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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=": |
| status_ref = <ref name=":15" /> |
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| taxon = Enchylium polycarpon |
| taxon = Enchylium polycarpon |
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| parent = Enchylium |
| parent = Enchylium |
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| authority = (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, 2013 |
| authority = (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, 2013 |
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| synonyms = * ''Collema polycarpon'' {{small|[[Hoffm.]] 1795}}, |
| synonyms = * ''Collema polycarpon'' {{small|[[Hoffm.]] 1795}}, |
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* ''Eucollema polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) {{small|[[Horw.]] 1912}}, |
* ''Eucollema polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) {{small|[[Horw.]] 1912}}, |
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* ''Lathagrium polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) {{small|[[Arnold]] 1871}}, |
* ''Lathagrium polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) {{small|[[Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold|Arnold]] 1871}}, |
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* ''Synechoblastus polycarpus'' (Hoffm.) {{small|[[Carl Wilhelm von Dalla Torre Turnberg-Sternhof|Dalla Torre]] & [[Ludwig von Sarnthein|Sarnth.]] 1902}}, |
* ''Synechoblastus polycarpus'' (Hoffm.) {{small|[[Carl Wilhelm von Dalla Torre Turnberg-Sternhof|Dalla Torre]] & [[Ludwig von Sarnthein|Sarnth.]] 1902}}, |
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* ''Synechoblastus wyomingensis'' {{small|[[Fink]] 1934}} |
* ''Synechoblastus wyomingensis'' {{small|[[Bruce Fink|Fink]] 1934}} |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name=":13" /><ref |
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=":13" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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}} |
}} |
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''E. polycarpon'' was originally described as ''Collema polycarpon'' by [[Georg Franz Hoffmann]] in 1796 in the publication "''Deutschlands Flora, Zweiter Theil''".<ref>Collema polycarpon Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl., Zweiter Theil (Erlangen): 102 (1796) [1795]</ref> |
''E. polycarpon'' was originally described as ''Collema polycarpon'' by [[Georg Franz Hoffmann]] in 1796 in the publication "''Deutschlands Flora, Zweiter Theil''".<ref>Collema polycarpon Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl., Zweiter Theil (Erlangen): 102 (1796) [1795]</ref> |
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The [[epithet]] "polycarpon" originates from [[Greek language|Greek]], where "poly" means "many," and "carpon" refers to "fruit" or "seed," alluding to the numerous reproductive structures' characteristic of this species.<ref>WILHELM, G. (2023). ''LICHENS OF THE SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN REGION'' (dissertation). Conservation Research Institute, Michigan. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://ia600206.us.archive.org/19/items/lichens_michigan/lichens_michigan.pdf |
The [[epithet]] "polycarpon" originates from [[Greek language|Greek]], where "poly" means "many," and "carpon" refers to "fruit" or "seed," alluding to the numerous reproductive structures' characteristic of this species.<ref>WILHELM, G. (2023). ''LICHENS OF THE SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN REGION'' (dissertation). Conservation Research Institute, Michigan. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from [https://ia600206.us.archive.org/19/items/lichens_michigan/lichens_michigan.pdf PDF]</ref> |
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=== Taxonomic revision === |
=== Taxonomic revision === |
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''Collema polycarpon'' was transferred to the [[genus]] ''Enchylium'' from ''[[Collema]]'' in 2013 by Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, as part of a taxonomic revision published in 2014.{{ |
''Collema polycarpon'' was transferred to the [[genus]] ''Enchylium'' from ''[[Collema]]'' in 2013 by Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, as part of a taxonomic revision published in 2014.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Otálora |first1=Mónica A. G. |last2=Jørgensen |first2=Per M. |last3=Wedin |first3=Mats |date=2014-01-01 |title=A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1 |journal=[[Fungal Diversity]] |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=275–293 |doi=10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1 |issn=1878-9129 |via=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]}}</ref> |
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The species ''E. polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin belongs to the family ''Collemataceae''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record Details: ''Enchylium polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=805681 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.indexfungorum.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Schultz |first1=M. |url=https://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=256920&clid=1037 |title=Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region |last2=Ryan |first2=BD |last3=Nash |first3=TH III |publisher=Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University |year=2004 |isbn=0971675910 |edition=2 |location=Tempe, Arizona |pages=65–80}}</ref> |
The species ''E. polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin belongs to the family ''Collemataceae''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record Details: ''Enchylium polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=805681 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.indexfungorum.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Schultz |first1=M. |url=https://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=256920&clid=1037 |title=Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region |last2=Ryan |first2=BD |last3=Nash |first3=TH III |publisher=Lichens Unlimited, [[Arizona State University]] |year=2004 |isbn=0971675910 |edition=2 |location=Tempe, Arizona |pages=65–80 |language=EN}}</ref> |
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''E. polycarpon'' has a [[subspecies]], ''E. polycarpon'' subsp. ''corcyrense'' (Arnold) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin. This subspecies was previously known as ''Lathagrium orbiculare'' var. ''corcyrense'' Arnold., and has additional synonyms such as ''Collema polycarpon'' subsp. ''corcyrense'' (Arnold) Pišút and ''Collema ragusanum'' Zahlbr.<ref name=":0" /> |
''E. polycarpon'' has a [[subspecies]], ''E. polycarpon'' subsp. ''corcyrense'' (Arnold) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin. This subspecies was previously known as ''Lathagrium orbiculare'' var. ''corcyrense'' Arnold., and has additional synonyms such as ''Collema polycarpon'' subsp. ''corcyrense'' (Arnold) Pišút and ''Collema ragusanum'' Zahlbr.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Synonymy === |
=== Synonymy === |
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''Enchylium polycarpon'', formerly identified under various synonyms, has undergone taxonomic revisions over time, resulting in a list of historical names used in scientific literature. These synonyms include ''Collema fasciculare'' var. ''polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Torss., ''Collema melaenum'' var. ''polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Nyl., ''Collema multifidum'' var. ''polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Rabenh., ''Collema plicatum'' var. ''polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Kremp., and ''Collema polycarpon'' Hoffm.<ref name=":13">''Enchylium polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) [https://www.gbif.org/species/8639340 Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin in Raper C (2023)]. United Kingdom Species Inventory (UKSI). Version 37.9. [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/rm6pm4 accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-03-29.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Species |
