Thirty-fourth census of New Zealand | ||
---|---|---|
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General information | ||
Country | New Zealand | |
Results | ||
Total population | 4,699,755[1] ( 10.79%) | |
Most populous | Auckland (1,571,718) | |
Least populous | West Coast (31,575) |
The 2018 New Zealand census was the thirty-fourth national census in New Zealand, which took place on Tuesday 6 March 2018.[2]
The population of New Zealand was counted as 4,699,755 – an increase of 457,707 (10.79%) over the 2013 census.[1]
Results from the 2018 census were released to the public on 23 September 2019, from the Statistics New Zealand website.[3] The next New Zealand census is set to be held in March 2023.[4]
History
Background
The Census Act 1877 required censuses to be held every fifth year and is well embedded in legislation and government systems.[5] Since 1881, censuses have been held every five years, with the exceptions of those in 1931 and 1941 and the one in 2011 which was cancelled due to the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch, which displaced many Canterbury residents from their homes only a few weeks before census day. It was rescheduled for March 2013, so the 2013 census is the previous census completed before this one.[6]
Issues and controversies
Originally, it was estimated that the 2018 census saw a drop in response rates from 94.5 percent of individuals in 2013 to 90 percent.[7] This drop, which amounted to the lowest census response rate for fifty years, has been blamed on a 'digital-first' policy for the census. An independent inquiry on the issue was convened by Stats NZ and reported in August 2019; it agreed that too little attention had been paid to the non-digital aspects of the census, but also blamed operational complexity and flaws in management.[8][9][10] In November 2018, Statistics NZ announced that release of the census results would be pushed back to at least April 2019 due to "the complex nature of the task".[11]
In early April 2019, the Government Statistician was facing possible charges of contempt of parliament. She had twice refused, on 13 February and in early April, to disclose the number of partially and fully completed responses.[12] On 9 April, she reported that one in seven New Zealanders, 700,000 people, failed to complete the census.[13]
In August 2019, an independent review of the 2018 census criticised the Chief Statistician Liz MacPherson's leadership of Statistics New Zealand. Due to a decision to conduct the census primarily online, the census attracted only an 83% response rate, even lower than the 90% earlier reported, well short of the 94% census percent target and a nine percent drop from the previous 2013 New Zealand census. In response to the report, MacPherson resigned as chief statistician on 13 August 2019.[14][15][16]
Topics
The 2018 census collected data on the following topics:[17]
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Projections
Statistics New Zealand annually conducts population projections for New Zealand as a whole, which are based on data from the previous census (in this case, the 2013 census) and calculated using a cohort-component method. Population projections also take into consideration births, deaths, and net migration.
In 2016, New Zealand's population at the time of the 2018 census was projected to be between 4,807,000 and 4,944,000.[18]
Results
Data uses fixed random rounding to protect confidentiality;[19] each data point is rounded either to the nearest multiple of 3 (2⁄3 chance) or the next-nearest multiple of 3 (1⁄3 chance).[20]
The census usually-resident population count of New Zealand is a count of all people who usually live in and were present in the country on census night (6 March 2018), and excludes overseas visitors and New Zealand residents who are temporarily overseas.[21]
Due to the high rate of non-response in the census, the published results combine answers from census forms with data from the 2013 Census and from government administrative data. Reports from an External Data Quality Review Panel include quality ratings for each variable, taking the added data into account[22]
Population and dwellings
Population counts for regions of New Zealand.[23] All figures are for the census usually-resident population count.
