Reverted vandalism. Undid revision 1068700503 by 47.199.48.227 (talk) Tag: Undo |
Darcyisverycute (talk | contribs) Article rewrite. Consolidate and reduce stigmatising language and implications in "see also" section. Consolidate criticism to a section. Add citation+clarification templates Tag: Visual edit |
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{{Short description|To act in a way that is likely to elicit attention, usually to elicit validation from others.}} |
{{Short description|To act in a way that is likely to elicit attention, usually to elicit validation from others.}} |
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{{Redirect|Attention Seeker|the EP|Attention Seeker (EP)}} |
{{Redirect|Attention Seeker|the EP|Attention Seeker (EP)}} |
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'''Attention seeking''' behavior is to act in a way that is likely to elicit attention, |
'''Attention seeking''' behavior is to act in a way that is likely to elicit attention. Attention seeking behavior is defined in the DSM-5 as "engaging in behavior designed to attract notice and to make oneself the focus of others’ attention and admiration".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830807378 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. |date=2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |others=American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force |isbn=978-0-89042-554-1 |edition=5th |location=Arlington, VA |oclc=830807378}}</ref>{{Rp|page=780}} This definition does not ascribe a motivation to the behavior and assumes a human actor, although the term "attention seeking" sometimes also assumes a motive of seeking [[Normative social influence|validation]]. People are thought to engage in both positive and negative attention seeking behavior independent of the actual benefit or harm to health. Motivations for attention seeking are considered{{By whom|date=May 2022}} to be driven by self-consciousness and thus an externalization of personality rather than internal and self-motivated behavior.{{Clarify|reason=What does external and internal mean in this context; provide a citation supporting the claim. There appears no scientific consensus on etiologies of attention seeking behavior outside of mental disorder classifications.|date=May 2022}} This type of influence on behavior can result in a potential loss of a person's [[sense of agency]], personality disorder and the behavior associated with these conditions. |
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Enjoying the attention of others is socially acceptable in some situations.<ref>Burns, Robert B. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=O7Z-O3d9X6QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22R.B.+Burns%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Wd-MUIa9Bu7FmQWotoEY&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=attention-seeking&f=false Essential Psychology]'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991; {{ISBN|0-7923-8957-3}}</ref> |
Enjoying the attention of others is socially acceptable in some situations.<ref>Burns, Robert B. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=O7Z-O3d9X6QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22R.B.+Burns%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Wd-MUIa9Bu7FmQWotoEY&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=attention-seeking&f=false Essential Psychology]'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991; {{ISBN|0-7923-8957-3}}</ref> However, an excessive need for attention can lead to difficulties in [[Interpersonal relationship|interpersonal relationships]]. However, as a [[tactical method]], it is often used in combat, theatre (upstaging) and it is fundamental to marketing.{{Cn|date=May 2022}} One strategy used to counter various types of attention-seeking behavior{{By whom|date=May 2022}} is [[planned ignoring]]. |
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==Causes== |
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==Potential causes== |
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⚫ | The causes of attention seeking behavior are varied. Risk factors leading to attention seeking behavior include loneliness, jealousy, low self-esteem, narcissism and self-pity.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Stober|first=J|year=2003|title=Self-Pity: Exploring the Links to Personality, Control Beliefs, and Anger|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/4477/1/Stoeber_Self-Pity_2003.pdf|journal=Journal of Personality|volume=71|issue=2|pages=183–220|doi=10.1111/1467-6494.7102004|pmid=12693515}}</ref> A desire for [[Normative social influence|validation]] is theorised as a motivation for attention seeking behavior. {{As of|2022}}, no studies have evaluated the prevalence of attention seeking behavior in the general population. |
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Sometimes adults seek attention because of [[jealousy]]. When someone finds themselves threatened by another person who takes all the attention, they may respond with attention-seeking behavior. |
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Repeated attention seeking behavior is a symptom of multiple [[Personality disorder|personality disorders]], including [[narcissistic personality disorder]], [[histrionic personality disorder]] and [[borderline personality disorder]]. Attention seeking may have similar presentations to ADHD although they are distinguishable by motivations of impulsivity or hyperactivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mellor |first=Nigel |date=March 2009 |title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention seeking? Ways of distinguishing two common childhood problems |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8578.2009.00410.x |journal=British Journal of Special Education |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=26–35 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8578.2009.00410.x |issn=0952-3383}}</ref> |
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Lack of [[self-esteem]] can be another cause for attention-seeking behavior. Some people think that they are overlooked and so they think that the only solution to restore their balance is to bring back the lost attention. The attention they will get in this case will provide them with reassurance and will help them think that they are worthy. |
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⚫ | Psychoanalytic theory posits that [[Narcissists|narcissism]] is related to attention seeking behavior. In the theory, an excessive need for attention or admiration is termed [[narcissistic supply]].<ref>M.Farouk Radwan, ''The Psychology of Attraction Explained'', www.2knowmyself.com/Attention_seeker_psychology/attention_seeking_behaviour_personality</ref> |