''Enchylium polycarpon'', formerly identified under various synonyms, has undergone taxonomic revisions over time, resulting in a list of historical names used in scientific literature. These synonyms include ''Collema fasciculare'' var. ''polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Torss., ''Collema melaenum'' var. ''polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Nyl., ''Collema multifidum'' var. ''polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Rabenh., ''Collema plicatum'' var. ''polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Kremp., and ''Collema polycarpon'' Hoffm.<ref name=":13">''Enchylium polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) [https://www.gbif.org/species/8639340 Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin in Raper C (2023)]. United Kingdom Species Inventory (UKSI). Version 37.9. [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/rm6pm4 accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-03-29.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Synonyms: Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=805681 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Index Fungorum|Species Fungorum]] |doi=10.48580/dfrdl-4hj| doi-broken-date=2024-03-29 }}</ref> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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=== Thallus === |
=== Thallus === |
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''Enchylium polycarpon'' exhibits a distinctive [[Foliose lichen|foliose]] [[thallus]] that is gelatinous and thick when [[hydrated]], typically measuring 200–300 [[μm]] in depth.<ref name=":0">Nimis P.L., 2016. [https://italic.units.it/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=931 ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0.] [[University of Trieste]], Dept. of Biology, (<nowiki>https://dryades.units.it/italic</nowiki>), accessed on 2024-03-24. for all. All data are released under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/4.0/deed.en|CC BY-SA 4.0 licence]].</ref> This thallus forms expansive rosette-like cushions, ranging from around 3 centimeters up to a maximum of {{convert|20|cm}} in [[diameter]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal | |
''Enchylium polycarpon'' exhibits a distinctive [[Foliose lichen|foliose]] [[thallus]] that is gelatinous and thick when [[hydrated]], typically measuring 200–300 [[μm]] in depth.<ref name=":0">Nimis P.L., 2016. [https://italic.units.it/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=931 ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0.] [[University of Trieste]], Dept. of Biology, (<nowiki>https://dryades.units.it/italic</nowiki>), accessed on 2024-03-24. for all. All data are released under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/4.0/deed.en|CC BY-SA 4.0 licence]].</ref> This thallus forms expansive rosette-like cushions, ranging from around 3 centimeters up to a maximum of {{convert|20|cm}} in [[diameter]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Otálora |first2=M.A.G. |last3=Košuthová |first3=A. |last4=Wedin |first4=A. |last5=Aptroot |first5=A. |last6=Coppins |first6=B. |last7=Simkin |first7=J. |date=2020 |title=Peltigerales: Collemataceae, including the genera Blennothallia, Callome, Collema, Enchylium, Epiphloea, Lathagrium, Leptogium, Pseudoleptogium, Rostania and Scytinium. |url=https://kew.iro.bl.uk/work/881b4e11-d30d-460e-8f40-1812587c18c3 |journal=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=2 |issue=1–38 |pages=17 |doi=10.34885/174 |via=KEW}}</ref> A key structural feature of the thallus is its deeply lobed morphology, with the lobes radiating outward from the central portion of the cushion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14" /> |
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The individual lobes themselves are quite elongated, generally 2–4(−6) millimeters in width.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Along the margins of these lobes, numerous small, ascending or erect lobules are frequently present, especially towards the interior of the thallus.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=''Enchylium polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin :: LichenIreland |url=https://www.habitas.org.uk/lichenireland/species.asp?item=18449 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[National Museums Northern Ireland]]}}</ref> The lobe tips often exhibit a swollen, plicate (folded) appearance, contributing to a somewhat channeled effect towards the outer extremities of the cushion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |
The individual lobes of the [[Corticolous lichen|corticolous]] or [[Terricolous lichen|terricolous]] thallus themselves are quite elongated,<ref name=":14" /> generally 2–4(−6) millimeters in width.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Along the margins of these lobes, numerous small, ascending or erect lobules are frequently present, especially towards the interior of the thallus.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=''Enchylium polycarpon'' (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin :: LichenIreland |url=https://www.habitas.org.uk/lichenireland/species.asp?item=18449 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[National Museums Northern Ireland]]}}</ref> The lobe tips often exhibit a swollen, plicate (folded) appearance, contributing to a somewhat channeled effect towards the outer extremities of the cushion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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In terms of coloration, the upper surface of the thallus can vary from olive-green tones to brownish or even near-black hues.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In some specimens, the upper surface may bear granular, isidia-like outgrowths.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The lower thallus surface is typically paler than the upper side and is dotted with tufts of white, root-like [[hapter]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Neither an upper nor lower [[Cortex (botany)|cortex]] is present on the thallus.<ref name=":0" /> |
In terms of coloration, the upper surface of the thallus can vary from olive-green tones to brownish or even near-black hues.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In some specimens, the upper surface may bear granular, isidia-like outgrowths.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The lower thallus surface is typically paler than the upper side and is dotted with tufts of white, root-like [[hapter]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Neither an upper nor lower [[Cortex (botany)|cortex]] is present on the thallus.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Apothecia === |
=== Apothecia === |
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[[Ascocarp|Ascomata]] in the form of [[Lecanorine lichen|lecanorine]] [[apothecia]] are abundantly produced by ''Enchylium polycarpon'', crowding the central region of the thallus and frequently arising directly from the marginal lobules. These apothecia range from sessile to short-stalked, with a diameter of 1.5–3.5 millimeters. The apothecial disc varies from a reddish-brown to a dark black color, surrounded by a thick, smooth, and persistent thalline margin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" / |
[[Ascocarp|Ascomata]] in the form of [[Lecanorine lichen|lecanorine]] [[apothecia]] are abundantly produced by ''Enchylium polycarpon'', crowding the central region of the thallus and frequently arising directly from the marginal lobules. These apothecia range from sessile to short-stalked, with a diameter of 1.5–3.5 millimeters. The apothecial disc varies from a reddish-brown to a dark black color, surrounded by a thick, smooth, and persistent thalline margin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">[[British Mycological Society]] (2022). Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland. [https://fungi.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/7501/descriptions Occurrence dataset] https://doi.org/10.15468/ietmop accessed via [https://GBIF.org GBIF.org] on 2024-03-29.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Gavériaux |first1=Jean-Pierre |url=https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_E/Enchylium_polycarpon.htm |title=Catalogue des lichens et champignons lichénicoles de France métropolitaine |last2=Delzenne-Van Haluwyn |first2=Chantal |publisher=Association française de lichénologie |others=Association française de lichénologie |isbn=9782915415643 |edition=2nd |location=Fontainebleau |publication-date=2017-03-20 |language=Fr |trans-title=Catalog of lichens and lichenicolous fungi in mainland France. 2nd revised and expanded edition}}</ref> Anatomically, the thalline exciple is [[Lichen#Internal structure|ecorticate]], while the proper exciple is relatively thin and exhibits a euthyplectenchymatous (elongated) to subparaplectenchymatous structure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":14" /> |
