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#REDIRECT [[Human cannibalism#China]] |
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The practice of cannibalism (喫人) has a peculiarly rich history in [[China]].<ref>{{cite book|title=支那人の食人肉風習|url=http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000372/files/4270_14876.html|author=Kuwabara, Jitsuzo (桑原隲藏)|year=1919|accessdate=2007-10-30|language=Japanese}}</ref> |
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==Cannibalism for culinary appreciation== |
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According to the historian Jitsuzo Kuwabara, the following were the most common cooking methods for human flesh: |
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{{Rcat shell| |
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#Fu (脯 fu3): slicing and drying meat |
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{{R to related topic}} |
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#[[Geng (dish)]] (羹 geng1): boiling in soup |
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}} |
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#Hai (醢 hai3): mincing and hashing meat |
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#Luan (臠 luan2): slicing meat |
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Hai was also a punishment in ancient China. |
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As late as the 19th century, it was still not unusual for Chinese executioners to eat the hearts and brains of the criminals they dispatched. As well as eating some of the flesh for health reasons, they sold what was left for a profit.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} |
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In 2006, two arms of a child mixed with chili and ginger were discover in a [[Lanzhou]] landfill. This was confirmed by the Public Security Bureau along with the local media. <ref name=asianews>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Gansu-police-discover-remains-of-cooked-children-5825.html|title=Gansu police discover remains of cooked children | date=April 5, 2006 |accessdate=2007-10-30 | publisher=AsiaNews.net}}</ref> |
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==Cannibalism as medicine== |
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Practising cannibalism for medical purposes is not uncommon in the world. Since the middle [[Tang Dynasty]], some devoted sons have been said to cut out their thighs to let their sick parents eat them. Despite banning the practice several times, the sons were classified as "dutiful sons" in official and unofficial records. In later years, however, the practice was criticised by [[Neo-Confucian]] scholars, and may have been faked or purely symbolic in many cases. |
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The idea that the consumption of human flesh could have medicinal effects has, throughout the years, even driven some to commit murder: one report details the crimes of a [[eunuch]], who ate the flesh of virgin boys to try to restore his sexual ability; another recounts the story of a man, who drank the blood of young women in a desperate attempt at rejuvenation. Chinese literature has also experienced its fair share of medicinal cannibalism. In the iconic novel "Medicine", written by the famous Chinese literator Lu Xun(1881-1936), we learn about an executioner, who secretly sold steamed bread soaked in the blood of executed prisoners (血饅頭) as a cure for "consumption".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lu|first1=Xun|title=Call To Arms|date=2014|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|isbn=9787119087641}}</ref> |
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The [[Ming dynasty]] polymath, [[Li Shizhen]], had detailed the use of human body parts for medical purposes, but condemned the use of human meat for medical treatment, calling the practice of cannibalism "stupid" and "foolish."<ref>Li Shizhen, ''Bencao Gangmu: Compendium of Materia Medica,'' 6 vols, tran. Luo Xiwen (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2003), 4189.</ref> |
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In 2004, ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported a Chinese man in [[Beijing]] was arrested because it was believed he stole multiple corpses from nearby graveyards in order to make medicine for his sick wife out of a soup made by cooking the flesh of the corpses, and crushing the bones.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/28/1083103549255.html | title=Man snatches 30 bodies | date=April 29, 2004 | accessdate=2007-10-30|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> |
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2003 [[Guangdong]]: reports of restaurants serving dead babies cooked into soups to were sought to be blocked by the Provincial Public Security Bureau of Guangdong. |
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1990s [[Guangdong]]: Trafficked fetuses were boiled and sold as beauty treatments.<ref name=aisanews>{{cite news |url=http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=5825 |title=Gansu police discover remains of cooked children |date=April 5, 2006 |accessdate=2007-10-30 |publisher=AsiaNews.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405003704/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=5825 |archive-date=April 5, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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As of 2012, [[human placentophagy]] is reported as "not uncommon" in China.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/54285/eating-placenta-an-age-old-practice-in-china/ | title=Eating placenta, an age old practice in China | date=June 25, 2012 | accessdate=February 2, 2017 | publisher=[[inquirer.net]]}}</ref> |
