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{{Short description|Species of fungus}} |
{{Short description|Species of fungus}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Enchylium limosum Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen.jpg |
| image = Enchylium limosum Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen.jpg |
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| status = GNR |
| status = GNR |
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| status_system = |
| status_system = TNC |
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| status_ref = <ref name=":8" /> |
| status_ref = <ref name=":8" /> |
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| genus = Enchylium |
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| species = limosum |
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| authority = (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin (2013) |
| authority = (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin (2013) |
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| synonyms = * ''Collema cheileum'' var. ''glaucescens'' (Hoffm.) Elenkin, 1904 |
| synonyms = * ''Collema cheileum'' var. ''glaucescens'' ({{small|Hoffm., 1904}}) {{small|Elenkin, 1904}} |
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* ''Collema glaucescens'' Hoffm., 1796 [1795] |
* ''Collema glaucescens'' {{small|(Hoffm., 1796 [1795])}} |
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* ''Collema glaucescens'' var. ''limosum'' (Ach.) Flot., 1850 |
* ''Collema glaucescens'' var. ''limosum'' ({{small|Ach., 1850}}) {{small|Flot., 1850}} |
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* ''Collema limosum'' (Ach.) Ach., 1810 |
* ''Collema limosum'' ({{small|Ach., 1810}}) {{small|Ach., 1810}} |
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* ''Collema pulposum'' subsp. ''limosum'' (Ach.) Tuck., 1882 |
* ''Collema pulposum'' subsp. ''limosum'' ({{small|Ach., 1882}}) {{small|Tuck., 1882}} |
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* ''Collema pulposum'' var. ''limosum'' (Ach.) Mudd, 1861 |
* ''Collema pulposum'' var. ''limosum'' ({{small|Ach., 1861}}) {{small|Mudd, 1861}} |
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* ''Eucollema glaucescens'' (Hoffm.) Horw., 1912 |
* ''Eucollema glaucescens'' ({{small|Hoffm., 1912}}) {{small|Horw., 1912}} |
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* ''Gabura limosa'' (Ach.) Kuntze, 1891 |
* ''Gabura limosa'' ({{small|Ach., 1891}}) {{small|Kuntze, 1891}} |
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* ''Lichen crispus |
* ''Lichen crispus limosum'' ({{small|Ach., 1813}}) {{small|Lam., 1813}} |
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* ''Lichen limosus'' Ach., 1799 [1798] |
* ''Lichen limosus'' {{small|(Ach., 1799 [1798])}} |
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* ''Parmelia limosa'' (Ach.) Ach., 1803 |
* ''Parmelia limosa'' ({{small|Ach., 1803}}) {{small|Ach., 1803}} |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name=":10" /> |
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10" /> |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Enchylium limosum''''', commonly known as |
'''''Enchylium limosum''''', commonly known as '''lime-loving tarpaper lichen''', is a species of [[Crustose lichen|crustose]] to [[Foliose lichen|subfoliose lichen]] in the family ''[[Collemataceae]]''. This unique lichen species possesses a [[Gelatinous lichen|gelatinous]] [[thallus]] with a dark coloration, contributing to its distinctive appearance. It is found thriving in a diverse array of habitats spanning temperate to boreal-montane regions across Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. |
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The ecological preferences of ''E. limosum'' include a notable affinity for [[Calcareous|calcareous soils]], |
The ecological preferences of ''E. limosum'' include a notable affinity for [[Calcareous|calcareous soils]], hence its common name. This characteristic often leads to its colonization in environments disrupted by human activity. Habitats such as [[Quarry|quarries]] and [[Spoil tip|spoil heaps]] frequently host populations of this lichen. Despite its extensive geographical distribution, ''E. limosum'' is often underestimated and overlooked, particularly in [[Montane ecosystems|Alpine regions]] where its occurrence is sporadic. |
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[[Conservation status]] of ''E. limosum'' present a nuanced picture, with its status varying across different regions. In some areas, it is designated as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] or [[critically imperiled]] due to threats such as habitat loss and disturbance. |
[[Conservation status]] of ''E. limosum'' present a nuanced picture, with its status varying across different regions. In some areas, it is designated as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] or [[critically imperiled]] due to threats such as habitat loss and disturbance. |
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''E. limosum'' |
''E. limosum'' has undergone several [[taxonomic revision]]s throughout history. Originally described by Swedish botanist [[Erik Acharius]] in 1799 as ''Lichen limosus'', it underwent reassignments by various taxonomists, ultimately receiving its current accepted name, ''Enchylium limosum'', in 2013 by Mónica Andrea García Otálora, [[Per Magnus Jørgensen]], & Mats Wedin. Throughout its taxonomic history, ''E. limosum'' has been associated with various [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]], including ''Collema forissii'' Szatala, ''Collema glaucescens'' Hoffm., ''Collema viscosum'' A. Massal., among others. |
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== Systematics == |
== Systematics == |
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[[File:Swedish Lichens.jpg|left|thumb|301x301px|Title page of Erik Acharius's first work ''Lichenographia svecicae Prodromus'' (1798).]] |
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=== Etymology === |
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The species ''Enchylium limosum'', commonly known as lime-loving tarpaper lichen,<ref name=":8" /> derives its name from its original classification as ''Collema limosum'', attributed to the Swedish botanist [[Erik Acharius]].<ref name=":10" /> The specific epithet "limosum" is derived from the Latin word "limosus", meaning "full of mud" or "slime", which aptly describes the dark, wet thallus characteristic of this lichen.<ref>WILHELM, G. (2023). ''LICHENS OF THE SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN REGION'' (dissertation). Conservation Research Institute, Michigan. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from [https://ia600206.us.archive.org/19/items/lichens_michigan/lichens_michigan.pdf PDF]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen (Enchylium limosum) |url=https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/462862-Enchylium-limosum |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=iNaturalist Canada |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Swedish Lichens.jpg|left|thumb|301x301px|Title page of Erik Acharius's first work ''Lichenographia svecicae Prodromus'' (1798).]] |
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''Enchylium limosum'' was originally described by Swedish botanist [[Erik Acharius]] in 1799 under the name Lichen limosus in "''Lichenogr. Suec. Prodr''."<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Taxonomy === |
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Throughout its taxonomic history, ''E. limosum'' has undergone several changes in nomenclature, reflecting advancements in taxonomic understanding and methodologies. Originally described by Ach. in 1799 as ''Lichen limosus'', it was later reassigned by Ach. in 1810 as ''Collema limosum'' in "Lich. Univ." Subsequent taxonomic revisions led to further adjustments, such as its classification as ''Collema glaucescens var. limosum'' by German lichenologist [[Julius von Flotow]] in 1850 and ''Collema pulposum var. limosum'' by British lichenologist [[William Mudd]] in 1861.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> |
