add more references and remove some of the more POV statements |
125.160.192.40 (talk) reverse vandalism, retain important info on di Tiro's failed attempt to gain contract on Exxon Mobil project, a key motivator as admitted by di Tiro himself. |
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}}'''Muhammad Hassan di Tiro''', born {{birth date and age|1925|08|25}}, is the founder of the [[Free Aceh Movement|Free Aceh Movement (GAM]]), an organisation which |
}}'''Muhammad Hassan di Tiro''', born {{birth date and age|1925|08|25}}, is the founder of the [[Free Aceh Movement|Free Aceh Movement (GAM]]), an separatist organisation which attempted to separate [[Aceh]] from [[Indonesia]] from the 1970s until its surrender in 2005. |
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Coming from a prominent family in Tiro (Pidie Regency), di Tiro studied in [[Yogyakarta]] before proceeding to pursue further studies in [[United States]]. While being a student in [[New York]] in 1953, he declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious [[Darul Islam]] movement, which in [[Aceh]] was led by [[Daud Bereueh]]. Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on [[Ellis Island]] as illegal alien. The [[Darul Islam]] rebellion in [[Aceh]] itself ended in a peace deal in 1962.<ref name="van Dijk">{{cite book | last = Cornelius van Dijk (Author)| authorlink = | title = Rebellion under the Banner of Islam, the Darul Islam in Indonesia.|edition= 1981| publisher = Martinus Nijhoff}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
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Di Tiro re-appeared in Aceh in 1974, where he applied for a contract in the new [[Exxon Mobil]] gas plant to be built in [[Lhokseumawe]] area. He was outbid by [[Bechtel]], in a tender process in which di Tiro thought the central government had too much control. As result of this loss, the enraged di Tiro began organising an separatist movement using his old [[Darul Islam]] contacts. He declared his organisation as [[Free Aceh Movement]] ("Gerakan Aceh Merdeka") on December 1976, an ethnic-chauvinist group intending to cleanse [[Aceh]] from other ethnic groups, particularly the [[Javanese]] people.<ref name="Heiberg, O'Leary, Tirman">{{cite book | last = Heiberg, O'Leary, Tirman(Author)| authorlink = | title = Terror, Insurgency, and State: Ending Protracted Conflicts |edition= 2007| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press}}</ref> |
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Born into the family of Tiro a royal family related to the former [[sultan]]s of the [[Indonesian]] region of [[Aceh]].<ref name="BBC_7665752">{{cite web |date=07:08 GMT, Sunday, 12 October 2008 08:08 UK|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7665752.stm|title = What role for returning Aceh rebel?|format = HTML |publisher = [[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2008-10-12 | last= |quote=Hasan di Tiro has it all - nationalist credentials, a blood line to Aceh's old sultan and 30 years of exile that have kept him apart from the new party politics. }}</ref> In the early 50s di Tiro lived in New York City and worked at the Indonesian Mission to the United Nations. In 1953 he quit to support [[Daud Beurueh]]'s [[Darul Islam]] movement.<ref name="Ross_PDF_Report">{{cite web |date=2007 |url = http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/ross/ResourcesRebellion.pdf|title = Resources and Rebellion in Aceh , Indonesia|format = PDF|publisher = [[The World Bank]]| accessdate = 2008-10-11 | last=Michael L.Ross |quote=}}</ref> He declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious [[Darul Islam]] movement. Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on [[Ellis Island]] as illegal alien. The [[Darul Islam]] rebellion in [[Aceh]] itself ended in a peace deal in 1962.<ref name="van Dijk">{{cite book | last = Cornelius van Dijk (Author)| authorlink = | title = Rebellion under the Banner of Islam, the Darul Islam in Indonesia.|edition= 1981| publisher = Martinus Nijhoff}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In 1977, after leading a GAM attack in which two [[United States|American engineers]] were killed, Hasan Tiro was hunted by Indonesian military. He was shot in the leg, and hastily fled to [[Malaysia]] to avoid death. <ref name="ohiou">{{cite web |date=Wed Dec 19 1990 - 14:17:00 EST|url = http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1990/12/19/0012.html|title = Hasan di Tiro: Acehnese Terrorist|format = HTML |publisher = www.library.ohiou.edu| accessdate = 2008-10-12 | last= |quote=An American worker was reportedly killed and another one wounded by stray bullets in the fighting between our forces and the indonesian colonialist forces. This was the sort of thing that we have been trying to avoid for months}}</ref> |
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==Insurgency in Aceh== |
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{{Main|Insurgency in Aceh}} |
