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{{Short description|Swedish cartographer (1571–1646)}} |
{{Short description|Swedish cartographer (1571–1646)}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| image = Anders Bure 1628.png |
| image = Anders Bure 1628.png |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}} |
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'''Anders Bure''' (before his [[ennoblement]] '''Andreas Bureus'''; 14 August 1571 – 4 February 1646){{efn| |
'''Anders Bure''' (before his [[ennoblement]] '''Andreas Bureus'''; 14 August 1571 – 4 February 1646){{efn|name="deathdate"}} was a Swedish [[cartography|cartographer]], considered the "father of Swedish cartography". He worked in the royal chancery (the precursor to the [[Government_of_Sweden#Government_offices|Government offices]]) and in 1603 was commissioned to produce a map of the [[Nordic countries]] by the future King [[Charles IX of Sweden]]. He produced a first map, covering the northern parts of Sweden, in 1611; it was considerably more accurate than earlier attempts at mapmaking and has been called the first real map of Sweden. It was followed by a more comprehensive map of [[Scandinavia]] in 1626, which would become a model for mapmakers for generations. In 1628, he became ''de facto'' the first head of ''[[Lantmäteriet]]'', the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral, and Land Registration Authority. He was ennobled in 1624. |
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==Biography and employment== |
==Biography and employment== |
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Little is known about Bure's early life. He was born on 14 August 1571 in the parsonage of [[Säbrå]]; his parents were {{ill|Engelbertus Laurentii Bureus|sv|Engelbertus Laurentii}} and his first wife Elisabet Andersdotter of the [[Bure kinship]].{{sfn|Hofberg|Heurlin|Millqvist|Rubenson|1906|p=145}} His father was a pastor, who had participated in [[Uppsala Synod]], an important event in the [[Reformation in Sweden]], as well as in two assemblies of the [[Riksdag of the Estates]].{{sfn|Elgenstierna|1925|p=675}} Two of his brothers also became prominent: {{ill|Jonas Bure|sv}} became head of the [[National Archives of Sweden]], and his other brother {{ill|Olof Bure|sv}} became physician to King [[Gustavus Adolphus]] and also became mayor of [[Stockholm]].{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=29}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=481}} Anders Bure probably studied at [[Uppsala University]] or at a university abroad.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=30}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=482}} It is also possible that he received training in [[astronomy]] from his cousin, the [[polymath]] [[Johannes Bureus]], or perhaps from [[Johannes Rudbeckius]].{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=30}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=482}} |
Little is known about Bure's early life. He was born on 14 August 1571 in the parsonage of [[Säbrå]]; his parents were {{ill|Engelbertus Laurentii Bureus|sv|Engelbertus Laurentii}} and his first wife Elisabet Andersdotter of the [[Bure kinship]].{{sfn|Hofberg|Heurlin|Millqvist|Rubenson|1906|p=145}} His father was a pastor, who had participated in [[Uppsala Synod]], an important event in the [[Reformation in Sweden]], as well as in two assemblies of the [[Riksdag of the Estates]].{{sfn|Elgenstierna|1925|p=675}} Two of his brothers also became prominent: {{ill|Jonas Bure|sv}} became head of the [[National Archives of Sweden]], and his other brother {{ill|Olof Bure|sv}} became physician to King [[Gustavus Adolphus]] and also became mayor of [[Stockholm]].{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=29}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=481}} Anders Bure probably studied at [[Uppsala University]] or at a university abroad.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=30}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=482}} It is also possible that he received training in [[astronomy]] from his cousin, the [[polymath]] [[Johannes Bureus]], or perhaps from [[Johannes Rudbeckius]].{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=30}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=482}} |
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The first tangible information about the life of Bure dates from 1602, when he was assigned to bring order to a collection of documents for the royal |
The first tangible information about the life of Bure dates from 1602, when he was assigned to bring order to a collection of documents for the royal chancery (the precursor to the [[Government_of_Sweden#Government_offices|Government offices]]), later filed in the national archive.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}} The job had earlier been offered to his cousin, who turned it down.{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=30}} During this period, Bure acquired an [[astrolabe]] and, together with his cousin and a third person, produced a map of Stockholm.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=30}} Johannes Bureus further mentions in his diary that Anders Bure discussed the use of astronomical instruments with him and made observations of stars from [[Stockholm Palace]] on at least one occasion.{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=31}} |
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He would continue working within the royal |
He would continue working within the royal chancery with a variety of tasks, including diplomatic tasks concerning the [[Tsardom of Russia]].{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}} In 1605 and again in 1634, he accompanied delegations to Russia, and he participated in a commission to regulate the border with Russia following the [[Treaty of Stolbovo]].{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=32}} He also participated in the negotiations leading to the [[Treaty of Knäred]], which ended the [[Kalmar War]] in 1613.{{sfn|Dahl|1948|p=503}} |
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He married Kjerstin Krabbe in 1604 and was ennobled in 1624, at the same time as his brother Jonas;{{sfn|Hofberg|Heurlin|Millqvist|Rubenson|1906|p=145}} until his ennoblement, he used ''Bureus'' as his family name. He died in [[Stockholm]].{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Dahl|1948|pp=503–504}} |
He married Kjerstin Krabbe in 1604 and was ennobled in 1624, at the same time as his brother Jonas;{{sfn|Hofberg|Heurlin|Millqvist|Rubenson|1906|p=145}} until his ennoblement, he used ''Bureus'' as his family name. He died on 4 February 1646{{efn|name="deathdate"}} in [[Stockholm]], and is buried in {{ill|Husby-Långhundra Church|sv|Husby-Långhundra kyrka}}.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Dahl|1948|pp=503–504}}{{sfn|Bygdén|1923|p=201}} |
