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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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As a result of DNA studies, in 2012 ''Erythranthe'' was reclassified as its own genus instead of being a section within the genus ''Mimulus''.<ref name="Schoenig">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Schoenig|first2=Steve E.| last3 = Whittall | first3 = Justen B. | last4 = Olmstead| first4 =Richard G. | year = 2004 | title =Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany| volume =91 | issue =3| pages = 474-4890|jstor=4123743}}</ref><ref name="beardolm2">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Yen|first2=Alan | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | year = 2003 | title = AFLP Phylogeny of ''Mimulus'' Section ''Erythranthe'' and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination| url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/7/1093.full | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue =6| pages = 1397–1410|jstor=3448862}}</ref><ref name="beardolm1">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R. G. | year = 2002 | title = Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma'' | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/7/1093.full | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–1102 | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093|jstor=4122195}}</ref><ref name="barker">{{cite journal | last1 = Barker| first1 = W. L. (Bill), etal.| year= 2012| title =A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phyrmaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for ''MIMULUS'', New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations| url = http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf | journal = Phytoneuron | volume =39 | issue = | pages = 1–60 | issn=2153-733X}}</ref> There has been considerable disagreement about how to deal with the ''Diplacus'' section. It had been in the family [[Scrophulariaceae]], but is now in Phyrmaceae. It has also been considered as a section of ''Mimulus'' and ''Erythranthe'' but is currently considered its own genus.<ref name="Schoenig" /><ref name="barker"/> |
As a result of DNA studies, in 2012 ''Erythranthe'' was reclassified as its own genus instead of being a section within the genus ''Mimulus''.<ref name="Schoenig">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Schoenig|first2=Steve E.| last3 = Whittall | first3 = Justen B. | last4 = Olmstead| first4 =Richard G. | year = 2004 | title =Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany| volume =91 | issue =3| pages = 474-4890|jstor=4123743}}</ref><ref name="beardolm2">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Yen|first2=Alan | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | year = 2003 | title = AFLP Phylogeny of ''Mimulus'' Section ''Erythranthe'' and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination| url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/7/1093.full | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue =6| pages = 1397–1410|jstor=3448862}}</ref><ref name="beardolm1">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R. G. | year = 2002 | title = Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma'' | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/7/1093.full | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–1102 | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093|jstor=4122195}}</ref><ref name="barker">{{cite journal | last1 = Barker| first1 = W. L. (Bill), etal.| year= 2012| title =A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phyrmaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for ''MIMULUS'', New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations| url = http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf | journal = Phytoneuron | volume =39 | issue = | pages = 1–60 | issn=2153-733X}}</ref> ''Diplacus'' was also split into a separate genus at this time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monkeyflowers in Flux|url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/2013/|last=Schoenig|first=Steve|year=2013|University of California -Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium|accessdate=18 February 2017}}</ref> There has been considerable disagreement about how to deal with the ''Diplacus'' section. It had been in the family [[Scrophulariaceae]], but is now in Phyrmaceae. It has also been considered as a section of ''Mimulus'' and ''Erythranthe'' but is currently considered its own genus.<ref name="Schoenig" /><ref name="barker"/> |
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===Species alphabetically=== |
===Species alphabetically=== |
Revision as of 18:10, 18 February 2017
Erythranthe | |
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Erythranthe suksdorfii in Butte County, Idaho | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
(unranked): | |
(unranked): | |
(unranked): | |
Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | Erythranthe |
Type species | |
Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach ≡Mimulus cardinalis Douglas ex Bentham[1] 1835[2] | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Mimulus sect. Erythranthe (Spach) Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 108. 1885 |
Erythranthe is a diverse plant genus, currently with at least 111 members, the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, in the family Phrymaceae. Erythranthe was previously a section within the genus Mimulus.