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[[Loneliness]] can result in an increased urge to seek attention, even in those who would not usually do so. |
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== Stigma and criticism == |
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⚫ | [[Narcissists]] |
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The term "attention seeking" has been the subject of criticism for its usage as a pejorative term to achieve [[victim blaming]], especially in the context of borderline personality disorder and self harming behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aviram |first=Ron B. |last2=Brodsky |first2=Beth S. |last3=Stanley |first3=Barbara |date=September 2006 |title=Borderline Personality Disorder, Stigma, and Treatment Implications |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10673220600975121 |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=249–256 |doi=10.1080/10673220600975121 |issn=1067-3229}}</ref> As an example, individuals who [[self-harm]] frequently [[self-conscious]] of their wounds and scars and feel [[guilt (emotion)|guilt]]y about their behavior, often associated with behavior to conceal self harm.<ref name="MHF">{{citation |title=Truth Hurts Report |url=http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/?EntryId5=38712 |isbn=978-1-903645-81-9 |publisher=Mental Health Foundation |year=2006 |access-date=2008-06-11}}</ref> According to a 2005 survey of 133 books containing the term, the term is often used with either no definition or a poor definition, no empirical studies specifically about attention seeking behavior were found, and there existed widespread academic disagreement on the causes and implications of attention seeking.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mellor |first=Nigel |date=2005 |title=Attention seeking: The paradoxes of an under-researched concept |journal=Educational & Child Psychology |publisher=British Psychological Society Division of Educational & Child Psychology |volume=22 |pages=94}}</ref> The use of stigmatising language such as "attention seeking" is of particular prevalence in medical settings, although student exposure to psychiatric environments has shown evidence to reduce bias and stigma towards individuals with mental disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brenner |first=Adam M. |date=2022-03-18 |title=Stigma and Change |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40596-022-01624-1 |journal=Academic Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=145–146 |doi=10.1007/s40596-022-01624-1 |issn=1042-9670}}</ref> |
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== Research == |
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There exists research on the relationship between social media usage and attention seeking behavior, among other personality traits in the [[Big Five personality traits]] in a variety of demographics. |
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In a 2013 study of Facebook users, it was found that [[agreeableness]] and [[conscientiousness]] were [[Negative relationship|negatively correlated]] with attention seeking tendencies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seidman |first=Gwendolyn |date=February 2013 |title=Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.009 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=402–407 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.009 |issn=0191-8869}}</ref> A 2014 study found evidence suggesting that in the presence of the personality traits of [[histrionic personality disorder]], social media reinforces attention seeking behavior in the form of [[wikt:vaguebook|vaguebooking]], which is posting intentionally vague messages to elicit requests for detail.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Berryman |first=Chloe |title=# storyofmylife: personality characteristics associated with attention seeking behavior online and social media use in emerging adulthood |date=2014 |degree=Honours |publisher=Burnett Honors College, University of Central Florida}}</ref> [[Internet troll|Internet trolls]] in social media also tend to exhibit attention seeking behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maltby |first=John |last2=Day |first2=Liz |last3=Hatcher |first3=Ruth M. |last4=Tazzyman |first4=Sarah |last5=Flowe |first5=Heather D. |last6=Palmer |first6=Emma J. |last7=Frosch |first7=Caren A. |last8=O'Reilly |first8=Michelle |last9=Jones |first9=Ceri |last10=Buckley |first10=Chloe |last11=Knieps |first11=Melanie |date=2015-09-25 |title=Implicit theories of online trolling: Evidence that attention-seeking conceptions are associated with increased psychological resilience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12154 |journal=British Journal of Psychology |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=448–466 |doi=10.1111/bjop.12154 |issn=0007-1269}}</ref> A 2016 study found evidence suggesting that individuals with attention seeking tendencies can benefit from the usage of social media to compensate for a lack of attention in other interpersonal areas, although this conclusion is not entirely consistent with similar studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Francine |date=2016-12-29 |title=An Investigation of Attention-Seeking Behavior through Social Media Post Framing |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.3.1.2 |journal=Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.30958/ajmmc.3.1.2 |issn=2407-9499}}</ref> |
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Internet addiction has been more common in recent years. It is a tool used to validate an individual's appearance. A high sense of gratification or power can be felt through posting on social media and can lead to the causes listed above.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2017|title=An investigation of attention-seeking behavior through social media post framing|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315613742|journal=[[Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications]]|volume=3|pages=25–44}}</ref> |