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''Enchylium limosum'' was originally described by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1799 under the name Lichen limosus in "''Lichenogr. Suec. Prodr''."<ref name=":0" /> Throughout its taxonomic history, ''E. limosum'' has undergone several changes in nomenclature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seaward |first1=Mark R.D. |last2=Richardson |first2=David H.S. |last3=Brodo |first3=Irwin M. |last4=Harris |first4=Richard C. |last5=Hawksworth |first5=David L. |date=2017 |title=Checklist of Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of Eagle Hill and its Vicinity, Maine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26453954 |journal=Northeastern Naturalist |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=349–379 |doi=10.1656/045.024.0305 |jstor=26453954 |issn=1092-6194 |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref> Originally described by Ach. in 1799 as ''Lichen limosus'', it was later reassigned by Ach. in 1810 as ''Collema limosum'' in "Lich. Univ."<ref>{{cite journal |last=GBIF Secretariat |date=2023 |title=Collema limosum (Ach.) Ach. in GBIF Secretariat |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5260640 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Checklist dataset |via=GBIF.org |doi=10.15468/39omei}}</ref> Subsequent taxonomic revisions led to further adjustments, such as its classification as ''Collema glaucescens var. limosum'' by German lichenologist [[Julius von Flotow]] in 1850<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/species/211512782 ''Collema glaucescens'' var. ''limosum'' (Ach.) Flot.] in [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] (2023). [[Index Fungorum|Species Fungorum Plus]]. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ts7wsb accessed via [[Global Biodiversity Information Facility|GBIF.org]] on 2024-04-04.</ref> and ''Collema pulposum var. limosum'' by British lichenologist [[William Mudd]] in 1861.<ref>{{cite journal |last=GBIF Secretariat |date=2023 |title=Collema pulposum var. limosum (Ach.) Mudd in GBIF Secretariat |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5477801 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Checklist dataset |via=GBIF.org |doi=10.15468/39omei}}</ref> |
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In 1891, German botanist [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]] (1843–1907) identified it as ''Gabura limosa'' in "Revis. gen. pl.," followed by its recognition as ''Collema cheileum var. glaucescens'' by Russian lichenologist [[Alexander Elenkin|Elenkin]] in 1904. British lichenologist [[Arthur Reginald Horwood]] further reassigned it as ''Eucollema glaucescens'' in 1912.<ref |
In 1891, German botanist [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]] (1843–1907) identified it as ''Gabura limosa'' in "Revis. gen. pl.,"<ref>{{cite journal |last=GBIF Secretariat |date=2023 |title=Gabura limosa (Ach.) Kuntze in GBIF Secretariat |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/3423072 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Checklist dataset |via=GBIF.org |doi=10.15468/39omei}}</ref> followed by its recognition as ''Collema cheileum var. glaucescens'' by Russian lichenologist [[Alexander Elenkin|Elenkin]] in 1904.<ref>{{cite journal |last=GBIF Secretariat |date=2023 |title=Collema cheileum var. glaucescens (Hoffm.) Elenkin in GBIF Secretariat |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/10959790 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Checklist dataset |via=GBIF.org |doi=10.15468/39omei}}</ref> British lichenologist [[Arthur Reginald Horwood]] further reassigned it as ''Eucollema glaucescens'' in 1912.<ref>{{cite journal |last=GBIF Secretariat |date=2023 |title=Eucollema glaucescens (Hoffm.) Horw. in GBIF Secretariat |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/3423071 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Checklist dataset |via=GBIF.org |doi=10.15468/39omei}}</ref> |
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Finally, in 2013, Mónica Andrea García Otálora, [[Per Magnus Jørgensen]], & Mats Wedin proposed its current accepted name, ''Enchylium limosum.'' This taxonomic revision was proposed in 2013, and subsequently published in the journal "Fungal Diversity" in 2014.<ref name=":10" /> |
Finally, in 2013, Mónica Andrea García Otálora, [[Per Magnus Jørgensen]], & Mats Wedin proposed its current accepted name, ''Enchylium limosum.'' This taxonomic revision was proposed in 2013, and subsequently published in the journal "[[Fungal Diversity]]" in 2014.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Otálora |first1=Mónica A. G. |last2=Jørgensen |first2=Per M. |last3=Wedin |first3=Mats |date=2014-01-01 |title=A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1 |journal=[[Fungal Diversity]] |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=275–293 |doi=10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1 |issn=1878-9129 |via=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> |
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=== Synonymy === |
=== Synonymy === |
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''Enchylium limosum'', formerly recognized under various synonyms, has undergone taxonomic revisions over time, leading to a list of historical names found in [[scientific literature]]. These synonyms include ''Collema forissii'' Szatala, ''Collema glaucescens'' Hoffm., ''Collema viscosum'' A. Massal., ''Collema limosum'' (Ach.) Ach., ''Collema pulposum var. limosum'' (Ach.) Mudd, ''Eucollema glaucescens'' (Hoffm.) Horw., ''Gabura limosa'' (Ach.) Kuntze, ''Lichen crispus limosum'' (Ach.) Lam., ''Lichen limosus'' Ach., and ''Parmelia limosa'' (Ach.) Ach.<ref name=":10">{{ |
''Enchylium limosum'', formerly recognized under various synonyms, has undergone taxonomic revisions over time, leading to a list of historical names found in [[scientific literature]]. These synonyms include ''Collema forissii'' Szatala, ''Collema glaucescens'' Hoffm., ''Collema viscosum'' A. Massal., ''Collema limosum'' (Ach.) Ach., ''Collema pulposum var. limosum'' (Ach.) Mudd, ''Eucollema glaucescens'' (Hoffm.) Horw., ''Gabura limosa'' (Ach.) Kuntze, ''Lichen crispus limosum'' (Ach.) Lam., ''Lichen limosus'' Ach., and ''Parmelia limosa'' (Ach.) Ach.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10">{{cite journal |last1=Otálora |first1=P. M. |last2=Jørg. |first2=M. |last3=Wedin |last4=GBIF Secretariat |date=2023 |title=Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin in GBIF Secretariat |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/8671626 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Checklist dataset |via=GBIF.org |doi=10.15468/39omei}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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[[File:Enchylium limosum microscopic thallus.jpg|thumb|429x429px|[[Microscopic]] view of an ''Enchylium limosum'' specimen captured in Kreis Reutlingen, [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany.<ref name=":0" />]] |
[[File:Enchylium limosum microscopic thallus.jpg|thumb|429x429px|[[Microscopic]] view of an ''Enchylium limosum'' specimen captured in Kreis Reutlingen, [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany.<ref name=":0" />]] |
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''Enchylium limosum'' is a diminutive [[Crustose lichen|crustose]] to [[Foliose lichen|subfoliose lichen]] species that forms a delicate, gelatinous [[thallus]] ranging from 100 to 500 [[micrometers]] in thickness when fully [[hydrated]].<ref name=":0">Nimis P.L., 2016. [https://italic.units.it/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=932 ITALIC |
''Enchylium limosum'' is a diminutive [[Crustose lichen|crustose]] to [[Foliose lichen|subfoliose lichen]] species that forms a delicate, gelatinous [[thallus]] ranging from 100 to 500 [[micrometers]] in thickness when fully [[hydrated]].<ref name=":0">Nimis P.L., 2016. [https://italic.units.it/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=932 ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens]. Version 7.0. [[University of Trieste]], Dept. of Biology, (<nowiki>https://dryades.units.it/italic</nowiki>), accessed on 2024-03-25. All data are released under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/4.0/deed.en|CC BY-SA 4.0 licence]].</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxauthid=1&taxon=53524&clid=201 |title=Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region |date=2004 |publisher=Lichens Unlimited, [[Arizona State University]] |isbn=978-0-9716759-0-2 |editor-last=Nash |editor-first=Thomas H. |edition=2nd |location=Tempe, Ariz |pages=65–80}}</ref> The thallus has a distinctive dark olive-green to brownish-black coloration and a textural appearance that can vary from [[Granulometry (morphology)|granulose]] to [[Membrane|membranous]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> While the thallus margins are often indistinctly lobed, the lichen's vegetative structure is typically best developed in the areas surrounding the [[apothecia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Notably, ''E. limosum'' lacks both an upper and lower cortical layer.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The apothecia of ''E. limosum'' are profuse, [[lecanorine]] in structure, and [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]],<ref>{{ |