Description
Erythranthe is from Greek ἐρυθρός (erythros), red, with ἄνθος (anthos), flower.[3] They are called monkey-flowers because some species have flowers shaped like a monkey's face.[4] The former generic name, Latin mimus meaning "mimic actor", from the Greek mimos meaning "imitator" also references this. The stem of a few species of Erythranthe can be either smooth or hairy, and this trait is determined by a simple allelic difference.[5] At least E. lewisii is known to possess "flypaper-type" traps and is apparently protocarnivorous, supplementing its nutrients with small insects.[6] Most species in the genus have red or pink petals but there is a group with yellow petals called "yellow monkeyflowers".[7] Most of the species are annuals or herbaceous perennials, but a few species are subshrubs with woody stems; these are treated in the section Diplacus. Diplacus is clearly derived from within Mimulus s.l. and was not usually considered to be generically distinct.[8]
Some species produce copious amounts of aromatic compounds, giving them a musky odor (hence "musk-flowers").[9]
Taxonomy
As a result of DNA studies, in 2012 Erythranthe was reclassified as its own genus instead of being a section within the genus Mimulus.[8][10][11][12] Diplacus was also split into a separate genus at this time.[13] There has been considerable disagreement about how to deal with the Diplacus section. It had been in the family Scrophulariaceae, but is now in Phyrmaceae. It has also been considered as a section of Mimulus and Erythranthe but is currently considered its own genus.[8][12]
Species alphabetically
In the 2012 restructuring of Mimulus by Barker, etal, based largely upon DNA evidence, seven species were left in Mimulus and the other 111 placed into Erythranthe.[7][12][14] This is a listing of Erythranthe per Tropicos in February 2017:[15]
- Erythranthe acaulis (Phil.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe acutidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe alsinoides (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Chickweed Monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California)
- Erythranthe ampliata (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe andicola (Kunth) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe androsacea (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – Rockjasmine Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe arenaria (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe arenicola (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe arvensis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe austrolatidens G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe barbata (Greene) N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe bhutanica (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe bicolor (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Yellow and White Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe bodinieri (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe brachystylis (Edwin) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe bracteosa (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe breviflora (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming)
- Erythranthe brevinasuta G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe breweri (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's Monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado)
- Erythranthe bridgesii (Benth.) G.L.Nesom (South America)
- Erythranthe caespitosa (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe calcicola N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe calciphila (Gentry) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – Scarlet Monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California)
- Erythranthe carsonensis N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley Monkey-flower (California and Nevada)
- Erythranthe charlestonensis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe chinatiensis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe cinnabarina G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe corallina (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe cordata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe cuprea (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – Flor de cobre (Eng: Copper Flower) (central and southern Chile)
- Erythranthe decora (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe dentata (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom –[16] Toothleaf Monkey-flower, Coastal Monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California)
- Erythranthe dentiloba (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe depressa (Phil.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe diffusa (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe diminuens G.L.Nesom[17] (Sonora, Mexico)
- Erythranthe discolor (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe eastwoodiae (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe erubescens G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe exigua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains Monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
- Erythranthe filicaulis (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Slender-stemmed Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe filicifolia (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe floribunda (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – Manyflowered Monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico)
- Erythranthe gemmipara (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain Monkey-flower (Colorado)
- Erythranthe geniculata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe geyeri (Torr.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe glabrata (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – Roundleaf Monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America)
- Erythranthe glaucescens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – Shieldbract Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe gracilipes (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – Slenderstalk Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe grandis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe grayi (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe guttata (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom – Common Large Monkey-flower, Common Monkey-flower, Stream Monkey-flower, Seep Monkey-flower (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC, Yukon; Mexico to Guatemala; naturalized in Britain)
- Erythranthe hallii (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe hardhamiae N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe hymenophylla (Meinke) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe inamoena (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe inconspicua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe inflata (Miq.) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe inflatula (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe inodora (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe jungermannioides (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe karakormiana (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe lacerata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe laciniata (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe lagunensis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe latidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – Broadtooth Monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
- Erythranthe lewisii (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Great Purple Monkey-flower, Lewis' Monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado)
- Erythranthe linearifolia (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe lutea (L.) G.L.Nesom – Yellow Monkey-flower, Monkey Musk, Blotched Monkey-flower, and Blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain)
- Erythranthe lutea var. lutea
- Erythranthe lutea var. variegata (Lodd.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe madrensis (Seem.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe marmorata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe michiganensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan Monkey-flower (Michigan)
- Erythranthe microphylla (Benth.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe minima (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
- Erythranthe minor (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe moniliformis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe montioides (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Montia-like Monkey-flower (California, Nevada)
- Erythranthe moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland)