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In the 1970s Aceh was granted special status as a result of an earlier uprising under the leadership of Daud Beurueh.<ref name="Ross_PDF_Report"/> Shortly after President Suharto came to power in 1968 he renounced this special status.<ref name="Ross_PDF_Report"/> The loss of this special status was the final straw for di Tiro and in early 1976 di Tiro secretly entered the country and raised a small army in order to achieve Achenese independence. He tried but failed to get Daud Beureuch's endorsement and on [[December 04]], [[1976]] Hasan claimed Aceh independence issuing a, "Declartion of Independence of Acheh-Sumatra".<ref name="Ross_PDF_Report"/> GAM's devout Muslim ideas aggravated military leaders who had considerable distrust for political Islamists.<ref name="Haseman_book ">{{cite book | last = Angel Rabasa (Author), John B. Haseman (Author)| authorlink = | title = The Military and Democracy in Indonesia: Challenges, Politics, and Power, Rand Corporation United States.|edition= September 2002|pages= 157| publisher = RAND Corporation| isbn= 0833032194}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Since 1980 he has lived in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], and has Swedish citizenship.<ref name="thejakartapost">{{cite web |date=Sun, 10/12/2008 11:16 AM |url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/10/12/hasan-tiro-visits-aceh039s-hero-graves.html|title = Hasan Tiro visits Aceh's hero graves|format = HTML |publisher = [[The Jakarta Post]]| accessdate = 2008-10-12 | last= |quote=Sunday schedule was a visit to the grave of Tiro's ancestor Tengku Cik Di Tiro, a national hero}}</ref><ref name="BBC_3039243">{{cite web |date=Monday, 24 January, 2005, 14:46 GMT|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3039243.stm|title = Aceh's Gam separatists|format = HTML |publisher = [[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2008-10-11 | last= |quote=}}</ref> After the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|tsunami]] of 2004 the GAM and the Indonesian government agreed to a peace treaty in which more autonomy for Aceh was accepted by di Tiro and his followers. In October 2008, after 30 years of exile, di Tiro returned to the Indonesian province of Aceh.<ref name="aljazeer_2008101144652814370">{{cite web |date=Saturday, October 11, 2008|url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/10/2008101144652814370.html|title = Exiled Aceh leader returns |format = HTML |publisher = [[aljazeera]]| accessdate = 2008-10-11 | last= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="BBC_7664818">{{cite web |date=04:46 GMT, Saturday, 11 October 2008 05:46 UK|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7664818.stm|title = Aceh guerrilla leader flies home|format = HTML |publisher = [[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2008-10-12 | last= |quote=}}</ref> |
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During the course of the 30 year uprising the Indonesian government declared that Hasan had died three times.<ref name="asnlf">{{cite web |date=2007 |url = http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/abaut_us/headofthestate/walinangroe.htm|title = HEAD OF STATE OF ACHEH-SUMATRA|format = HTML |publisher = asnlf| accessdate = 2008-10-12 | last= |quote=}}</ref> |
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When he returned to Aceh after 30 years of exile at 83 he was too frail even to deliver his own speech at his welcome rally. As such it is doubtful he will play a part in Aceh ongoing politcal process.<ref name="BBC_7665752">{{cite web |date=07:08 GMT, Sunday, 12 October 2008 08:08 UK|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7665752.stm|title = What role for returning Aceh rebel?|format = HTML |publisher = [[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2008-10-12 | last= |quote=Hasan di Tiro has it all - nationalist credentials, a blood line to Aceh's old sultan and 30 years of exile that have kept him apart from the new party politics. }}</ref> |
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==Exile== |
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⚫ | In 1977 |
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⚫ | Since 1980 he has lived in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], and has Swedish citizenship.<ref name="thejakartapost"/><ref name="BBC_3039243">{{cite web |date=Monday, 24 January, 2005, 14:46 GMT|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3039243.stm|title = Aceh's Gam separatists|format = HTML |publisher = [[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2008-10-11 | last= |quote=}}</ref> After the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|tsunami]] of 2004 the GAM and the Indonesian government agreed to a peace treaty in which more autonomy for Aceh was accepted by di Tiro and his followers. In October 2008, after 30 years of exile, di Tiro returned to the Indonesian province of Aceh.<ref name="aljazeer_2008101144652814370">{{cite web |date=Saturday, October 11, 2008|url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/10/2008101144652814370.html|title = Exiled Aceh leader returns |format = HTML |publisher = [[aljazeera]]| accessdate = 2008-10-11 | last= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="BBC_7664818">{{cite web |date=04:46 GMT, Saturday, 11 October 2008 05:46 UK|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7664818.stm|title = Aceh guerrilla leader flies home|format = HTML |publisher = [[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2008-10-12 | last= |quote=}}</ref> |
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When he returned to Aceh after 30 years of exile at 83 he was too frail even to deliver his own speech at his welcome rally. As such it is doubtful he will play a part in Aceh ongoing politcal process.<ref name="BBC_7665752"/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 14:11, 14 October 2008
Muhammad Hassan di Tiro | |
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Allegiance | Free Aceh Movement (GAM |
Years of service | December 4, 1976 - December 27, 2005 |
Battles/wars | Insurgency in Aceh |
Muhammad Hassan di Tiro, born Free Aceh Movement (GAM), an separatist organisation which attempted to separate Aceh from Indonesia from the 1970s until its surrender in 2005.