The apothecia of ''E. limosum'' are profuse, [[lecanorine]] in structure, and [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramirez |first1=J. |last2=Watson |first2=K. |last3=McMillin |first3=L. |last4=Gjieli |first4=E. |last5=Sessa |first5=E. |date=2024 |title=Lime Loving Lichens |url=https://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/lime_loving_lichens.htm |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, Occurrence dataset |publisher=[[The New York Botanical Garden]] |via=GBIF.org |doi=10.15468/6e8nje |version=1.66}}</ref> measuring 1 to 3 millimeters in [[diameter]], occasionally reaching up to 4 millimeters.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The apothecial disc displays a flat to [[Convex curve|convex]] [[topography]], ranging in color from reddish-brown to dark brown-black, and is bordered by a thick, often verrucose or lobulate thalline margin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Microscopically]], the thalline exciple is either ecorticate{{Efn|Not having a [[Cortex (botany)|cortex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecorticate|title=ecorticate definition|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref>|group=note}} or only pseudocorticate in the basal regions, while the proper exciple is poorly developed, composed of euthyplectenchymatous (elongated) or, more rarely, subparaplectenchymatous [[hyphae]], and reaches up to 40 micrometers in lateral width.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The [[hymenium]] of ''E. limosum'' is colorless, measuring 80 to 120 micrometers in height, and exhibits a positive reaction to [[iodine]] staining (I+ blue). The paraphyses are simple or sparsely branched in their upper portions, 1.5 to 2 micrometers thick at the mid-level, and terminate in [[clavate]] to [[subglobose]] [[Apical dendrite|apical]] cells that are 3 to 4.5 micrometers wide. The hypothecium{{Efn|The dense hyphal tissue beneath the hymenium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hymenium|title=hypothecium defination|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref>|group=note}} ranges from colorless to pale yellow in appearance.<ref name=":0" /> |
The [[hymenium]] of ''E. limosum'' is colorless, measuring 80 to 120 micrometers in height, and exhibits a positive reaction to [[iodine]] staining (I+ blue). The paraphyses are simple or sparsely branched in their upper portions, 1.5 to 2 micrometers thick at the mid-level, and terminate in [[clavate]] to [[subglobose]] [[Apical dendrite|apical]] cells that are 3 to 4.5 micrometers wide. The hypothecium{{Efn|The dense hyphal tissue beneath the hymenium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hymenium|title=hypothecium defination|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref>|group=note}} ranges from colorless to pale yellow in appearance.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[File:Ascospores of Enchylium limosum.jpg|left|thumb|313x313px|There are 4 ascospores in each [[ascus]] of ''Enchylium limosum.'']] |
[[File:Ascospores of Enchylium limosum.jpg|left|thumb|313x313px|There are 4 ascospores in each [[ascus]] of ''Enchylium limosum.'']] |
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The [[Ascus|asci]] of ''E. limosum'' are cylindrical-clavate in shape, containing (2-) 4 spores, with a distinctly thickened apex and a downwardly projecting, deeply blue-staining (K/I+) tubular structure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /> The [[ascospores]] themselves are muriform or submuriform, possessing 3 to 5 transverse septa and 1 to 2 longitudinal septa, [[hyaline]] in color, and [[ellipsoid]] to subovoid in shape with obtuse to rarely subacute ends, measuring (20-) 25 to 35 ( |
The [[Ascus|asci]] of ''E. limosum'' are cylindrical-clavate in shape, containing (2-) 4 spores,<ref name=":14" /> with a distinctly thickened apex and a downwardly projecting, deeply blue-staining (K/I+) tubular structure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /> The [[ascospores]] themselves are muriform or submuriform, possessing 3 to 5 transverse septa and 1 to 2 longitudinal septa, [[hyaline]] in color, and [[ellipsoid]] to subovoid in shape with obtuse to rarely subacute ends, measuring (20-) 25 to 35 (−40) micrometers in length and (8-) 10 to 15 (−17) micrometers in width.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Notably, the ascospores of ''E. limosum'' are around 30 micrometers in length.<ref name=":2">Vince J. Giavarini, (2016). [http://www.habitas.org.uk/lichenireland/species.asp?item=18445 ''Enchylium limosum'' (Ach.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin]. ''[In] LichenIreland.'' [[National Museums Northern Ireland]]. Accessed on 2024-03-29.</ref> |
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[[Pycnidia]], when present, are infrequent, either immersed or slightly projecting, appearing as small reddish dots, and produce straight, [[bacilliform]] [[Conidium|conidia]] that are 4 to 6 micrometers long and 1 to 1.8 micrometers wide.<ref name=":0" /> The photobiont of ''E. limosum'' is a [[cyanobacterium]], specifically [[Nostoc]], with the cells arranged in elongated chains.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[Pycnidia]], when present, are infrequent, either immersed or slightly projecting, appearing as small reddish dots, and produce straight, [[bacilliform]] [[Conidium|conidia]] that are 4 to 6 micrometers long and 1 to 1.8 micrometers wide.<ref name=":0" /> The photobiont of ''E. limosum'' is a [[cyanobacterium]], specifically [[Nostoc]], with the cells arranged in elongated chains.<ref name=":0" /> All spot tests conducted on this lichen species yield negative results, and no secondary [[metabolites]] have been detected.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
[[Pycnidia]], when present, are infrequent, either immersed or slightly projecting, appearing as small reddish dots, and produce straight, [[bacilliform]] [[Conidium|conidia]] that are 4 to 6 micrometers long and 1 to 1.8 micrometers wide.<ref name=":0" /> The photobiont of ''E. limosum'' is a [[cyanobacterium]], specifically [[Nostoc]], with the cells arranged in elongated chains.<ref name=":0" /> All spot tests conducted on this lichen species yield negative results, and no secondary [[metabolites]] have been detected.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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''E. limosum'' is considered a diminutive lichen species, characterized by its crustose thallus that is often more developed in the areas surrounding the relatively large and conspicuous apothecia, which contain 4-spored asci.<ref name=":3">{{ |
''E. limosum'' is considered a diminutive lichen species, characterized by its crustose thallus that is often more developed in the areas surrounding the relatively large and conspicuous apothecia, which contain 4-spored asci.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Malíček |first1=J |last2=Palice |first2=Z |last3=Bouda |first3=F |last4=Knudsen |first4=K |last5=Šoun |first5=J |last6=Vondrák |first6=J |last7=Novotný |first7=P |date=2024 |title=Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin |url=https://dalib.cz/en/taxon/info/Enchylium%20limosum |journal=Atlas českých lišejníků |publisher=Institute of Botany of the [[Czech Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref> ''E. limosum'' is recognized as a typical [[pioneer species]], commonly colonizing bare, often [[Calcareous|calcareous soils]], including [[Anthropogenic biome|anthropogenic]] habitats such as quarries and spoil heaps, though its presence in these areas is generally temporary.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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== Chemistry == |
== Chemistry == |
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Enchylium limosum does not contain any detectable lichen substances or secondary metabolites.<ref name=": |
''Enchylium limosum'' does not contain any detectable lichen substances or secondary metabolites.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Otálora |first2=M.A.G. |last3=Košuthová |first3=A. |last4=Wedin |first4=A. |last5=Aptroot |first5=A. |last6=Coppins |first6=B. |last7=Simkin |first7=J. |date=2020 |title=Peltigerales: Collemataceae, including the genera Blennothallia, Callome, Collema, Enchylium, Epiphloea, Lathagrium, Leptogium, Pseudoleptogium, Rostania and Scytinium. |url=https://kew.iro.bl.uk/work/881b4e11-d30d-460e-8f40-1812587c18c3 |journal=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=2 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.34885/174 |via=KEW |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''E. limosum'' exhibits negative reactions to all standard [[Spot test (lichen)|spot tests]].<ref name=":12" /> |
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⚫ | |||
''E. limosum'' exhibits negative reactions to all standard [[Spot test (lichen)|spot tests]].<ref name=":12" /> |
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[[File:World DNI Solar-resource-map GlobalSolarAtlas World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|371x371px|''Enchylium limosum'' typically avoids both extremely shaded and highly sun-exposed situations.<ref name=":0" />]] |
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In terms of [[solar irradiation]], ''E. limosum'' prefers sites with plenty of diffuse light but limited direct solar exposure, scoring a 3 on the 5-point scale. This suggests the species avoids both extremely shaded and highly sun-exposed situations.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The [[aridity]] tolerance of ''E. limosum'' is classified as [[Mesophyte|mesophytic]], with a value of 3 on the 5-point scale. This indicates the species can thrive in habitats with moderate moisture levels, neither too dry nor too wet.<ref name=":0" /> |