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A 2021 study found that experiencing [[phubbing]] by others (a form of being ignored by others) was positively correlated with attention seeking behavior, and the effect was larger in men, although narcissism was considered as an alternate explanation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hao |first=Lujie |last2=Liu |first2=Dan |last3=Yin |first3=Jie |last4=Lin |first4=Bingkun |last5=Zhang |first5=Xiaosan |last6=Jiang |first6=Qingquan |date=2021-07-07 |title=Peer phubbing and selfie liking: The roles of attention seeking and gender |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.10468 |journal=Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.2224/sbp.10468 |issn=0301-2212}}</ref> A similar 2019 study found evidence correlating narcissism with attention seeking behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hawk |first=Skyler T. |last2=van den Eijnden |first2=Regina J.J.M. |last3=van Lissa |first3=Caspar J. |last4=ter Bogt |first4=Tom F.M. |date=March 2019 |title=Narcissistic adolescents' attention-seeking following social rejection: Links with social media disclosure, problematic social media use, and smartphone stress |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.032 |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=92 |pages=65–75 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.032 |issn=0747-5632}}</ref> |
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== Social media and the attention economy == |
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⚫ | |||
{{Empty section|date=December 2021}} |
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==In different pathologies or contexts== |
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* [[Münchausen by Internet]] |
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* [[Münchausen syndrome]] |
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* [[Münchausen syndrome by proxy]] |
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⚫ | * [[Personality disorder]]s – A sustained pattern of attention seeking in adults is |
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* [[Self-destructive behavior]] – It is a common misconception that self-destructive behavior is inherently attention seeking, or at least that attention is a primary motive. While this is true in some cases, often the motivation runs much deeper than that. Many self-injurers are very [[self-conscious]] of their wounds and scars and feel [[guilt (emotion)|guilt]]y about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal their behavior from others.<ref name="MHF">{{citation |title=Truth Hurts Report |url=http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/?EntryId5=38712 |isbn=978-1-903645-81-9 |publisher=Mental Health Foundation |year=2006 |access-date=2008-06-11}}</ref> |
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* [[False confession#Voluntary false confessions|Voluntary false confession]] |
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*"Attention seeking" is a term that can be misused in order to discredit people who are sincerely trying to reconcile themselves with past trauma.<ref>[https://www.rainn.org/get-information/statistics/reporting-rates=September%202013 rainn.org] {{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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==Planned ignoring== |
==Planned ignoring== |
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{{Main|Planned ignoring}} |
{{Main|Planned ignoring}}{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}} |
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Planned ignoring is a strategy where a person gives no outward sign of recognizing a behavior, such as no eye contact, no verbal response and no physical response to the person seeking attention. The desired [[positive reinforcement|consequence]] of attention-seeking behavior is receiving attention in some form (positive or negative) from another person; when attention-seeking behavior no longer attracts attention, [[Extinction (psychology)|it may eventually cease.]] |
Planned ignoring is a strategy where a person gives no outward sign of recognizing a behavior, such as no eye contact, no verbal response and no physical response to the person seeking attention. The desired [[positive reinforcement|consequence]] of attention-seeking behavior is receiving attention in some form (positive or negative) from another person; when attention-seeking behavior no longer attracts attention, [[Extinction (psychology)|it may eventually cease.]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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* [[ |
* [[Münchausen syndrome]] |
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⚫ | |||
* [[Self-destructive behavior]] – It is a common misconception that self-destructive behavior is inherently attention seeking, or at least that attention is a primary motive. |
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* [[Coping (psychology)]] |
* [[Coping (psychology)]] |
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* [[Exaggeration]] |
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* [[Friending and following]] |
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* [[Histrionic personality disorder]] |
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* [[Overacting]] |
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* [[Sadfishing]] |
* [[Sadfishing]] |
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* [[Seductive]] |
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* [[Self-pity]] |
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* [[Sensation seeking]] |
* [[Sensation seeking]] |
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* [[Internet troll]] |
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* [[Victim playing]] |
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}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 19:49, 5 May 2022
Attention seeking behavior is to act in a way that is likely to elicit attention. Attention seeking behavior is defined in the DSM-5 as "engaging in behavior designed to attract notice and to make oneself the focus of others’ attention and admiration".[1]: 780 This definition does not ascribe a motivation to the behavior and assumes a human actor, although the term "attention seeking" sometimes also assumes a motive of seeking validation. People are thought to engage in both positive and negative attention seeking behavior independent of the actual benefit or harm to health. Motivations for attention seeking are considered[by whom?] to be driven by self-consciousness and thus an externalization of personality rather than internal and self-motivated behavior.[clarification needed] This type of influence on behavior can result in a potential loss of a person's sense of agency, personality disorder and the behavior associated with these conditions.
