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The ancestors of the Ingush people have been historically mentioned under many different names, such as ''[[Dzurdzuks]],'' ''Kists'' or ''Ghlighvi'',<ref>Heinrich Julius Klaproth. "''Inguschen-Ghalgha (Khißt-Ghlighwa)''" [https://books.google.be/books?id=fNxOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA72&dq=Inguschen+Ghalgha+Khi%C3%9Ft+Ghlighwa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY6paf-a7lAhWNY1AKHa33DpgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Inguschen%20Ghalgha%20Khi%C3%9Ft%20Ghlighwa&f=false Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des östlichen Kaukasus, zwischen den Flüssen Terek, Aragwi, Kur und dem Kaspischen Meere] Pt.2 of Volume 50, Bibliothek der neuesten und wichtigsten Reisebeschreibungen zur Erweiterung der Erdkunde nach einem systematischen Plane bearbeitet, und in Verbindung mit einigen andern Gelehrten bearbeitet und hrsg. von M.C. Sprengel, 1800-1814.</ref><ref>Dietrich Christoph von Rommel. "''Kisten (Inguschen)''" [https://books.google.be/books?id=tl8UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=kist+inguschen&source=bl&ots=1WxbiuUB7o&sig=ACfU3U3OX2yTcXlL16LNy4Yb4Bo29BHTHQ&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicp-_kt67lAhURZ1AKHep3BqEQ6AEwBHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=kist%20inguschen&f=false Die Völker des Caucasus nach den Berichten der Reisebeschreiber Volume 1 van Aus dem Archiv für Ethnographie und Linguistik.] Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, 1808. Oxford University.</ref> although none of them was used as an ethnonym. The ancient Greek historian [[Strabo]] wrote about the ''Gelai'', an unknown people in the Caucasus he thought to be of [[Scythians|Scythian]] origin,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Strabo|title=The Geography of Strabo|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> which the American cartographer [[Joseph Hutchins Colton]] later used to label the [[Nakh peoples|Vainakh people]] in his map from 1856.<ref>J.H. Colton. "Gelia" [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colton,_G.W._Turkey_In_Asia_And_The_Caucasian_Provinces_Of_Russia._1856_(B).jpg Turkey In Asia And The Caucasian Provinces Of Russia. 1856.]</ref> Contemporary sources mention the ethnonym ''Nakhchoy'', the ethnonym [[Chechen people|Chechens]] still use today.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Берже|first=А.П.|title=Чечня и Чеченцы|publisher=|year=1859|isbn=|location=|pages=65–66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Потто|first=В.А.|title=Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях|publisher=Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях, Т. 2, СПб|year=1887|isbn=|location=|pages=63–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Услар|first=П.К|title=Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. Ч. II. Чеченский язык|publisher=|year=1888|isbn=|location=Тифлис|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Вейденбаум|first=Е.Г.|title=Путеводитель по Кавказу|publisher=|year=1888|isbn=|location=Тифлис|pages=70}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ган|first=К.Ф.|title=Путешествие в страну пшавов, хевсур, кистин и ингушей. (Летом 1897 г.) Кавказский вестник, № 6.|publisher=|year=1900|isbn=|location=|pages=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=АО «Ф. А. Брокгауз — И. А. Ефрон»|title=Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона|publisher=|year=1903|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Далгат|first=Б.К.|title=Родовой быт и обычное право чеченцев и ингушей. Исследование и материалы 1892 – 1894 гг. М.|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> ''Nakhchoy'' was replaced by the word Vainakh starting from the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Шнирельман|first=В. А.|title=Быть аланами. Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=279}}</ref> Ingush people were collectively mentioned as a tribe of the Chechens and divided into the ''Ingushi'' and the ''Ghalghaj''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flemming|first=Carl|date=1855|title=Composite: Kaukasus.|url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~33560~1171052:Composite--Kaukasus-?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_date|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> up until the 20th century. |
The ancestors of the Ingush people have been historically mentioned under many different names, such as ''[[Dzurdzuks]],'' ''Kists'' or ''Ghlighvi'',<ref>Heinrich Julius Klaproth. "''Inguschen-Ghalgha (Khißt-Ghlighwa)''" [https://books.google.be/books?id=fNxOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA72&dq=Inguschen+Ghalgha+Khi%C3%9Ft+Ghlighwa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY6paf-a7lAhWNY1AKHa33DpgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Inguschen%20Ghalgha%20Khi%C3%9Ft%20Ghlighwa&f=false Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des östlichen Kaukasus, zwischen den Flüssen Terek, Aragwi, Kur und dem Kaspischen Meere] Pt.2 of Volume 50, Bibliothek der neuesten und wichtigsten Reisebeschreibungen zur Erweiterung der Erdkunde nach einem systematischen Plane bearbeitet, und in Verbindung mit einigen andern Gelehrten bearbeitet und hrsg. von M.C. Sprengel, 1800-1814.