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==Cartography== |
==Cartography== |
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===''Lapponia'', Bure's first map=== |
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[[File:Bure Lapponia.tif|thumb|right|One of only two preserved originals of ''Lapponia'' from 1611. From [[Uppsala University Library]], previously in [[Trolleholm Castle]].]] |
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[[File:Bure Lapponia.tif|thumb|right|One of only two preserved originals of ''Lapponia'' from 1611. From [[Uppsala University Library]], previously in [[Trolleholm Castle]].<ref name=alvin>{{cite web |url= https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/imageViewer.jsf?dsId=ATTACHMENT-0001&pid=alvin-record:92293|title= Lapponiae, Bothniae, Cajaniae qve regni Sveciae : Provinciarum septentrionalium nova delineatio.|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= [[Alvin (digital cultural heritage platform)|Alvin]]|publisher= [[Uppsala University Library]]|access-date= 23 April 2024}}</ref>]] |
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Anders Bure has been called the "father of Swedish cartography".{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}<ref name=sjofartsmuseet>{{cite web |url= https://www.sjofartsmuseetakvariet.se/samlingar/sjokort/|title= Sjökort|lang=Swedish|trans-title=Nautical charts|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= Sjöfartsmuseet Akvariet|publisher= [[Gothenburg Municipality]]|access-date= 19 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=kbtryck>{{cite web |url= https://www.kb.se/f1700/BuKa_start.htm|title= BUREUS Andreas, Orbis arctoi|last= Bäärnhielm|first= Göran|date=2002|website= Svensk tryck före 1700|language=Swedish|publisher= [[National Library of Sweden]]|access-date= 19 April 2024}}</ref> In 1603, Bure received a [[wikt:commission|commission]] from the future King Charles IX of Sweden (at the time Duke Charles) to make a map of the Nordic countries.{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=481}} Charles had a personal interest in |
Anders Bure has been called the "father of Swedish cartography".{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}<ref name=sjofartsmuseet>{{cite web |url= https://www.sjofartsmuseetakvariet.se/samlingar/sjokort/|title= Sjökort|lang=Swedish|trans-title=Nautical charts|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= Sjöfartsmuseet Akvariet|publisher= [[Gothenburg Municipality]]|access-date= 19 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=kbtryck>{{cite web |url= https://www.kb.se/f1700/BuKa_start.htm|title= BUREUS Andreas, Orbis arctoi|last= Bäärnhielm|first= Göran|date=2002|website= Svensk tryck före 1700|language=Swedish|publisher= [[National Library of Sweden]]|access-date= 19 April 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Fjågesund|2014|p=82}} In 1603, Bure received a [[wikt:commission|commission]] from the future King Charles IX of Sweden (at the time Duke Charles) to make a map of the Nordic countries, with the specification that it should show all provinces and cities of Sweden.{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=481}}{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|p=155}} Charles had a personal interest in mapmaking, and his successor [[Gustavus Adolphus]], who Bure would also work for, personally used maps frequently, both during his military campaigns and in peacetime.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Lenman|2013|p=20}} However, the immediate reason for commissioning the map was ongoing border disputes with Denmark and Russia.{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|p=155}} There were also broader political, military and administrative reasons for the Swedish state to take an interest in mapmaking, and within a few generations the state would finance and orchestrate the complete mapping of the country.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=481}} |
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Bure produced a first map in 1611, covering the northern part of Sweden.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}} |
Bure produced a first map in 1611, covering the northern part of Sweden, usually referred to as ''Lapponia''.{{efn|Its full [[Latin]] title is {{lang|la|Lapponise, Bothniae Cajaniseque regni Suecie provinciarum septentrionalium nova delineatio sculpta anno domini 1611}}.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}} An approximate English translation is: "[[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]], Bothnia [i.e., [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]], [[Västerbotten|West Bothnia]] and [[Norrbotten|North Bothnia]]] and [[Kainuu]], the northern provinces of the kingdom of Sweden, a new drawing carved in the year 1611."}}{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}} The limited range of this map has been connected with the geopolitical ambitions of Charles IX, who entertained plans for a Swedish expedition towards the [[Arctic Ocean]].{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=32}} The map was based on substantial research, both archival research and, apparently, field studies, and was considerably more accurate than earlier depictions of the region.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}} For example, the river systems and lakes of northern Sweden are rendered in a basically correct way.{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=32}} While [[nautical chart]]s and relatively accurate maps existed for many areas around Sweden, no reliable map had hitherto been made of the country; the ''[[Carta marina]]'' made by [[Olaus Magnus]] in 1539 was geographically inaccurate (though [[ethnography|ethnographically]] important).{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=29}} Swedish archivist and historian {{ill|Alf Åberg|sv}} therefore called it the "first map of Sweden worth its name".{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=32}} Historian {{ill|Erik Vennberg|sv}} notes in the ''Dictionary of Swedish National Biography'' ''([[Svenskt biografiskt lexikon]])'' that "through its level of detail and correctness" the map constituted "extraordinary progress for its time, and was unprecedented in the Nordic countries".{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}} The map has furthermore been an important source for discussions about the early modern history of [[Sámi peoples]]. It depicts several Sámi settlements and ''[[siida]]s''; the exact interpretation of the information on Bure's map is a subject of debate.{{sfn|Ojala|Monié Nordin|2019|p=111}} |