Region | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Northland | 179,076 | 3.81 |
Auckland | 1,571,718 | 33.44 |
Waikato | 458,202 | 9.75 |
Bay of Plenty | 308,499 | 6.56 |
Gisborne | 47,517 | 1.01 |
Taranaki | 117,561 | 2.50 |
Manawatu | 238,797 | 5.08 |
Hawke's Bay | 166,368 | 3.54 |
Wellington | 506,814 | 10.78 |
North Island | 3,594,552 | 76.48 |
Nelson | 50,880 | 1.08 |
Tasman | 52,389 | 1.11 |
Marlborough | 47,340 | 1.01 |
Canterbury | 599,694 | 12.76 |
West Coast | 31,575 | 0.67 |
Otago | 225,186 | 4.79 |
Southland | 97,467 | 2.07 |
South Island | 1,104,537 | 23.50 |
Total, regional council areas | 4,699,089 | 99.99 |
Area outside region | 669 | 0.01 |
New Zealand | 4,699,755 | 100 |
- Resident population count was 4,699,755, up 457,707 from the 2013 Census.[3]
- There are 2,319,558 males in New Zealand (49.35% of the population) and 2,380,197 females (50.65% of the population).[19]
- On average, the population grew by around 2.1% per year since the 2013 Census – significantly higher than the annual average growth between 2006 and 2013, which was 0.7%.[3]
- The higher growth rate is consistent with higher net migration of 259,000 in the five years ended 30 June 2018 compared with 59,000 in the seven years ended 30 June 2013.[3]
- Among children (under 15 years), males outnumbered females, with around 105 males for every 100 females. The ratio declined with age: there were 104 males for every 100 females in the age group of 15–29, 95 males for every 100 females at ages 30–64 years, and 87 males for every 100 females at age 65 or above.[3]
- There was a total of 1,855,962 occupied and unoccupied private dwellings, 108,558 more than in 2013.[3]
- Ten percent of private dwellings were unoccupied.[3]
Birthplace
In 2018, 3,370,122 people (71.7%) were born in New Zealand, with 1,329,633 (28.3%) born overseas.
Data is for the census's usually-resident population.[19]
Birthplace | Responses | Change from 2013 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | pp | |
New Zealand | 3,370,122 | 71.71 | 389,298 | 1.44 |
Overseas | 1,329,633 | 28.29 | 327,846 | 4.68 |
England | 210,915 | 4.49 | 4,674 | 0.92 |
China, People's Republic of[a] | 132,906 | 2.83 | 43,785 | 0.73 |
India | 117,348 | 2.50 | 50,172 | 0.91 |
Australia | 75,696 | 1.61 | 12,984 | 0.04 |
South Africa | 71,382 | 1.52 | 17,104 | 0.61 |
Philippines | 67,632 | 1.44 | 30,333 | 0.50 |
Fiji | 62,310 | 1.33 | 9,555 | 0.01 |
Samoa | 55,512 | 1.18 | 4,851 | 0.09 |
Korea, Republic of | 30,975 | 0.66 | 4,374 | 0.01 |
United States | 27,678 | 0.59 | 6,216 | 0.05 |
Tonga | 26,856 | 0.57 | 4,443 | 0.04 |
Scotland | 26,136 | 0.56 | 183 | 0.09 |
Total people stated | 4,641,897 | 98.77 | – | – |
Inadequately described | 432 | 0.01 | – | – |
Not stated | 57,426 | 1.22 | – | – |
Total | 4,699,755 | 100 | 457,707 | 9.74 |
- ^ Does not include Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR.
Ethnicity
There was no change in the top five ethnicities between the 2013 and 2018 censuses, which are New Zealand European (64.1%), Māori (16.5%), Chinese (4.9%), Indian (4.7%), and Samoan (3.9%).[21]
Data is for the census usually-resident population count.[19]
Ethnic group | Population | % |
---|---|---|
European | 3,372,708 | 71.76 |
New Zealand European | 3,013,440 | 64.12 |
English | 72,204 | 1.54 |
South African European | 37,155 | 0.79 |
Australian | 29,349 | 0.62 |
European nfd | 34,632 | 0.74 |
Dutch | 29,820 | 0.63 |
Scottish | 18,627 | 0.40 |
Irish | 17,835 | 0.38 |
German | 16,818 | 0.36 |
American European | 16,245 | 0.35 |
Other European | 86,583 | 1.84 |
Māori | 775,836 | 16.51 |
Pacific Islander | 423,036 | 9.00 |