</ref><ref>Dietrich Christoph von Rommel. "''Kisten (Inguschen)''" [https://books.google.be/books?id=tl8UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=kist+inguschen&source=bl&ots=1WxbiuUB7o&sig=ACfU3U3OX2yTcXlL16LNy4Yb4Bo29BHTHQ&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicp-_kt67lAhURZ1AKHep3BqEQ6AEwBHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=kist%20inguschen&f=false Die Völker des Caucasus nach den Berichten der Reisebeschreiber Volume 1 van Aus dem Archiv für Ethnographie und Linguistik.] Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, 1808. Oxford University.</ref> although none of them was used as an ethnonym. The ancient Greek historian [[Strabo]] wrote about the ''Gelai'', an unknown people in the Caucasus he thought to be of [[Scythians|Scythian]] origin,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Strabo|title=The Geography of Strabo|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> which the American cartographer [[Joseph Hutchins Colton]] later used to label the [[Nakh peoples|Vainakh people]] in his map from 1856.<ref>J.H. Colton. "Gelia" [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colton,_G.W._Turkey_In_Asia_And_The_Caucasian_Provinces_Of_Russia._1856_(B).jpg Turkey In Asia And The Caucasian Provinces Of Russia. 1856.]</ref> Contemporary sources mention the ethnonym ''Nakhchoy'', the ethnonym [[Chechen people|Chechens]] still use today.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Берже|first=А.П.|title=Чечня и Чеченцы|publisher=|year=1859|isbn=|location=|pages=65–66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Потто|first=В.А.|title=Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях|publisher=Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях, Т. 2, СПб|year=1887|isbn=|location=|pages=63–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Услар|first=П.К|title=Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. Ч. II. Чеченский язык|publisher=|year=1888|isbn=|location=Тифлис|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Вейденбаум|first=Е.Г.|title=Путеводитель по Кавказу|publisher=|year=1888|isbn=|location=Тифлис|pages=70}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ган|first=К.Ф.|title=Путешествие в страну пшавов, хевсур, кистин и ингушей. (Летом 1897 г.) Кавказский вестник, № 6.|publisher=|year=1900|isbn=|location=|pages=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=АО «Ф. А. Брокгауз — И. А. Ефрон»|title=Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона|publisher=|year=1903|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Далгат|first=Б.К.|title=Родовой быт и обычное право чеченцев и ингушей. Исследование и материалы 1892 – 1894 гг. М.|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> ''Nakhchoy'' was replaced by the word Vainakh starting from the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Шнирельман|first=В. А.|title=Быть аланами. Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=279}}</ref> Ingush people were collectively mentioned as a tribe of the Chechens and divided into the ''Ingushi'' and the ''Ghalghaj''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flemming|first=Carl|date=1855|title=Composite: Kaukasus.|url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~33560~1171052:Composite--Kaukasus-?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_date|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> up until the 20th century. |
||
The Ingush never had a feudal system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=le Carré|first=John|title="Our Game"|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> They were always governerned by highly esteemed selected elders among the Ingush clans. In 1770, the elders of 24 Ingush tribes signed a treaty with Russia, but are commonly considered under Russian rule from 1810.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Güldenstädt|first=Johann Anton|title=«Travels through Russia and the Caucasus Mountains» Vol. 1|publisher=|year=1787|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> The Ingush, however, considered themselves independent, and were unwilling to conform to Russian laws, which led to various skirmishes with Russian forces in Ingushetia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tornau|first=Baron F.F.|title=«Memoires Of A Caucasian Officer»|publisher=|year=1844|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Under Soviet rule during [[World War II]] the Ingush, along with the Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] and thus, the entire population was deported to the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh]] and [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics]]. The Ingush were [[Rehabilitate (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] in the 1950s, after the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], and allowed to return home in 1957, though by that time western Ingush lands had been ceded to [[North Ossetia]]. |