August 25, 1925 , is the founder of theComing from a prominent family in Tiro (Pidie Regency), di Tiro studied in Yogyakarta before proceeding to pursue further studies in United States. While being a student in New York in 1953, he declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement, which in Aceh was led by Daud Bereueh. Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as illegal alien. The Darul Islam rebellion in Aceh itself ended in a peace deal in 1962.[1]
Di Tiro re-appeared in Aceh in 1974, where he applied for a contract in the new Exxon Mobil gas plant to be built in Lhokseumawe area. He was outbid by Bechtel, in a tender process in which di Tiro thought the central government had too much control. As result of this loss, the enraged di Tiro began organising an separatist movement using his old Darul Islam contacts. He declared his organisation as Free Aceh Movement ("Gerakan Aceh Merdeka") on December 1976, an ethnic-chauvinist group intending to cleanse Aceh from other ethnic groups, particularly the Javanese people.[2]
In 1977, after leading a GAM attack in which two American engineers were killed, Hasan Tiro was hunted by Indonesian military. He was shot in the leg, and hastily fled to Malaysia to avoid death. [3]
Since 1980 he has lived in Stockholm, Sweden, and has Swedish citizenship.[4][5] After the tsunami of 2004 the GAM and the Indonesian government agreed to a peace treaty in which more autonomy for Aceh was accepted by di Tiro and his followers. In October 2008, after 30 years of exile, di Tiro returned to the Indonesian province of Aceh.[6][7]
When he returned to Aceh after 30 years of exile at 83 he was too frail even to deliver his own speech at his welcome rally. As such it is doubtful he will play a part in Aceh ongoing politcal process.[8]
See also
References
- ^ Cornelius van Dijk (Author). Rebellion under the Banner of Islam, the Darul Islam in Indonesia (1981 ed.). Martinus Nijhoff.
{{cite book}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ Heiberg, O'Leary, Tirman(Author). Terror, Insurgency, and State: Ending Protracted Conflicts (2007 ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press.
{{cite book}}
:|last=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Hasan di Tiro: Acehnese Terrorist" (HTML). www.library.ohiou.edu. Wed Dec 19 1990 - 14:17:00 EST. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
An American worker was reportedly killed and another one wounded by stray bullets in the fighting between our forces and the indonesian colonialist forces. This was the sort of thing that we have been trying to avoid for months
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Hasan Tiro visits Aceh's hero graves" (HTML). The Jakarta Post. Sun, 10/12/2008 11:16 AM. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
Sunday schedule was a visit to the grave of Tiro's ancestor Tengku Cik Di Tiro, a national hero
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Aceh's Gam separatists" (HTML). BBC News. Monday, 24 January, 2005, 14:46 GMT. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Exiled Aceh leader returns" (HTML). aljazeera. Saturday, October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Aceh guerrilla leader flies home" (HTML). BBC News. 04:46 GMT, Saturday, 11 October 2008 05:46 UK. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "What role for returning Aceh rebel?" (HTML). BBC News. 07:08 GMT, Sunday, 12 October 2008 08:08 UK. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
Hasan di Tiro has it all - nationalist credentials, a blood line to Aceh's old sultan and 30 years of exile that have kept him apart from the new party politics.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)