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⚫ | The species is found on substrates with a relatively acidic [[pH]], ranging from 3 to 4. |
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Regarding [[eutrophication]], ''E. limosum'' is found in areas with weak to moderate levels of nutrient enrichment, scoring 2–3 on the 5-point scale. This implies the species can tolerate some degree of environmental pollution or nutrient deposition, but likely avoids heavily eutrophicated sites.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In terms of poleotolerance, ''E. limosum'' is classified as occurring in moderately disturbed areas, with a value of 2 on the 4-point scale. This suggests the species is not exclusively found in natural or undisturbed habitats but can also colonize semi-natural environments with some level of human activity.<ref name=":0" /> |
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⚫ | Finally, the [[Altitudinal zonation|altitudinal distribution]] of ''E. limosum'' spans the [[Montane ecosystems|montane belt]] (value of 3) and the [[submediterranean]] belt (value of 2). This indicates the species is adapted to grow in mid-elevation habitats, typically associated with deciduous [[Quercus]]-[[Carpinus]] forests and [[Fagus]]-dominated stands.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Regarding [[eutrophication]], ''E. limosum'' is found in areas with weak to moderate levels of nutrient enrichment, scoring 2-3 on the 5-point scale.<ref name=":0" /> This implies the species can tolerate some degree of environmental pollution or nutrient deposition, but likely avoids heavily eutrophicated sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eutrophication (including deposition of dust and nitrogen compounds, 5 states) |url=https://italic.units.it/index.php?procedure=help&id=56 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=italic.units.it}}</ref> |
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In terms of poleotolerance, ''E. limosum'' is classified as occurring in moderately disturbed areas, with a value of 2 on the 4-point scale.<ref name=":0" /> This suggests the species is not exclusively found in natural or undisturbed habitats but can also colonize semi-natural environments with some level of human activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poleotolerance |url=https://italic.units.it/index.php?procedure=help&id=52 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=italic.units.it}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Finally, the [[Altitudinal zonation|altitudinal distribution]] of ''E. limosum'' spans the [[Montane ecosystems|montane belt]] (value of 3) and the [[submediterranean]] belt (value of 2). |
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== Distribution and habitat == |
== Distribution and habitat == |
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''Enchylium limosum'' is a widely distributed lichen species with a [[holarctic]] range, occurring across temperate to boreal-montane regions of [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">Nimis |
''Enchylium limosum'' is a widely distributed lichen species with a [[holarctic]] range, occurring across temperate to boreal-montane regions of [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Nimis |first1=Pier Luigi |last2=Hafellner |first2=Josef |last3=Roux |first3=Claude |last4=Clerc |first4=Philippe |last5=Mayrhofer |first5=Helmut |last6=Martellos |first6=Stefano |last7=Bilovitz |first7=Peter O. |date=2018-03-12 |title=The lichens of the Alps – an annotated checklist |url=https://dryades.units.it/lichalp/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=1749 |journal=MycoKeys |language=en |volume=31 |issue=31 |pages=1–634 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.31.23568 |doi-access=free |issn=1314-4049 |pmc=5914158 |pmid=29706791}}</ref> Within Europe, the species has been recorded from a number of countries, including [[Italy]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], and [[France]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> |
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Regarding its specific distribution within Europe, ''E. limosum'' has been documented in the following regions and localities: |
Regarding its specific distribution within Europe, ''E. limosum'' has been documented in the following regions and localities: |
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=== Italy === |
=== Italy === |
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''Enchylium limosum'' have a limited distribution within Italy, with the majority of known populations located in the southern regions of the country. The species seems to thrive primarily in the montane and submediterranean belts, with isolated occurrences recorded in [[Calabria]], [[Campania]], and [[Sardinia]].<ref name=":5" /> |
[[File:Wet state of Enchylium limosum.jpg|thumb|237x237px|Hydrated ''Enchylium limosum'' in Italy. Specimen photo preserved at the [[Herbarium]] of Department of Life Sciences, [[University of Trieste]].<ref name=":0" />]]''Enchylium limosum'' have a limited distribution within Italy, with the majority of known populations located in the southern regions of the country. The species seems to thrive primarily in the montane and submediterranean belts, with isolated occurrences recorded in [[Calabria]], [[Campania]], and [[Sardinia]].<ref name=":5" /> |
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In Calabria, a single population of ''E. limosum'' has been documented in the Tarsia al Lago locality, situated within the montane belt. Similarly, in the Campania region, the species has been found in the Monti di Castellammare area, which falls within the submediterranean ecological zone.<ref name=":5" /> |
In Calabria, a single population of ''E. limosum'' has been documented in the Tarsia al Lago locality, situated within the montane belt. Similarly, in the Campania region, the species has been found in the Monti di Castellammare area, which falls within the submediterranean ecological zone.<ref name=":5" /> |
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=== Outside Europe === |
=== Outside Europe === |
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Outside of Europe, this lichen has been recorded in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, [[Prince Edward Island]], and [[Quebec]], as well as the U.S. state of [[Minnesota]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.127817/Enchylium_limosum |access-date= |
Outside of Europe, this lichen has been recorded in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, [[Prince Edward Island]], and [[Quebec]], as well as the U.S. state of [[Minnesota]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.127817/Enchylium_limosum |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[NatureServe]]}}</ref> In the Canadian North, ''E. limosum'' has been documented in the [[Southern Arctic Ecozone (CEC)|Southern Arctic]] and [[Taiga Plains Ecozone (CEC)|Taiga Plains ecozones]], typically growing on calcareous soils.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Enchylium limosum (Collema limosum) {{!}} NWT Species Search |url=https://www.gov.nt.ca/species-search/enchylium-limosum-collema-limosum |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[Government of Northwest Territories]]}}</ref> |
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=== Ecology === |
=== Ecology === |
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Ecologically, ''Enchylium limosum'' is considered a typical [[pioneer species]], commonly colonizing bare, often calcareous soils in disturbed habitats such as quarries, spoil heaps, and setting pits.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> However, its presence in these [[Anthropogenic biome|anthropogenic]] environments is generally temporary, as the lichen is quickly outcompeted by other vegetation.<ref name=":3" /> |
Ecologically, ''Enchylium limosum'' is considered a typical [[pioneer species]], commonly colonizing bare, often calcareous soils in disturbed habitats such as quarries, spoil heaps, and setting pits.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> However, its presence in these [[Anthropogenic biome|anthropogenic]] environments is generally temporary, as the lichen is quickly outcompeted by other vegetation.<ref name=":3" /> |
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Within its distribution range, ''E. limosum'' has been observed growing on a variety of substrates, including [[mineral]], [[clay]], and [[Sand|sandy soils]], as well as on [[terricolous]] [[ |