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⚫ | Bure worked for several years on the map he had originally been commissioned to make. Funding was supplied through royal patronage, including through a gift from King Gustavus Adolphus of more than 1,000 bibles, which Bure was to sell in order to get more money to the project.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=33}} In 1626 he published the map, covering most of [[Scandinavia]], the present-day [[Baltic states]] and parts of Russia and northern Germany. |
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===Map of Scandinavia=== |
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Following these successes, Bure was given new tasks related to cartography in 1628. He was given the title ''generalmatematikus'' ("general mathematician"), a unique title in Swedish administration, only bestowed once through history.<ref name=fho>{{cite web |url= https://fho.sls.fi/uppslagsord/7040/generalmatematiker/|title= Generalmatematiker|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= Förvaltningshistorisk ordbok|publisher= [[Society of Swedish Literature in Finland]]|access-date= 2 November 2023|language=Swedish}}</ref>{{sfn|Dahl|1948|p=504}} His new job consisted in training new surveyors and producing maps of the provinces and cities of Sweden; in practice creating ''[[Lantmäteriet]]'', the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority, of which he became the first ''de facto'' head.{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=34}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|pp=483–484}} The instructions he wrote for the agency would be applied for the next 200 years.{{sfn|Dahl|1948|p=504}} |
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⚫ | Bure worked for several years on the map he had originally been commissioned to make. Funding was supplied through [[patronage|royal patronage]], including through a gift from King Gustavus Adolphus of more than 1,000 bibles, which Bure was to sell in order to get more money to the project.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=33}} In 1626 he published the map, covering most of [[Scandinavia]], the present-day [[Baltic states]] and parts of Russia and northern Germany.{{efn|Its Latin title is {{lang|la|LOrbis Arctoi, imprimisque amplissimi regni Sueciae tabula}}.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}} An approximate English translation is: "The world of the Arctic, and especially the most extensive map of the kingdom of Sweden"}} The map measures {{convert|113|by|117|cm|in}}, employs a [[Equidistant conic projection|simple conic projection]], and a [[scale (map)|scale]] of 1:2,000,000. It was published in six sheets and accompanied by a commentary.{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|pp=482–483}} This map was based on even more thorough research, extensive personal travels, and also data from contemporary Dutch maps.{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=482}}{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|pp=155–156}} It was also less fantastical and lacked the depictions of [[Here be dragons|imaginary beasts]] that decorate ''Carta marina'', though in the northern parts of Scandinavia, Bure included images of [[reindeer]] and a [[Eurasian brown bear|bear]].{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=33}}{{sfn|Jørgensen|2018|pp=192–195}} According to the historian of cartography [[Günter Schilder]], the result "marked a definite breakthrough in Swedish cartography and significant advance in the representation of that region."{{sfn|Schilder|1984|p=498}} It was quickly copied by cartographers abroad and became widely distributed through atlases, and formed the basis for almost all maps of Sweden published outside the country until the end of the 18th century.{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=482}}{{sfn|Hofberg|Heurlin|Millqvist|Rubenson|1906|p=145}} Seven copies of the original print run are known to have survived in libraries and archives.<ref name=kbtryck/> A [[facsimile]] edition was published in 1936.<ref name=facsimile>{{cite journal |last= L.|first= E.|date= 1937|title= [Review of Orbis Arctoi Nova et Accurata Delineatio, auctore Andrea Bureo Sueco 1626, by Herman Richter]|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787019|journal= The Geographical Journal|volume=89|issue= 1|pages= 83–85|doi= |jstor= |access-date= 23 April 2024}}</ref> |
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The commentary that accompanied the map is anonymous, but it seems plausible that it was written by Bure, perhaps assisted by his cousin Johannes Bureus.{{sfn|Fjågesund|2014|p=101}} It is a nationalistic, [[Gothicism|Gothicist]] pamphlet, containing a description of Sweden but also boastful claims about a heroic past of Sweden.{{sfn|Fjågesund|2014|pp=101–102}} For example, it contains a comment on the lack of older written sources from Sweden, which the author attributes to the decline of the [[runes|runic alphabet]], implicating that if Swedish culture and history were only more well-known, they would be comparable to those of [[Ancient Greece]] or [[Ancient Rome|Rome]].{{sfn|Fjågesund|2014|p=101}} |
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===Head of the Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority=== |
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Although Bure's work as a map-maker highlighted the importance of maps, the large scale of his maps limited their use in detailed administrative tasks.{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|p=156}}{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=62}} King Gustavus Adolphus however followed up on Bure's successes by creating a national body responsible for producing maps that could be of use both militarily and administratively, against a wider backdrop of "expansion abroad and consolidation at home", as put by the historian of geography Elizabeth Baigent.{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=62}} Bure was given the task of training new land [[surveying|surveyors]], and to carry out a systematic mapping of Sweden.{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|p=156}} He was given the title ''Generalmatematikus'' ("general mathematician"), a unique title in Swedish administration, only bestowed once through history.