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[[File:Enchylium polycarpon 229813.jpg|thumb|Based on microscopic features: Spores are [[hyaline]], 3-[[Septum|septate]], with average measurement of 15–34 x 6.5–8.5 μm in size]] |
[[File:Enchylium polycarpon 229813.jpg|thumb|Based on microscopic features: Spores are [[hyaline]], 3-[[Septum|septate]], with average measurement of 15–34 x 6.5–8.5 μm in size]] |
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The [[hymenium]] is colorless, 65–110 μm in height, and displays a positive [[iodine]] reaction (I+ blue).<ref name=":0" /> The paraphyses are simple or sparingly branched towards their apices, measuring 2–3 μm in thickness at mid-length and having 4–6.5 μm wide terminal cells. The hypothecium{{Efn|The dense hyphal tissue beneath the [[hymenium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hymenium|title=hypothecium defination|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref>|group=note}} is yellowish to yellowish-brown and also exhibits the iodine-positive blue staining.<ref name=":0" /> |
The [[hymenium]] is colorless, 65–110 μm in height, and displays a positive [[iodine]] reaction (I+ blue).<ref name=":0" /> The paraphyses are simple or sparingly branched towards their apices, measuring 2–3 μm in thickness at mid-length and having 4–6.5 μm wide terminal cells. The hypothecium{{Efn|The dense hyphal tissue beneath the [[hymenium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hymenium|title=hypothecium defination|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref>|group=note}} is yellowish to yellowish-brown and also exhibits the iodine-positive blue staining.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The absence of specialized lichen substances suggests that ''E.'' ''polycarpon'' likely relies primarily on the [[Photosynthetic efficiency|photosynthetic capabilities]] of its [[cyanobacteria]]l [[photobiont]], [[Nostoc]], to meet its nutritional and functional needs.<ref name=":0" /> Without the production of distinctive metabolites, the lichen may derive its required resources more directly from the photosynthates provided by the Nostoc cyanobacteria.<ref name=":0" /> |
The absence of specialized lichen substances suggests that ''E.'' ''polycarpon'' likely relies primarily on the [[Photosynthetic efficiency|photosynthetic capabilities]] of its [[cyanobacteria]]l [[photobiont]], [[Nostoc]], to meet its nutritional and functional needs.<ref name=":0" /> Without the production of distinctive metabolites, the lichen may derive its required resources more directly from the photosynthates provided by the Nostoc cyanobacteria.<ref name=":0" /> |
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''E. polycarpon'' exhibits a preference for substrates with a slightly basic to basic [[pH]], with the species typically occurring on substrata with a pH of 5. |
''E. polycarpon'' exhibits a preference for substrates with a slightly basic to basic [[pH]], with the species typically occurring on substrata with a pH of 5. This indicates the lichen tolerates and even thrives in environments with somewhat elevated alkalinity, in contrast to many other lichen species that favor more acidic conditions.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In terms of solar irradiation, ''E. polycarpon'' is adapted to sites with moderate to very high levels of direct sunlight, occupying sun-exposed areas with solar [[irradiation]] values ranging from 4 to 5 on the 5-point scale. |
In terms of solar irradiation, ''E. polycarpon'' is adapted to sites with moderate to very high levels of direct sunlight, occupying sun-exposed areas with solar [[irradiation]] values ranging from 4 to 5 on the 5-point scale. The lichen is able to avoid the stresses of extreme solar exposure, but nevertheless prefers habitats that receive ample direct sunlight over more shaded environments.<ref name=":0" /> |
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With regards to moisture availability, ''E. polycarpon'' exhibits a [[xerophytic]] to rather xerophytic ecological profile, with an [[aridity]] value of 4 on the 5-point scale. |
With regards to moisture availability, ''E. polycarpon'' exhibits a [[xerophytic]] to rather xerophytic ecological profile, with an [[aridity]] value of 4 on the 5-point scale. This allows the lichen to tolerate and even thrive in moderately dry conditions, in contrast to more hygrophilic species.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Analysis of the lichen's response to [[eutrophication]], or elevated nutrient and dust deposition, shows ''E. polycarpon'' can occupy sites ranging from those with very low levels of eutrophication (value 1) to those with moderate eutrophication (value 3) on the 5-point scale. |
Analysis of the lichen's response to [[eutrophication]], or elevated nutrient and dust deposition, shows ''E. polycarpon'' can occupy sites ranging from those with very low levels of eutrophication (value 1) to those with moderate eutrophication (value 3) on the 5-point scale. However, the lichen does not appear to tolerate environments with high or very high levels of eutrophication, suggesting a sensitivity to excessive anthropogenic enrichment of its substrate.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In terms of its response to human disturbance, ''E. polycarpon'' is classified as a species that occurs predominantly in natural or semi-natural habitats, with a [[poleotolerance]] value of 1 to 2 on the 4-class scale. |
In terms of its response to human disturbance, ''E. polycarpon'' is classified as a species that occurs predominantly in natural or semi-natural habitats, with a [[poleotolerance]] value of 1 to 2 on the 4-class scale. This indicates the lichen prefers relatively undisturbed environmental conditions and may serve as an indicator of habitat quality and ecological continuity.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Regarding altitudinal distribution, chemical and distribution analysis exhibits that ''E. polycarpon'' is found primarily in the eu-Mediterranean, submediterranean, and montane vegetation belts, with an altitudinal range of 1 to 3 on the 6-point scale. |
Regarding altitudinal distribution, chemical and distribution analysis exhibits that ''E. polycarpon'' is found primarily in the eu-Mediterranean, submediterranean, and montane vegetation belts, with an altitudinal range of 1 to 3 on the 6-point scale. The lichen does not appear to extend its range into the higher-elevation oroboreal, alpine, or nival zones of mountainous regions.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Distribution and habitat == |
== Distribution and habitat == |
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=== ''Collema polycarpon'' === |
=== ''Collema polycarpon'' === |
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''Collema polycarpon'' has been documented in localities across Europe, North America, and western Asia over past centuries.<ref name=":11">[https://archive.org/download/Collema-polycarpon/occurrences%201900.csv |
''Collema polycarpon'' has been documented in localities across Europe, North America, and western Asia over past centuries.<ref name=":11">[https://archive.org/download/Collema-polycarpon/occurrences%201900.csv Biodiversity occurrence data] published by: [[University of Gothenburg]], [[iNaturalist]] Research Grade Observations, [[Meise Botanic Garden]] Herbarium, [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]], and [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh]] (Accessed through MyCoPortal Data Portal, [https://www.mycoportal.org/portal/collections/index.php http//:www.mycoportal.org/portal/index.php], 2024-03-29) </ref><ref name=":12">[https://archive.org/download/Collema-polycarpon/occurrences.csv Biodiversity occurrence data] published by: [[Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany|Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium]], Herbarium Senckenbergianum, [[Meise Botanic Garden]] Herbarium, [[Swedish Museum of Natural History]], and [[University of Tartu Natural History Museum]] (Accessed through MyCoPortal Data Portal, [https://www.mycoportal.org/portal/collections/index.php http//:www.mycoportal.org/portal/index.php], 2024-03-29)</ref> |