Within its distribution range, ''E. limosum'' has been observed growing on a variety of substrates, including [[mineral]], [[clay]], and [[Sand|sandy soils]], as well as on [[terricolous]] [[moss]]es and plant debris.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> The species appears to prefer substrates that are somewhat calcareous in nature.<ref name=":12" /> Altitudinally, it has been recorded from the mesomediterranean belt, where the potential vegetation is dominated by evergreen broad-leaved forests with ''[[Quercus ilex]]'', up to the montane belt, where deciduous forests with ''[[Fagus sylvatica]]'' and closed coniferous forests with ''[[Picea abies]]'' are the predominant vegetation types.<ref name=":4" /> Despite its wide distribution, ''E. limosum'' is generally considered an overlooked and uncommon lichen species, particularly in the [[Alps]] region.<ref name=":4" /> |
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Despite its wide distribution, ''E. limosum'' is generally considered an overlooked and uncommon lichen species, particularly in the [[Alps]] region.<ref name=":4" /> |
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=== Commonness and rarity === |
=== Commonness and rarity === |
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⚫ | ''Enchylium limosum'' is completely absent from the alpine belt, subalpine belt, oromediterranean belt, [[Padanian]] area, and dry mediterranean belt.<ref name=":0" /> In the montane belt, the species is extremely rare, with only a few known populations.<ref name=":0" /> ''Enchylium limosum'' is also extremely rare in the submediterranean belt.<ref name=":0" /> The species is very rare in the humid submediterranean belt and the humid mediterranean belt, with just a handful of recorded occurrences in these regions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">P.L. Nimis & S. Martellos, 2016: ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. [[University of Trieste]], Dept. of Biology, (<nowiki>https://dryades.units.it/italic</nowiki>), accessed on 2024-03-25. When not otherwise specified, all data and items are released under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/4.0/deed.en|CC BY-SA 4.0 licence]]. ([https://italic.units.it/index.php?procedure=downloaddata&id=932 CSV])</ref> |
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''Enchylium limosum'' is completely absent from the alpine belt, subalpine belt, oromediterranean belt, [[Padanian]] area, and dry mediterranean belt.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In the montane belt, the species is extremely rare, with only a few known populations.<ref name=":0" /> |
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''Enchylium limosum'' is also extremely rare in the submediterranean belt.<ref name=":0" /> |
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⚫ | The species is very rare in the humid submediterranean belt and the humid mediterranean belt, with just a handful of recorded occurrences in these regions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">P.L. Nimis & S. Martellos, 2016: ITALIC |
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== Conservation status == |
== Conservation status == |
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{{ |
{{Further|Conservation status}} |
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The conservation status of the lichen species ''Enchylium limosum'' varies considerably across its known geographic range, with limited and sometimes conflicting assessments available. |
The conservation status of the lichen species ''Enchylium limosum'' varies considerably across its known geographic range, with limited and sometimes conflicting assessments available. |
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=== Canada === |
=== Canada === |
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In Canada, ''Enchylium limosum''<nowiki/>'s status differs significantly between provinces and territories. |
In Canada, ''Enchylium limosum''<nowiki/>'s status differs significantly between provinces and territories. According to NatureServe, it is considered [[Critically imperiled|Critically Imperiled]] (S1?) in Nova Scotia, Vulnerable (S3) in British Columbia and Ontario, and Unranked (SNR) in Prince Edward Island and Quebec. The species' status is also listed as Unresolved (SU) in [[Manitoba]], [[Northwest Territories]], and [[Nunavut]].<ref name=":8" /> |
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In the [[Northwest Territories]] of Canada, the General Status Rank for ''E. limosum'' is Undetermined, with a status rank of SU, indicating that further inventory and assessment are required to determine its conservation status.<ref name=":9" /> |
In the [[Northwest Territories]] of Canada, the General Status Rank for ''E. limosum'' is Undetermined, with a status rank of SU, indicating that further inventory and assessment are required to determine its conservation status.<ref name=":9" /> ''E. limosum'' has been designated as S1 (Critically imperiled) by Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Conservation Status Rank |url=http://accdc.com/webranks/PEnvas.htm |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre}}</ref> |
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=== USA === |
=== USA === |
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Across the border in the United States, the national status of ''Enchylium limosum'' is Unranked (NNR), and it is also Unranked (SNR) in the only state for which data is available, Minnesota.<ref name=":8" /> |
Across the border in the United States, the national status of ''Enchylium limosum'' is Unranked (NNR), and it is also Unranked (SNR) in the only state for which data is available, Minnesota.<ref name=":8" /> [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]] have listed ''E. limosum'' in their "Plant and Fungi watchlist" due the species' recent decline in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plant and fungi watchlist |url=https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/mbs/plant-watchlist.html |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]] |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Czech Republic === |
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In the Czech Republic, Enchylium limosum was previously categorized as [[Near Threatened]] (NT) by Institute of {{Interlanguage link|Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences|lt=Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences|cs|Botanický ústav Akademie věd České republiky|WD=}} . However, a more recent assessment has elevated the species to the Endangered (C3) category.<ref name=":3" /> |
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=== United Kingdom === |
=== United Kingdom === |
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Conversely, in Great Britain, the species is assessed as [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]] (LC) according to the [[National Biodiversity Network|NBN Atlas Partnership]] and the British Lichen Society, suggesting it is not currently considered a conservation priority in that region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enchylium limosum {{!}} The British Lichen Society |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/resources/taxon-database/enchylium-limosum |access-date= |
Conversely, in Great Britain, the species is assessed as [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]] (LC) according to the [[National Biodiversity Network|NBN Atlas Partnership]] and the British Lichen Society, suggesting it is not currently considered a conservation priority in that region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enchylium limosum {{!}} The British Lichen Society |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/resources/taxon-database/enchylium-limosum |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[British Lichen Society]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enchylium limosum {{!}} NBN Atlas |url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/BMSSYS0000045192#overview |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[National Biodiversity Network]]}}</ref> |
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=== Finland === |
=== Finland === |
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According to the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility, ''Enchylium limosum'' has been assessed for inclusion in the Red List of Finnish Species on multiple occasions.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Enchylium limosum {{!}} Status {{!}} Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility |url=https://laji.fi/en/taxon/MX.65641/endangerment |access-date= |
According to the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility, ''Enchylium limosum'' has been assessed for inclusion in the Red List of Finnish Species on multiple occasions.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Enchylium limosum {{!}} Status {{!}} Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility |url=https://laji.fi/en/taxon/MX.65641/endangerment |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=laji.fi |language=fi}}</ref> In the most recent assessment, conducted in 2019, the species was categorized as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] (VU).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Punaisen kirjan verkkopalvelu |trans-title=Red List of Finnish Species |url=https://punainenkirja.laji.fi/results/MX.65641 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=punainenkirja}}</ref> The main criteria that led to this categorization were related to the species' small population size (D1).<ref name=":6" /> |
