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{{Ethnic group| |
{{Ethnic group| |
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|group= |
|group=Ceangăi / Csángó |
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|image= |
|image= |
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|poptime=1,769 persons declared to be Csangos - (2002 census) <ref name="euraport">[http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/minorities/2._FRAMEWORK_CONVENTION_%28MONITORING%29/2._Monitoring_mechanism/5._Comments_by_the_States_concerned/2._Second_cycle/PDF_2nd_Com_Romania_eng.pdf Council of Europe Raport (5 December 2006)]</ref><br/ |
|poptime=1,769 persons declared to be Csangos - (2002 census) <ref name="euraport">[http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/minorities/2._FRAMEWORK_CONVENTION_%28MONITORING%29/2._Monitoring_mechanism/5._Comments_by_the_States_concerned/2._Second_cycle/PDF_2nd_Com_Romania_eng.pdf Council of Europe Raport (5 December 2006)]</ref><br/> 119,618 persons declared Catholic faith in Bacau County (2002 census) <ref name="euraport"/> |
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|popplace=[[Romania]] ([[Moldavia]]), [[Hungary]] ([[Tolna county|Tolna]]) |
|popplace=[[Romania]] ([[Moldavia]]), [[Hungary]] ([[Tolna county|Tolna]]) |
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|langs= |
|langs=traditionally 910 persons have [[Romanian language|Romanian]] as mother tongue, 307 of them having [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] as their native tongue.<ref name="catholics"/> |
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|rels=[[Roman Catholic]]s (almost exclusively) |
|rels=[[Roman Catholic]]s (almost exclusively) |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Csangos''' {{lang-ro|Ceangăi}}, {{lang-hu|Csángók}} |
The '''Csangos''' {{lang-ro|Ceangăi}}, ({{lang-hu|Csángók}}, are an [[ethnic group]] of [[Roman Catholic]] faith of [[Romanians|Romanian]]{{Verify credibility|date=October 2008}}<ref name="catholics">[http://www.ceangaii.ro/index.php?id=3&L=1 The Roman-Catholics from Moldavia]</ref> or [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] origin<ref name=Committee/> speaking Csango language, most speaking Romanian language and a minorit a remote dialect of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] which maintains many features lost in modern standard Hungarian.<ref name=Council/><ref name=JSTOR/>. They live mostly in [[Bacău County]], [[Romania]]. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{unencyclopedic}} |
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⚫ | The explanation is rather simple: if the Magyar irredentist circles could acknowledge the Csangos as Magyar ethnics from the number and percentage of the Magyar ethnics in Romania would definitely be larger and it would justify, in the eyes of the people, the territorial claims they have. On the other hand, Hungary is interested in the Csango matter in a geostrategical manner because it is interested in crossing the Carpathians. This way the so called Csango-land would become an outpost of the so long dreamed autonomous Szekler county. These assertions belong to the director of the European Center of Studies Covasna-Harghita, Ioan Lacatusu. |
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⚫ | The explanation is rather simple: if the Magyar irredentist circles |
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This fact is demonstrated by the heavy names which are involved in solving the so called Csango problem and in persuading the officials of the European Union that Romania cannot integrate unless the minimum wrights and liberties of the minority ( let us not forget the Transylvanian Memorandum presented at Bruxelles by Laszlo Tokes himself, or the letter conceived by other such grey eminences and signed by many decent manipulated Magyars to the integration commissioner Ollie Rehn in which the desperate situation of the Romanian Magyars; or the movie Made in Romania presented to the European Parliament which referred exclusively to the Csango situation). Unfortunately, with all this fuss about the subject, the European Union decided that Romania could join regardless of these conditions… |
This fact is demonstrated by the heavy names which are involved in solving the so called Csango problem and in persuading the officials of the European Union that Romania cannot integrate unless the minimum wrights and liberties of the minority ( let us not forget the Transylvanian Memorandum presented at Bruxelles by Laszlo Tokes himself, or the letter conceived by other such grey eminences and signed by many decent manipulated Magyars to the integration commissioner Ollie Rehn in which the desperate situation of the Romanian Magyars; or the movie Made in Romania presented to the European Parliament which referred exclusively to the Csango situation). Unfortunately, with all this fuss about the subject, the European Union decided that Romania could join regardless of these conditions… |
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Considering the fuss made about this, who would believe that in Romania there are approximately 1266 Csangos, 307 of them having Magyar as their native tongue, 910 Romanians, 37 Csangos, 3 Rroma and 9 with undeclared native tongue. <ref name="catholics"/> |