Samoan | 182,721 | 3.89 |
Tongan | 82,389 | 1.75 |
Cook Islands Maori | 80,532 | 1.71 |
Niuean | 30,867 | 0.66 |
Fijian | 19,722 | 0.42 |
Asian | 718,995 | 15.30 |
Chinese nfd | 231,387 | 4.92 |
Indian nfd | 221,916 | 4.72 |
Filipino | 72,612 | 1.55 |
Korean | 35,664 | 0.76 |
Japanese | 18,141 | 0.39 |
Fijian Indian | 15,132 | 0.32 |
Asian nfd | 11,811 | 0.25 |
Thai | 10,623 | 0.23 |
Vietnamese | 10,086 | 0.21 |
Other Asian | 91,623 | 1.95 |
MELAA | 72,231 | 1.54 |
Latin American | 27,756 | 0.59 |
Asian Middle Eastern | 28,626 | 0.61 |
African | 15,849 | 0.34 |
Other | 58,104 | 1.24 |
New Zealander nfd | 45,330 | 0.96 |
Other | 8,757 | 0.19 |
Not listed | 4,017 | 0.09 |
Total | 4,699,755 | 100 |
Religion
Most New Zealanders, 48.5% of the population, identify as being irreligious. Data is for the census usually-resident population count.[19]
Religious affiliation | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Irreligious | 2,278,185 | 48.47 |
No Religion nfd | 2,264,601 | 48.19 |
Atheism | 7,068 | 0.15 |
Agnosticism | 6,516 | 0.14 |
Christian | 1,738,638 | 37.00 |
Anglican | 314,913 | 6.70 |
Christian nfd | 307,926 | 6.55 |
Roman Catholic | 295,743 | 6.29 |
Presbyterian | 221,199 | 4.71 |
Catholicism nfd | 173,016 | 3.68 |
Latter-day Saints | 54,123 | 1.15 |
Methodist nfd | 52,734 | 1.12 |
Baptist nfd | 35,967 | 0.77 |
Born Again | 33,486 | 0.71 |
Pentecostal nfd | 22,296 | 0.47 |
Jehovah's Witnesses | 20,061 | 0.43 |
Christian Fellowship | 18,042 | 0.38 |
Seventh-day Adventist | 17,799 | 0.38 |
Assemblies of God | 14,883 | 0.32 |
Tongan Methodist | 11,169 | 0.24 |
Other Christian | 145,281 | 3.09 |
Hinduism | 123,504 | 2.63 |
Hinduism nfd | 121,644 | 2.59 |
Other Hinduism | 1,890 | 0.04 |
Islam | 61,455 | 1.31 |
Islam nfd | 57,276 | 1.22 |
Sunni | 2,961 | 0.06 |
Other Islam | 1,218 | 0.03 |
Buddhism | 52,779 | 1.12 |
Buddhism nfd | 44,355 | 0.94 |
Theravada Buddhism | 4,851 | 0.10 |
Zen Buddhism | 1,401 | 0.03 |
Mahayana Buddhism | 1,026 | 0.02 |
Other Buddhism | 1,144 | 0.02 |
Judaism | 5,274 | 0.11 |
Judaism nfd | 3,348 | 0.07 |
Other Judaism | 1,926 | 0.04 |
Māori Religions | 62,634 | 1.33 |
Rātana | 43,821 | 0.93 |
Ringatū | 12,336 | 0.26 |
Māori Religions, Beliefs and Philosophies nfd/nec | 5,283 | 0.11 |
Paimarire | 1,194 | 0.03 |
New Age | 19,011 | 0.40 |
Spiritualist | 8,262 | 0.18 |
Pagan | 2,730 | 0.06 |
Rastafarianism | 1,707 | 0.04 |
Wiccan | 1,482 | 0.03 |
Other New Age Religions nec | 1,311 | 0.03 |
Satanism | 1,149 | 0.02 |
Other | 91,239 | 1.94 |
Sikhism | 40,908 | 0.87 |
Jedi | 20,409 | 0.43 |
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster | 4,248 | 0.09 |
Baha'i | 2,925 | 0.06 |
Taoism | 1,098 | 0.02 |
Zoroastrian | 1,068 | 0.02 |
Other | 20,583 | 0.44 |
Object to answering | 312,795 | 6.66 |
Total people stated | 4,699,755 | 100 |
Total responses | 4,732,641 | N/A |
Language
The vast majority of New Zealanders, 95.4%, speak English; in second place is Māori, with 4.0% of the population being able to speak it. Data is for the census usually-resident population count.[19]
Language | Population | % |
---|---|---|
English | 4,482,135 | 95.37 |
Māori | 185,955 | 3.96 |
Samoan | 101,937 | 2.17 |
No language (e.g., too young to talk) | 101,751 | 2.17 |
Northern Chinese | 95,253 | 2.03 |
Hindi | 69,471 | 1.48 |
French | 55,116 | 1.17 |
Yue | 52,767 | 1.12 |
Sinitic (not further defined) | 51,501 | 1.10 |
Tagalog | 43,278 | 0.92 |
German | 41,385 | 0.88 |
Spanish | 38,823 | 0.83 |
Afrikaans | 36,966 | 0.79 |
Tongan | 35,820 | 0.76 |
Panjabi | 34,227 | 0.73 |
Korean | 31,323 | 0.67 |
Fiji Hindi | 26,805 | 0.57 |
Japanese | 24,885 | 0.53 |
Dutch | 23,343 | 0.50 |