Enjoying the attention of others is socially acceptable in some situations.[2] However, an excessive need for attention can lead to difficulties in interpersonal relationships. However, as a tactical method, it is often used in combat, theatre (upstaging) and it is fundamental to marketing.[citation needed] One strategy used to counter various types of attention-seeking behavior[by whom?] is planned ignoring.
Causes
The causes of attention seeking behavior are varied. Risk factors leading to attention seeking behavior include loneliness, jealousy, low self-esteem, narcissism and self-pity.[3] A desire for validation is theorised as a motivation for attention seeking behavior. As of 2022, no studies have evaluated the prevalence of attention seeking behavior in the general population.
Repeated attention seeking behavior is a symptom of multiple personality disorders, including narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder and borderline personality disorder. Attention seeking may have similar presentations to ADHD although they are distinguishable by motivations of impulsivity or hyperactivity.[4]
Psychoanalytic theory posits that narcissism is related to attention seeking behavior. In the theory, an excessive need for attention or admiration is termed narcissistic supply.[5]
Stigma and criticism
The term "attention seeking" has been the subject of criticism for its usage as a pejorative term to achieve victim blaming, especially in the context of borderline personality disorder and self harming behaviors.[6] As an example, individuals who self-harm frequently self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, often associated with behavior to conceal self harm.[7] According to a 2005 survey of 133 books containing the term, the term is often used with either no definition or a poor definition, no empirical studies specifically about attention seeking behavior were found, and there existed widespread academic disagreement on the causes and implications of attention seeking.[8] The use of stigmatising language such as "attention seeking" is of particular prevalence in medical settings, although student exposure to psychiatric environments has shown evidence to reduce bias and stigma towards individuals with mental disorders.[9]
Research
There exists research on the relationship between social media usage and attention seeking behavior, among other personality traits in the Big Five personality traits in a variety of demographics.
In a 2013 study of Facebook users, it was found that agreeableness and conscientiousness were negatively correlated with attention seeking tendencies.[10] A 2014 study found evidence suggesting that in the presence of the personality traits of histrionic personality disorder, social media reinforces attention seeking behavior in the form of vaguebooking, which is posting intentionally vague messages to elicit requests for detail.[11] Internet trolls in social media also tend to exhibit attention seeking behavior.[12] A 2016 study found evidence suggesting that individuals with attention seeking tendencies can benefit from the usage of social media to compensate for a lack of attention in other interpersonal areas, although this conclusion is not entirely consistent with similar studies.[13]
A 2021 study found that experiencing phubbing by others (a form of being ignored by others) was positively correlated with attention seeking behavior, and the effect was larger in men, although narcissism was considered as an alternate explanation.[14] A similar 2019 study found evidence correlating narcissism with attention seeking behavior.[15]
Planned ignoring
Planned ignoring is a strategy where a person gives no outward sign of recognizing a behavior, such as no eye contact, no verbal response and no physical response to the person seeking attention. The desired consequence of attention-seeking behavior is receiving attention in some form (positive or negative) from another person; when attention-seeking behavior no longer attracts attention, it may eventually cease.
See also
- Münchausen syndrome
- Personality disorders – A sustained pattern of attention seeking in adults is associated with histrionic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder.
- Self-destructive behavior – It is a common misconception that self-destructive behavior is inherently attention seeking, or at least that attention is a primary motive.