Considering the fuss made about this, who would believe that in Romania there are approximately 1266 Csangos, 307 of them having Magyar as their native tongue, 910 Romanians, 37 Csangos, 3 Rroma and 9 with undeclared native tongue. <ref name="catholics"/> |
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⚫ | It is generally accepted (by hungarian scholars{{Failed verification|date=October 2008}}) that the Csangos have a [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] origin and that they arrived in Moldavia from the west<ref name=Committee/>. The Romanian authors claim that the Csangos are in fact “magyarised” Romanians from [[Transylvania]]. Whatever can be argued about the language of some Csangos there is no doubt that this is a form of Hungarian which belongs to the [[Finno-Ugric|Finno-Ugrian]] family.<ref name=Committee/> |
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⚫ | Due to its active connections to the neighboring [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish kingdom]] |
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⚫ | Due to its active connections to the neighboring [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish kingdom]] and to the [[Papal States]], [[Roman Catholic]] faith persisted in [[Moldavia]] throughout medieval times. Along with marked cultural and ethno-linguistic differences between Hungarian-speaking and Romanian-speaking{{Fact|date=October 2008}} Csangos, this historical background explains{{Confusing|date=October 2008}} why Csangos claim having Hungarian<ref name=Committee>{{cite web|title=Csango minority culture in Romania|url=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc01/EDOC9078.htm|work=Committee on Culture, Science and Education|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|date=2001-05-04|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> while others Romanian ancestry<ref name="catholics"/> . |
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⚫ | The situation of Csango community may be understood by taking into consideration the results of [[2002]] |
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⚫ | The situation of Csango community may be understood by taking into consideration the results of [[2002]] census. 1769 persons declared themselves Csango. Most of them live in [[Bacau County]], [[Romania]], and belong to the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. During the last years, some statements identified all [[Catholics]] in [[Bacau County]] (119.618 persons according to 2002 census) as Csango. This identification is rejected by most of them, who did identify themselves as [[Romanians]].<ref name="euraport"/> |
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[[Image:Csangos.PNG|thumb|right|250px|Migration of the Hungarian Csángós]] |
[[Image:Csangos.PNG|thumb|right|250px|Migration of the Hungarian Csángós]] |
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In 2001 the Council of Europe has expressed its concerns about the situation of the Csángó minority culture[http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA01/EREC1521.htm], and discussed that the Csángós speak an early form of Hungarian and are associated with ancient traditions, and a great diversity of folk art and culture, which is of exceptional value for Europe. It was also mentioned that although not everybody agrees on this number it is thought that between 60 000 and 70 000 people speak the Csángó language. The Council of Europe has also expressed concerns that despite the provisions of the Romanian law on education and the repeated requests from parents there is no teaching of Csángó language in the Csángó villages, as a consequence, very few Csángós are able to write in their mother tongue. The document also discussed that the Csángós make no political demands, but merely want to be recognised as a distinct culture and demand education and church services in the Csángó language. |
In 2001 the Council of Europe has expressed its concerns about the situation of the Csángó minority culture[http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA01/EREC1521.htm], and discussed that the Csángós speak an early form of Hungarian and are associated with ancient traditions, and a great diversity of folk art and culture, which is of exceptional value for Europe. It was also mentioned that although not everybody agrees on this number it is thought that between 60 000 and 70 000 people speak the Csángó language. The Council of Europe has also expressed concerns that despite the provisions of the Romanian law on education and the repeated requests from parents there is no teaching of Csángó language in the Csángó villages, as a consequence, very few Csángós are able to write in their mother tongue. The document also discussed that the Csángós make no political demands, but merely want to be recognised as a distinct culture and demand education and church services in the Csángó language. |