New Zealand Sign Language | 22,986 | 0.49 |
Gujarati | 22,200 | 0.47 |
Other | 256,275 | 5.45 |
Total people | 4,699,755 | 100 |
Total responses | 5,834,166 | N/A |
Māori descent
Only 18.5% of New Zealanders have at least some Māori descent. Data is for the census usually-resident population count.[19]
Māori descent indicator | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Māori descent | 869,850 | 18.51 |
No Māori descent | 3,715,050 | 79.04 |
Do not know | 114,855 | 2.44 |
Total | 4,699,755 | 100 |
Age
The largest age group is people in their 20s, who comprise 14.1% of the population. Data is the census usually-resident population count.[19]
Ages | Population | % |
---|---|---|
0–9 | 617,553 | 13.14 |
10–19 | 607,668 | 12.93 |
20–29 | 661,866 | 14.08 |
30–39 | 612,429 | 13.03 |
40–49 | 612,828 | 13.04 |
50–59 | 611,340 | 13.01 |
60–69 | 489,993 | 10.43 |
70–79 | 272,619 | 5.80 |
80–89 | 139,341 | 2.96 |
90–99 | 29,727 | 0.63 |
100–109 | 645 | 0.01 |
110+ | 0 | 0.00 |
Minors (0–17) | 1,104,240 | 23.50 |
Working-age adults (18–64) | 2,880,345 | 61.29 |
Seniors (65+) | 715,173 | 15.22 |
Total | 4,699,755 | 100 |
Income
Data is for the census usually-resident population count of people aged 15 years and over.[19]
Income (NZD) | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Loss | 20,625 | 0.55 |
Zero income | 257,310 | 6.81 |
$1–$5,000 | 210,705 | 5.58 |
$5,001–$10,000 | 177,423 | 4.70 |
$10,001–$15,000 | 262,197 | 6.94 |
$15,001–$20,000 | 375,282 | 9.94 |
$20,001–$25,000 | 306,639 | 8.12 |
$25,001–$30,000 | 210,132 | 5.56 |
$30,001–$35,000 | 186,087 | 4.93 |
$35,001–$40,000 | 212,724 | 5.63 |
$40,001–$50,000 | 364,719 | 9.66 |
$50,001–$60,000 | 309,375 | 8.19 |
$60,001–$70,000 | 234,606 | 6.21 |
$70,001–$100,000 | 361,317 | 9.57 |
$100,001–$150,000 | 176,310 | 4.67 |
$150,001 or more | 110,910 | 2.94 |
Total | 3,776,355 | 100 |
Industry of employment
Data is for the census usually-resident population count of employed people aged 15 years and over.[19]
Industry (ANZSIC) | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Agriculture (A01) | 108,132 | 4.42 |
Aquaculture (A02) | 873 | 0.04 |
Forestry and logging (A03) | 6,120 | 0.25 |
Fishing, hunting and trapping (A04) | 3,054 | 0.12 |
Agriculture, forestry and fishing support services (A05) | 24,948 | 1.02 |
Coal mining (B06) | 549 | 0.02 |
Oil and gas extraction (B07) | 1,149 | 0.05 |
Metal ore mining (B08) | 1,332 | 0.05 |
Non-metallic mineral mining and quarrying (B09) | 2,190 | 0.09 |
Exploration and other mining support services (B10) | 834 | 0.03 |
Food product manufacturing (C11) | 71,802 | 2.94 |
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing (C12) | 8,007 | 0.33 |
Textile, leather, clothing and footwear manufacturing (C13) | 10,065 | 0.41 |
Wood product manufacturing (C14) | 18,042 | 0.74 |
Pulp, paper and converted paper product manufacturing (C15) | 4,719 | 0.19 |
Printing (C16) | 8,499 | 0.35 |
Petroleum and coal product manufacturing (C17) | 1,275 | 0.05 |
Basic chemical and chemical product manufacturing (C18) | 7,914 | 0.32 |
Polymer product and rubber product manufacturing (C19) | 11,547 | 0.47 |
Non-metallic mineral product maunfacturing (C20) | 8,415 | 0.34 |
Primary metal and metal product manufacturing (C21) | 4,512 | 0.18 |
Fabricated metal product manufacturing (C22) | 26,889 | 1.10 |
Transport equipment manufacturing (C23) | 13,398 | 0.55 |
Machinery and equipment manufacturing (C24) | 31,473 | 1.29 |
Furniture and other manufacturing (C25) | 11,856 | 0.48 |
Electricity supply (D26) | 8,682 | 0.36 |
Gas supply (D27) | 657 | 0.03 |
Water supply, sewerage and drainage services (D28) | 2,087 | 0.09 |