- Coping (psychology)
- Sadfishing
- Sensation seeking
References
- ^ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. OCLC 830807378.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Burns, Robert B. Essential Psychology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991; ISBN 0-7923-8957-3
- ^ Stober, J (2003). "Self-Pity: Exploring the Links to Personality, Control Beliefs, and Anger" (PDF). Journal of Personality. 71 (2): 183–220. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7102004. PMID 12693515.
- ^ Mellor, Nigel (March 2009). "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention seeking? Ways of distinguishing two common childhood problems". British Journal of Special Education. 36 (1): 26–35. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8578.2009.00410.x. ISSN 0952-3383.
- ^ M.Farouk Radwan, The Psychology of Attraction Explained, www.2knowmyself.com/Attention_seeker_psychology/attention_seeking_behaviour_personality
- ^ Aviram, Ron B.; Brodsky, Beth S.; Stanley, Barbara (September 2006). "Borderline Personality Disorder, Stigma, and Treatment Implications". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 14 (5): 249–256. doi:10.1080/10673220600975121. ISSN 1067-3229.
- ^ Truth Hurts Report, Mental Health Foundation, 2006, ISBN 978-1-903645-81-9, retrieved 2008-06-11
- ^ Mellor, Nigel (2005). "Attention seeking: The paradoxes of an under-researched concept". Educational & Child Psychology. 22. British Psychological Society Division of Educational & Child Psychology: 94.
- ^ Brenner, Adam M. (2022-03-18). "Stigma and Change". Academic Psychiatry. 46 (2): 145–146. doi:10.1007/s40596-022-01624-1. ISSN 1042-9670.
- ^ Seidman, Gwendolyn (February 2013). "Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations". Personality and Individual Differences. 54 (3): 402–407. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.009. ISSN 0191-8869.
- ^ Berryman, Chloe (2014). # storyofmylife: personality characteristics associated with attention seeking behavior online and social media use in emerging adulthood (Honours thesis). Burnett Honors College, University of Central Florida.
- ^ Maltby, John; Day, Liz; Hatcher, Ruth M.; Tazzyman, Sarah; Flowe, Heather D.; Palmer, Emma J.; Frosch, Caren A.; O'Reilly, Michelle; Jones, Ceri; Buckley, Chloe; Knieps, Melanie (2015-09-25). "Implicit theories of online trolling: Evidence that attention-seeking conceptions are associated with increased psychological resilience". British Journal of Psychology. 107 (3): 448–466. doi:10.1111/bjop.12154. ISSN 0007-1269.
- ^ Edwards, Francine (2016-12-29). "An Investigation of Attention-Seeking Behavior through Social Media Post Framing". Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications. 3 (1): 25–44. doi:10.30958/ajmmc.3.1.2. ISSN 2407-9499.
- ^ Hao, Lujie; Liu, Dan; Yin, Jie; Lin, Bingkun; Zhang, Xiaosan; Jiang, Qingquan (2021-07-07). "Peer phubbing and selfie liking: The roles of attention seeking and gender". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal. 49 (7): 1–13. doi:10.2224/sbp.10468. ISSN 0301-2212.
- ^ Hawk, Skyler T.; van den Eijnden, Regina J.J.M.; van Lissa, Caspar J.; ter Bogt, Tom F.M. (March 2019). "Narcissistic adolescents' attention-seeking following social rejection: Links with social media disclosure, problematic social media use, and smartphone stress". Computers in Human Behavior. 92: 65–75. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.032. ISSN 0747-5632.
Further reading
- Gewirtz, Jacob L Three determinants of attention-seeking in young children (1956)
- Gewirtz, Jacob L A factor analysis of some attention-seeking behaviors of young children Child Development (1956)
- Harvey, Eric & Mellor, Nigel Helping Parents Deal With Attention Seeking Behaviour (2009)
- Leit, Lisa & Jacobvitz, Deborah & Hazen-Swann, Nancy Conversational Narcissism in Marriage: Narcissistic attention seeking behaviors in face-to-face interactions: Implications for marital stability and partner mental health (2008)
- Mellor, Nigel Attention Seeking: A Practical Solution for the Classroom (1997)
- Mellor, Nigel The Good, the Bad and the Irritating: A Practical Approach for Parents of Children who are Attention Seeking (2000)
- Mellor, Nigel Attention Seeking: A Complete Guide for Teachers (2008)
- Smith-Martenz, Arden Attention-seeking misbehaviors (1990)