The Ingush never had a feudal system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=le Carré|first=John|title="Our Game"|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> They were always governerned by highly esteemed selected elders among the Ingush clans. In 1770, the elders of 24 Ingush tribes signed a treaty with Russia, but are commonly considered under Russian rule from 1810.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Güldenstädt|first=Johann Anton|title=«Travels through Russia and the Caucasus Mountains» Vol. 1|publisher=|year=1787|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> The Ingush, however, considered themselves independent, and were unwilling to conform to Russian laws, which led to various skirmishes with Russian forces in Ingushetia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tornau|first=Baron F.F.|title=«Memoires Of A Caucasian Officer»|publisher=|year=1844|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Nevertheless many Ingush, like the national hero Utsig Malsag<ref name="ingush-126">{{cite web|date=[[8 мая]] [[2008]] г.|url=http://www.ingush.ru/jzl26.asp|title=Уциг Малсаг Долгиев|format=html|publisher=Ингуш.RU|accessdate=2010-08-18|lang=ru|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721173700/http://www.ingush.ru/jzl26.asp|archivedate=2009-07-21|deadlink=yes}}</ref>, stood true to the oath with Russia from 1810, which included the order to fight off the enemies of Russia, particularly the Chechens and [[Kabardians]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Акты Кавк. Археогр. Комиссии. Т. IV . Тифлис. 1870 г., док. 1382. стр. 899—901.|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Under Soviet rule during [[World War II]] the Ingush, along with the Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] and thus, the entire population was deported to the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh]] and [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics]]. The Ingush were [[Rehabilitate (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] in the 1950s, after the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], and allowed to return home in 1957, though by that time western Ingush lands had been ceded to [[North Ossetia]]. |
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==Architecture== |
==Architecture== |
Revision as of 17:02, 2 December 2020
![]() Ingush. Early 20th century. | |
Total population | |
---|---|
± 500,000 | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() | 444,833 (2010)[1] |
![]() | 385,537 (2010)[1] |
![]() | 1,296 (2010)[1] |
![]() | 28 336 (2010)[1] |
![]() | 15 120 (2009)[2] |
![]() | 455 |
Languages | |
Ingush | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Sunni Islam (Shafii Madhhab) | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Chechens, Bats, Kists and other Northeast Caucasian peoples |
The Ingush (/ˈɪŋɡʊʃ/, Ingush: ГIалгIай, Ghalghaj, pronounced Template:IPA-cau) are a Northeast Caucasian native ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting their native Ingushetia, a federal republic of Russian Federation. The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Ingush language.[3] The Ingush are known as the Vainakh.
Etymology
The ethnonym Ingush derives from the Ghalghai village Angusht (Ongushté) in western Ingushetia. When Russians first came into contact with the Ghalghai people in Angusht, they mistakenly called them 'Angushi', which is preserved today in the form of 'Ingushi'.[4] While popular folklore claims the endonym Ghalghai comes from the Ingush word "ghala" (meaning tower/fortress), professors E.I. Krupnov and B.A. Alborov state that the term Ghalghai, is of a more ancient origin. Alborov noted, that the word Gal (Hal, Al), was once associated with "god" or "deity" among the ancient Ingush. Later on, the Ingush, as well as Chechens, referred to God as Dala ("Da" + "Ala"), litterally meaning "father-God".[5] Historical development of the Ingush ancestors indicates it is a composition of the words kha and khal, which directly means three cities. Inhabitants of the 3 settlements Targim, Khamkhi and Egikal, who operated as one, expanded their power into surrounding Nakh areas, building the grounds of what would later turn into the modern Ingush nation.[6] This is supported by the first actual mention of the word in 1590, when the "mountain people Kolkan" attacked 2 Russian ambassadors in the Darial pass[7] and the late establishment of the word among south-western Nakh people only several centuries later, in the early 1920s.[8]
History
The ancestors of the Ingush people have been historically mentioned under many different names, such as Dzurdzuks, Kists or Ghlighvi,[9][10] although none of them was used as an ethnonym. The ancient Greek historian Strabo wrote about the Gelai, an unknown people in the Caucasus he thought to be of Scythian origin,[11] which the American cartographer Joseph Hutchins Colton later used to label the Vainakh people in his map from 1856.[12] Contemporary sources mention the ethnonym Nakhchoy, the ethnonym Chechens still use today.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Nakhchoy was replaced by the word Vainakh starting from the 1930s.[20] Ingush people were collectively mentioned as a tribe of the Chechens and divided into the Ingushi and the Ghalghaj[21] up until the 20th century.
