State]], [[Myanmar]], with some languages spoken in [[Sagaing Division]], [[Magway Region]] and [[Rakhine State]] as well. In [[Northeast India]], many Northern Chin languages are also spoken in [[Mizoram]] State and [[Manipur]] State, India, especially in [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur District]], [[Pherzawl District]]. Northwestern Chin languages are spoken mostly in [[Chandel District]], Manipur. |
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Chin is alternatively called ''South-Central'' Trans-Himalayan (or ''South Central'' Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group.<ref>Konnerth, Linda. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.5070/H917134878 The historical phonology of Monsang (Northwestern South-Central/“Kuki-Chin”): A case of reduction in phonological complexity]. ''Himalayan Linguistics'', Vol. 17(1): 19-49, note [2]: "...many language activists among the speakers of languages of the South-Central branch has made it clear to me that using the “Kuki-Chin” label is very insensitive."</ref> |
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==Internal classification== |
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The [[Karbi language]]s may be closely related to Chin, but Thurgood (2003) and van Driem (2011) leave Karbi unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.<ref>Thurgood, Graham (2003) "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact, change, and inheritance." In G. Thurgood and R. LaPolla, eds., ''The Sino-Tibetan languages'', pp. 13–14. London: Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1129-1}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |
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|last=van Driem |
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|first=George L. |
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|title=Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar |
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|journal=Himalayan Linguistics Journal |
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|volume=10 |
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|issue=1 |
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|year=2011a |
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|pages=31–39 |
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|url=http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html |
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|postscript=. |
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|url-status=dead |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112220623/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html |
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|archive-date=12 January 2012 |
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}}</ref> |
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The Chin branches listed below are from VanBik (2009), with the ''[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]'' branch added from [[Scott DeLancey]], et al. (2015),<ref>DeLancey, Scott; Krishna Boro; Linda Konnerth1; Amos Teo. 2015. ''Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo-Myanmar borderland''. 31st South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, 14 May 2015.</ref> and the ''[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]'' branch (which has been split off from the ''Southern'' branch) from Peterson (2017).<ref name="Peterson2017"/> |
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;'''Chin''' |
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*'''[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]''': [[Mizo language|Mizo]] (Duhlian), [[Bawm language|Bawm]] (Sunthla and Panghawi), [[Tawr language|Tawr]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]] (Lai/Pawi, Mi-E, Zokhua), [[Pangkhua language|Pangkhua]], [[Saihriem language|Saihriem]], [[Falam language|Laizo]]/[[Taisun language|Tlaisun]], [[Khualshim language|Khualsim]], [[Zanniat]], [[Zahau language|Zahau]] |
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*'''[[Maraic languages|Maraic]]''': [[Mara language|Mara]] (Tlosai {Siaha and Saikao}, Hawthai {Lyvaw, Sizo, and Lochei}, Hlaipao {Zyhno, Heima, and Lialai}), [[Zyphe language|Zophei]], [[Senthang language|Senthang]], [[Zotung language|Zotung]] (Lungngo, Calthawn, Innmai), [[Lautu Chin language|Lautu]] |
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*'''[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]''': [[Falam language|Falam]] (Hallam, Hauhulh, Simpi, Hualngo, [[Chorei]]), Suantak-Vaiphei, [[Hrangkhol language|Hrangkhol]], [[Zou language|Zo]] (Zou), [[Biate language|Biate]] (Bete), [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Tedim language|Tedim]], [[Thado language|Thado]] (Kuki), [[Gangte language|Gangte]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Sizang language|Sizang]], [[Ralte language|Ralte]], [[Ngawn language|Ngawn]] |
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*'''[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]]''': [[Shö language|Shö]] (Asho/Khyang, Chinbon), [[Thaiphum language|Thaiphum]], [[Daai language|Daai]] (Nitu), [[Mün language|Mün]], [[Yindu Daa languages|Yindu]], [[Nga La language|Matu]], [[Welaung language|Welaung]] (Rawngtu), [[Kaang Chin language|Kaang]], [[Laitu Chin language|Laitu]], [[Rungtu Chin language|Rungtu]], [[Songlai Chin language|Songlai]], [[Sumtu Chin language|Sumtu]] |
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*'''[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]''': [[Khumi language|Khumi]] (Khumi proper and Khumi Awa), [[Mro language|Mro]], [[Rengmitca language|Rengmitca]], etc. |
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*'''[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]''' ( '''[[Southern Naga languages|Nagas]]'''): [[Monsang language|Monsang]], [[Moyon language|Moyon]], [[Lamkang language|Lamkang]], [[Aimol language|Aimol]], [[Anal language|Anal]], [[Tarao language|Tarao]], [[Koireng language|Koireng]] (Kolhreng), [[Chiru language|Chiru]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]], [[Chothe language|Chothe]], [[Purum language|Purum]],<ref name="Peterson2017"/> [[Kharam language|Kharam]],<ref name="Peterson2017"/> |