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Arthur Waldron, professor of International Relations at the University of Pennsylvania, has linked the notion of cannibalism to recent charges by [[Harry Wu]], that the Chinese government is [[Organ harvesting in China|transplanting organs of condemned prisoners]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Arthur Waldron | title="Eat People" - A Chinese Reckoning | publisher = [[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] | issue=104 | pages=28–33 | date=July 1997}}</ref> |
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==Cannibalism for ideological purposes== |
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There have been some reports of cannibalism for ideological reasons during the [[Cultural Revolution]] and [[Great Leap Forward]]. The most well documented example is in the village of [[Wuxuan]], [[Guangxi]] Autonomous Region where in the local officials began to practise cannibalism between May and July 1968 during the [[Cultural Revolution]], resulting in the imprisonment of 15 local officials. Although the Party and the relatives of the victims are aware of this, it has yet to be made public in China. In 1986 and 1988, Zheng Y (Cheng I), a former [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] and the author of ''Scarlet Memorial'', went down to Guangxi where he obtained documents detailing the cannibalism. "For the first time in our long history Chinese ate people, not because there was a famine and they were starving to death, but for political reasons. I think thousands participated in the cannibalism and at least many hundreds were eaten. The Party knows all about it," said Zheng.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Media Perception of the PRC | author=Jonathan Mirsky | url=http://www.ondist.net/Media%20Perception%20of%20the%20PRC-%20Sigyn%20Center%20-%20Jonathan%20Mirsky.doc | publisher=The Sigur Center for Asian Studies | date=October 8, 1999| accessdate=2007-10-30 | format=DOC}}</ref> According to Cheng, hundreds of men, women, and children deemed enemies of the Revolution were killed and eaten by the perpetrators, who even gave comments on the best way of preparing the meat - apparently by broiling not boiling.<ref>{{cite book | title=Cannibal Banquet - Modern Chinese History Erased (食人宴席—抹殺された中国現代史) | author=Zheng Y (Cheng I) | year=1993 | isbn=4334005438 | publisher=[[Kodansha]]}}</ref> |
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==Cannibalism driven by animosity== |
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In dynastic histories, there is often the description of isolated cannibalism in the context of eating one's enemy. For example, the dynastic histories describe an instance in which [[Wang Mang]], who took over the [[Han Dynasty]], was sliced up by soldiers, before having his tongue cut out and eaten. |
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Also described in the ''[[Old Book of Tang]]'', Wang Juncao stabbed Li Junze to avenge his father. He cut open his belly, and ate his heart and liver. Wang Ban joined [[Sui Dynasty]]'s expeditionary force to [[Chen Dynasty]] to exact vengeance on the former [[Emperor Wu of Chen China|Emperor Wu]]. He broke into the emperor's mausoleum, burnt his bones, added water to the ashes, and proceeded to drink them. His action is recorded in the section on filial piety and justice in the ''[[Book of Sui]]''. |
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==Cannibalism in Chinese literature== |
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Cannibalism is also a very common motif in [[Chinese literature]]. The famous writer [[Lu Xun]] penned a story the ''[[A Madman's Diary|Diary of a Madman]]'' in which a madman gradually became convinced that the history of Chinese civilisation could be summarised in two words, "eat people", and that his friends and relatives all intended to eat him. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Organ harvesting in China]] |
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*[[Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*Zheng Y (Cheng I), ''Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China'' ([[Westview Press]], 1998) {{ISBN|0813326168}} |
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*Gang Yue, ''The Mouth That Begs: Hunger, Cannibalism, and the Politics of Eating in Modern China'' ([[Duke University Press]], 1999) {{ISBN|0822323419}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://en.epochtimes.com/news/7-3-29/53482.html Hong Kong Reports Mainland Chinese Eating Infants] ([[Next Magazine (Chinese magazine)|Next Magazine]], Mar 29, 2007) |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Cannibalism}} |
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[[Category:Cannibalism in Asia|China]] |
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[[Category:Chinese culture]] |
Latest revision as of 06:26, 7 May 2021
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