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In the most recent assessment, conducted in 2019, the species was categorized as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] (VU).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Punaisen kirjan verkkopalvelu |trans-title=Red List of Finnish Species |url=https://punainenkirja.laji.fi/results/MX.65641 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=punainenkirja}}</ref> The main criteria that led to this categorization were related to the species' small population size (D1).<ref name=":6" /> |
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The key threats identified for ''E. limosum'' in Finland include:<ref name=":7" /> |
The key threats identified for ''E. limosum'' in Finland include:<ref name=":7" /> |
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Prior to the 2019 assessment, ''E. limosum'' had also been evaluated in previous Red List assessments for Finland: |
Prior to the 2019 assessment, ''E. limosum'' had also been evaluated in previous Red List assessments for Finland: |
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In the 2010 Red List, the species was again categorized as Vulnerable (VU).<ref name=":6" /> |
In the 2010 Red List, the species was again categorized as Vulnerable (VU).<ref name=":6" /> However, in the earlier 2000 Red List assessment, ''E. limosum'' was listed as [[Not evaluated|Not Evaluated]] (NE), indicating that a comprehensive conservation status evaluation had not been conducted at that time.<ref name=":7" /> |
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=== Others === |
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However, in the earlier 2000 Red List assessment, ''E. limosum'' was listed as [[Not evaluated|Not Evaluated]] (NE), indicating that a comprehensive conservation status evaluation had not been conducted at that time.<ref name=":7" /> |
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The 2019 Red List of Estonian lichens designates ''E limosum'' as a Vulnerable (VU) species in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lõhmus |first1=Piret |last2=Marmor |first2=Liis |last3=Jüriado |first3=Inga |last4=Suija |first4=Ave |last5=Oja |first5=Ede |last6=Degtjarenko |first6=Polina |last7=Randlane |first7=Tiina |date=2019-07-29 |title=Red List of Estonian lichens: revision in 2019 |url=http://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/FCE/article/view/fce.2019.56.07 |journal=Folia Cryptogamica Estonica |volume=56 |pages=63–76 |doi=10.12697/fce.2019.56.07 |issn=1736-7786|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the [[Czech Republic]], ''E. limosum'' was previously categorized as [[Near Threatened]] (NT) by Institute of {{Interlanguage link|Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences|lt=Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences|cs|Botanický ústav Akademie věd České republiky|WD=}} . However, a more recent assessment has elevated the species to the Endangered (C3) category.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Notes and references == |
== Notes and references == |
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=== References === |
=== References === |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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⚫ | |||
* {{Commons category-inline|Enchylium limosum}} |
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* {{Wikispecies-inline|Enchylium limosum}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q23654345}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q23654345}} |
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[[Category:Lichens described in 2013]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Per Magnus Jørgensen]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Mónica Andrea García Otálora]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Erik Acharius]] |
[[Category:Taxa named by Erik Acharius]] |
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[[Category:Least concern biota of Europe]] |
[[Category:Least concern biota of Europe]] |
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⚫ | |||
[[Category:Taxa described in 2013]] |
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[[Category:Fungi described in 2013]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Mats Wedin]] |
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[[Category:Lichens of Europe]] |
[[Category:Lichens of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Lichens described in 1799]] |
[[Category:Lichens described in 1799]] |
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[[Category:Peltigerales]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
* [http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=805678 ''Enchylium limosum''] in [http://www.mycobank.org/ MycoBank.] |
Revision as of 14:05, 30 April 2024
Enchylium limosum | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Ascomycota |
Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
Order: | Peltigerales |
Family: | Collemataceae |
Genus: | Enchylium |
Species: | E. limosum
|
Binomial name | |
Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin (2013)
| |
Synonyms[2][3] | |
|
Enchylium limosum, commonly known as lime-loving tarpaper lichen, is a species of crustose to subfoliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. This unique lichen species possesses a gelatinous thallus with a dark coloration, contributing to its distinctive appearance. It is found thriving in a diverse array of habitats spanning temperate to boreal-montane regions across Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia.
The ecological preferences of E. limosum include a notable affinity for calcareous soils, hence its common name. This characteristic often leads to its colonization in environments disrupted by human activity. Habitats such as quarries and spoil heaps frequently host populations of this lichen. Despite its extensive geographical distribution, E. limosum is often underestimated and overlooked, particularly in Alpine regions where its occurrence is sporadic.
Conservation status of E. limosum present a nuanced picture, with its status varying across different regions. In some areas, it is designated as vulnerable or critically imperiled due to threats such as habitat loss and disturbance.
E. limosum has undergone several taxonomic revisions throughout history. Originally described by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1799 as Lichen limosus, it underwent reassignments by various taxonomists, ultimately receiving its current accepted name, Enchylium limosum, in 2013 by Mónica Andrea García Otálora, Per Magnus Jørgensen, & Mats Wedin. Throughout its taxonomic history, E. limosum has been associated with various synonyms, including Collema forissii Szatala, Collema glaucescens Hoffm., Collema viscosum A. Massal., among others.
Systematics
Etymology
The species Enchylium limosum, commonly known as lime-loving tarpaper lichen,[1] derives its name from its original classification as Collema limosum, attributed to the Swedish botanist Erik Acharius.[3] The specific epithet "limosum" is derived from the Latin word "limosus", meaning "full of mud" or "slime", which aptly describes the dark, wet thallus characteristic of this lichen.[4][5]
Taxonomy
Enchylium limosum was originally described by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1799 under the name Lichen limosus in "Lichenogr. Suec. Prodr."[6] Throughout its taxonomic history, E. limosum has undergone several changes in nomenclature.[7] Originally described by Ach. in 1799 as Lichen limosus, it was later reassigned by Ach. in 1810 as Collema limosum in "Lich. Univ."[8] Subsequent taxonomic revisions led to further adjustments, such as its classification as Collema glaucescens var. limosum by German lichenologist Julius von Flotow in 1850[9] and Collema pulposum var. limosum by British lichenologist William Mudd in 1861.[10]
In 1891, German botanist Kuntze (1843–1907) identified it as Gabura limosa in "Revis. gen. pl.,"[11] followed by its recognition as Collema cheileum var. glaucescens by Russian lichenologist Elenkin in 1904.[12] British lichenologist Arthur Reginald Horwood further reassigned it as Eucollema glaucescens in 1912.[13]
Finally, in 2013, Mónica Andrea García Otálora, Per Magnus Jørgensen, & Mats Wedin proposed its current accepted name, Enchylium limosum. This taxonomic revision was proposed in 2013, and subsequently published in the journal "Fungal Diversity" in 2014.[14][3]
Synonymy
Enchylium limosum, formerly recognized under various synonyms, has undergone taxonomic revisions over time, leading to a list of historical names found in scientific literature. These synonyms include Collema forissii Szatala, Collema glaucescens Hoffm., Collema viscosum A. Massal., Collema limosum (Ach.) Ach., Collema pulposum var. limosum (Ach.) Mudd, Eucollema glaucescens (Hoffm.) Horw., Gabura limosa (Ach.) Kuntze, Lichen crispus limosum (Ach.) Lam., Lichen limosus Ach., and Parmelia limosa (Ach.) Ach.[2][3]