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[[Darlong language|Darlong]] and [[Ranglong language|Ranglong]] are unclassified Chin language. |
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The recently discovered [[Sorbung language|Sorbung]] language may be mixed language that could classify as either a Kuki-Chin or [[Tangkhul languages|Tangkhul]] language (Mortenson & Keogh 2011).<ref>David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. "[http://jseals.org/JSEALS-4-1.pdf Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman]", in ''JEALS'' 4, vol 1.</ref> |
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[[Anu-Hkongso Chin language|Anu-Hkongso]] speakers self-identify as ethnic [[Chin people]], although their language is closely related to [[Mru language|Mru]] rather than to Chin languages. The [[Mruic languages]] constitute a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and are not part of Chin. |
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===VanBik (2009)=== |
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Kenneth VanBik's (2009:23) classified the Kuki-Chin languages based on shared [[sound changes]] (phonological innovations) from Proto-Kuki-Chin as follows. |
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'''Chin''' |
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*[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]: *k(ʰ)r-, *p(ʰ)r- > *t(ʰ)r-; *k(ʰ)l-, *p(ʰ)l- > *t(ʰ)l-; *y- > *z- |
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**[[Pangkhua language|Pangkhua]]? |
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**[[Tawr language|Lamtuk Thet]]: Lamtuk, Ruavan |
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**[[Lai languages|Lai]] |
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***[[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]]: [[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]], [[Thantlang]], Zokhua |
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***[[Falam language|Falam]]: [[Bawm language|Bawm]], Bualkhaw, [[Falam language|Laizo]], Lente, [[Khualshim language|Khualsim]], Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun, [[Zanniat language|Zanniat]] |
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**[[Mizo language|Mizo]] |
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***[[Mizo language|Mizo]]: Fanai, Hualngo, Lushai, Khiangte |
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***[[Hmar language|Hmar]]: Khosak, Thiek, Lawitlang, Khawbung, Darngawn, Lungtau, Leiri |
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*[[Maraic languages|Maraic]]: *kr- > *ts-; *-ʔ, *-r, *-l > -Ø; *-p, *-t, *-k > *-ʔ; *θ- > *s- |
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**[[Mara language|Mara]] |
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***Tlosai |
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****Saikao |
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****Siaha |
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***Hlaipao |
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****Heima |
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****Lialai |
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****Vahapi/Zyhno |
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***HawThai |
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****Sizo |
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*****Ngaphepi |
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*****Sabyu |
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*****Chapi |
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****Lyvaw |
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*****Lochei |
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*****Tisih |
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*****Phybyu |
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**[[Lautu language|Lautu]] |
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***Hnaro |
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***Chawngthia |
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**[[Zyphe language|Zophei]] |
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***Vytu |
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***Sate/Awsa |
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**[[Senthang language|Senthang]] |
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***Khuapi |
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***Surkhua |
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**[[Zotung language|Zotung]] *h- > *f-; *kr- > *r-; *khl- > *kh-, *l-; *c(<sup>h</sup>)- > *t(<sup>h</sup>)-/*s-; *y- > *z-/*z(<sup>h</sup>)-; *w- > *v- |
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***Calthawng |
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***Innmai |
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***Lungngo/Tinpa |
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*Peripheral: *r- > *g- |
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**[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]: *θ- > *ts-; *kl- > *tl-; *-r > *-k |
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***[[Thado language|Thado]]/[[Kuki language|Kuki]], [[Tedim language|Tedim]], Khuangsai, [[Paite language|Paite]] Vuite, [[Chiru language|Chiru]] |
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***[[Siyin language|Sizang]], [[Guite people|Guite]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Ralte language|Ralte]], |
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**[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]] (Southern Plains): *-r > *-y |
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***[[Khumi language|Khumi]]: Khomi, Wakung |
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***[[Shö language|Cho-Asho]] |
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****Asho |
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****Cho: [[Matu language|Matu]]; Chinpon; [[Daai language|Daai]], Nghmoye, Ngmuun, Mkaang |
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===Peterson (2017)=== |