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The 1800–1899 period saw observations reported from additional Scandinavian regions, with collections made in [[Öland]] and [[Härjedalen]] provinces of Sweden as well as in Norway. Into the 1900s, documentation expanded across parts of [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and Central Europe. Repeat localities in Sweden included Gotland, Öland, and [[Östergötland]] provinces. The [[Abisko]] area of northern Sweden and Raudekfjället in neighboring Norway also hosted ''C. polycarpon'' observations.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> |
The 1800–1899 period saw observations reported from additional Scandinavian regions, with collections made in [[Öland]] and [[Härjedalen]] provinces of Sweden as well as in Norway. Into the 1900s, documentation expanded across parts of [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and Central Europe. Repeat localities in Sweden included Gotland, Öland, and [[Östergötland]] provinces. The [[Abisko]] area of northern Sweden and Raudekfjället in neighboring Norway also hosted ''C. polycarpon'' observations.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> |
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Records since 2000 document observations from the provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]] in Canada, as well as from sites in [[central Texas]], United States. ''C. polycarpon'' continues to be reported from its stronghold areas in Scandinavia as well, with continued observations from sites on Gotland and the [[Manitoulin District|Manitoulin]] and [[Kawartha Lakes]] districts of Ontario, Canada.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> |
Records since 2000 document observations from the provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]] in Canada, as well as from sites in [[central Texas]], United States. ''C. polycarpon'' continues to be reported from its stronghold areas in Scandinavia as well, with continued observations from sites on Gotland and the [[Manitoulin District|Manitoulin]] and [[Kawartha Lakes]] districts of Ontario, Canada.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> |
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Frequent habitats of ''C. polycarpon'' included [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomitic]] and [[limestone]] rocks, as well as [[leaf]] [[humus]] in [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|mixed forests]].<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> |
Frequent habitats of ''C. polycarpon'' included [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomitic]] and [[limestone]] rocks, as well as [[leaf]] [[humus]] in [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|mixed forests]].<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":9" /> |
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=== ''Enchylium polycarpon'' === |
=== ''Enchylium polycarpon'' === |
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[[File:Enchylium polycarpon found on calcareous rock in Italy.jpg|thumb|263x263px|''Enchylium polycarpon'' found on [[calcareous rock]] in Italy, [[Friuli- |
[[File:Enchylium polycarpon found on calcareous rock in Italy.jpg|thumb|263x263px|''Enchylium polycarpon'' found on [[calcareous rock]] in Italy, [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Trieste]], [[Karst Plateau|Trieste Karst]], Rocca di Monrupino.<ref name=":0" />]] |
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''Enchylium polycarpon'' has a widespread global distribution, with records spanning across multiple continents. The species is known to occur in various regions of North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. |
''Enchylium polycarpon'' has a widespread global distribution, with records spanning across multiple continents. The species is known to occur in various regions of North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. |
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In North America, ''E. polycarpon'' has been documented in several states within the western United States, including [[Arizona]], California, [[Colorado]], [[Iowa]], [[Minnesota]], [[Montana]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Wyoming]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=''Enchylium polycarpon'' Shaly Jelly Lichen |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.126319/Enchylium_polycarpon |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[NatureServe]]}}</ref> The species has also been reported from the Canadian provinces of [[Alberta]], British Columbia, [[Labrador]], [[Northwest Territories]], Ontario, [[Quebec]], and [[Saskatchewan]].<ref name=":5" /> Further south, it has been recorded in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.<ref name=":1" /> |
In North America, ''E. polycarpon'' has been documented in several states within the western United States, including [[Arizona]], California, [[Colorado]], [[Iowa]], [[Minnesota]], [[Montana]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Wyoming]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=''Enchylium polycarpon'' Shaly Jelly Lichen |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.126319/Enchylium_polycarpon |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[NatureServe]]}}</ref> The species has also been reported from the Canadian provinces of [[Alberta]], British Columbia, [[Labrador]], [[Northwest Territories]], Ontario, [[Quebec]], and [[Saskatchewan]].<ref name=":5" /> Further south, it has been recorded in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Across the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], ''E. polycarpon'' has a widespread distribution throughout Europe. Within the continent, the species has been reported from numerous countries, including Italy, France, Ireland, and the [[Czech Republic]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web | |
Across the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], ''E. polycarpon'' has a widespread distribution throughout Europe. Within the continent, the species has been reported from numerous countries, including Italy, France, Ireland, and the [[Czech Republic]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Malíček |first1=J. |last2=Palice |first2=Z. |last3=Bouda |first3=F. |last4=Knudsen |first4=K. |last5=Šoun |first5=J. |last6=Vondrák |first6=J. |last7=Novotný |first7=P. |title=Atlas českých lišejníků |trans-title=ATLAS OF CZECH LICHENS |url=https://dalib.cz/en/taxon/info/Enchylium%20polycarpon |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Institute of Botany of the [[Czech Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref> In Italy, it has been observed in various regions such as [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], Sardinia, [[Campania]], [[Puglia]], Calabria, and [[Sicily]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">P.L. Nimis & S. Martellos, 2016: ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. [[University of Trieste]], Dept. of Biology, (<nowiki>https://dryades.units.it/italic</nowiki>), accessed on 2024-03-24. All data and items are released under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/4.0/deed.en|CC BY-SA 4.0 licence]]. ([https://italic.units.it/index.php?procedure=downloaddata&id=931 pdf])</ref> France and Ireland also host populations of this lichen species.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> According to the Atlas of Czech Lichens, in the Czech Republic, ''E.'' ''polycarpon'' is "linked to karst areas and occurs only locally."<ref name=":6" /> |
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Beyond Europe, ''Enchylium polycarpon'' has been documented in parts of [[North Africa|northern Africa]].<ref name=":1" /> The species has also been recorded in eastern and southern Africa, including South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> In Asia, the lichen has been found in India.<ref name=":1" /> |
