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The presence of indigenous [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] human remains recovered from a burial mound in the necropolis of Apollonia indicates that the initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the [[Early Bronze Age]] (2100–1800 BC). The presence of the Early Bronze Age [[Tumulus|tumuli]] shows that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory. However, surface survey of the region suggests that there was very little use of the area until the establishment of the colony.<ref>{{harvnb|Kyle|Schepartz|Larsen|2016|ps=: "Apollonia is located in southwestern Albania, approximately 10km from the present-day coast of the Adriatic Sea (Figure 1). Initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC) as indicated by the presence of human remains representing indigenous Illyrians recovered from a burial mound in the Apollonia necropolis (Amore, 2010). The density of the local population prior to the establishment of the colony is debated. Surface survey of the region suggests there was very little use of the area until the colony was established (Stocker & Davis, 2006; Stocker, 2009). The discovery of the Early Bronze Age mound burials indicates that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory (Amore, 2010).}}</ref> |
The presence of indigenous [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] human remains recovered from a burial mound in the necropolis of Apollonia indicates that the initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the [[Early Bronze Age]] (2100–1800 BC). The presence of the Early Bronze Age [[Tumulus|tumuli]] shows that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory. However, surface survey of the region suggests that there was very little use of the area until the establishment of the colony.<ref>{{harvnb|Kyle|Schepartz|Larsen|2016|ps=: "Apollonia is located in southwestern Albania, approximately 10km from the present-day coast of the Adriatic Sea (Figure 1). Initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC) as indicated by the presence of human remains representing indigenous Illyrians recovered from a burial mound in the Apollonia necropolis (Amore, 2010). The density of the local population prior to the establishment of the colony is debated. Surface survey of the region suggests there was very little use of the area until the colony was established (Stocker & Davis, 2006; Stocker, 2009). The discovery of the Early Bronze Age mound burials indicates that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory (Amore, 2010).}}</ref> At the time when the Greek settlers arrived in the area the surrounding region was deserted while the nearby tumuli were abandoned.<ref name=Stocker891>{{cite book |last1=Stocker |first1=Sharon R. |title=Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony |date=2009 |isbn=https://books.google.gr/books?id=Tg8ynwEACAAJ&dq= |page=891 |quote=At Apollonia these early Greek mariners encountered a deserted landscape filled with abandoned tumuli, burial mounds they read as monuments of their Homeric ancestors... These observations may in part explain why there were no indigenous people living in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia when Greek colonists arrived. Native settlement in Mallakastra at the time the apoikia was founded appears to have been confined to locations east of the Gjanica river valley.}}</ref> |
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The colony at Apollonia was founded by a group of 200 [[Corinth|Corinthians]] led by the oikist Gylax to an already existing trading post around 600 B.C. They were followed by others particularly from Corfu.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|page=112|ps=:Around 600 BC: Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation and contributed 200 settlers to an already existing trading post. Others, especially from Corcyra, followed these.}}.</ref> It was initially known as ''Gylakeia'' after its founder, but the name was later changed to honor the god [[Apollo]].<ref name="Hansen 2004 page=328">{{harvnb|Hansen|Nielsen|2004|page=328}}.</ref><ref name=Tsetskladze169>{{cite book |last1=Tsetskladze |first1=Gocha R. |title=Greek colonisation : an account of Greek colonies and other settlements overseas |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-15576-3 |page=169}}</ref> It lay on the territory of the [[Taulantii]], a cluster of Illyrian tribes that remained closely involved with the settlement for centuries and lived alongside the Ancient Greek colonists. The original Corinthian presence was attributed to an invitation to the Corinthians by the Taulantii to support them against the [[Liburni]] who had occupied the area.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|page=98|ps=:It was Illyrian Taulantii from Epidamnus who occupied the site of Apollonia before the arrival of the Greek colonists around 600 BC. Once they were called in by the Greek settlers to seize Epidamnus, after they had been ejected by the Liburni. }}</ref> There were 24 other cities named Apollonia, but Illyria's Apollonia was the most important and played a major role as a trading intermediary between the Hellenists and the Illyrians. It is estimated that the city had about 60,000 inhabitants. Apollonia was located on a strategic position as a river-port and dominated over a vast plain that stretches c. 10 km in length.<ref name=Tsetskladze169/> |