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In 2008 members of the [[European Parliament]] have sent in a petition to the [[European Commission]] on the obstruction of the [[Hungarian language]] education and the intimidation of Csango-Hungarian pupils in Nagypatak (Valea Mare, Moldova, Romania)<ref name=EC>{{cite web|title=The issue of Hungarian Education in Moldova, Romania in front of European Parliament|url=http://www.csango.ro/arhen015.htm|work=The Association of the Csango Hungarians of Moldova|date=2008-03-06|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref>. As a feedback on the petition of [[László Tőkés]] [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]], the leader of the High Commission on Minority Affairs responded: in a written notice they would warn Romania to secure mother tongue education for the Csango Hungarians of Moldova.<ref name=EC/> |
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==Population== |
==Population== |
Revision as of 15:06, 6 October 2008
Regions with significant populations | |
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Romania (Moldavia), Hungary (Tolna) | |
Languages | |
traditionally 910 persons have Romanian as mother tongue, 307 of them having Hungarian as their native tongue.[1] | |
Religion | |
Roman Catholics (almost exclusively) |
The Csangos Romanian: Ceangăi, (Hungarian: Csángók, are an ethnic group of Roman Catholic faith of Romanian[unreliable source?][1] or Hungarian origin[3] speaking Csango language, most speaking Romanian language and a minorit a remote dialect of Hungarian which maintains many features lost in modern standard Hungarian.[4][5]. They live mostly in Bacău County, Romania.
Etymology
The name “Csango” appeared relatively recently. It was Petru Zold who used it for the first time, in 1780[3]. The name Csango is used to describe two different ethnic groups:
- those concentrated in the county of Bacǎu (the southern group) and in the area surrounding the city of Roman (the northern group). We know for certain that these people are not Szeklers. They are Romanian in appearance, and the majority of them speak a Transylvanian dialect of Romanian and live according to Romanian traditions and customs. These characteristics suggest that they are Romanians from Transylvania who have joined the Romanian Catholic population of Moldavia.
- those of Szekler origin, most of whom settled in the valleys of the Trotuş and the Tazlǎu and, to a lesser extent, of the Siret. Their mother tongue is the same as that spoken by the Szeklers, and they live side by side with Romanians.[3]
History
Template:Unencyclopedic The so called Csangos, the Roman-Catholic inhabitants of the western part of Moldavia, have been the object of numerous disputes between the Romanians and the Hungarians regarding their origin, their culture, their traditions and the ethnical minority they belong to.
The explanation is rather simple: if the Magyar irredentist circles could acknowledge the Csangos as Magyar ethnics from the number and percentage of the Magyar ethnics in Romania would definitely be larger and it would justify, in the eyes of the people, the territorial claims they have. On the other hand, Hungary is interested in the Csango matter in a geostrategical manner because it is interested in crossing the Carpathians. This way the so called Csango-land would become an outpost of the so long dreamed autonomous Szekler county. These assertions belong to the director of the European Center of Studies Covasna-Harghita, Ioan Lacatusu.
This fact is demonstrated by the heavy names which are involved in solving the so called Csango problem and in persuading the officials of the European Union that Romania cannot integrate unless the minimum wrights and liberties of the minority ( let us not forget the Transylvanian Memorandum presented at Bruxelles by Laszlo Tokes himself, or the letter conceived by other such grey eminences and signed by many decent manipulated Magyars to the integration commissioner Ollie Rehn in which the desperate situation of the Romanian Magyars; or the movie Made in Romania presented to the European Parliament which referred exclusively to the Csango situation). Unfortunately, with all this fuss about the subject, the European Union decided that Romania could join regardless of these conditions…
Considering the fuss made about this, who would believe that in Romania there are approximately 1266 Csangos, 307 of them having Magyar as their native tongue, 910 Romanians, 37 Csangos, 3 Rroma and 9 with undeclared native tongue. [1]
It is generally accepted (by hungarian scholars[failed verification]) that the Csangos have a Hungarian origin and that they arrived in Moldavia from the west[3]. The Romanian authors claim that the Csangos are in fact “magyarised” Romanians from Transylvania. Whatever can be argued about the language of some Csangos there is no doubt that this is a form of Hungarian which belongs to the Finno-Ugrian family.[3]
Due to its active connections to the neighboring Polish kingdom and to the Papal States, Roman Catholic faith persisted in Moldavia throughout medieval times. Along with marked cultural and ethno-linguistic differences between Hungarian-speaking and Romanian-speaking[citation needed] Csangos, this historical background explains
why Csangos claim having Hungarian[3] while others Romanian ancestry[1] .