<ref name=fho>{{cite web |url= https://fho.sls.fi/uppslagsord/7040/generalmatematiker/|title= Generalmatematiker|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= Förvaltningshistorisk ordbok|publisher= [[Society of Swedish Literature in Finland]]|access-date= 2 November 2023|language=Swedish}}</ref>{{sfn|Dahl|1948|p=504}} Thereby he became the first ''[[de facto]]'' head of ''[[Lantmäteriet]]'', the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority.{{sfn|Åberg|1968|p=34}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|pp=483–484}} He set about training six surveyors, among them some who had collaborated with Bure in his earlier projects, and several of them had studied [[astronomy]], mathematics or geometry at Uppsala University.{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=63}} The surveying task itself was comprehensive: all villages were to be mapped, with their fields, meadows, woodlands and bogs and other unusable land marked in separate colours. Rivers, lakes and harbours were also to be mapped.{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|p=156}}{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=63}} Furthermore, the surveyors were not only to produce maps, but also propose improvements in land use.{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=63}} In fact, the King viewed the project as a wider modernisation programme, intended to propel Sweden forward through both investigation and action.{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=62}} |
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The exact reason for this large undertaking has been a matter of debate. Since the late [[Middle Ages]], an increasingly systematic effort had been underway in Sweden to register [[landed property|land holdings]], as land was subject of direct taxation.{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|p=156}}{{sfn|Mead|1972|p=3}} It has been argued that the systematic mapping of the country would give the state a tool for more efficient and transparent levy of taxes.{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|p=156}} The maps were also used, in some cases, in this way. Nonetheless, it has also been argued that the main reason for the mapping project was not fiscal, but military or more broadly economical, or as part of a wider modernisation project.{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=64}} |
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Bure himself left the authority after some time, but the instructions he wrote for the agency would be applied for the next 200 years.{{sfn|Dahl|1948|p=504}}{{sfn|Lindroth|1975|p=484}} The mapping efforts begun under Bure's tutelage in 1628 also led to a systematic survey of the entire country. By 1700, Sweden had the most systematic series of [[cadastre|cadastral]] maps in the world.{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=62}} His successor as head of the authority was {{ill|Carl Gripenhielm|sv}}, and under his leadership a more detailed map was produced in 1688.{{sfn|Rystedt|2006|p=156}} During the 17th century several territories outside modern-day Sweden were part of the [[Swedish Empire]]. The surveying and mapping therefore also extended to Finland, where surveying began in 1633 under the same premises, and to the Swedish provinces in the present-day [[Baltic states]], as well as to [[Swedish Pomerania|Pomerania and Mecklenburg]] in present-day Germany, where surveying increased during the 1680s.{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=67}} Conversely, [[Gotland]] and [[Scania]], which became Swedish later, and much of inland [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]] remained unmapped for a longer time.{{sfn|Baigent|1990|p=67}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Notes=== |
===Notes=== |
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{{notelist|refs= |
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{{efn|name="deathdate"|The death date of Bure is however given as 24 February in the [[epitaph]] of Bure in Husby-Långhundra Church.{{sfn|Vennberg|1926|p=704}}}} |
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}} |
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{{notelist}} |
{{notelist}} |
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===Sources=== |
===Sources=== |
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* {{cite journal |last= Baigent|first= E.|date= 1990|title= Swedish Cadastral Mapping 1628-1700: A Neglected Legacy|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/635437|journal= The Geographical Journal|volume=156|issue= 1|pages= 62–69|doi= 10.2307/635437|jstor= 635437|bibcode= 1990GeogJ.156...62B|access-date= 23 April 2024}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Bygdén|first= Leonard|year= 1923|title=Hernösands stifts herdaminne : bidrag till kännedomen om prästerskap och kyrkliga förhållanden till tiden omkring Luleå stifts utbrytning|language=Swedish|url= https://digital.ub.umu.se/relation/421169?language=en|location= Uppsala & Stockholm|publisher= Almqvist & Wiksell |
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|volume=2|oclc=469855888}} |
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* {{cite book |editor1-last= Dahl|editor1-first= Torsten|year= 1948|title=Svenska män och kvinnor. Biografisk uppslagsbok|language=sv|trans-title=Swedish men and women. Biographical dictionary|chapter=Bure, Anders (Andreas)|url= https://runeberg.org/smok/1/0559.html|location= Stockholm|publisher= Albert Bonnier|volume=1|pages=503–504|oclc=4629338}} |
* {{cite book |editor1-last= Dahl|editor1-first= Torsten|year= 1948|title=Svenska män och kvinnor. Biografisk uppslagsbok|language=sv|trans-title=Swedish men and women. Biographical dictionary|chapter=Bure, Anders (Andreas)|url= https://runeberg.org/smok/1/0559.html|location= Stockholm|publisher= Albert Bonnier|volume=1|pages=503–504|oclc=4629338}} |
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* {{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/elgenst/1/0697.html |last=Elgenstierna|first=Gustaf|title=Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor |volume=I|year=1925|publisher=P. A. Nordstedt|location=Stockholm |id= |oclc=559957452|language=sv}} |
* {{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/elgenst/1/0697.html |last=Elgenstierna|first=Gustaf|title=Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor |volume=I|year=1925|publisher=P. A. Nordstedt|location=Stockholm |id= |oclc=559957452|language=sv}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Fjågesund|first= Peter|author-link=|year= 2014|title= The Dream of the North: A Cultural History to 1920 |chapter= Finding a Footing: The North before 1700|pages= 33–116|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwzhs.6|publisher= Brill|jstor= 10.1163/j.ctv2gjwzhs.6|isbn=978-94-012-1082-9}} |