The colony at Apollonia was founded by a group of 200 [[Corinth|Corinthians]] led by the oikist Gylax to an already existing trading post around 600 B.C. They were followed by others particularly from Corfu.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|page=112|ps=:Around 600 BC: Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation and contributed 200 settlers to an already existing trading post. Others, especially from Corcyra, followed these.}}.</ref> It was initially known as ''Gylakeia'' after its founder, but the name was later changed to honor the god [[Apollo]].<ref name="Hansen 2004 page=328">{{harvnb|Hansen|Nielsen|2004|page=328}}.</ref><ref name=Tsetskladze169>{{cite book |last1=Tsetskladze |first1=Gocha R. |title=Greek colonisation : an account of Greek colonies and other settlements overseas |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-15576-3 |page=169}}</ref> There was no native presence in the vicinity of Apollonia the time of its foundation.<ref name=Stocker891/> It lay on the territory of the [[Taulantii]], a cluster of Illyrian tribes that remained closely involved with the settlement for centuries and lived alongside the Ancient Greek colonists. The original Corinthian presence was attributed to an invitation to the Corinthians by the Taulantii to support them against the [[Liburni]] who had occupied the area.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|page=98|ps=:It was Illyrian Taulantii from Epidamnus who occupied the site of Apollonia before the arrival of the Greek colonists around 600 BC. Once they were called in by the Greek settlers to seize Epidamnus, after they had been ejected by the Liburni. }}</ref> There were 24 other cities named Apollonia, but Illyria's Apollonia was the most important and played a major role as a trading intermediary between the Hellenists and the Illyrians. It is estimated that the city had about 60,000 inhabitants. Apollonia was located on a strategic position as a river-port and dominated over a vast plain that stretches c. 10 km in length.<ref name=Tsetskladze169/> |
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It is mentioned by [[Strabo]] in his ''[[Geographica]]'' as "an exceedingly well-governed city",<ref>Strabo. ''Geographica'', [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7E*.html 7.8.316].</ref> with a [[fountain]], [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]],<ref>Strabo. ''Geographica'',[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/9C*.html Book IX, Chapter 3, 16]</ref> etc. [[Aristotle]] considered Apollonia an important<ref name="Hansen 2004 page=328"/> example of an [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] system, as the descendants of the Greek colonists controlled the city and helped Illyrians to learn how to govern. The city grew rich on the [[Slavery in ancient Greece|slave trade]] and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of [[asphalt]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Strabo|title=Geographica|pages=VII.5.8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=De mirabilibus auscultationibus|pages=842 b.27}}</ref> which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122516.htm|title=Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C.|last=University of Cincinnati|date=6 January 2006|work=Science Daily|accessdate=16 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724000705/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122516.htm|archive-date=24 July 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> |
It is mentioned by [[Strabo]] in his ''[[Geographica]]'' as "an exceedingly well-governed city",<ref>Strabo. ''Geographica'', [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7E*.html 7.8.316].</ref> with a [[fountain]], [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]],<ref>Strabo. ''Geographica'',[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/9C*.html Book IX, Chapter 3, 16]</ref> etc. [[Aristotle]] considered Apollonia an important<ref name="Hansen 2004 page=328"/> example of an [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] system, as the descendants of the Greek colonists controlled the city and helped Illyrians to learn how to govern. The city grew rich on the [[Slavery in ancient Greece|slave trade]] and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of [[asphalt]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Strabo|title=Geographica|pages=VII.5.8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=De mirabilibus auscultationibus|pages=842 b.27}}</ref> which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122516.htm|title=Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C.|last=University of Cincinnati|date=6 January 2006|work=Science Daily|accessdate=16 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724000705/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122516.htm|archive-date=24 July 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Revision as of 08:17, 18 December 2020
Location | Fier County, Albania |
---|---|
Region | Illyria |
Coordinates | 40°43′18.44″N 19°28′23.04″E / 40.7217889°N 19.4730667°E |
Apollonia (Albanian: Apolonia; Greek: Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον, Apollonia kat' Epidamnon or Apollonia pros Epidamnon) was an ancient Greek city[1] located on the right bank of the Aous river (modern-day Vjosë). Its ruins are situated in the Fier County, next to the village of Pojani (Polina), in modern-day Albania.