The Ingush never had a feudal system.[22] They were always governerned by highly esteemed selected elders among the Ingush clans. In 1770, the elders of 24 Ingush tribes signed a treaty with Russia, but are commonly considered under Russian rule from 1810.[23] The Ingush, however, considered themselves independent, and were unwilling to conform to Russian laws, which led to various skirmishes with Russian forces in Ingushetia.[24] Nevertheless many Ingush, like the national hero Utsig Malsag[25], stood true to the oath with Russia from 1810, which included the order to fight off the enemies of Russia, particularly the Chechens and Kabardians.[26] Under Soviet rule during World War II the Ingush, along with the Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis and thus, the entire population was deported to the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics. The Ingush were rehabilitated in the 1950s, after the death of Joseph Stalin, and allowed to return home in 1957, though by that time western Ingush lands had been ceded to North Ossetia.
Architecture
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ingushetia_-_Vovnushki.jpeg/220px-Ingushetia_-_Vovnushki.jpeg)
The famous Soviet archaeologist and historian, professor E.I. Krupnov described the Ingush towers in his work «Medieval Ingushetia»:[27]
«Ingush battle towers are in the true sense the pinnacle of the architectural and constructional mastery of the ancient population of the region. Striking in their simplicity of form, monumentality and strict grace. For their time, the Ingush towers were a true miracle of human genius.»
Culture
The Ingush possess a varied culture of traditions, legends, epics, tales, songs, proverbs, and sayings. Music, songs and dance are particularly highly regarded. Popular musical instruments include the dachick-panderr (a kind of balalaika), kekhat ponder (accordion, generally played by girls), mirz ponder (a three-stringed violin), zurna (a type of oboe), tambourine, and drums.
Religion
The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims of the Shāfi‘ī Madh'hab, with a Sufi background belonging to the Qadiriyya tariqa of the Chechen preacher Kunta Haji.[28][29]
Ingush genetics
The Caucasus populations exhibit, on average, less variability than other populations for the eight Alu insertion poly-morphisms analysed here. The average heterozygosity is less than that for any other region of the world, with the exception of Sahul. Within the Caucasus, Ingushians have much lower levels of variability than any of the other populations. The Ingushians also showed unusual patterns of mtDNA variation when compared with other Caucasus populations (Nasidze and Stoneking, submitted), which indicates that some feature of the Ingushian population history, or of this particular sample of Ingushians, must be responsible for their different patterns of genetic variation at both mtDNA and the Alu insertion loci.[30][31]
— European Journal of Human Genetics, 2001
According to one test by Nasidze in 2003 (analyzed further in 2004), the Y-chromosome structure of the Ingush greatly resembled that of neighboring Caucasian populations (especially Chechens, their linguistic and cultural brethren).[32][33]
There has been only one notable study on the Ingush Y chromosome. These following statistics should not be regarded as final, as Nasidze's test had a notably low sample data for the Ingush. However, they do give an idea of the main haplogroups of the Ingush.
- J2 – 89% of Ingush have the highest reported frequency of J2 which is associated with the Fertile Crescent.[34]
- F* – (11% of Ingush)[33] This haplogroup was called "F*" by Nasidze. It may have actually been any haplogroup under F that was not under G, I, J2, or K; however, it is probably consists of haplotypes that are either under J1 (typical of the region, with very high frequencies in parts of Dagestan, as well as Arabia, albeit in a different subclade) or F3.
- G – (27% of Ingush)[33] Typical of the Middle East, the Mediterranean and the Caucasus. The highest values were found among Georgians, Circassians and Ossetes. There was a noticeable difference in G between Ingush and Chechens (in J2 and F*, Ingush and Chechens have similar levels), possibly attributable to low samples that were all from the same town.
In the mtDNA, the Ingush formed a more clearly distinct population, with distance from other populations. The closest in an analysis by Nasidze were Chechens, Kabardins and Adyghe (Circassians), but these were all much closer to other populations than they were to the Ingush.[33]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity". Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ^ Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Перепись 2009. Archived 2012-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Nichols, J. and Vagapov, A. D. (2004). Chechen-English and English-Chechen Dictionary, p. 4. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-415-31594-8.
- ^ «Caucasian Highlander». Prague. 1924.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Alborov, B.A. (1979). «Ingush Ghalierdi» Vol 1.