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* {{cite book |editor1-last= Hofberg|editor1-first= Herman|editor2-last=Heurlin|editor2-first=Frithiof|editor3-last=Millqvist|editor3-first=Viktor|editor4-last=Rubenson|editor4-first=Olof|year= 1906|volume=1|page=145|chapter=Bure, Anders|title= Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon|language=sv|trans-title=Swedish biographical handbook|location= Stockholm|publisher= Bonniers|oclc=474064019|url=https://runeberg.org/sbh/bureand.html}} |
* {{cite book |editor1-last= Hofberg|editor1-first= Herman|editor2-last=Heurlin|editor2-first=Frithiof|editor3-last=Millqvist|editor3-first=Viktor|editor4-last=Rubenson|editor4-first=Olof|year= 1906|volume=1|page=145|chapter=Bure, Anders|title= Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon|language=sv|trans-title=Swedish biographical handbook|location= Stockholm|publisher= Bonniers|oclc=474064019|url=https://runeberg.org/sbh/bureand.html}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Jørgensen|first= Dolly|year= 2018|title= Visions of North in Premodern Europe|chapter= Beastly Belonging in the Premodern North|series= Cursor Mundi|volume= 31|url= https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.5.112872|publisher= Brepols|page= |doi= 10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.5.112872|isbn=978-2-503-57476-9}} |
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* {{cite book |editor-last= Lenman|editor-first= Bruce P.|year= 2013|title= Military Engineers: The Development of the Early Modern European State|chapter= Introduction|url= https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/22945/chapter/183483609|publisher= Edinburgh University Press|page= 2–44|isbn=9781474406093}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Lindroth|first= Sten|author-link=Sten Lindroth|year= 1975|language=sv|title= Svensk lärdomshistoria|volume=2: ''Stormaktstiden''|trans-title=Swedish history of learning|url= https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lb-lb107470-faksimil|location= Stockholm|publisher= PA Norstedt|page= |isbn=9789117540920}} |
* {{cite book |last= Lindroth|first= Sten|author-link=Sten Lindroth|year= 1975|language=sv|title= Svensk lärdomshistoria|volume=2: ''Stormaktstiden''|trans-title=Swedish history of learning|url= https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lb-lb107470-faksimil|location= Stockholm|publisher= PA Norstedt|page= |isbn=9789117540920}} |
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* {{cite journal |last= |
* {{cite journal |last= Mattson|first= Hans|date= 2000|title= The Education and Progession of Land Surveyors in Western Europe|url= https://www.maankaytto.fi/arkisto/mk300/mk300_413_mattsson.pdf|journal= Maankäyttö |issue= 3|pages= 62–66|doi= |access-date= 23 April 2024}} |
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* {{cite journal |last= Mead|first= W. R.|date= 1972|title= Luminaries of the North: A Reappraisal of the Achievements and Influence of Six Scandinavian Geographers|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/621550|journal= Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers|issue= 57|pages= 1–13|doi= 10.2307/621550|jstor= 621550|access-date= 23 April 2024}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1= Ojala|first1= Carl-Gösta|last2= Monié Nordin|first2= Jonas|date= 2019|title= Mapping Land and People in the North: Early Modern Colonial Expansion, Exploitation, and Knowledge|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/scanstud.91.1-2.0098|journal= Scandinavian Studies|volume= 91|issue= 1–2|pages= 98–133|doi= 10.5406/scanstud.91.1-2.0098|jstor= 10.5406/scanstud.91.1-2.0098|access-date= 23 April 2024}} |
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* {{cite journal |last= Rystedt|first= Bengt|date= 2006|title= The cadastral cartographic heritage of Sweden|url= https://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol_1_2/Rystedt/Rystedt.pdf|journal= E-Perimetron. International Web Journal on Sciences and Technologies Affined to History of Cartography and Maps |volume=1|issue= 2|pages= 155–163|doi= |access-date= 23 April 2024}} |
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* {{cite journal |last= Schilder|first= Günther|date= 1984|title= Development and Achievements of Dutch Northern and Arctic Cartography in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/40510311|journal= Arctic|volume= 37|issue= 4|pages= 493–514|doi= 10.14430/arctic2231|jstor= 40510311|access-date= 28 January 2024}} |
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* {{cite book |url= https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=17153|chapter= Anders Bure|last= Vennberg|first= E.|year= 1926|via= [[Swedish National Archives]]|title= Svenskt biografiskt lexikon|volume=6 |page=704 |language=sv}} |
* {{cite book |url= https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=17153|chapter= Anders Bure|last= Vennberg|first= E.|year= 1926|via= [[Swedish National Archives]]|title= Svenskt biografiskt lexikon|volume=6 |page=704 |language=sv}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Åberg|first= Alf|year= 1968|language=sv|title= De fann Sverige åt oss|trans-title=They discovered Sweden for us|url= https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lb-lb88292-faksimil|location= Stockholm|publisher= LT:s förlag|page= |oclc=14112563}} |
* {{cite book |last= Åberg|first= Alf|year= 1968|language=sv|title= De fann Sverige åt oss|trans-title=They discovered Sweden for us|url= https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lb-lb88292-faksimil|location= Stockholm|publisher= LT:s förlag|page= |oclc=14112563}} |
Latest revision as of 20:40, 14 May 2024
Anders Bure | |
---|---|
Born | Andreas Bureus 14 August 1571 |
Died | 4 February 1646 or 24 February 1646 (aged 74) |
Spouse |
Kjerstin Krabbe (m. 1604) |
Family | Bure kinship |
Anders Bure (before his ennoblement Andreas Bureus; 14 August 1571 – 4 February 1646)[a] was a Swedish cartographer, considered the "father of Swedish cartography". He worked in the royal chancery (the precursor to the Government offices) and in 1603 was commissioned to produce a map of the Nordic countries by the future King Charles IX of Sweden. He produced a first map, covering the northern parts of Sweden, in 1611; it was considerably more accurate than earlier attempts at mapmaking and has been called the first real map of Sweden. It was followed by a more comprehensive map of Scandinavia in 1626, which would become a model for mapmakers for generations. In 1628, he became de facto the first head of Lantmäteriet, the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral, and Land Registration Authority. He was ennobled in 1624.