- Erythranthe naiandina (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe nasuta (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe nelsonii (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of Erythranthe verbenacea.[18]
- Erythranthe nepalensis (Benth.) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe norrisii (Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe nudata (Curran ex Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe orizabae (Benth.) G.L.Nesom[16] (Mexico)
- Erythranthe pallens (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe palmeri (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Palmer's Monkey-flower (central California south to Baja California)
- Erythranthe pardalis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe parishii (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Parish's Monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California)
- Erythranthe parviflora (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe parvula (Wooton & Standl.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe patula (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe pennellii (Gentry) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe percaulis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe pilosiuscula (Kunth) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe platyphylla (Franch.) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe primuloides (Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Primrose Monkey-flower (WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, NM)
- Erythranthe procera (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe pulsiferae (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – Candelabrum Monkey-flower (Washington to northern California)
- Erythranthe purpurea (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga – Little Purple Monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
- Erythranthe regni G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe rhodopetra N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe rubella (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Little Redstem Monkey-flower (CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, NM, TX)
- Erythranthe rupestris (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe scouleri (Hook.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe sessilifolia (Maxim.) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe shevockii (Heckard & Bacig.) N.S.Fraga – Kelso Creek Monkey-flower (Kern County, California)
- Erythranthe sierrae N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe sinoalba G.L.Nesom[16] (Asia)
- Erythranthe stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom[19] (Russia)
- Erythranthe suksdorfii (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's Monkey-flower and Miniature Monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico)
- Erythranthe szechuanensis (Pai) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe taylorii G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe tenella (Bunge) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe thermalis (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom (Yellowstone National Park)
- Erythranthe tibetica (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe tilingii (Regel) G.L.Nesom – Large Mountain Monkey-flower, Tiling's Monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico)
- Erythranthe trinitiensis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe unimaculata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe utahensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe verbenacea (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe visibilis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe washingtonensis (Gand.) G.L.Nesom
Species sectionally
In a 2014 paper, G. L. Nesom and N. S. Fraga placed Erythranthe members into the following 12 sections, thusly:[20]
- Erythranthe sect. Similoa
- Erythranthe arenicola (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe arvensis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe brachystylis (Edwin) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe brevinasuta G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe caespitosa (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe calciphila (Gentry) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe charlestonensis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe chinatiensis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe corallina (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe cordata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe decora (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe diminuens G.L.Nesom[17] (Sonora, Mexico)
- Erythranthe dentiloba (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe filicifolia (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe geyeri (Torr.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe glabrata (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – Roundleaf Monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America)
- Erythranthe glaucescens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – Shieldbract Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe grandis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe guttata (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom – Common Large Monkey-flower, Common Monkey-flower, Stream Monkey-flower, Seep Monkey-flower (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC, Yukon; Mexico to Guatemala; naturalized in Britain)
- Erythranthe hallii (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe inamoena (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe laciniata (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe lagunensis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe madrensis (Seem.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe marmorata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe michiganensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan Monkey-flower (Michigan)
- Erythranthe microphylla (Benth.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe minima (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores[21] (Michoacan, Mexico)
- Erythranthe minor (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe nasuta (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe nudata (Curran ex Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe pallens (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe pardalis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe parvula (Wooton & Standl.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe pennellii (Gentry) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe percaulis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe regni G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe scouleri (Hook.) G.L.Nesom
- Mimulus sookensis B.G. Benedict
- Erythranthe thermalis (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom (Yellowstone National Park)
- Erythranthe tilingii (Regel) G.L.Nesom – Large Mountain Monkey-flower, Tiling's Monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico)
- Erythranthe unimaculata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe utahensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe visibilis G.L.Nesom
- (South America)
- Erythranthe acaulis (Phil.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe andicola (Kunth) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe cuprea (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – Flor de cobre (Eng: Copper Flower) (central and southern Chile)
- Erythranthe depressa (Phil.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe lacerata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe lutea (L.) G.L.Nesom – Yellow Monkey-flower, Monkey Musk, Blotched Monkey-flower, and Blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain)
- Erythranthe lutea var. lutea
- Erythranthe lutea var. variegata (Lodd.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe naiandina (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe parviflora (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe pilosiuscula (Kunth) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe sect. Erythranthe
- Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – Scarlet Monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California)
- Erythranthe cinnabarina G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe eastwoodiae (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe erubescens G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe flammea
- Erythranthe lewisii (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Great Purple Monkey-flower, Lewis' Monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado)
- Erythranthe nelsonii (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of Erythranthe verbenacea.[18]