Apollonia was founded in 588 BC by Ancient Greek colonists from the island of Corfu and Corinth[2] on a site where native Illyrian tribes[3] lived, and was perhaps the most important of the several classical towns known as Apollonia. It flourished in the Roman period and was home to a renowned school of philosophy, but began to decline in the 3rd century AD when its harbor started silting up as a result of an earthquake. It was abandoned by the end of Late Antiquity.
The name of the city is mentioned among the modern bishoprics of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania (Apollonia and Fier). Apollonia is also a titular see of the Latin Church. The ruins were designated as an archaeological park on 7 April 2003 by the government of Albania.[4]
History
The presence of indigenous Illyrian human remains recovered from a burial mound in the necropolis of Apollonia indicates that the initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC). The presence of the Early Bronze Age tumuli shows that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory. However, surface survey of the region suggests that there was very little use of the area until the establishment of the colony.[5] At the time when the Greek settlers arrived in the area the surrounding region was deserted while the nearby tumuli were abandoned.[6]
The colony at Apollonia was founded by a group of 200 Corinthians led by the oikist Gylax to an already existing trading post around 600 B.C. They were followed by others particularly from Corfu.[7] It was initially known as Gylakeia after its founder, but the name was later changed to honor the god Apollo.[8][9] There was no native presence in the vicinity of Apollonia the time of its foundation.[6] It lay on the territory of the Taulantii, a cluster of Illyrian tribes that remained closely involved with the settlement for centuries and lived alongside the Ancient Greek colonists. The original Corinthian presence was attributed to an invitation to the Corinthians by the Taulantii to support them against the Liburni who had occupied the area.[10] There were 24 other cities named Apollonia, but Illyria's Apollonia was the most important and played a major role as a trading intermediary between the Hellenists and the Illyrians. It is estimated that the city had about 60,000 inhabitants. Apollonia was located on a strategic position as a river-port and dominated over a vast plain that stretches c. 10 km in length.[9]
It is mentioned by Strabo in his Geographica as "an exceedingly well-governed city",[11] with a fountain, gymnasium,[12] etc. Aristotle considered Apollonia an important[8] example of an oligarchic system, as the descendants of the Greek colonists controlled the city and helped Illyrians to learn how to govern. The city grew rich on the slave trade and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of asphalt[13][14] which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania.[15]
Apollonia, like Dyrrachium further north, was an important port on the Illyrian coast as the most convenient link between Brundusium and northern Greece, and as one of the western starting points of the Via Egnatia leading east to Thessaloniki and Byzantium in Thrace.[16] It had its own mint, stamping coins showing a cow suckling her calf on the obverse and a double stellate pattern on the reverse,[17] which have been found as far away as the basin of the Danube.
The city was for a time included among the dominions of Pyrrhus of Epirus. In 229 BC, it came under the control of the Roman Republic, to which it was firmly loyal; it was rewarded in 168 BC with booty seized from Gentius, the defeated king of Illyria. In 148 BC, Apollonia became part of the Roman province of Macedonia, specifically of Epirus Nova.[18] In the Roman Civil War between Pompey and Julius Caesar, it supported the latter, but fell to Marcus Junius Brutus in 48 BC. The later Roman emperor Augustus studied in Apollonia in 44 BC under the tutelage of Athenodorus of Tarsus; it was there that he received news of Caesar's murder.
Apollonia flourished under Roman rule and was noted by Cicero in his Philippicae as magna urbs et gravis, a great and important city. Christianity was established in the city at an early stage, and bishops from Apollonia were present during the First Council of Ephesus (431) and the Council of Chalcedon (451). Its decline, however, began in the 3rd century AD, when an earthquake changed the path of the Aoös, causing the harbour to silt up and the inland area to become a malaria-ridden swamp. The city became increasingly uninhabitable as the inland swamp expanded, and the nearby settlement of Avlona (modern-day Vlorë) became dominant. By the end of antiquity, the city was largely depopulated, hosting only a small Christian community. This community (which probably is part of the site of the old city) built on a nearby hill the church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, (Albanian: Shën Mëri), part of the Ardenica Monastery.