Biography and employment
Little is known about Bure's early life. He was born on 14 August 1571 in the parsonage of Säbrå; his parents were Engelbertus Laurentii Bureus and his first wife Elisabet Andersdotter of the Bure kinship.[2] His father was a pastor, who had participated in Uppsala Synod, an important event in the Reformation in Sweden, as well as in two assemblies of the Riksdag of the Estates.[3] Two of his brothers also became prominent: Jonas Bure became head of the National Archives of Sweden, and his other brother Olof Bure became physician to King Gustavus Adolphus and also became mayor of Stockholm.[4][5] Anders Bure probably studied at Uppsala University or at a university abroad.[1][6][7] It is also possible that he received training in astronomy from his cousin, the polymath Johannes Bureus, or perhaps from Johannes Rudbeckius.[6][7]
The first tangible information about the life of Bure dates from 1602, when he was assigned to bring order to a collection of documents for the royal chancery (the precursor to the Government offices), later filed in the national archive.[1] The job had earlier been offered to his cousin, who turned it down.[6] During this period, Bure acquired an astrolabe and, together with his cousin and a third person, produced a map of Stockholm.[1][6] Johannes Bureus further mentions in his diary that Anders Bure discussed the use of astronomical instruments with him and made observations of stars from Stockholm Palace on at least one occasion.[8]
He would continue working within the royal chancery with a variety of tasks, including diplomatic tasks concerning the Tsardom of Russia.[1] In 1605 and again in 1634, he accompanied delegations to Russia, and he participated in a commission to regulate the border with Russia following the Treaty of Stolbovo.[1][9] He also participated in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Knäred, which ended the Kalmar War in 1613.[10]
He married Kjerstin Krabbe in 1604 and was ennobled in 1624, at the same time as his brother Jonas;[2] until his ennoblement, he used Bureus as his family name. He died on 4 February 1646[a] in Stockholm, and is buried in Husby-Långhundra Church .[1][11][12]
Cartography
Lapponia, Bure's first map
Anders Bure has been called the "father of Swedish cartography".[1][14][15][16] In 1603, Bure received a commission from the future King Charles IX of Sweden (at the time Duke Charles) to make a map of the Nordic countries, with the specification that it should show all provinces and cities of Sweden.[5][17] Charles had a personal interest in mapmaking, and his successor Gustavus Adolphus, who Bure would also work for, personally used maps frequently, both during his military campaigns and in peacetime.[1][18] However, the immediate reason for commissioning the map was ongoing border disputes with Denmark and Russia.[17] There were also broader political, military and administrative reasons for the Swedish state to take an interest in mapmaking, and within a few generations the state would finance and orchestrate the complete mapping of the country.[1][5]
Bure produced a first map in 1611, covering the northern part of Sweden, usually referred to as Lapponia.[b][1] The limited range of this map has been connected with the geopolitical ambitions of Charles IX, who entertained plans for a Swedish expedition towards the Arctic Ocean.[9] The map was based on substantial research, both archival research and, apparently, field studies, and was considerably more accurate than earlier depictions of the region.[1] For example, the river systems and lakes of northern Sweden are rendered in a basically correct way.[9] While nautical charts and relatively accurate maps existed for many areas around Sweden, no reliable map had hitherto been made of the country; the Carta marina made by Olaus Magnus in 1539 was geographically inaccurate (though ethnographically important).[4] Swedish archivist and historian Alf Åberg therefore called it the "first map of Sweden worth its name".[9] Historian Erik Vennberg notes in the Dictionary of Swedish National Biography (Svenskt biografiskt lexikon) that "through its level of detail and correctness" the map constituted "extraordinary progress for its time, and was unprecedented in the Nordic countries".[1] The map has furthermore been an important source for discussions about the early modern history of Sámi peoples. It depicts several Sámi settlements and siidas; the exact interpretation of the information on Bure's map is a subject of debate.[19]
Bure worked for several years on the map he had originally been commissioned to make. Funding was supplied through royal patronage, including through a gift from King Gustavus Adolphus of more than 1,000 bibles, which Bure was to sell in order to get more money to the project.[1][20] In 1626 he published the map, covering most of Scandinavia, the present-day Baltic states and parts of Russia and northern Germany.[c] The map measures 113 by 117 centimetres (44 by 46 in), employs a simple conic projection, and a scale of 1:2,000,000. It was published in six sheets and accompanied by a commentary.[21] This map was based on even more thorough research, extensive personal travels, and also data from contemporary Dutch maps.[7][22] It was also less fantastical and lacked the depictions of imaginary beasts that decorate Carta marina, though in the northern parts of Scandinavia, Bure included images of reindeer and a bear.[20][23] According to the historian of cartography Günter Schilder, the result "marked a definite breakthrough in Swedish cartography and significant advance in the representation of that region."[24] It was quickly copied by cartographers abroad and became widely distributed through atlases, and formed the basis for almost all maps of Sweden published outside the country until the end of the 18th century.[7][2] Seven copies of the original print run are known to have survived in libraries and archives.[15] A facsimile edition was published in 1936.[25]