- Erythranthe parishii (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Parish's Monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California)
- Erythranthe rupestris (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe verbenacea (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe sect. Mimulosma
- Erythranthe ampliata (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe arenaria (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe austrolatidens G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe breviflora (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming)
- Erythranthe floribunda (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – Manyflowered Monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico)
- Erythranthe geniculata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe hymenophylla (Meinke) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe inflatula (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe inodora (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe jungermannioides (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe latidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – Broadtooth Monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
- Erythranthe moniliformis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland)
- Erythranthe norrisii (Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe patula (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe pulsiferae (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – Candelabrum Monkey-flower (Washington to northern California)
- Erythranthe taylorii G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe trinitiensis G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe washingtonensis (Gand.) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom[19] (Russia)
- Erythranthe sect. Achlyopitheca
- Erythranthe acutidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe grayi (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe inconspicua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
- Erythranthe sect. Paradantha
- Erythranthe androsacea (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – Rockjasmine Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe barbata (Greene) N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe calcicola N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe carsonensis N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley Monkey-flower (California and Nevada)
- Erythranthe diffusa (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe discolor (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe gracilipes (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – Slenderstalk Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe hardhamiae N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe montioides (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Montia-like Monkey-flower (California, Nevada)
- Erythranthe palmeri (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Palmer's Monkey-flower (central California south to Baja California)
- Erythranthe purpurea (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga – Little Purple Monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
- Erythranthe rhodopetra N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe rubella (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Little Redstem Monkey-flower (CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, NM, TX)
- Erythranthe shevockii (Heckard & Bacig.) N.S.Fraga – Kelso Creek Monkey-flower (Kern County, California)
- Erythranthe sierrae N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe suksdorfii (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's Monkey-flower and Miniature Monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico)
- Erythranthe sect. Monantha
- Erythranthe linearifolia (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
- Erythranthe primuloides (Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Primrose Monkey-flower (WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, NM)
- Erythranthe sect. Monimanthe
- Erythranthe bicolor (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Yellow and White Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe breweri (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's Monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado)
- Erythranthe filicaulis (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Slender-stemmed Monkey-flower (California)
- Erythranthe sect. Alsinimimulus
- Erythranthe alsinoides (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Chickweed Monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California)
- Erythranthe sect. Simigemma
- Erythranthe gemmipara (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain Monkey-flower (Colorado)
- Erythranthe sect. Exigua
- Erythranthe exigua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains Monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
- Erythranthe sect. Sinopitheca
- Erythranthe bracteosa (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe bridgesii (Benth.) G.L.Nesom (South America)
- Erythranthe platyphylla (Franch.) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe sessilifolia (Maxim.) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe tibetica (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe sect. Mimulasia
- Erythranthe dentata (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom[16] – Toothleaf Monkey-flower, Coastal Monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California)
- Erythranthe orizabae (Benth.) G.L.Nesom[16] (Mexico)
- Erythranthe bhutanica (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe bodinieri (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe inflata (Miq.) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe karakormiana (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe nepalensis (Benth.) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe procera (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe sinoalba G.L.Nesom[16] (Asia)
- Erythranthe szechuanensis (Pai) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
- Erythranthe tenella (Bunge) G.L.Nesom (Asia)
Distribution and habitat
There is a large group of Erythranthe species in western North America,[12] especially California, Oregon, and Washington. Genus members are also found in Baja California, Alaska, British Columbia, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and to a lesser extent the midwestern states, northeastern states, Canada, and Latin America.[22][18] Members of this genus are found in Asia and the Americas with a high degree of similarity.[16]
A large number of the species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water.[23]
Pests and diseases
Diplacus, Erythranthe, and Mimulus are subject to a very similar set of pests and diseases: gall midges, golden mealybugs, thrips, seed bugs, leaf spots, powdery mildew, rusts, and mineral and nutrient deficiencies.[24]
Uses and ecology
In horticulture, several species, cultivars and hybrids are used. Most important are those derived from E. bigelovii stock, a species with large, spreading flowers. One of the standard Bach flower remedies is derived from Erythranthe;[25] some species are also used in folk medicine.
Several taxa, particularly the yellow monkey-flowers (E. guttata and relatives) and the section Erythranthe (including E. lewisii, E. cardinalis, and E. parishii) are model organisms for research in ecology, evolution, genetics and genomics.[26] The genome sequence of E. guttata was released in late spring, 2007.[12]
Erythranthe is used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the Mouse Moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis) as a main part of their diet.[27]
Edibility and medicinal uses
Erythranthe species tend to concentrate sodium chloride and other salts absorbed from the soils in which they grow in their leaves and stem tissues. Native Americans and early travelers in the American West used this plant as a salt substitute to flavor wild game. The entire plant is edible, but reported to be very salty and bitter unless well cooked. The juice squeezed from the plant's foliage was used as a soothing poultice for minor burns and skin irritations.[28]
Erythranthe has been listed as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[29] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[30]
References
- ^ a b "Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum) 1996+". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|editors=
ignored (|editor=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The International Plant Names Index". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^ "Canadian Wildflowers: Erythranthe tilingii". Fleurs Sauvage. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- ^ Coombes, Allen J. (1985). Dictionary of Plant Names. Port Jervis, NY: Lubrecht & Cramer, LTD. p. 119. ISBN 978-0600357704.