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David A. Peterson's (2017:206)<ref name="Peterson2017">Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. ''Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley'', 189-209. Leiden: Brill.</ref> internal classification of the Chin languages is as follows. |
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;Chin |
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*[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]: ''[[Purum language|Purum (Naga)]], Koireng, [[Monsang language|Monsang (Naga)]]'', etc. |
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*Central |
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**[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Core Central]] |
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**[[Maraic languages|Maraic]] |
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*Peripheral |
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**[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northeastern]] |
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**[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]: ''Khami/[[Khumi language|Khumi]], [[Mro language|Mro]]-Khimi, Lemi, [[Rengmitca language|Rengmitca]]'', etc. |
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**[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]] |
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***''Cho'' |
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***Daai'' |
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***''Hyow''/''[[Shö language|Asho]]'' |
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Peterson's ''Northeastern'' branch corresponds to VanBik's ''Northern.'' |
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==See also== |
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*[[Lai languages]] |
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*[[Pau Cin Hau script]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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==Further reading== |
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*Button, Christopher. 2011. ''Proto Northern Chin''. STEDT Monograph 10. {{ISBN|0-944613-49-7}}. http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph10_Proto-Northern-Chin.pdf |
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*{{cite thesis | given = Khoi | surname = Lam Thang | year = 2001 | title = A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Chin | type = MA thesis | location = Chiang Mai | publisher = Payap University | url = http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_PDF/Khois-Proto-Reconstruction-of-Chin-revised.pdf }} |
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*Mann, Noel, and Wendy Smith. 2008. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Chin%20Bibliography.pdf Chin bibliography]. Chiang Mai: Payap University. |
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*Qand [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]]] |
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*Smith, Wendy and Noel Mann. 2009. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Chin%20Bibliography%20with%20Selected%20Annotations.pdf Chin bibliography with selected annotations]. Chiang Mai: Payap University. |
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==External links== |
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* [http://hmartlangsam.blogspot.com/ Tlângsam: Latest News in Hmar language – Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, NE India] |
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{{Sino-Tibetan languages}} |
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{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}} |
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{{Languages of Myanmar}} |
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{{Languages of Northeast India}} |
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[[Category:Kuki-Chin languages| ]] |
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[[Category:Languages of India]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]] |
Revision as of 13:26, 15 August 2022
The Chin languages (also called Chin-Mizo,[1] Kukish or South-Central Tibeto-Burman languages) are a branch of 50 or so Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in northeastern India, western Myanmar and southeastern Bangladesh. Most speakers of these languages are known as Mizo in Mizoram and Manipur. Chin in Burmese; some also identify as Zomi. Mizo is the most widely spoken of the Chin languages.Chin is sometimes placed under Chin–Naga, a geographical rather than linguistic grouping.
Most Chin languages are spoken in and around Chin State, Myanmar, with some languages spoken in Sagaing Division, Magway Region and Rakhine State as well. In Northeast India, many Northern Chin languages are also spoken in Mizoram State and Manipur State, India, especially in Churachandpur District, Pherzawl District. Northwestern Chin languages are spoken mostly in Chandel District, Manipur.
Chin is alternatively called South-Central Trans-Himalayan (or South Central Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group.[2]
Internal classification
The Karbi languages may be closely related to Chin, but Thurgood (2003) and van Driem (2011) leave Karbi unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.[3][4]
The Chin branches listed below are from VanBik (2009), with the Northwestern branch added from Scott DeLancey, et al. (2015),[5] and the Khomic branch (which has been split off from the Southern branch) from Peterson (2017).[6]
- Chin
- Central: Mizo (Duhlian), Bawm (Sunthla and Panghawi), Tawr, Hmar, Hakha (Lai/Pawi, Mi-E, Zokhua), Pangkhua, Saihriem, Laizo/Tlaisun, Khualsim, Zanniat, Zahau
- Maraic: Mara (Tlosai {Siaha and Saikao}, Hawthai {Lyvaw, Sizo, and Lochei}, Hlaipao {Zyhno, Heima, and Lialai}), Zophei, Senthang, Zotung (Lungngo, Calthawn, Innmai), Lautu
- Northern: Falam (Hallam, Hauhulh, Simpi, Hualngo, Chorei), Suantak-Vaiphei, Hrangkhol, Zo (Zou), Biate (Bete), Paite, Tedim, Thado (Kuki), Gangte, Simte, Vaiphei, Sizang, Ralte, Ngawn
- Southern: Shö (Asho/Khyang, Chinbon), Thaiphum, Daai (Nitu), Mün, Yindu, Matu, Welaung (Rawngtu), Kaang, Laitu, Rungtu, Songlai, Sumtu
- Khomic: Khumi (Khumi proper and Khumi Awa), Mro, Rengmitca, etc.