Waste collection, treatment and disposal serices (D29) | 6,585 | 0.27 |
Building construction (E30) | 67,143 | 2.75 |
Heavy and civil engineering construction (E31) | 36,819 | 1.51 |
Construction services (E32) | 122,199 | 5.00 |
Basic material wholesaling (F33) | 23,658 | 0.97 |
Machinery and equipment wholesaling (F34) | 30,795 | 1.26 |
Motor vehcile and motor vehicle parts wholesaling (F35) | 8,817 | 0.36 |
Grocery, liquor and tobacco wholesaling (F36) | 26,391 | 1.08 |
Other goods wholesaling (F37) | 24,957 | 1.02 |
Commission-based wholesaling (F38) | 5,310 | 0.22 |
Motor vehicle and motor vehcile parts retailing (G39) | 19,203 | 0.79 |
Fuel retailing (G40) | 8,631 | 0.35 |
Food retailing (G41) | 69,561 | 2.84 |
Other store-based retailing (G42) | 117,393 | 4.80 |
Non-store retailing and retail commission-based buying and selling (G43) | 4,344 | 0.18 |
Accommodation (H44) | 37,587 | 1.54 |
Food and beverage services (H45) | 122,166 | 5.00 |
Road transport (I46) | 46,803 | 1.91 |
Rail transport (I47) | 2,670 | 0.11 |
Water transport (I48) | 2,139 | 0.09 |
Air and space transport (I49) | 9,423 | 0.39 |
Other transport (I50) | 3,480 | 0.14 |
Postal and courier pick-up and delivery services (I51) | 13,545 | 0.55 |
Transport support services (I52) | 20,544 | 0.84 |
Warehousing and storage services (I53) | 6,546 | 0.27 |
Publishing (J54) | 7,023 | 0.29 |
Motion picture and sound recording activities (J55) | 8,031 | 0.33 |
Broadcasting (J56) | 3,945 | 0.16 |
Internet publishing and broadcasting (J57) | 288 | 0.01 |
Telecommunications services (J58) | 12,003 | 0.49 |
Internet service providers, web search portals and data processing services (J59) | 4,356 | 0.18 |
Library and other information services (J60) | 3,243 | 0.13 |
Finance (K62) | 34,221 | 1.40 |
Insurance and superannuation funds (K63) | 11,316 | 0.46 |
Auxiliary finance and insurance services (K64) | 19,404 | 0.79 |
Rental and hiring services (L66) | 15,399 | 0.63 |
Property operators and real estate services (L67) | 33,723 | 1.38 |
Professional, scientific and technical services (M69) | 200,868 | 8.21 |
Computer system design and related servicess (M70) | 41,751 | 1.71 |
Administrative services (N72) | 66,822 | 2.73 |
Building cleaning, pest control and other support services (N73) | 44,826 | 1.83 |
Public administration (O75) | 79,536 | 3.25 |
Defence (O76) | 11,919 | 0.49 |
Public order, safety and regulatory services (O77) | 40,824 | 1.67 |
Preschool and school education (P80) | 132,174 | 5.41 |
Tertiary education (P81) | 41,352 | 1.69 |
Adult, community and other education (P82) | 24,492 | 1.00 |
Hospitals (Q84) | 53,997 | 2.21 |
Medical and other health care services (Q85) | 93,132 | 3.81 |
Residential care services (Q86) | 44,520 | 1.82 |
Social assistance services (Q87) | 40,470 | 1.66 |
Heritage activities (R89) | 7,416 | 0.30 |
Creative and performing arts activities (R90) | 8,445 | 0.35 |
Sports and recreation activities (R91) | 24,594 | 1.01 |
Gambling activities (R92) | 4,011 | 0.16 |
Repairs and maintenance (S94) | 37,431 | 1.53 |
Personal and other services (S95) | 57,711 | 2.36 |
Private households employing staff and undifferentiated goods- and service-producing activities of households for own use (S96) | 150 | 0.01 |
Total | 2,445,141 | 100.00 |
Home ownership
Data is for the census usually-resident population count of people aged 15 years and over.[19]
Individual home ownership | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Hold in a family trust | 350,136 | 9.27 |
Own or partly own | 1,310,925 | 34.71 |
Do not own and do not hold in a family trust | 1,548,078 | 40.99 |