Description
Enchylium limosum is a diminutive crustose to subfoliose lichen species that forms a delicate, gelatinous thallus ranging from 100 to 500 micrometers in thickness when fully hydrated.[6][2] The thallus has a distinctive dark olive-green to brownish-black coloration and a textural appearance that can vary from granulose to membranous.[6][2] While the thallus margins are often indistinctly lobed, the lichen's vegetative structure is typically best developed in the areas surrounding the apothecia.[6][2] Notably, E. limosum lacks both an upper and lower cortical layer.[6]
The apothecia of E. limosum are profuse, lecanorine in structure, and sessile,[15] measuring 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter, occasionally reaching up to 4 millimeters.[6][2] The apothecial disc displays a flat to convex topography, ranging in color from reddish-brown to dark brown-black, and is bordered by a thick, often verrucose or lobulate thalline margin.[6][2] Microscopically, the thalline exciple is either ecorticate[note 1] or only pseudocorticate in the basal regions, while the proper exciple is poorly developed, composed of euthyplectenchymatous (elongated) or, more rarely, subparaplectenchymatous hyphae, and reaches up to 40 micrometers in lateral width.[6]
The hymenium of E. limosum is colorless, measuring 80 to 120 micrometers in height, and exhibits a positive reaction to iodine staining (I+ blue). The paraphyses are simple or sparsely branched in their upper portions, 1.5 to 2 micrometers thick at the mid-level, and terminate in clavate to subglobose apical cells that are 3 to 4.5 micrometers wide. The hypothecium[note 2] ranges from colorless to pale yellow in appearance.[6]
The asci of E. limosum are cylindrical-clavate in shape, containing (2-) 4 spores,[14] with a distinctly thickened apex and a downwardly projecting, deeply blue-staining (K/I+) tubular structure.[6][18] The ascospores themselves are muriform or submuriform, possessing 3 to 5 transverse septa and 1 to 2 longitudinal septa, hyaline in color, and ellipsoid to subovoid in shape with obtuse to rarely subacute ends, measuring (20-) 25 to 35 (−40) micrometers in length and (8-) 10 to 15 (−17) micrometers in width.[6][2] Notably, the ascospores of E. limosum are around 30 micrometers in length.[19]
Pycnidia, when present, are infrequent, either immersed or slightly projecting, appearing as small reddish dots, and produce straight, bacilliform conidia that are 4 to 6 micrometers long and 1 to 1.8 micrometers wide.[6] The photobiont of E. limosum is a cyanobacterium, specifically Nostoc, with the cells arranged in elongated chains.[6]
Pycnidia, when present, are infrequent, either immersed or slightly projecting, appearing as small reddish dots, and produce straight, bacilliform conidia that are 4 to 6 micrometers long and 1 to 1.8 micrometers wide.[6] The photobiont of E. limosum is a cyanobacterium, specifically Nostoc, with the cells arranged in elongated chains.[6] All spot tests conducted on this lichen species yield negative results, and no secondary metabolites have been detected.[6][2]
E. limosum is considered a diminutive lichen species, characterized by its crustose thallus that is often more developed in the areas surrounding the relatively large and conspicuous apothecia, which contain 4-spored asci.[20] E. limosum is recognized as a typical pioneer species, commonly colonizing bare, often calcareous soils, including anthropogenic habitats such as quarries and spoil heaps, though its presence in these areas is generally temporary.[20][19]
Chemistry
Enchylium limosum does not contain any detectable lichen substances or secondary metabolites.[6][18] E. limosum exhibits negative reactions to all standard spot tests.[18]
The species is found on substrates with a relatively acidic pH, ranging from 3 to 4. This indicates that E. limosum favors growing on subacid to subneutral substrates, such as those found in moderately disturbed environments.[6]
In terms of solar irradiation, E. limosum prefers sites with plenty of diffuse light but limited direct solar exposure, scoring a 3 on the 5-point scale. This suggests the species avoids both extremely shaded and highly sun-exposed situations.[6]
The aridity tolerance of E. limosum is classified as mesophytic, with a value of 3 on the 5-point scale. This indicates the species can thrive in habitats with moderate moisture levels, neither too dry nor too wet.[6]
Regarding eutrophication, E. limosum is found in areas with weak to moderate levels of nutrient enrichment, scoring 2–3 on the 5-point scale. This implies the species can tolerate some degree of environmental pollution or nutrient deposition, but likely avoids heavily eutrophicated sites.[6]
In terms of poleotolerance, E. limosum is classified as occurring in moderately disturbed areas, with a value of 2 on the 4-point scale. This suggests the species is not exclusively found in natural or undisturbed habitats but can also colonize semi-natural environments with some level of human activity.[6]
Finally, the altitudinal distribution of E. limosum spans the montane belt (value of 3) and the submediterranean belt (value of 2). This indicates the species is adapted to grow in mid-elevation habitats, typically associated with deciduous Quercus-Carpinus forests and Fagus-dominated stands.[6]
Distribution and habitat
Enchylium limosum is a widely distributed lichen species with a holarctic range, occurring across temperate to boreal-montane regions of Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia.[6][2][21] Within Europe, the species has been recorded from a number of countries, including Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, and France.[6][20][19][21]
Regarding its specific distribution within Europe, E. limosum has been documented in the following regions and localities:
Italy
Enchylium limosum have a limited distribution within Italy, with the majority of known populations located in the southern regions of the country. The species seems to thrive primarily in the montane and submediterranean belts, with isolated occurrences recorded in Calabria, Campania, and Sardinia.[22]
In Calabria, a single population of E. limosum has been documented in the Tarsia al Lago locality, situated within the montane belt. Similarly, in the Campania region, the species has been found in the Monti di Castellammare area, which falls within the submediterranean ecological zone.[22]
The island of Sardinia also plays host to a known occurrence of E. limosum, with a population recorded along the western coast near the town of Buggerru, again within the submediterranean belt.[6][22]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the species is considered locally distributed but widely scattered, with records from damp clay soils and exposed, soft coastal cliff faces.[19]
Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, E. limosum occurs abundantly throughout the country, with habitats being quarries, spoil heaps, and setting pits.[20]
Outside Europe
Outside of Europe, this lichen has been recorded in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec, as well as the U.S. state of Minnesota.[1] In the Canadian North, E. limosum has been documented in the Southern Arctic and Taiga Plains ecozones, typically growing on calcareous soils.[23]
Ecology
Ecologically, Enchylium limosum is considered a typical pioneer species, commonly colonizing bare, often calcareous soils in disturbed habitats such as quarries, spoil heaps, and setting pits.[20][21] However, its presence in these anthropogenic environments is generally temporary, as the lichen is quickly outcompeted by other vegetation.[20]
Within its distribution range, E. limosum has been observed growing on a variety of substrates, including mineral, clay, and sandy soils, as well as on terricolous mosses and plant debris.[6][2][19][21] The species appears to prefer substrates that are somewhat calcareous in nature.[18] Altitudinally, it has been recorded from the mesomediterranean belt, where the potential vegetation is dominated by evergreen broad-leaved forests with Quercus ilex, up to the montane belt, where deciduous forests with Fagus sylvatica and closed coniferous forests with Picea abies are the predominant vegetation types.[21] Despite its wide distribution, E. limosum is generally considered an overlooked and uncommon lichen species, particularly in the Alps region.[21]
Commonness and rarity
Enchylium limosum is completely absent from the alpine belt, subalpine belt, oromediterranean belt, Padanian area, and dry mediterranean belt.[6] In the montane belt, the species is extremely rare, with only a few known populations.[6] Enchylium limosum is also extremely rare in the submediterranean belt.[6] The species is very rare in the humid submediterranean belt and the humid mediterranean belt, with just a handful of recorded occurrences in these regions.[6][22]
Conservation status
The conservation status of the lichen species Enchylium limosum varies considerably across its known geographic range, with limited and sometimes conflicting assessments available.