- ^ Яковлев, Николай Феофанович. Ингуши.
- ^ Кодзоев, Н. Д. Российские и иностранные исследователи. и путешественники XVI—XIX вв. об Ингушетии и ингушах.
- ^ Шнирельман, В. А. (2016). Быть аланами. Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение. p. 103.
- ^ Heinrich Julius Klaproth. "Inguschen-Ghalgha (Khißt-Ghlighwa)" Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des östlichen Kaukasus, zwischen den Flüssen Terek, Aragwi, Kur und dem Kaspischen Meere Pt.2 of Volume 50, Bibliothek der neuesten und wichtigsten Reisebeschreibungen zur Erweiterung der Erdkunde nach einem systematischen Plane bearbeitet, und in Verbindung mit einigen andern Gelehrten bearbeitet und hrsg. von M.C. Sprengel, 1800-1814.
- ^ Dietrich Christoph von Rommel. "Kisten (Inguschen)" Die Völker des Caucasus nach den Berichten der Reisebeschreiber Volume 1 van Aus dem Archiv für Ethnographie und Linguistik. Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, 1808. Oxford University.
- ^ Strabo. The Geography of Strabo.
- ^ J.H. Colton. "Gelia" Turkey In Asia And The Caucasian Provinces Of Russia. 1856.
- ^ Берже, А.П. (1859). Чечня и Чеченцы. pp. 65–66.
- ^ Потто, В.А. (1887). Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях. Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях, Т. 2, СПб. pp. 63–64.
- ^ Услар, П.К (1888). Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. Ч. II. Чеченский язык. Тифлис.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Вейденбаум, Е.Г. (1888). Путеводитель по Кавказу. Тифлис. p. 70.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ган, К.Ф. (1900). Путешествие в страну пшавов, хевсур, кистин и ингушей. (Летом 1897 г.) Кавказский вестник, № 6. p. 64.
- ^ АО «Ф. А. Брокгауз — И. А. Ефрон» (1903). Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона.
- ^ Далгат, Б.К. Родовой быт и обычное право чеченцев и ингушей. Исследование и материалы 1892 – 1894 гг. М.
- ^ Шнирельман, В. А. Быть аланами. Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение. p. 279.
- ^ Flemming, Carl (1855). "Composite: Kaukasus".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ le Carré, John. "Our Game".
- ^ Güldenstädt, Johann Anton (1787). «Travels through Russia and the Caucasus Mountains» Vol. 1.
- ^ Tornau, Baron F.F. (1844). «Memoires Of A Caucasian Officer».
- ^ "Уциг Малсаг Долгиев" (in Russian). Ингуш.RU. 8 мая 2008 г. Archived from the original (html) on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|deadlink=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Акты Кавк. Археогр. Комиссии. Т. IV . Тифлис. 1870 г., док. 1382. стр. 899—901.
- ^ Крупнов Е.И. 1971.
- ^ Stefano Allievi; Jørgen S. Nielsen (2003). Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe. Vol. 1.
- ^ Керимович, Далгат, Башир. Христианство и магометанство в Чечне. Распространение христианства и магометанства среди ингушей.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ivane Nasidze; et al. (2001). "Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (4): 267–272. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615. PMID 11313770.
- ^ Nasidze, I; Risch, GM; Robichaux, M; Sherry, ST; Batzer, MA; Stoneking, M (April 2001). "Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus" (PDF). Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 9 (4): 267–72. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615. PMID 11313770. S2CID 7021736.
- ^ Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M (March 2003). "Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome" (PDF). Human Genetics. 112 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4. PMID 12596050. S2CID 13232436. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
- ^ a b c d Nasidze, I.; Ling, E. Y. S.; Quinque, D.; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus" (PDF). Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (3): 205–221. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-08.
- ^ Oleg Balanovsky, Khadizhat Dibirova, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak, Svetlana Frolova, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Marc Haber, Daniel Platt, Theodore Schurr, Wolfgang Haak, Marina Kuznetsova, Magomed Radzhabov, Olga Balaganskaya, Alexey Romanov, Tatiana Zakharova, David F. Soria Hernanz, Pierre Zalloua, Sergey Koshel, Merritt Ruhlen, Colin Renfrew, R. Spencer Wells, Chris Tyler-Smith, Elena Balanovska, and The Genographic Consortium Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011 : msr126v1-msr126.