The situation of Csango community may be understood by taking into consideration the results of 2002 census. 1769 persons declared themselves Csango. Most of them live in Bacau County, Romania, and belong to the Roman Catholic Church. During the last years, some statements identified all Catholics in Bacau County (119.618 persons according to 2002 census) as Csango. This identification is rejected by most of them, who did identify themselves as Romanians.[2]
Their identity as a people was based on their linguistic and religious differences from the Moldavian-Romanians nearby. Since the Middle Ages, Hungarian-speaking Csángó[5] have lived isolated from the larger body of Hungarian speakers, which also meant that they were largely untouched by the nationalist movements that swept 19th century Europe and led to the formation of modern nations. As a consequence, the primary identity of the Csángó was not national (Hungarian as opposed to Romanian) but rather confessional (Roman Catholic as opposed to Eastern Orthodox).
In 2001 the Council of Europe has expressed its concerns about the situation of the Csángó minority culture[1], and discussed that the Csángós speak an early form of Hungarian and are associated with ancient traditions, and a great diversity of folk art and culture, which is of exceptional value for Europe. It was also mentioned that although not everybody agrees on this number it is thought that between 60 000 and 70 000 people speak the Csángó language. The Council of Europe has also expressed concerns that despite the provisions of the Romanian law on education and the repeated requests from parents there is no teaching of Csángó language in the Csángó villages, as a consequence, very few Csángós are able to write in their mother tongue. The document also discussed that the Csángós make no political demands, but merely want to be recognised as a distinct culture and demand education and church services in the Csángó language.
Population
It is difficult to estimate the exact number of the Csángó because of the elusive nature and multiple factors (ethnicity, religion and language) of Csángó identity.
As far as ethnic identification is concerned, in the census of 2002, 4,317 declared themselves Hungarians and 796 declared themselves Csángó in Bacău County, reaching a total of 5,794 out of the county's total population of 706,623.
In terms of religious affiliation, the total number of Roman Catholics in Moldavia is 239,938 (2002 census), but only 43% of these live in settlements where Hungarian is spoken. As far as language use is concerned, the Council of Europe gives estimates that put the total number of Hungarian-speaking Csángó people between 60,000 and 70,000, "Although not everybody agrees on this number" (it may be higher or lower).[4]
Notes
- ^ a b c d The Roman-Catholics from Moldavia
- ^ a b c Council of Europe Raport (5 December 2006)
- ^ a b c d e f "Csango minority culture in Romania". Committee on Culture, Science and Education. Council of Europe. 2001-05-04. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ a b Council of Europe Recommendation 1521 (2001) on the Csango minority culture in Romania
- ^ a b Palma Szirmai. "A Csángó-Hungarian lament". JSTOR. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
External links
- The Association of 265.000 ethnic Romanians of Catholic Faith in Moldova
- Association of Csángó-Hungarians in Moldova
- The Roman-Catholics of Moldavia (so-called "Csangos")
- Council of Europe Recommendation 1521 (2001) on the Csango minority culture in Romania
- Song of the Csangos — National Geographic Magazine
- Template:Ro icon Fundaţia culturală Siret
- Template:Ro icon Comunitatile catolice din Moldova
- Home page of Romanian Roman-Catholics (Csángó)
- Template:Ro icon Comunitatile catolice din Moldova
- Romanians Roman-Catholics Museum (csángó museum)