Global status
At the global level, the species' conservation status has not been comprehensively evaluated, and it is currently listed as Not Ranked (GNR) by NatureServe.[1]
Canada
In Canada, Enchylium limosum's status differs significantly between provinces and territories. According to NatureServe, it is considered Critically Imperiled (S1?) in Nova Scotia, Vulnerable (S3) in British Columbia and Ontario, and Unranked (SNR) in Prince Edward Island and Quebec. The species' status is also listed as Unresolved (SU) in Manitoba, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.[1]
In the Northwest Territories of Canada, the General Status Rank for E. limosum is Undetermined, with a status rank of SU, indicating that further inventory and assessment are required to determine its conservation status.[23] E. limosum has been designated as S1 (Critically imperiled) by Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre.[24]
USA
Across the border in the United States, the national status of Enchylium limosum is Unranked (NNR), and it is also Unranked (SNR) in the only state for which data is available, Minnesota.[1] Minnesota Department of Natural Resources have listed E. limosum in their "Plant and Fungi watchlist" due the species' recent decline in the state.[25]
United Kingdom
Conversely, in Great Britain, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) according to the NBN Atlas Partnership and the British Lichen Society, suggesting it is not currently considered a conservation priority in that region.[26][27]
Finland
According to the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility, Enchylium limosum has been assessed for inclusion in the Red List of Finnish Species on multiple occasions.[28] In the most recent assessment, conducted in 2019, the species was categorized as Vulnerable (VU).[29] The main criteria that led to this categorization were related to the species' small population size (D1).[28]
The key threats identified for E. limosum in Finland include:[29]
- Overgrowing of meadows and other open habitats (N)
- Construction and development on the land (R)
- Other known reasons (Muu)
- Threats caused by alien species (Vie)
Prior to the 2019 assessment, E. limosum had also been evaluated in previous Red List assessments for Finland:
In the 2010 Red List, the species was again categorized as Vulnerable (VU).[28] However, in the earlier 2000 Red List assessment, E. limosum was listed as Not Evaluated (NE), indicating that a comprehensive conservation status evaluation had not been conducted at that time.[29]
Others
The 2019 Red List of Estonian lichens designates E limosum as a Vulnerable (VU) species in the region.[30] In the Czech Republic, E. limosum was previously categorized as Near Threatened (NT) by Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences . However, a more recent assessment has elevated the species to the Endangered (C3) category.[20]
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen". NatureServe. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Nash, Thomas H., ed. (2004). Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region (2nd ed.). Tempe, Ariz: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. pp. 65–80. ISBN 978-0-9716759-0-2.
- ^ a b c d Otálora, P. M.; Jørg., M.; Wedin; GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin in GBIF Secretariat". Checklist dataset. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via GBIF.org.
- ^ WILHELM, G. (2023). LICHENS OF THE SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN REGION (dissertation). Conservation Research Institute, Michigan. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from PDF
- ^ "Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen (Enchylium limosum)". iNaturalist Canada. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Nimis P.L., 2016. ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. University of Trieste, Dept. of Biology, (https://dryades.units.it/italic), accessed on 2024-03-25. All data are released under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.
- ^ Seaward, Mark R.D.; Richardson, David H.S.; Brodo, Irwin M.; Harris, Richard C.; Hawksworth, David L. (2017). "Checklist of Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of Eagle Hill and its Vicinity, Maine". Northeastern Naturalist. 24 (3): 349–379. doi:10.1656/045.024.0305. ISSN 1092-6194. JSTOR 26453954 – via JSTOR.
- ^ GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Collema limosum (Ach.) Ach. in GBIF Secretariat". Checklist dataset. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via GBIF.org.
- ^ Collema glaucescens var. limosum (Ach.) Flot. in Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2023). Species Fungorum Plus. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ts7wsb accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-04-04.
- ^ GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Collema pulposum var. limosum (Ach.) Mudd in GBIF Secretariat". Checklist dataset. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via GBIF.org.
- ^ GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Gabura limosa (Ach.) Kuntze in GBIF Secretariat". Checklist dataset. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via GBIF.org.
- ^ GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Collema cheileum var. glaucescens (Hoffm.) Elenkin in GBIF Secretariat". Checklist dataset. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via GBIF.org.
- ^ GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Eucollema glaucescens (Hoffm.) Horw. in GBIF Secretariat". Checklist dataset. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via GBIF.org.
- ^ a b Otálora, Mónica A. G.; Jørgensen, Per M.; Wedin, Mats (1 January 2014). "A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae". Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 275–293. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1. ISSN 1878-9129 – via Springer.
- ^ Ramirez, J.; Watson, K.; McMillin, L.; Gjieli, E.; Sessa, E. (2024). "Lime Loving Lichens". The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, Occurrence dataset. 1.66. The New York Botanical Garden. doi:10.15468/6e8nje. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via GBIF.org.
- ^ "ecorticate definition". Merriam-Webster.
- ^ "hypothecium defination". Merriam-Webster.
- ^ a b c d Cannon, P.; Otálora, M.A.G.; Košuthová, A.; Wedin, A.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Simkin, J. (2020). "Peltigerales: Collemataceae, including the genera Blennothallia, Callome, Collema, Enchylium, Epiphloea, Lathagrium, Leptogium, Pseudoleptogium, Rostania and Scytinium". Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 2: 3–16. doi:10.34885/174 – via KEW.
- ^ a b c d e Vince J. Giavarini, (2016). Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin. [In] LichenIreland. National Museums Northern Ireland. Accessed on 2024-03-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g Malíček, J; Palice, Z; Bouda, F; Knudsen, K; Šoun, J; Vondrák, J; Novotný, P (2024). "Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin". Atlas českých lišejníků. Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences.
- ^ a b c d e f Nimis, Pier Luigi; Hafellner, Josef; Roux, Claude; Clerc, Philippe; Mayrhofer, Helmut; Martellos, Stefano; Bilovitz, Peter O. (12 March 2018). "The lichens of the Alps – an annotated checklist". MycoKeys. 31 (31): 1–634. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.31.23568. ISSN 1314-4049. PMC 5914158. PMID 29706791.
- ^ a b c d P.L. Nimis & S. Martellos, 2016: ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. University of Trieste, Dept. of Biology, (https://dryades.units.it/italic), accessed on 2024-03-25. When not otherwise specified, all data and items are released under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. (CSV)
- ^ a b "Enchylium limosum (Collema limosum) | NWT Species Search". Government of Northwest Territories. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ "Species Conservation Status Rank". Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ "Plant and fungi watchlist". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ "Enchylium limosum | The British Lichen Society". British Lichen Society. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ "Enchylium limosum | NBN Atlas". National Biodiversity Network. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ a b c "Enchylium limosum | Status | Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility". laji.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ a b c "Punaisen kirjan verkkopalvelu" [Red List of Finnish Species]. punainenkirja. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ Lõhmus, Piret; Marmor, Liis; Jüriado, Inga; Suija, Ave; Oja, Ede; Degtjarenko, Polina; Randlane, Tiina (29 July 2019). "Red List of Estonian lichens: revision in 2019". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 56: 63–76. doi:10.12697/fce.2019.56.07. ISSN 1736-7786.
External links
- Media related to Enchylium limosum at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Enchylium limosum at Wikispecies
- North American Lichen Checklist, Version (#20) 19 April 2015.
- Enchylium limosum in Index Fungorum.