- Northwestern ( Nagas): Monsang, Moyon, Lamkang, Aimol, Anal, Tarao, Koireng (Kolhreng), Chiru, Kom, Chothe, Purum,[6] Kharam,[6]
Darlong and Ranglong are unclassified Chin language.
The recently discovered Sorbung language may be mixed language that could classify as either a Kuki-Chin or Tangkhul language (Mortenson & Keogh 2011).[7]
Anu-Hkongso speakers self-identify as ethnic Chin people, although their language is closely related to Mru rather than to Chin languages. The Mruic languages constitute a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and are not part of Chin.
VanBik (2009)
Kenneth VanBik's (2009:23) classified the Kuki-Chin languages based on shared sound changes (phonological innovations) from Proto-Kuki-Chin as follows.
Chin
- Central: *k(ʰ)r-, *p(ʰ)r- > *t(ʰ)r-; *k(ʰ)l-, *p(ʰ)l- > *t(ʰ)l-; *y- > *z-
- Maraic: *kr- > *ts-; *-ʔ, *-r, *-l > -Ø; *-p, *-t, *-k > *-ʔ; *θ- > *s-
- Mara
- Tlosai
- Saikao
- Siaha
- Hlaipao
- Heima
- Lialai
- Vahapi/Zyhno
- HawThai
- Sizo
- Ngaphepi
- Sabyu
- Chapi
- Lyvaw
- Lochei
- Tisih
- Phybyu
- Sizo
- Tlosai
- Lautu
- Hnaro
- Chawngthia
- Zophei
- Vytu
- Sate/Awsa
- Senthang
- Khuapi
- Surkhua
- Zotung *h- > *f-; *kr- > *r-; *khl- > *kh-, *l-; *c(h)- > *t(h)-/*s-; *y- > *z-/*z(h)-; *w- > *v-
- Calthawng
- Innmai
- Lungngo/Tinpa
- Mara
- Peripheral: *r- > *g-
Peterson (2017)
David A. Peterson's (2017:206)[6] internal classification of the Chin languages is as follows.
- Chin
- Northwestern: Purum (Naga), Koireng, Monsang (Naga), etc.
- Central
- Peripheral
Peterson's Northeastern branch corresponds to VanBik's Northern.
See also
References
- ^ Burling, Robbins (2003). "The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeastern India". In Graham Thurgood; Randy J. LaPolla (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. pp. 169–191.
- ^ Konnerth, Linda. 2018. The historical phonology of Monsang (Northwestern South-Central/“Kuki-Chin”): A case of reduction in phonological complexity. Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 17(1): 19-49, note [2]: "...many language activists among the speakers of languages of the South-Central branch has made it clear to me that using the “Kuki-Chin” label is very insensitive."
- ^ Thurgood, Graham (2003) "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact, change, and inheritance." In G. Thurgood and R. LaPolla, eds., The Sino-Tibetan languages, pp. 13–14. London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
- ^ van Driem, George L. (2011a), "Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar", Himalayan Linguistics Journal, 10 (1): 31–39, archived from the original on 12 January 2012.
- ^ DeLancey, Scott; Krishna Boro; Linda Konnerth1; Amos Teo. 2015. Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo-Myanmar borderland. 31st South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, 14 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley, 189-209. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. "Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman", in JEALS 4, vol 1.
Bibliography
Further reading
- Button, Christopher. 2011. Proto Northern Chin. STEDT Monograph 10. ISBN 0-944613-49-7. http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph10_Proto-Northern-Chin.pdf
- Lam Thang, Khoi (2001). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Chin (PDF) (MA thesis). Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Mann, Noel, and Wendy Smith. 2008. Chin bibliography. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Qand Vaiphei]
- Smith, Wendy and Noel Mann. 2009. Chin bibliography with selected annotations. Chiang Mai: Payap University.