Beyond Europe, ''Enchylium polycarpon'' has been documented in parts of [[North Africa|northern Africa]].<ref name=":1" /> The species has also been recorded in eastern and southern Africa, including South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> In Asia, the lichen has been found in India.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Regarding the habitat preferences of ''E. polycarpon'', the species typically grows on hard, usually [[calcareous rock]] substrates in exposed and periodically wet microhabitats.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> While the lichen has been observed on both acidic and basic rock types, it appears to have a preference for calcareous substrates.<ref name=":1" /> On rare observations, ''E. polycarpon'' has been found on [[Siliceous rock|siliceous]] (sandstone) rocks in Italy |
Regarding the habitat preferences of ''E. polycarpon'', the species typically grows on hard, usually [[calcareous rock]] substrates in exposed and periodically wet microhabitats.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gheza |first1=Gabriele |last2=Nuzzo |first2=Luca Di |last3=Vallese |first3=Chiara |last4=Benesperi |first4=Renato |last5=Bianchi |first5=Elisabetta |last6=Cecco |first6=Valter Di |last7=Martino |first7=Luciano Di |last8=Giordani |first8=Paolo |last9=Hafellner |first9=Josef |last10=Mayrhofer |first10=Helmut |last11=Nimis |first11=Pier Luigi |last12=Tretiach |first12=Mauro |last13=Nascimbene |first13=Juri |date=2021-03-29 |title=The lichens of the Majella National Park (Central Italy): an annotated checklist |journal=MycoKeys |volume=78 |pages=119–168 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.78.62362 |doi-access=free |issn=1314-4057 |pmc=8021542 |pmid=33854403}}</ref> While the lichen has been observed on both acidic and basic rock types, it appears to have a preference for calcareous substrates.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karagöz |first1=Yalçin |last2=Aslan |first2=Ali |last3=Yazici |first3=Kenan |date=2022-04-15 |title=Contributions to the Lichen flora of Turkey: New records from Eastern Anatolia (Van province) |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ijps/69/3-4/article-p213_010.xml |journal=[[Israel Journal of Plant Sciences]] |volume=69 |issue=3–4 |pages=213–223 |doi=10.1163/22238980-bja10057 |bibcode=2022IsJPS..69..213K |issn=0792-9978}}</ref> On rare observations, ''E. polycarpon'' has been found on [[Siliceous rock|siliceous]] (sandstone) rocks in Italy,<ref name=":10" /> and in [[volcanic rock]] at [[Lake Clark National Park and Preserve]] in [[Alaska]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCune |first=B |date=2018 |title=Biodiversity and ecology of lichens of Katmai and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves, Alaska |url=http://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_9_4_10.pdf |journal=[[Mycosphere]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=859–930 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/9/4/10}}</ref> |
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''E. polycarpon'' is often found in association with other members of the ''Collemataceae'' family, such as ''Enchylium multipartitum''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish lichens – Collema polycarpon |url=https://www.irishlichens.ie/pages-lichen/l-266.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.irishlichens.ie}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> |
''E. polycarpon'' is often found in association with other members of the ''Collemataceae'' family, such as ''Enchylium multipartitum''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish lichens – Collema polycarpon |url=https://www.irishlichens.ie/pages-lichen/l-266.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.irishlichens.ie}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> |
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Moving to Europe, the conservation assessments are more concerning. In the Czech Republic, ''E. polycarpon'' has been evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) on the 2010 Red List and [[Endangered species|Endangered]] (C3) on the 2023 Red List.<ref name=":6" /> The situation is similar in [[Finland]], where the species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) on the 2019 and 2010 regional Red Lists, having previously been assessed as [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]] (LC) in 2000.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=''Enchylium polycarpon'' {{!}} Overview {{!}} Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility |url=https://laji.fi/en/taxon/MX.65647 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility]] |language=fi}}</ref> It is also considered a regionally threatened species in several biogeographic regions of Finland.<ref name=":8" /> |
Moving to Europe, the conservation assessments are more concerning. In the Czech Republic, ''E. polycarpon'' has been evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) on the 2010 Red List and [[Endangered species|Endangered]] (C3) on the 2023 Red List.<ref name=":6" /> The situation is similar in [[Finland]], where the species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) on the 2019 and 2010 regional Red Lists, having previously been assessed as [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]] (LC) in 2000.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=''Enchylium polycarpon'' {{!}} Overview {{!}} Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility |url=https://laji.fi/en/taxon/MX.65647 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility]] |language=fi}}</ref> It is also considered a regionally threatened species in several biogeographic regions of Finland.<ref name=":8" /> |
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In Great Britain and Ireland, ''E. polycarpon'' has been assessed as of Least Concern by Woods & Coppins (2012) but is listed as Nationally Scarce due to the paucity of records, suggesting it may be under-reported in this region.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=": |
In Great Britain and Ireland, ''E. polycarpon'' has been assessed as of Least Concern by Woods & Coppins (2012) but is listed as Nationally Scarce due to the paucity of records, suggesting it may be under-reported in this region.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":15">{{cite book |last1=Woods |first1=R.G. |url=https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/39f3126a-5558-41e7-8b71-994c27a49541 |title=A Conservation Evaluation of British Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi |last2=Coppins |first2=B.J. |publisher=JNCC |year=2012 |series=Species Status |location=Peterborough |issn=1473-0154 |number=13}}</ref> |
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== Notes and references == |
== Notes and references == |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Georg Franz Hoffmann]] |
[[Category:Taxa named by Georg Franz Hoffmann]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Peltigerales]] |
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[[Category:Lichens of Europe]] |
[[Category:Lichens of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Lichens described in 2013]] |
[[Category:Lichens described in 2013]] |
Revision as of 14:05, 17 April 2024
Enchylium polycarpon | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Ascomycota |
Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
Order: | Peltigerales |
Family: | Collemataceae |
Genus: | Enchylium |
Species: | E. polycarpon
|
Binomial name | |
Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, 2013
| |
Synonyms[2][3] | |
Enchylium polycarpon, commonly known as the shaly jelly lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. Formerly known as Collema polycarpon, it was renamed in 2013 as part of a taxonomic revision. This lichen has a widespread global distribution, occurring in various regions of North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
E. polycarpon thrives in moderately alkaline or calcareous environments and prefers moderate to high levels of direct sunlight, typically growing on calcareous substrates such as limestone and dolomitic rocks in exposed and periodically wet habitats. Its thallus structure is characterized by an expansive, rosette-like cushion with a deeply lobed morphology, lacking a proper cortex.