The commentary that accompanied the map is anonymous, but it seems plausible that it was written by Bure, perhaps assisted by his cousin Johannes Bureus.[26] It is a nationalistic, Gothicist pamphlet, containing a description of Sweden but also boastful claims about a heroic past of Sweden.[27] For example, it contains a comment on the lack of older written sources from Sweden, which the author attributes to the decline of the runic alphabet, implicating that if Swedish culture and history were only more well-known, they would be comparable to those of Ancient Greece or Rome.[26]
Head of the Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority
Although Bure's work as a map-maker highlighted the importance of maps, the large scale of his maps limited their use in detailed administrative tasks.[28][29] King Gustavus Adolphus however followed up on Bure's successes by creating a national body responsible for producing maps that could be of use both militarily and administratively, against a wider backdrop of "expansion abroad and consolidation at home", as put by the historian of geography Elizabeth Baigent.[29] Bure was given the task of training new land surveyors, and to carry out a systematic mapping of Sweden.[28] He was given the title Generalmatematikus ("general mathematician"), a unique title in Swedish administration, only bestowed once through history.[30][31] Thereby he became the first de facto head of Lantmäteriet, the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority.[32][33] He set about training six surveyors, among them some who had collaborated with Bure in his earlier projects, and several of them had studied astronomy, mathematics or geometry at Uppsala University.[34] The surveying task itself was comprehensive: all villages were to be mapped, with their fields, meadows, woodlands and bogs and other unusable land marked in separate colours. Rivers, lakes and harbours were also to be mapped.[28][34] Furthermore, the surveyors were not only to produce maps, but also propose improvements in land use.[34] In fact, the King viewed the project as a wider modernisation programme, intended to propel Sweden forward through both investigation and action.[29]
The exact reason for this large undertaking has been a matter of debate. Since the late Middle Ages, an increasingly systematic effort had been underway in Sweden to register land holdings, as land was subject of direct taxation.[28][35] It has been argued that the systematic mapping of the country would give the state a tool for more efficient and transparent levy of taxes.[28] The maps were also used, in some cases, in this way. Nonetheless, it has also been argued that the main reason for the mapping project was not fiscal, but military or more broadly economical, or as part of a wider modernisation project.[36]
Bure himself left the authority after some time, but the instructions he wrote for the agency would be applied for the next 200 years.[31][37] The mapping efforts begun under Bure's tutelage in 1628 also led to a systematic survey of the entire country. By 1700, Sweden had the most systematic series of cadastral maps in the world.[29] His successor as head of the authority was Carl Gripenhielm , and under his leadership a more detailed map was produced in 1688.[28] During the 17th century several territories outside modern-day Sweden were part of the Swedish Empire. The surveying and mapping therefore also extended to Finland, where surveying began in 1633 under the same premises, and to the Swedish provinces in the present-day Baltic states, as well as to Pomerania and Mecklenburg in present-day Germany, where surveying increased during the 1680s.[38] Conversely, Gotland and Scania, which became Swedish later, and much of inland Lapland remained unmapped for a longer time.[38]
References
Notes
- ^ a b The death date of Bure is however given as 24 February in the epitaph of Bure in Husby-Långhundra Church.[1]
- ^ Its full Latin title is Lapponise, Bothniae Cajaniseque regni Suecie provinciarum septentrionalium nova delineatio sculpta anno domini 1611.[1] An approximate English translation is: "Lapland, Bothnia [i.e., Ostrobothnia, West Bothnia and North Bothnia] and Kainuu, the northern provinces of the kingdom of Sweden, a new drawing carved in the year 1611."
- ^ Its Latin title is LOrbis Arctoi, imprimisque amplissimi regni Sueciae tabula.[1] An approximate English translation is: "The world of the Arctic, and especially the most extensive map of the kingdom of Sweden"
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Vennberg 1926, p. 704.
- ^ a b c Hofberg et al. 1906, p. 145.
- ^ Elgenstierna 1925, p. 675.
- ^ a b Åberg 1968, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Lindroth 1975, p. 481.
- ^ a b c d Åberg 1968, p. 30.
- ^ a b c d Lindroth 1975, p. 482.
- ^ Åberg 1968, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d Åberg 1968, p. 32.
- ^ Dahl 1948, p. 503.
- ^ Dahl 1948, pp. 503–504.
- ^ Bygdén 1923, p. 201.
