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{{short description|Mixture of chemical compounds}} |
{{short description|Mixture of chemical compounds}} |
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{{Infobox drug |
{{Infobox drug |
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| drug_name |
| drug_name = Isoprinosine |
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| type |
| type = combo |
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| component1 |
| component1 = Inosine |
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| class1 |
| class1 = Immunostimulant |
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| component2 |
| component2 =Dimethylaminoisopropanol |
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| class2 |
| class2 = Immunostimulant |
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| component3 |
| component3 = Acedoben |
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| class3 |
| class3 = Immunostimulant |
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| INN |
| INN = Inosine acedoben dimepranol |
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<!-- | IUPAC_name = 9-[(2''R'',3''R'',4''S'',5''R'')-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3''H''-purin-6-one : 4-acetamidobenzoic acid : 1-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol -->| image |
<!-- | IUPAC_name = 9-[(2''R'',3''R'',4''S'',5''R'')-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3''H''-purin-6-one : 4-acetamidobenzoic acid : 1-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol --> |
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| image = Inosine pranobex.png |
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| alt |
| alt = |
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| caption |
| caption = Chemical structures of the three components of inosine pranobex (from top to bottom: inosine, acedoben and dimethylamino isopropanol) |
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<!-- Clinical data -->| pronounce |
<!-- Clinical data --> |
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| pronounce = |
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| tradename |
| tradename = Imunovir, Delimmun, Isoprinosine, Viruxan |
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| Drugs.com |
| Drugs.com = https://www.drugs.com/international/isoprinosine-500mg.html |
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| MedlinePlus |
| MedlinePlus = |
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| pregnancy_AU |
| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A/B1/B2/B3/C/D/X --> |
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| pregnancy_AU_comment = |
| pregnancy_AU_comment = |
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| pregnancy_US |
| pregnancy_US = <!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --> |
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| pregnancy_category |
| pregnancy_category= |
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| routes_of_administration = Oral |
| routes_of_administration = Oral |
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| legal_status |
| legal_status = Rx-only |
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<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->| bioavailability |
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |
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| bioavailability = |
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| protein_bound |
| protein_bound = |
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| metabolism |
| metabolism = |
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| metabolites |
| metabolites = |
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| onset |
| onset = |
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| elimination_half-life = |
| elimination_half-life = |
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| duration_of_action = |
| duration_of_action = |
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| excretion |
| excretion = |
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<!-- Identifiers --> |
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| CAS_number_Ref |
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CAS_number |
| CAS_number = |
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| UNII_Ref |
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII |
| UNII = W1SO0V223F |
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| class |
| class = |
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| ATCvet |
| ATCvet = |
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| ATC_prefix |
| ATC_prefix = J05 |
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| ATC_suffix |
| ATC_suffix = AX05 |
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| PubChem |
| PubChem=135449284 |
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| DrugBank |
| DrugBank = |
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| ChemSpiderID |
| ChemSpiderID = 16736312 |
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| KEGG |
| KEGG = D01995 |
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| synonyms |
| synonyms=Methisoprinol |
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<!-- Chemical and physical data -->}} |
<!-- Chemical and physical data --> |
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}} |
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'''Inosine pranobex''' ([[British Approved Name|BAN]]; also known as '''inosine acedoben dimepranol''' ([[International nonproprietary name|INN]]) or '''methisoprinol''') is an [[antiviral drug]] that is a combination of [[inosine]] and dimepranol acedoben (a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] of [[acetamidobenzoic acid]] and [[dimethylaminoisopropanol]]) in a ratio of 1 to 3. Inosine pranobex has no effect on viral particles itself.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} Instead, it acts as an [[immunostimulant]], an analog of [[thymus|thymus hormones]].<ref>{{cite web| work = American Cancer Society |title=Inosine Pranobex |url= http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/pharmacologicalandbiologicaltreatment/inosine-pranobex |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823035720/http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/PharmacologicalandBiologicalTreatment/inosine-pranobex |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2010 |access-date=31 July 2013 }}</ref> |
'''Inosine pranobex''' ([[British Approved Name|BAN]]; also known as '''inosine acedoben dimepranol''' ([[International nonproprietary name|INN]]) or '''methisoprinol''') is an [[antiviral drug]] that is a combination of [[inosine]] and dimepranol acedoben (a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] of [[acetamidobenzoic acid]] and [[dimethylaminoisopropanol]]) in a ratio of 1 to 3. Inosine pranobex has no effect on viral particles itself.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} Instead, it acts as an [[immunostimulant]], an analog of [[thymus|thymus hormones]].<ref>{{cite web| work = American Cancer Society |title=Inosine Pranobex |url= http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/pharmacologicalandbiologicaltreatment/inosine-pranobex |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823035720/http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/PharmacologicalandBiologicalTreatment/inosine-pranobex |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2010 |access-date=31 July 2013 }}</ref> |