In June 2020, part of the site was vandalized by unknown individuals. Two columns were knocked down, resulting in the almost complete collapse of the Nymphaeum. According to the site's director, the damage might be "irreparable" and likely occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown. The incident was condemned by Albanian archeologists and the President of Albania, Ilir Meta.[19]
Archaeology
The city seems to have sunk with the rise of Vlora.[16] It was "rediscovered" by European classicists in the 18th century, though it was not until the Austrian occupation of 1916–1918 that the site was investigated by archaeologists. Their work was continued by a French team between 1924–1938. Parts of the site were damaged during the Second World War. After the war, an Albanian team undertook further work from 1948 onwards, although much of the site remains unexcavated to this day. Some of the team's archeological discoveries are on display within the monastery, known as the Museum of Apollonia (opened in 1958) and other artifacts from Apollonia are in the capital Tirana. Unfortunately, during the anarchy that followed the collapse of the communist party in 1990 and reversion to capitalism, the archeological collection was plundered and the museum was temporarily closed. The ruins were also frequently dug up by plunderers for relics to be sold to collectors abroad. In December 2011, a new museum opened, under the directorship of Marin Haxhimihali.[20] It replaced an older museum dating from 1985, and was funded by UNESCO's MDG-F Joint Programme ”Culture and Heritage for Social and Economic Development”.
In 2006, archaeologists discovered a Greek temple which dates back to the 6th century BC just outside of the Apollonia.[21]
In August 2010, a French-Albanian team of archaeologists unearthed a bust of a Roman soldier, 50 years after the discoveries of other full body statues in the 1958–1960 period expeditions, led by Albanian scholar Selim Islami and Russian Professor Blavatski.[22]
A German-Albanian team has been working on the Hellenistic theatre at Albania, throwing light on the development of Greek theatres and also local variants[23]
Episcopal history
A bishopric was founded there circa 400 AD but suppressed around 599. One of the participants in the Council of Ephesus in 431 was a Felix who signed once as Bishop of Apollonia and Byllis, at another time as Bishop of Apollonia. Some assume that the two towns formed a single episcopal see, others suppose he was, strictly speaking, Bishop only of Apollonia, but was temporarily in charge also of Byllis during a vacancy of that see (apostolic administrator). One of the participants at a council held in Constantinople in 448 signed as Paulus Episcopus Apolloniada al. Apolloniatarum, civitatis sanctae ecclesiae, but it is uncertain whether he was associated with this Apollonia. At the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Eusebius subscribed simply as Bishop of Apollonia. In the letter of the bishops of Epirus Nova to the Byzantine Emperor Leo I in 458, Philocharis subscribes as Bishop of what the manuscripts call "Vallidus", and which editors think should be corrected to "Byllis". Whether Philocharis is to be considered Bishop also of Apollonia depends on the interpretation of the position of Felix in 431.[24][25][26]
Latin titular see
The Annuario Pontificio lists Apollonia as a titular see, thus recognizing that it was once a residential diocese, a suffragan of the archbishopric of Dyrrachium,[27] It grants no such recognition to Byllis.[28] Metropolitan of the Roman province of Epirus Novus.
Culture
Around 450 BCE, Apollonia expanded towards Thronion which it defeated and gained control of its territory. The victory was commemorated by a monument erected in Olympia. It was described by Pausanias who visited it many centuries later. The monument was an arrangement of five Trojan and five Achaean heroes who faced each other and were observed by Zeus who stood at the center, surrounded by Eos and Thetis, while Apollo and other gods who supported the Trojans were placed to his right. The monument highlights that Apollonia had embraced a tradition which showed preference for the Trojans in Trojan War. This tradition had developed in Epirus and southern Illyria in reference to mythological constructions which linked the foundation of settlements to Trojan migration in the area.[29][30]
Notable people
- Isocrates of Apollonia, rhetorician and pupil of the elder Isocrates
Gallery
See also
References
- ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 96; Wilson 2006, p. 594; Chamoux 2003, p. 97.
- ^ Wilkes 1995, pp. 96–98.
- ^ Hammond 1976, p. 426; Larson 2001, p. 162.
- ^ Tusa, Sebastiano. "Menaxhimi Fiskal dhe Struktura Drejtuese e Sistemit të Parqeve Arkeologjike në Shqipëri në vëmendje të veçantë: Parqet Arkeologjike: Apolloni dhe Antigone" (PDF) (in Albanian). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016: "Apollonia is located in southwestern Albania, approximately 10km from the present-day coast of the Adriatic Sea (Figure 1). Initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC) as indicated by the presence of human remains representing indigenous Illyrians recovered from a burial mound in the Apollonia necropolis (Amore, 2010). The density of the local population prior to the establishment of the colony is debated. Surface survey of the region suggests there was very little use of the area until the colony was established (Stocker & Davis, 2006; Stocker, 2009). The discovery of the Early Bronze Age mound burials indicates that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory (Amore, 2010).