- ^ "Lapponiae, Bothniae, Cajaniae qve regni Sveciae : Provinciarum septentrionalium nova delineatio". Alvin. Uppsala University Library. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- ^ "Sjökort" [Nautical charts]. Sjöfartsmuseet Akvariet (in Swedish). Gothenburg Municipality. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
- ^ a b c Bäärnhielm, Göran (2002). "BUREUS Andreas, Orbis arctoi". Svensk tryck före 1700 (in Swedish). National Library of Sweden. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
- ^ Fjågesund 2014, p. 82.
- ^ a b Rystedt 2006, p. 155.
- ^ Lenman 2013, p. 20.
- ^ Ojala & Monié Nordin 2019, p. 111.
- ^ a b Åberg 1968, p. 33.
- ^ Lindroth 1975, pp. 482–483.
- ^ Rystedt 2006, pp. 155–156.
- ^ Jørgensen 2018, pp. 192–195.
- ^ Schilder 1984, p. 498.
- ^ L., E. (1937). "[Review of Orbis Arctoi Nova et Accurata Delineatio, auctore Andrea Bureo Sueco 1626, by Herman Richter]". The Geographical Journal. 89 (1): 83–85. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Fjågesund 2014, p. 101.
- ^ Fjågesund 2014, pp. 101–102.
- ^ a b c d e f Rystedt 2006, p. 156.
- ^ a b c d Baigent 1990, p. 62.
- ^ "Generalmatematiker". Förvaltningshistorisk ordbok (in Swedish). Society of Swedish Literature in Finland. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
- ^ a b Dahl 1948, p. 504.
- ^ Åberg 1968, p. 34.
- ^ Lindroth 1975, pp. 483–484.
- ^ a b c Baigent 1990, p. 63.
- ^ Mead 1972, p. 3.
- ^ Baigent 1990, p. 64.
- ^ Lindroth 1975, p. 484.
- ^ a b Baigent 1990, p. 67.
Sources
- Baigent, E. (1990). "Swedish Cadastral Mapping 1628-1700: A Neglected Legacy". The Geographical Journal. 156 (1): 62–69. Bibcode:1990GeogJ.156...62B. doi:10.2307/635437. JSTOR 635437. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- Bygdén, Leonard (1923). Hernösands stifts herdaminne : bidrag till kännedomen om prästerskap och kyrkliga förhållanden till tiden omkring Luleå stifts utbrytning (in Swedish). Vol. 2. Uppsala & Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. OCLC 469855888.
- Dahl, Torsten, ed. (1948). "Bure, Anders (Andreas)". Svenska män och kvinnor. Biografisk uppslagsbok [Swedish men and women. Biographical dictionary] (in Swedish). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Albert Bonnier. pp. 503–504. OCLC 4629338.
- Elgenstierna, Gustaf (1925). Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor (in Swedish). Vol. I. Stockholm: P. A. Nordstedt. OCLC 559957452.
- Fjågesund, Peter (2014). "Finding a Footing: The North before 1700". The Dream of the North: A Cultural History to 1920. Brill. pp. 33–116. ISBN 978-94-012-1082-9. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctv2gjwzhs.6.
- Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof, eds. (1906). "Bure, Anders". Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical handbook] (in Swedish). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Bonniers. p. 145. OCLC 474064019.
- Jørgensen, Dolly (2018). "Beastly Belonging in the Premodern North". Visions of North in Premodern Europe. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 31. Brepols. doi:10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.5.112872. ISBN 978-2-503-57476-9.
- Lenman, Bruce P., ed. (2013). "Introduction". Military Engineers: The Development of the Early Modern European State. Edinburgh University Press. p. 2–44. ISBN 9781474406093.
- Lindroth, Sten (1975). Svensk lärdomshistoria [Swedish history of learning] (in Swedish). Vol. 2: Stormaktstiden. Stockholm: PA Norstedt. ISBN 9789117540920.
- Mattson, Hans (2000). "The Education and Progession of Land Surveyors in Western Europe" (PDF). Maankäyttö (3): 62–66. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- Mead, W. R. (1972). "Luminaries of the North: A Reappraisal of the Achievements and Influence of Six Scandinavian Geographers". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (57): 1–13. doi:10.2307/621550. JSTOR 621550. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- Ojala, Carl-Gösta; Monié Nordin, Jonas (2019). "Mapping Land and People in the North: Early Modern Colonial Expansion, Exploitation, and Knowledge". Scandinavian Studies. 91 (1–2): 98–133. doi:10.5406/scanstud.91.1-2.0098. JSTOR 10.5406/scanstud.91.1-2.0098. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- Rystedt, Bengt (2006). "The cadastral cartographic heritage of Sweden" (PDF). E-Perimetron. International Web Journal on Sciences and Technologies Affined to History of Cartography and Maps. 1 (2): 155–163. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- Schilder, Günther (1984). "Development and Achievements of Dutch Northern and Arctic Cartography in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Arctic. 37 (4): 493–514. doi:10.14430/arctic2231. JSTOR 40510311. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- Vennberg, E. (1926). "Anders Bure". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 6. p. 704 – via Swedish National Archives.
- Åberg, Alf (1968). De fann Sverige åt oss [They discovered Sweden for us] (in Swedish). Stockholm: LT:s förlag. OCLC 14112563.
External links
- Media related to Anders Bure at Wikimedia Commons