- ^ Rogers, Deborah L.; Montalvo, Arlee M. (2004). "Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity" (PDF). University of California. Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ^ Solomon, Eldra Pearl; Berg, Linda R.; Martin, Diana W. (2011). Biology (8 ed.). Stamford, CT: Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 772–775. ISBN 978-0538741255.
- ^ a b Cooley, Arielle M.; Willis, John H. (2009). "Genetic divergence causes parallel evolution of flower color in Chilean Mimulus". New Phytologist. 183 (3): 729–739. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02858.x.
- ^ a b c Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 474–4890. JSTOR 4123743.
- ^ Byers, Kelsey J. R. P.; Bradshaw, H. D. Jr.; Riffell, Jeffrey A. (2009). "Genetic divergence causes parallel evolution of flower color in Chilean Mimulus". Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (4): 614–623. doi:10.1242/jeb.092213.
- ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. JSTOR 3448862.
- ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. JSTOR 4122195.
- ^ a b c d e Barker, W. L. (Bill); et al. (2012). "A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phyrmaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for MIMULUS, New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 39: 1–60. ISSN 2153-733X.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|first1=
(help) - ^ Schoenig, Steve (2013). "Monkeyflowers in Flux". Retrieved 18 February 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Text "University of California -Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium" ignored (help) - ^ Vallejo-Marín, Mario; Buggs, Richard J.; Cooley, Arielle M.; Puzey, Joshua R. (2015). "Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species Mimulus peregrinus". Evolution. 69: 1487–1500. doi:10.1111/evo.12678. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ^ "Erythranthe". Tropicos. February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g Nesom, G. L. (2011). "A New Species of Erythranthe (Phrymaceae) From China" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 7: 1–5. ISSN 2153-733X.
- ^ a b Nesom, G. L. (2017). "Erythranthe diminuens (Phrymaceae), a new species of sect. Simiolus from Sonora" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 7: 1–5. ISSN 2153-733X.
- ^ a b c Nesom, Guy L. (2014). "Taxonomy of Erythranthe Sect. Erythranthe (Phrymaceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 31: 1–41. ISSN 2153-733X.
- ^ a b Nesom, G. L. (2012). "Taxonomy of Erythranthe sect. Mimulosma (Phrymaceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 41: 1–36. ISSN 2153-733X.
- ^ Nesom, G. L.; Fraga, N. S. (2014). "Distribution Maps (Erythranthe)" (PDF). Mimulus Taxonomy. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ^ Pérez, Emmanuel; Zamudio, Sergio (2011). "A new species of Mimulus L. (section Simiolus, Phrymaceae) in the northeastern part of Michoacan state, Mexico". Acta botánica Mexicana. 97 (1): 31–37.
- ^ Nesom, Guy L. (2013). "New Distribution Records for Erythranthe (Phrymaceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 67: 1–15. ISSN 2153-733X.
- ^ "Mimulus luteus (Blood-drop-emlets)". Online Atlas of the British & Irish Flora. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ^ "Monkey flower—Diplacus, Mimulus spp. Family Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family)". University of California - Integrated Plant Management. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ "Mimulus (Blood-drop-emlets)". Bach Flower Remedies. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ^ Wu, C. A.; Lowry, D. B.; Cooley, A. M.; Wright, K. M.; Lee, Y. W.; Willis, J. H. (June 6, 2007). "Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies". Heredity. 100 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6801018. ISSN 0018-067X. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
- ^ "Butterflies and Their Larval Foodplants". University of California, Irvine. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ^ Tilford, G. L. Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- ^ D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7021-271-3. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "Flower remedies". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
External links
- Erythranthe distribution maps, by E. section
- Nesom, G. L. (2012). "Taxonomic summary of Erythranthe sect. Achlyopitheca (Phrymaceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 42: 1–4. ISSN 2153-733X.
- Nesom, G. L. (2012). "Taxonomy of Erythranthe sect. Simiola (Phrymaceae) in the USA and Mexico" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 40: 1–23. ISSN 2153-733X.