- ^ a b Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony. p. 891. ISBN https://books.google.gr/books?id=Tg8ynwEACAAJ&dq=.
At Apollonia these early Greek mariners encountered a deserted landscape filled with abandoned tumuli, burial mounds they read as monuments of their Homeric ancestors... These observations may in part explain why there were no indigenous people living in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia when Greek colonists arrived. Native settlement in Mallakastra at the time the apoikia was founded appears to have been confined to locations east of the Gjanica river valley.
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- ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 112:Around 600 BC: Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation and contributed 200 settlers to an already existing trading post. Others, especially from Corcyra, followed these..
- ^ a b Hansen & Nielsen 2004, p. 328.
- ^ a b Tsetskladze, Gocha R. (2006). Greek colonisation : an account of Greek colonies and other settlements overseas. Leiden: Brill. p. 169. ISBN 978-90-04-15576-3.
- ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 98:It was Illyrian Taulantii from Epidamnus who occupied the site of Apollonia before the arrival of the Greek colonists around 600 BC. Once they were called in by the Greek settlers to seize Epidamnus, after they had been ejected by the Liburni.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica, 7.8.316.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica,Book IX, Chapter 3, 16
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. pp. VII.5.8.
- ^ Aristotle. De mirabilibus auscultationibus. pp. 842 b.27.
- ^ University of Cincinnati (6 January 2006). "Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C." Science Daily. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
- ^ a b public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Apollonia s.v. (1)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 186. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ "Illyria, Apollonia - Ancient Greek Coins - WildWinds.com". Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ^ Bowden 2003, p. 14.
- ^ https://www.skai.gr/news/world/alvania-vandalismos-sto-nymfaio-tis-arxaioellinikis-apollonias
- ^ "UNESCO Office in Venice: Apollonia Archaeological Museum reopens after 20 years of closure". Archived from the original on 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
- ^ "Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C." Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
- ^ Murati, Violeta (15 August 2010). "In Apollonia the bust of a Roman athlete is unearthed". Standard (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- ^ "DAI Research Projects Apollonia". Archived from the original on 2011-08-05.
- ^ Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti, Illyricum Sacrum, vol. VII, Venezia 1817, pp. 395-396 Archived 2016-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Parigi 1740, Vol. II, coll. 248-249
- ^ "Louis Petit, "Byllis" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1908)". Archived from the original on 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 835
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013
- ^ Cabanes 2008, pp. 171–72.
- ^ Angelos Prof. Dr. Chaniotis, Thomas Dr. Corsten, R.S. Stroud, Rolf Dr. Tybout (2002). SEG. J.C. Gieben. ISBN 978-90-04-15508-4.
Apollonia foundation myths: Apollonia . Foundation myths . In a study dedicated to myths and legends concerning a Trojan migration to Epeiros and south Illyria , P . Cabanes in L . Braccesi - M . Luni ( eds . ) , I Greci in Adriatico , 1 ( Hesperia 15 ) ( Rome 2002 ) 61 - 66 discusses the metrical dedication of Apollonia in Olympia after a victory over Thronion ( our lemma no . 479 ; cf . a copy in Apollonia : I . Apollonia 4 ) and SEG XLIII 229 ( = IG IX 12 which mentions the Αμφινεις, who possibly regarded a son of Hektor as their ancestor.There is evidence about a tradition of an earlier foundation of Apollonia which is connceted with the Trojan migration to Epirus and south Illyris.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Bibliography
- Bowden, William (2003). Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province. London, United Kingdom: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3116-0.
- Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 155–186. ISBN 9789047442448.
- Chamoux, François (2003). Hellenistic Civilization. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22242-1.
- Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976). Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Press. ISBN 0-8155-5047-2.
- Hansen, Mogens Herman; Nielsen, Thomas Heine (2004). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814099-1.
- Kyle, B.; Schepartz, L. A.; Larsen, C. S. (2016). "Mother City and Colony: Bioarchaeological Evidence of Stress and Impacts of Corinthian Colonisation at Apollonia, Albania". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/oa.2519.
- Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514465-1.
- Wilkes, John (1995). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
- Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 978-0-415-87396-3.