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Inosine pranobex has been used in [[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis|SSPE]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[Human papillomavirus infection|human papillomavirus]], [[HIV]], [[Orthomyxoviridae|influenza virus]], and airway virus infections, [[cytomegalovirus]], and [[Epstein–Barr virus|Epstein-Barr virus]] infections.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K, Hosoya M | title = Advances in Antiviral Therapy for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis | journal = Molecules | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 427 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33467470 | pmc = 7830519 | doi = 10.3390/molecules26020427 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The effect on SSPE is unclear, it is not a cure for it. |
Inosine pranobex has been used in [[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis|SSPE]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[Human papillomavirus infection|human papillomavirus]], [[HIV]], [[Orthomyxoviridae|influenza virus]], and airway virus infections, [[cytomegalovirus]], and [[Epstein–Barr virus|Epstein-Barr virus]] infections.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K, Hosoya M | title = Advances in Antiviral Therapy for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis | journal = Molecules | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 427 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33467470 | pmc = 7830519 | doi = 10.3390/molecules26020427 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The effect on SSPE is unclear, it is not a cure for it. |
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'''Chemistry and Pharmacology:''' |
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* Inosine pranobex is a synthetic complex of inosine, a purine nucleoside, and 4-acetamidobenzoic acid (pranobex). |
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* Its mechanism of action is multifaceted and not fully elucidated, but it is thought to involve: |
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** '''Increasing endogenous interferon (IFN) production, particularly IFN-γ:''' This bolsters the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. |
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** '''Enhancing phagocytosis:''' Inosine pranobex stimulates the activity of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, leading to increased clearance of pathogens. |
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** '''Modulating cytokine production:''' Inosine pranobex may decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-4 while enhancing Th1 immune responses. |
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'''Clinical Uses:''' |
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* Inosine pranobex has been used for a variety of viral infections, including: |
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** Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) |
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** Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections |
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** Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections |
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** Influenza A and B viruses |
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** Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections |
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** Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections |
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* It has also been used in some countries for immunological disorders such as: |
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** Rheumatoid arthritis |
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** Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
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** Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) |
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'''Efficacy and Evidence:''' |
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* The evidence for the efficacy of inosine pranobex in various clinical settings varies. Some studies have shown promising results, while others have been inconclusive or negative. |
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* The strongest evidence supports its use in SSPE, where it has been shown to improve survival rates and cognitive function in some patients. |
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* For other indications, such as HSV and influenza, the evidence is less robust, and further research is needed to confirm its effectiveness. |
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'''Safety and Side Effects:''' |
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* Inosine pranobex is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects in some individuals. These may include: |
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** Gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain |
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** Headache |
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** Dizziness |
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** Skin rash |
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** Elevated uric acid levels |
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* Inosine pranobex is contraindicated in patients with gout, hypersensitivity to the drug, and pregnant women. |
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'''Dosage and Administration:''' |
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* The dosage of inosine pranobex varies depending on the indication and age of the patient. It is typically administered orally in tablet or capsule form, with dosages ranging from 500 mg to 3 grams per day. |
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* The recommended duration of treatment also depends on the specific condition. |
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'''Additional Information:''' |
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* Inosine pranobex is not available in all countries and may have different regulatory approvals depending on the region. |
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* Storage conditions should be followed as indicated on the product packaging. |
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== References == |
== References == |
Revision as of 17:11, 13 December 2023
Combination of | |
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Inosine | Immunostimulant |
Dimethylaminoisopropanol | Immunostimulant |
Acedoben | Immunostimulant |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Imunovir, Delimmun, Isoprinosine, Viruxan |
Other names | Methisoprinol |
AHFS/Drugs.com | https://www.drugs.com/international/isoprinosine-500mg.html |
Routes of administration | Oral |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status |
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Identifiers | |
PubChem CID | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.048.313 |
Inosine pranobex (BAN; also known as inosine acedoben dimepranol (INN) or methisoprinol) is an antiviral drug that is a combination of inosine and dimepranol acedoben (a salt of acetamidobenzoic acid and dimethylaminoisopropanol) in a ratio of 1 to 3. Inosine pranobex has no effect on viral particles itself.[citation needed] Instead, it acts as an immunostimulant, an analog of thymus hormones.[1]
Inosine pranobex has been used in SSPE, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, HIV, influenza virus, and airway virus infections, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus infections.[2] The effect on SSPE is unclear, it is not a cure for it.
References
- ^ "Inosine Pranobex". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Hashimoto K, Hosoya M (January 2021). "Advances in Antiviral Therapy for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis". Molecules. 26 (2): 427. doi:10.3390/molecules26020427. PMC 7830519. PMID 33467470.