Reproductively, E. polycarpon exhibits abundant lecanorine apothecia and immersed pycnidia, indicating both sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. Despite its broad global distribution, the conservation status of this lichen varies significantly across different biogeographic regions, with the species considered rare or threatened in some areas.
Taxonomically, E. polycarpon was originally described as Collema polycarpon by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1796, before being transferred to the genus Enchylium in 2013 by Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin.
Over time, E. polycarpon has been known by various synonymous names in the scientific literature, such as Collema fasciculare var. polycarpon, Collema melaenum var. polycarpon, Collema multifidum var. polycarpon, Collema plicatum var. polycarpon, and the original Collema polycarpon Hoffm.
Taxonomy
Etymology
Enchylium polycarpon, commonly referred to as the "shaly jelly lichen",[4] derives its name from its taxonomic history and ecological characteristics.
E. polycarpon was originally described as Collema polycarpon by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1796 in the publication "Deutschlands Flora, Zweiter Theil".[5]
The epithet "polycarpon" originates from Greek, where "poly" means "many," and "carpon" refers to "fruit" or "seed," alluding to the numerous reproductive structures' characteristic of this species.[6]
Taxonomic revision
Collema polycarpon was transferred to the genus Enchylium from Collema in 2013 by Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, as part of a taxonomic revision published in 2014.[7]
The species E. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin belongs to the family Collemataceae.[8][3]
E. polycarpon has a subspecies, E. polycarpon subsp. corcyrense (Arnold) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin. This subspecies was previously known as Lathagrium orbiculare var. corcyrense Arnold., and has additional synonyms such as Collema polycarpon subsp. corcyrense (Arnold) Pišút and Collema ragusanum Zahlbr.[9]
Synonymy
Enchylium polycarpon, formerly identified under various synonyms, has undergone taxonomic revisions over time, resulting in a list of historical names used in scientific literature. These synonyms include Collema fasciculare var. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Torss., Collema melaenum var. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Nyl., Collema multifidum var. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Rabenh., Collema plicatum var. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Kremp., and Collema polycarpon Hoffm.[2][10]
Description
Thallus
Enchylium polycarpon exhibits a distinctive foliose thallus that is gelatinous and thick when hydrated, typically measuring 200–300 μm in depth.[9] This thallus forms expansive rosette-like cushions, ranging from around 3 centimeters up to a maximum of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in diameter.[9][3][11] A key structural feature of the thallus is its deeply lobed morphology, with the lobes radiating outward from the central portion of the cushion.[9][3][7]
The individual lobes of the corticolous or terricolous thallus themselves are quite elongated,[7] generally 2–4(−6) millimeters in width.[9][3] Along the margins of these lobes, numerous small, ascending or erect lobules are frequently present, especially towards the interior of the thallus.[9][3][12] The lobe tips often exhibit a swollen, plicate (folded) appearance, contributing to a somewhat channeled effect towards the outer extremities of the cushion.[9][3][12]
In terms of coloration, the upper surface of the thallus can vary from olive-green tones to brownish or even near-black hues.[9][3] In some specimens, the upper surface may bear granular, isidia-like outgrowths.[9][3] The lower thallus surface is typically paler than the upper side and is dotted with tufts of white, root-like hapters.[9][3] Neither an upper nor lower cortex is present on the thallus.[9]
Apothecia
Ascomata in the form of lecanorine apothecia are abundantly produced by Enchylium polycarpon, crowding the central region of the thallus and frequently arising directly from the marginal lobules. These apothecia range from sessile to short-stalked, with a diameter of 1.5–3.5 millimeters. The apothecial disc varies from a reddish-brown to a dark black color, surrounded by a thick, smooth, and persistent thalline margin.[9][3][13][14] Anatomically, the thalline exciple is ecorticate, while the proper exciple is relatively thin and exhibits a euthyplectenchymatous (elongated) to subparaplectenchymatous structure.[9][7]
The hymenium is colorless, 65–110 μm in height, and displays a positive iodine reaction (I+ blue).[9] The paraphyses are simple or sparingly branched towards their apices, measuring 2–3 μm in thickness at mid-length and having 4–6.5 μm wide terminal cells. The hypothecium[note 1] is yellowish to yellowish-brown and also exhibits the iodine-positive blue staining.[9]
The asci are 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate in shape, with a strongly thickened apex containing a K/I+ pale blue apical dome and a downwardly projecting K/I+ deep blue tubular structure.[9] The ascospores produced within these asci are (2-)3(−4)-septate, hyaline, and fusiform with acute ends, measuring 15–34 x 6.5–8.5 μm in size.[9][3][13][11]
Pycnidia
Pycnidia are present on the thallus, occurring either on the lamina or along the margins, and are embedded within wart-like structures. These pycnidia are globose in shape and paler in color compared to the surrounding thallus tissue. They give rise to bacilliform (rod-shaped) conidia that are 5–7 x 1-1.5 μm, often with swollen ends.[9][3]
Chemistry
Chemical analysis of the Enchylium polycarpon thallus has shown that it does not contain any lichen substances that can be detected through standard spot tests.[9][3] All spot tests performed on samples of this lichen have yielded negative results.[9][3]
The fungal component of the E. polycarpon symbiosis does not appear to produce any unique or characteristic secondary metabolites or other products.[3]
The absence of specialized lichen substances suggests that E. polycarpon likely relies primarily on the photosynthetic capabilities of its cyanobacterial photobiont, Nostoc, to meet its nutritional and functional needs.[9] Without the production of distinctive metabolites, the lichen may derive its required resources more directly from the photosynthates provided by the Nostoc cyanobacteria.[9]
E. polycarpon exhibits a preference for substrates with a slightly basic to basic pH, with the species typically occurring on substrata with a pH of 5. This indicates the lichen tolerates and even thrives in environments with somewhat elevated alkalinity, in contrast to many other lichen species that favor more acidic conditions.[9]
In terms of solar irradiation, E. polycarpon is adapted to sites with moderate to very high levels of direct sunlight, occupying sun-exposed areas with solar irradiation values ranging from 4 to 5 on the 5-point scale. The lichen is able to avoid the stresses of extreme solar exposure, but nevertheless prefers habitats that receive ample direct sunlight over more shaded environments.[9]
With regards to moisture availability, E. polycarpon exhibits a xerophytic to rather xerophytic ecological profile, with an aridity value of 4 on the 5-point scale. This allows the lichen to tolerate and even thrive in moderately dry conditions, in contrast to more hygrophilic species.[9]