Other | 567,213 | 15.02 |
Total | 3,776,355 | 100 |
Marriage status
Data is for the census usually-resident population count of people aged 15 years and over.[19]
Legally-registered relationship status | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Married (not separated) | 1,515,261 | 40.12 |
Separated | 93,408 | 2.47 |
Divorced or dissolved | 244,857 | 6.48 |
Widowed or surviving civil union partner | 166,869 | 4.42 |
Never married and never in a civil union | 1,099,722 | 29.12 |
Other | 656,234 | 17.38 |
Total | 3,776,355 | 100 |
References
- ^ a b "NZ population nears 5 million after fastest growth in 50 years". NZ Herald. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ^ "2018 Census". Stats NZ. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g "2018 Census population and dwelling counts". Stats NZ. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ^ "$16m for census improvements and catch-up". Newsroom. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
- ^ Future New Zealand censuses: Archived 2013-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Implications of changing census frequency or adopting other models
- ^ "2018 Census". Stats NZ. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ "Update on release of 2018 Census data". Statistics New Zealand. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
Stats NZ's interim calculations show that full or partial information for at least 90 percent of individuals was received, compared with 94.5 percent for the 2013 Census.
- ^ "Report of the Independent Review of New Zealand's 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ Huffadine, Leith (11 October 2018). "2018 Census - what happened?". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
The 2018 Census had the lowest response in more than 50 years - now a team is looking for answers.
- ^ Cooke, Henry (12 July 2018). "Census response rate drops as survey moves to online focus". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ "2018 Census data release delayed". Stats NZ. 27 November 2018.
- ^ "Government Statistician Liz MacPherson faces complaint to Speaker Trevor Mallard over 2018 Census data". The New Zealand Herald. 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ "One in seven failed to complete Census 2018, a back down from Govt Statistician reveals". Stuff.co.nz. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ "Head of Stats NZ Liz MacPherson resigns over botched census". Radio New Zealand. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ Manch, Thomas (13 August 2019). "Census 2018: Chief Statistician Liz MacPherson has resigned". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ Whyte, Anna (13 August 2019). "Government's top statistician resigns in wake of Census 2018 debacle". 1 News Now. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "National Population Projections: 2016(base)–2068 (spreadsheet)". Stats NZ. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "2018 Census totals by topic" (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet). Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ "Data confidentiality principles and methods report - data.govt.nz". data.govt.nz. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ a b "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights". Stats NZ. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
- ^ "2018 Census External Data Quality Panel: Assessment of variables". stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
- ^ "2018 Census population and dwelling counts – amended". stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 October 2019.