Analysis of the lichen's response to eutrophication, or elevated nutrient and dust deposition, shows E. polycarpon can occupy sites ranging from those with very low levels of eutrophication (value 1) to those with moderate eutrophication (value 3) on the 5-point scale. However, the lichen does not appear to tolerate environments with high or very high levels of eutrophication, suggesting a sensitivity to excessive anthropogenic enrichment of its substrate.[9]
In terms of its response to human disturbance, E. polycarpon is classified as a species that occurs predominantly in natural or semi-natural habitats, with a poleotolerance value of 1 to 2 on the 4-class scale. This indicates the lichen prefers relatively undisturbed environmental conditions and may serve as an indicator of habitat quality and ecological continuity.[9]
Regarding altitudinal distribution, chemical and distribution analysis exhibits that E. polycarpon is found primarily in the eu-Mediterranean, submediterranean, and montane vegetation belts, with an altitudinal range of 1 to 3 on the 6-point scale. The lichen does not appear to extend its range into the higher-elevation oroboreal, alpine, or nival zones of mountainous regions.[9]
Distribution and habitat
Collema polycarpon
Collema polycarpon has been documented in localities across Europe, North America, and western Asia over past centuries.[16][17]
The 1800–1899 period saw observations reported from additional Scandinavian regions, with collections made in Öland and Härjedalen provinces of Sweden as well as in Norway. Into the 1900s, documentation expanded across parts of Northern and Central Europe. Repeat localities in Sweden included Gotland, Öland, and Östergötland provinces. The Abisko area of northern Sweden and Raudekfjället in neighboring Norway also hosted C. polycarpon observations.[16][17]
Records since 2000 document observations from the provinces of Ontario and Manitoba in Canada, as well as from sites in central Texas, United States. C. polycarpon continues to be reported from its stronghold areas in Scandinavia as well, with continued observations from sites on Gotland and the Manitoulin and Kawartha Lakes districts of Ontario, Canada.[16][17]
Frequent habitats of C. polycarpon included dolomitic and limestone rocks, as well as leaf humus in mixed forests.[16][17][11]
Enchylium polycarpon
Enchylium polycarpon has a widespread global distribution, with records spanning across multiple continents. The species is known to occur in various regions of North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
In North America, E. polycarpon has been documented in several states within the western United States, including Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[3][4] The species has also been reported from the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan.[4] Further south, it has been recorded in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.[3]
Across the Atlantic, E. polycarpon has a widespread distribution throughout Europe. Within the continent, the species has been reported from numerous countries, including Italy, France, Ireland, and the Czech Republic.[9][12][14][18] In Italy, it has been observed in various regions such as Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Campania, Puglia, Calabria, and Sicily.[9][19] France and Ireland also host populations of this lichen species.[12][14] According to the Atlas of Czech Lichens, in the Czech Republic, E. polycarpon is "linked to karst areas and occurs only locally."[18]
Beyond Europe, Enchylium polycarpon has been documented in parts of northern Africa.[3] The species has also been recorded in eastern and southern Africa, including South Africa.[3] In Asia, the lichen has been found in India.[3]
Regarding the habitat preferences of E. polycarpon, the species typically grows on hard, usually calcareous rock substrates in exposed and periodically wet microhabitats.[9][14][13][20] While the lichen has been observed on both acidic and basic rock types, it appears to have a preference for calcareous substrates.[3][21] On rare observations, E. polycarpon has been found on siliceous (sandstone) rocks in Italy,[19] and in volcanic rock at Lake Clark National Park and Preserve in Alaska.[22]
E. polycarpon is often found in association with other members of the Collemataceae family, such as Enchylium multipartitum.[13][23][11]
Commoness-rarity
Enchylium polycarpon exhibits a varied distribution and commonness across different biogeographic belts and regions in Europe.[9]
In the higher elevational zones, the species is reported to be absent from the Alpine and Subalpine belts. Similarly, it is absent from the Oromediterranean belt, which covers the higher mountain areas of the Mediterranean region.[9]
Descending to the Montane belt, E. polycarpon becomes extremely rare in its occurrence. However, as the elevations decrease further, the species becomes more prevalent, though still considered rare, in the Submediterranean belt.[9]
Within the Padanian area, which encompasses the southern side of the Alps and the Po River Valley in northern Italy, the lichen is documented to be very rare.[9]
In the Humid Submediterranean and Humid Mediterranean belts, E. polycarpon is reported to be rather rare in its distribution.[9]
Finally, in the Dry Mediterranean belt, which includes the southern parts of the Mediterranean region, the species is considered rare.[9]
Conservation status
The conservation status of Enchylium polycarpon varies significantly across its global and regional distributions. At the global level, the species is listed as GNR, meaning its overall conservation status is unranked by NatureServe.[4]
North America
In Canada, E. polycarpon has a national status of N4N5, indicating the species is generally common to very common nationwide.[4] However, the provincial and territorial-level assessments show a more complex picture. In the Northwest Territories and Ontario, the species is considered imperiled to vulnerable, with an S2S3 ranking.[4] The status is slightly better in Alberta, where it is ranked as S3S4, making it vulnerable to apparently secure.[4] Populations in British Columbia are apparently secure (S4), while the Yukon Territory hosts even more secure populations, with an S4S5 status.[4] The status remains unranked (SNR) in Quebec and Saskatchewan, and unresolved (SU) in Labrador.[4]
Across the border in the United States, the national status for E. polycarpon is listed as unranked (NNR).[4] At the state level, the species is considered imperiled (S2) in Montana, possibly extirpated (SH) in Iowa and Wisconsin, and unranked (SNR) in Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, and Wyoming.[4]
According to the Government of Northwest Territories, E. polycarpon is considered a 'Sensitive' species in the territory, meaning inventory is needed to determine its precise status.[24] The species is ranked as S2S3, or potentially imperiled to vulnerable within the territory.[24]
Europe
Moving to Europe, the conservation assessments are more concerning. In the Czech Republic, E. polycarpon has been evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) on the 2010 Red List and Endangered (C3) on the 2023 Red List.[18] The situation is similar in Finland, where the species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) on the 2019 and 2010 regional Red Lists, having previously been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in 2000.[25] It is also considered a regionally threatened species in several biogeographic regions of Finland.[25]
In Great Britain and Ireland, E. polycarpon has been assessed as of Least Concern by Woods & Coppins (2012) but is listed as Nationally Scarce due to the paucity of records, suggesting it may be under-reported in this region.[13][1]
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ^ a b Woods, R.G.; Coppins, B.J. (2012). A Conservation Evaluation of British Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi. Species Status. Peterborough: JNCC. ISSN 1473-0154.
- ^ a b Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin in Raper C (2023). United Kingdom Species Inventory (UKSI). Version 37.9. Natural History Museum. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/rm6pm4 accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-03-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Schultz, M.; Ryan, BD; Nash, TH III (2004). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region (2 ed.). Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. pp. 65–80. ISBN 0971675910.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Enchylium polycarpon Shaly Jelly Lichen". NatureServe. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ Collema polycarpon Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl., Zweiter Theil (Erlangen): 102 (1796) [1795]
- ^ WILHELM, G. (2023). LICHENS OF THE SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN REGION (dissertation). Conservation Research Institute, Michigan. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from PDF
- ^ a b c d Otálora, Mónica A. G.; Jørgensen, Per M.; Wedin, Mats (2014-01-01). "A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae". Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 275–293. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1. ISSN 1878-9129 – via Springer.
- ^ "Record Details: Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Nimis P.L., 2016. ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. University of Trieste, Dept. of Biology, (https://dryades.units.it/italic), accessed on 2024-03-24. for all. All data are released under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.
- ^ "Species Synonyms: Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin". Species Fungorum. doi:10.48580/dfrdl-4hj (inactive 2024-03-29). Retrieved 2024-03-24.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link) - ^ a b c d Cannon, P.; Otálora, M.A.G.; Košuthová, A.; Wedin, A.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Simkin, J. (2020). "Peltigerales: Collemataceae, including the genera Blennothallia, Callome, Collema, Enchylium, Epiphloea, Lathagrium, Leptogium, Pseudoleptogium, Rostania and Scytinium". Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 2 (1–38): 17. doi:10.34885/174 – via KEW.
- ^ a b c d "Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin :: LichenIreland". National Museums Northern Ireland. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
- ^ a b c d e British Mycological Society (2022). Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ietmop accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-03-29.
- ^ a b c d Gavériaux, Jean-Pierre; Delzenne-Van Haluwyn, Chantal (2017-03-20). Catalogue des lichens et champignons lichénicoles de France métropolitaine [Catalog of lichens and lichenicolous fungi in mainland France. 2nd revised and expanded edition] (in French). Association française de lichénologie (2nd ed.). Fontainebleau: Association française de lichénologie. ISBN 9782915415643.
- ^ "hypothecium defination". Merriam-Webster.
- ^ a b c d Biodiversity occurrence data published by: University of Gothenburg, iNaturalist Research Grade Observations, Meise Botanic Garden Herbarium, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (Accessed through MyCoPortal Data Portal, http//:www.mycoportal.org/portal/index.php, 2024-03-29)
- ^ a b c d Biodiversity occurrence data published by: Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium, Herbarium Senckenbergianum, Meise Botanic Garden Herbarium, Swedish Museum of Natural History, and University of Tartu Natural History Museum (Accessed through MyCoPortal Data Portal, http//:www.mycoportal.org/portal/index.php, 2024-03-29)
- ^ a b c Malíček, J.; Palice, Z.; Bouda, F.; Knudsen, K.; Šoun, J.; Vondrák, J.; Novotný, P. "Atlas českých lišejníků" [ATLAS OF CZECH LICHENS]. Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ a b P.L. Nimis & S. Martellos, 2016: ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. University of Trieste, Dept. of Biology, (https://dryades.units.it/italic), accessed on 2024-03-24. All data and items are released under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. (pdf)
- ^ Gheza, Gabriele; Nuzzo, Luca Di; Vallese, Chiara; Benesperi, Renato; Bianchi, Elisabetta; Cecco, Valter Di; Martino, Luciano Di; Giordani, Paolo; Hafellner, Josef; Mayrhofer, Helmut; Nimis, Pier Luigi; Tretiach, Mauro; Nascimbene, Juri (2021-03-29). "The lichens of the Majella National Park (Central Italy): an annotated checklist". MycoKeys. 78: 119–168. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.78.62362. ISSN 1314-4057. PMC 8021542. PMID 33854403.
- ^ Karagöz, Yalçin; Aslan, Ali; Yazici, Kenan (2022-04-15). "Contributions to the Lichen flora of Turkey: New records from Eastern Anatolia (Van province)". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 69 (3–4): 213–223. Bibcode:2022IsJPS..69..213K. doi:10.1163/22238980-bja10057. ISSN 0792-9978.
- ^ McCune, B (2018). "Biodiversity and ecology of lichens of Katmai and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves, Alaska" (PDF). Mycosphere. 9 (4): 859–930. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/9/4/10.
- ^ "Irish lichens – Collema polycarpon". www.irishlichens.ie. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ a b "Enchylium polycarpon (Collema polycarpon) | NWT Species Search". Government of Northwest Territories. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ a b "Enchylium polycarpon | Overview | Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility". Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (in Finnish). Retrieved 2024-03-24.